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Biology and External Morphology of the Immature Stages of the Butterfly

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Biology and External Morphology of the Immature Stages of the Butterfly Biology and External Morphology of the Immature Stages of the Butterfly Callicore pygas eucale, with Comments on the Taxonomy of the Genus Callicore (Nymphalidae: Biblidinae) Author(s): Fernando Maia Silva Dias, Mirna Martins Casagrande and Olaf Hermann Hendrik Mielke Source: Journal of Insect Science, 14(91):1-18. 2014. Published By: Entomological Society of America DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.014.91 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1673/031.014.91 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. Journal of Insect Science: Vol. 14 | Article 91 Dias et al. Biology and external morphology of the immature stages of the butterfly Callicore pygas eucale, with comments on the taxonomy of the genus Callicore (Nymphalidae: Biblidinae) Fernando Maia Silva Dias1a*, Mirna Martins Casagrande1b, Olaf Hermann Hendrik Mielke1c 1Laboratório de Estudos de Lepidoptera Neotropical, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, P.O. Box 19.020, ZIP Code 81.531-980, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil Abstract The biology and the external morphology of the immature stages of Callicore pygas eucale (Fruhstorfer, 1916) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Biblidinae) are described. Immatures were col- lected on Allophylus edulis (Radlkofer) (Sapindales: Sapindaceae) in Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil, and reared in the laboratory. Morphological descriptions and illustrations are given based on observa- tions through electronic, stereoscopic, and optic microscopes, the latter two attached to a camera lucida. Results are compared and discussed with the immature stages of other species of the sub- tribe Callicorina. Immature stages data provide further evidence that Callicore is paraphyletic and that generic limits within the Callicorina need revision. Keywords: Callicorina, Allophylus, Sapindaceae Correspondence: a [email protected], b [email protected], c [email protected], *Corresponding author Editor: Henry Hagedorn was editor of this paper. Received: 14 August 2012 Accepted: 8 September 2013 Published: 17 July 2014 Copyright: This is an open access paper. We use the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license that permits unrestricted use, pro- vided that the paper is properly attributed. ISSN: 1536-2442 | Vol. 14, Number 91 Cite this paper as: Dias FMS, Casagrande MM, Mielke OHH. 2014. Biology and external morphology of the immature stages of the butterfly Callicore pygas eucale, with comments on the taxonomy of the genus Callicore (Nymphalidae: Biblidinae). Journal of Insect Science 14:91. Available online: http://www.insectscience.org/14.91 Journal of Insect Science | http://www.insectscience.org 1 Journal of Insect Science: Vol. 14 | Article 91 Dias et al. Introduction Immature stages of C. pygas eucale were briefly described by Müller (1886), who re- The Neotropical genus Callicore Hübner ported great similarity with Diaethria clymena [1819] is a group of small to medium sized (Cramer, [1775]), a species recently described butterflies, many of which are recognized by in detail by Barbosa et al. (2010). The imma- the numerical patterns on the hind wing un- ture stages of an additional 10 taxa of derside. Callicore is the largest genus in the Callicore were briefly described and/or illus- subtribe Callicorina (Callicorini sensu Freitas trated by Freitas (1999), DeVries (1987), and Brown 2004), with 91 recognized taxa in Teshirogi (2007), and Janzen and Hallwachs 20 species (Lamas 2004). Species of Callicore (2012). The host plants are all in the Sapin- are widely distributed throughout Central and daceae family, including a number of species South America, with the greatest diversity in of Allophylus, Serjania, Paullinia, and Ur- the eastern slope of the Andes and the Ama- villea (Beccaloni et al. 2009). zon basin (DeVries 1987). Callicore pygas (Godart [1824]) is a widespread species, rang- As discussed by Barbosa et al. (2010) and Di- ing from the western slope of the Andes, as et al. (2012), it is important to note that the through the Amazon Basin and the Atlantic taxonomic limits of many members of the Forest, with eight recognized subspecies. Callicorina are still unclear and that immature Males and females are similar: black ground morphology and host plant use will likely color on the upper side of both wings, fore- provide phylogenetically important infor- wing with a red basal patch and small white mation, not only within the subtribe but also apical spots, hind wing with small bluish mar- within higher taxonomic groups. This paper ginal spots; underside of the forewing similar describes the biology and the external mor- to the upper side, but with additional yellow phology of C. pygas eucale and discusses its and bluish apical and marginal markings; hind biology and morphology with other species of wing underside with two groups of two and Callicore and species of related genera in the three blue dots, surrounded by alternating yel- tribe Callicorina. low and black lines in concentric circles. The taxon with the southernmost distribution Materials and Methods among all C. pygas subspecies is C. pygas eu- cale (Fruhstorfer, 1916) (Lepidoptera: Specimens were collected on several occa- Nymphalidae: Biblidinae) (Figures 1–4), in- sions between May 2008 and May 2009 at habiting the Atlantic and Araucaria forests in Parque Municipal Barigui, municipality of the Brazilian states of Paraná, Santa Catarina, Curitiba, State of Paraná, Brazil (25°25’36”S, and Rio Grande do Sul (D’Abrera 1987). As 49°18’32”W) c.a. 950 m a.s.l. Collected spec- noted by Descimon (1986), DeVries (1987), imens were brought to the Laboratório de and Neild (1996) for other species of the ge- Estudos de Lepidoptera Neotropical, Depar- nus, C. pygas eucale is strikingly similar to a tamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do small-sized Agrias Doubleday, 1845 (Nym- Paraná, and reared at ambient conditions. phalidae: Charaxinae). Agrias claudina Therefore, the durations of life-stages reported annetta (Gray, 1832) is the only taxon of the here may not correspond exactly with natural genus sympatric with C. pygas eucale (Lamas lifecycle durations, as laboratory conditions 2004). do not necessarily match those of the areas where larvae were collected. Rearing method- Journal of Insect Science | http://www.insectscience.org 2 Journal of Insect Science: Vol. 14 | Article 91 Dias et al. ology was as described by Dias et al. (2012), Serjania by C. pygas eucale. Allophylus petio- with minor modifications: specimens were lulatus, cited by Müller (1886) and Beccaloni reared individually in plastic containers, and et al. (2009) for C. pygas eucale, was not old leaves of the host plant were changed for found at the study site. Eggs are laid singly on fresher ones as necessary. The plastic contain- the underside of mature leaves, close to the ers were examined daily to observe instars’ tip. The darkening head of the developing lar- changes and behavior, and also to control the va becomes visible through the chorion a few moisture inside. Behavioral observations were days prior to eclosion. First and second instars carried out in the field as well as in the labora- build frass chains in one of the three folioles tory. Eggs and head capsules were dehydrated (i.e., leaflets) of the host plant with silk and and preserved; larvae and pupae were fixed in fecal pellets, extending the primary vein con- Kahle-Dietrich solution and preserved in 80% siderably beyond the leaf margin, resting with alcohol. Eggs were analyzed in an electron the head capsule towards the leaf margin. scanning microscope; the chaetotaxy of the Third to fifth instars rest with the head frons head capsule was observed using an optic mi- and scoli parallel to the substrate, against the croscope equipped with a camera lucida. leaf surface and with the head directed to- Measurements and drawings of head capsules wards the petiole. Later instars wobble the were made with the aid of a stereoscopic mi- head capsule or the anterior part of the body croscope equipped with micrometric lenses or vigorously when disturbed, secreting a trans- a camera lucida; width of the head capsule is lucent green liquid through the adenosma or given at the height of the second stemma in jugular gland (Vegilante and Hasenfuss 2012). anterior view. Nomenclature follows Scoble Before the change of instars, the head capsule (1992) for eggs; Hinton (1946), Peterson is always visible through the larval skin as a (1962), and Stehr (1987) for larval chaetotaxy yellow growth between the head and the thor- and morphology, with modifications proposed ax (Figures 9–10). Before pupation, larvae by Huertas-Dionisio (2006) for the chaetotaxy stop eating, become dull-colored and consid- of the anal prolegs; and Mosher (1916) for erably swollen, and begin a wandering phase. pupal morphology. Voucher specimens are Upon finding a place to pupate, larvae spin a retained at the Coleção de Imaturos de Lepi- silk pad on the upper surface of a host plant doptera (DZUPIL), Coleção Entomológica Pe. leaf and attach their anal prolegs to this pad, Jesus Santiago Moure, Departamento de Zoo- remaining stretched face down on the upper logia, Universidade Federal do Paraná. surface of the leaf until molt. Pupae are capa- ble of vigorous movement and thrash Results violently if disturbed by flexing the posterior abdominal segments side to side.
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