Wine-Grower-News #261 1-13-14

Midwest Grape & Industry Institute: http://www.extension.iastate.edu/Wine

Information in this issue includes:

Kevin Zraly’s Complete Wine Course 2012 Edition – Book Review Pruning Grape Vines - Evaluating and Adjusting for Cold Injury Considerations When Pruning Grape Vines with Winter Injury to the Primary Buds 4 Good Articles on Grapevine Cold Injury Strategies NEW – FREE Online - Global Database of Winegrapes Position – Highland Community College, Wamego, KS 1-(17-18), Kansas Grape Growers & Winemakers Conference - Topeka 1-18, UMN Research Update – Minnesota Landscape Arboretum 2-(4-7) Big Change at MO Grape & Wine + Craft Brew Conference 2-(20-22), Registration Now Open for the MN Cold Climate Conference 5-20 to 6-1, The Art and Science of Wine: Northern Italy Tour – MO State Comments from Readers Neeto-Keeno Stuff Videos of Interest Show n Tell Marketing Tidbits Notable Quotables Articles of Interest Calendar of Events

Kevin Zraly’s Complete Wine Course 2012 Edition – Book Review

The Complete Wine Course 2012 Edition by Kevin Zraly (324 pp.) is written by one of the best wine educators in the world from 40+ years of experience. This is a book that I purchased in July of 2013 and finally finished last week. Not that it isn’t a good book, it is a book written in a textbook format. Finish one chapter and you can resume reading the next chapter at a later date without losing the storyline.

Though, it does not cover Midwest , it still 1 would be a good book for people working in a tasting room or wine shop. It covers the history and culture of wines and grapes of the major wine regions of the world with an “Easy Read” design.

Each chapter has plenty of color pictures and notes along the side of the page that holds the reader’s attention. There is a list of questions to answer at the end of each chapter that really helps your memory of what you just read. Specific wines are recommended to taste in each chapter. Extensive information on the science of wine tasting and food pairing are covered in the last chapter of the book. This would make and excellent reference book for your wine library.

Pruning Grape Vines - Evaluating and Adjusting for Cold Injury By: Paul Domoto, Professor Emeritus – Iowa State University

Because the cane buds are the least hardy portion of grape vines, an important practice is to assess the buds for cold injury before you begin to prune. With this knowledge, you can adjust the number of buds/nodes retained to better assure a normal crop. Cold injury to grape buds is relatively easy to distinguish. Using a sharp razor, make a series of cross-sectional cuts across the buds, cutting a little deeper with each slice until the primary bud is exposed. Live buds will appear bright green, while injured buds will appear brown or black in color. When assessing cold injury, it is important to thoroughly sample the vineyard and handle the canes properly. A proper sample should consist of at least 100 nodes collected from each cultivar. A sample of 20 5-node canes collected over an area representative of the vineyard is usually sufficient. When samples are collected following a significant freezing event, they should be brought indoors and allowed to warm for 24 to 48 hours to make the injured buds easier to see. If samples are collected several weeks after a freeze, following a periods of warmer temperatures, it is not necessary to warm the samples up. The sampled canes should be representative of the type of wood that will be left on the vines at pruning in terms of the node position on the canes. If you typically prune back to 5- or 6-node spurs, then you want to collect a sample that is representative of that type of wood. There can be considerable difference in the extent of cold injury from the base to the tip of a cane. So keep track of the position of the buds as you cut and record the damage so you will know what part of the cane has the most damage. American Cultivars: For American cultivars in which secondary buds are not very fruitful the following would apply:

% of Dead Primary Buds Compensation z Less than 15 % Prune as normal. 15 to 50% Adjust the pruning formula proportionally to the bud kill. i.e. If you experience a 30% bud kill, you will want to leave 30% more nodes than called for by the pruning formula for the cultivar. So if the pruning

2 formula for the cultivar is 30+10 and the vine produce 2 lb of prunings, you would leave 40 + (.30 x 40) = 40+12=52 nodes. OR Pruning formula x (1 + % bud injury) (30 x 1.3) + (10 x 1.3) = 39 + 13 = 52 nodes. Extra nodes retained should make up for the percentage that were killed and should produce enough fruit to keep the vines in balance. More than 50% Do not prune, or only prune to eliminate the canes close to the ground or competing with an adjacent vine. Wait until bud break to prune these cultivars so that a more accurate assessment can be made. z From: Dami, I, et. al. 2005. Midwest Grape Production Guide. Ohio State Univ. Extension Bul. 919

French-American Hybrids:

Many French-American hybrid cultivars have fruitful secondary buds. For these cultivars, the increase in number of nodes to retain may not be proportional to the percentage of damaged primary buds. There is no exact formula to determine the number of nodes to retain, but in most cases, an adjustment is necessary and depends on the cultivar’s productivity from secondary buds and whether or not cluster thinning is normally practiced: For cultivars that are not productive on secondary buds, follow the formula used for American cultivars. For cultivars that are moderately productive on secondary buds and do not require cluster thinning, follow the Cornell model and compensate in proportion to the production loss associated with secondary buds. If the secondary buds are 60% as productive as the primary buds, then there would be a 40 reduction in potential yield and the calculated number of nodes to retain would be 40% of the calculated adjustment:

% of Dead Primary Buds Compensation z Less than 20 % Do not change normal pruning practice. 20to 80% Increase the number of nodes retained to compensate for a 40% reduction in yield: i.e. If you experience a 50% bud kill, you would normally want to leave 50% more nodes than called for by the pruning formula for the cultivar. So if the pruning formula for the cultivar is 20+10 and the vine produce 2 lbs of prunings, you would normally leave 30 + (.5 x 30) = 30+15=45 nodes. Since the potential crop reduction associated with fruiting on secondary buds is 40%, the number of buds to retain would then be 30+.4x15= 30+6=36 nodes. OR Pruning formula x (1+(.4 yield reduction x % bud injury) (20 x 1+(.4 x.5)) + (10 x 1+(.4x .5)) = (20 x 1.2)+(10 x 1.2) = 24+12= 36 nodes. Extra nodes retained should make up for the percentage that were killed and should produce enough fruit to keep the vines in balance. More than 80% Prune away only those nodes which will intrude into the space of 3 adjacent vines or which will produce fruit so low that it hangs to the ground. Wait until bud break to prune these cultivars so that a more accurate assessment can be made. z Adapted from: Pool, R. 2000. Assessing and responding to winter cold injury of grapevine buds. http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/hort/faculty/pool/budcoldinjury/Assessingbudcoldinjury.html

For cultivars that are productive on secondary buds and may or may not require cluster thinning, generally no adjustment to the number of nodes retained is needed unless the secondary buds are also injured. Then follow the procedure for French-American hybrids if the injury to secondary buds is greater than 33%. For cultivars that are moderately productive on secondary buds and require cluster thinning, no adjustment in the number of nodes to retain is needed if the bud injury is less than 50% since crop load can be made up through adjustments in cluster thinning. If the bud injury is greater than 50%, use the formula for French-American hybrids and evaluate the need to cluster thin.

Considerations When Pruning Grape Vines that Exhibit Winter Injury to the Primary Buds – By: Paul Domoto, Professor Emeritus – Iowa State University

Cold Pruning Need for Cluster Cultivar Hardiness z Formula y Thinning, #/shoot Cultivars that are not productive on secondary buds: (use formula for American cultivars) Alden Moderately hardy 30+10, 60max Maybe, 1/shoot Bath Hardy 30+10, 60 No Beta Very hardy 30+10, 60 No Bluebell Very hardy 30+10, 60 No Buffalo Hardy 30+10, 60 Maybe, 1 Hardy 20+10, 50 Maybe, 1 Cayuga White Moderately hardy 25+10, 55 Yes, 1 Concord Hardy 30+10, 60-70 No Cynthiana / Moderately hardy 30+10, 60-70 No Delaware Hardy 20+10, 50 No Edelweiss Hardy 30+10, 60 Maybe, 1 Elvira Very hardy 20+10, 50 Maybe, 1 Fredonia Hardy 40+10, 70 No Jupiter Moderately hardy 30+10, 60 Yesx, 1 Kay Gray Very hardy 30+10, 60? No Louise Swenson Very hardy 30+10, 60? No Marquis Moderately hardy 30+10, 60 Yesx, 1 Niagara Moderately hardy 25+10, 55 No Reliance Moderately hardy 30+10, 60 Yesx, 1 Steuben Hardy 30+10, 60 Maybe, 1 St. Pepin Hardy 30+10, 60 No Swenson Red Hardy 25+10, 55 Maybe, 1 Swenson White Very hardy 25+10, 55 Maybe, 1 Moderately hardy 20+10, 50 No Van Buren Hardy 30+10, 60 No

4 Vanessa Moderately hardy 30+10 Yesx, 2 Vidal blanc Moderately hardy 20+10 Yes, 1 Cultivars that are moderately productive on secondary buds and usually do not require cluster thinning: (use formula for French-American hybrids) Boco noir Moderately hardy 20+10, 50 No Cascade Moderately hardy 20+10, 50? Maybe Moderately hardy 20+10, 50 Maybe Chelois Moderately hardy 20+10, 50 Maybe Geneva Red Very hardy 30+10, 60 No Cold Pruning Need for Cluster Cultivar Hardiness z Formula y Thinning, #/shoot Cultivars that are moderately productive on secondary buds and usually do not require cluster thinning: continued (use formula for French-American hybrids) La Crescent Very hardy or 20+20, 50 No Marechel Foch Hardy 25+10, 55 No Marquette Very hardy 30+10, 60 No Noiret Moderately hardy 20+10, 50 Maybe, 2 Petite Amie Very hardy 20+10? Yes, 2 Prairie Star Very hardy 30+10, 60 Maybe, 2 Sabrevois Very hardy 20+10, 50 No St. Croix Very hardy 20+10, 50 No St. Vincent Moderately hardy 20+10, 50 No Valiant Very hardy 30+10 No Moderately hardy 25+10, 55 No Cultivars that are moderately productive on secondary buds and require cluster thinning: (If bud injury is less than 50%, no need to adjust bud numbers to retain, crop load can be made up by not thinning the clusters. For greater than 50% injury, use formula for French-American hybrids and evaluating the need for cluster thinning) Slightly hardy 20+10, 50 Yes, 1 Corot noir Moderately hardy 20+10, 50 Yes, 1 Esprit Hardy 25+10, 55 Yes, 1 Mars Moderately hardy 30+10, 60 Yesx, 1 Moderately hardy 20+10, 50 Yes, 1 Cultivars that are productive on secondary buds: (Generally no adjustment in the number of buds to retain is needed, unless secondary buds are also injured. Then follow the procedure for French-American hybrids if the injury to secondary buds is greater than 33%.) Brianna Very hardy 25+10, 55 No Hardy 20+10, 50 Yes, 2 Moderately hardy 20+10, 50 Maybe, 2 Very hardy or 20+20, 50 No Frontenac gris Very hardy or 20+20, 50 No Hardy 30+10, 60 No Leon Millot Hardy 30+10, 60 No z - Cold hardiness, injury beginning when temperature drops below: Slightly hardy = -5°F; Moderately hardy = -10°F; Hardy = -15F; Very hardy = -20°F. y – Pruning formula: number of buds retained for first pound of trimmings + number of buds to retain for each additional pound of trimmings up to 4 pounds, maximum buds to retain per vine. x – Seedless table cultivar, cluster thin at bloom to improve berry size. 5

Four good articles on dealing with vineyard cold injury have recently been posted by Dr. Kevin Ker at the Cool Climate Onenology & Viticulture Institute located at Brock University of Ontario, Canada here: http://brocku.ca/ccovi/research/research-updates/cold-injury-strategies

Cold Injury Strategies January 6, 2014 - Dealing with cold injury January 6, 2014 - Strategies to recover from winter damage January 6, 2014 - Making decisions after winter damage March 8, 2011 - What does de-acclimation mean to me?

NEW – FREE Online - Global Database of Winegrapes

“Which Winegrape Varieties are Grown Where – a global emperical picture” 699 pp. by Kym Anderson with the assistance of Nanda R. Aryal from University of Aldelaide Press in Australia is a huge database using statistics from from 44 countries of all the winegrapes of the world.

This was funded by the Grape and Wine Research and Development Corporation (GWRDC) of Australia, provides an in-depth analysis of the world's wine varieties and wine grape growing nations that account for 99 percent of global wine . production.

You can download the FREE 699 pp. ebook (20 mb) here: http://www.adelaide.edu.au/press/titles/winegrapes/winegrapes-ebook.pdf

You can view it online here: http://www.adelaide.edu.au/wine-econ/databases/winegrapes/

Viticulture Position – Highland Community College, Wamego, KS

The Viticulture & Enology program at Highland Community College in Wamego, KS is looking for a full time Vineyard manager and instructor. Minimum qualifications require that the candidate hold a bachelor’s degree in viticulture, enology or horticulture.

The position is responsible for maintaining the college vineyards in collaboration with the V & E Program Director. In addition, this position includes a teaching load of 3- 9 credits per semester depending upon need, and one course during the summer. Finally, the position will assist in research and extension duties for the Kansas grape and wine industry as well as workshop teaching/hosting.

You can view the entire job posting here: http://highlandcc.edu/pages/campus-positions/viticulture-instructor-vineyard-manager 6 1-(17-18), Kansas Grape Growers & Winemakers Conference - Topeka

When: Friday & Saturday, January 17-18, 2014

Where: Ramada Topeka West, Topeka, KS

Full Details:

http://kansasgrapesandwines.com/events/annualconference

1-18, UMN Research Update – Minnesota Landscape Arboretum

When: 1- 5 p.m. Saturday, 1-18-14

Where: Snyder Auditorium - Minnesota Landscape Arboretum

Sponsored by: Minnesota Grape Growers Association and the University of Minnesota

Agenda: University of Minnesota Research Update 2013 Viticulture Year in Review - Peter Hemstad The VitisGen Project: Enabling DNA informed Grape Breeding - Dr. Jim Luby Enology Lab Update - Katie Cook Growing High Quality Grapes in a Cold Climate - John Thull Viticulture in China - Peter Hemstad 4:00 p.m. Wine Sampling in the Fireplace Room sponsored by the MGGA *you are invited to bring a bottle of wine to share

Cost: Free Registration is required. Full Details: http://mngrapegrowers.com/university-of-minnesota-research-update

2-(4-7) Big Change at MO Grape & Wine + Craft Brew Conference

“Did I miss something, or did anyone else notice that the our oldest Midwest Grape & Wine Conference has invited the crafted brewers to participate? Sounds like a GREAT idea to me. Midwest wineries and breweries have more in common than they have in differences. It will be interesting to see how the Midwest wine industry responds to this move.” mlw

When: Tuesday – Thursday, February 4-7, 2014

Where: St. Charles Convention Center, St. Charles, MO

7 Sponsored by: Vineyard & Winery Management Magazine

Complete details: http://www.midwestgrape.com/attendees/2014-event-preview/

Note: Get the Early Bird Discount and save when you register by January 15th.

2-(20-22), Registration Now Open for the MN Cold Climate Conference

Thurs. Workshop - $150

Thurs. or Fri. $175

Thurs. – Sat. $325

20 classes to choose from. Keynote speaker: Carissa Mondavi,

Full details and registration: http://mngrapegrowers.com/attend

5-20 to 6-1, The Art and Science of Wine: Northern Italy Tour – MO State

We are offering a short-term study away program to Italy entitled “The Art and Science of Wine – Northern Italy” with travel dates May 20 – June 1, 2014. The Veneto, Piedmont and Tuscany wine regions will be highlighted. Among the cities we will visit are Venice, Milan, Florence and Pisa. There will be an introductory workshop on Italian wines featuring Dr. Marco LiCalzi, Enology Consultant and Instructor.

Program Fee: $4,920 (based on flight from Springfield, Missouri.)*plus $408/$494 tuition for 2 hours of undergraduate/graduate credit. Program fee includes round-trip airfare, in-country land transportation and hotel accommodations, some meals, admissions fees, tasting notes and travel journal, the Marco LiCalzi workshop and lecture, Study Away student fee and basic medical insurance.

*Note: Even though the itinerary specifies departure from and return to Springfield, Missouri, you may also depart from and return to St. Louis if desired. Cost will vary with flight cost.

Further Details: http://mtngrv.missouristate.edu/mtngrvcellars/706.htm

Deadline for Enrollment: 2-10-14 (nonrefundable deposit of $738 required)

For questions, please contact: Marilyn Odneal 417-547-7513 [email protected] or Dianne Thomas (417) 836-4166 [email protected]

8 Comments from Readers

Michael, I have been asked to do a photo shoot of antique winemaking equipment, such as a wooden press, barrels, bottles, etc. If any of our subscribers have a facility/equipment for such a shoot, they can contact me at:

Ph: 402-650-1101 or email me at this address: [email protected]

Thanks, Alan Hensley Glenwood, Iowa

Vienna, one of the world’s most beautiful cities, is also classified as an Austrian wine region and is the only major city in the world to be named a wine region.

Neeto-Keeno Stuff

1. What your favorite drink says about your politics, in one chart, 12-31-1 –Washington Post: http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/govbeat/wp/2013/12/31/what-your-favorite-drink-says-about-your-politics-in-one-chart/

2. Life on iPad “The Modern Making of a Vintage”: http://images.apple.com/ipad/life-on-ipad/the-modern-making-of-a-vintage/

3. German vineyard robot: http://www.vinography.com/archives/2014/01/the_savior_of_slate.html

4. 9 World grape & wine records: http://www.wine-searcher.com/m/2013/12/9-grape-world-records

5. The WineBuzz – Ohio’s Wine, Beer & Spirits Magazine: http://www.thewinebuzz.com/

FREE Midwest Wide CLASSIFIEDS for vineyards and wineries

at Midwest Wine Press here: http://midwestwinepress.com/classifieds/

Videos of Interest

1. Midwest Wine Press Crowd Funding Campaign: http://www.indiegogo.com/projects/midwest-wine-press-campaign

9

2. Reba wishes 100th Happy Birthday to Cooperative Extension, 1-9-14, 31 sec.: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mX8q1clAqOQ

The first record of Eiswein (ice wine) in Germany goes back to 1794. The first ice wine in the U.S. was made by Dr. G. Hamilton Mowbray in 1974 at Montbray Wine Cellars in Westminister, Maryland. Icewine is written as one word in Canada. *

* p. 261 Wines of Eastern North America by Hudson Cattell, 2014

Show n Tell

(Right) Chart from “About half of hired crop farm workers are not legally authorized to work in the United States” 12-20-13 – USDA Economic Research Service:

Marketing Tidbits

1. 5 Key Points You Must Cover in Your Distribution Agreements, 1-9-14 – The Beverage Trader: http://beveragetradenetwork.com/en/article-base/5-key-points-you-must-cover-in-your-distribution-agreements-316.htm#ixzz2peyYqmjg

2. “Apothic is made by Gallo; Cupcake and Extravaganza are distributed by the Wine Group; 14 Hands is a Chateau Ste Michelle brand, while Menage a Trois comes from Trinchero. They are among the fastest-growing brands in the US. They declare no grape variety on their main label, they are crowd-pleasingly mellow, and have residual sugar levels of up to 16g/litre.”

From: Sweet- A Seismic Change in Wine, 1-9-14 – Meiningers Wine Business International

10 Notable Quotables

“the emergence of the non-West Coast wines is now slowly happening. And it’s one of the most important changes in the American wine market in decades.”

From: A Subtle and Important Change Coming to Wine, 1-2-14 – Tom Wark’s Fermentation Blog

“They [the Germanic tribes] on no account permit wine to be imported to them, because they consider that men degenerate in their powers of enduring fatigue, and are rendered effeminate by that commodity.”

--- Julius Caesar, De Bello Gallico, Book IV, Chap. 2)

Articles of Interest

1. NY: Mechanical Pruning Pays Off for Concord Growers – Dec. 2013 Appellation Cornell - Cornell University:

2. NY: Grape 101: Vine Balance and the Role of Vineyard Design – Dec. 2013 Appellation Cornell – Cornell University

3. MN: Local grape growers brace for possible damage, 1-6-14 – Star Tribune: http://www.startribune.com/lifestyle/238931241.html

4. France: Bernard Magrez to use drones in Bordeaux vineyards, 1-7-14 – Decanter.com http://www.decanter.com/news/wine-news/584676/bernard-magrez-to-use-drones-in-bordeaux-vineyards#u6s1mzce0GX8pQOW.99

5. Cooperative Extension Turns 100, 1-8-14 – Wines & Vines Magazine: http://www.winesandvines.com/template.cfm?section=news&content=126265

6. 3,000 year old bin-end wine label deciphered, 1-9-14 – the drinks business: http://www.thedrinksbusiness.com/2014/01/3000-year-old-bin-end-wine-label-deciphered/

7. MN: State considers 10-cent deposits on recyclable beverage containers, 1-9-14 – Star Tribune: http://www.startribune.com/politics/statelocal/239476461.html

8. NY: Mechanical Pruning Pays Off for Concord Growers – Dec. 2013 Cornell University:

9. Poisoned Wine Could have Killed Alexander the Great, 1-10-14 – thedrinksbusiness: http://www.thedrinksbusiness.com/2014/01/poisonous-wine-could-have-killed-alexander-the-great/

10. More Women Making Wine in the Midwest, 1-10-14 – Midwest Wine Press: http://midwestwinepress.com/2014/01/10/women-making-wine-midwest/

11. PA: More money means more marketing, research for Pennsylvania wines, 1-12-14 – The Patriot News

11 Calendar of Events

1-(17-18), 2014 Kansas Grape Growers & Winemakers Association annual conference. Ramada Topeka West. Details: http://kansasgrapesandwines.com/events/annualconference

1-(19 &21), Wisconsin Fresh Fruit & Vegetable Conference at The Wilderness in the Wisconsin Dells. Details : http://www.waga.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=180&Itemid=88

1-(21-22), Winegrape Vineyard Establishment Conference – MI: hybrid webinar-live workshop broadcast at three locations: http://msue.anr.msu.edu/events/wine_grape_vineyard_establishment_conference

1-(21-23), Indiana Horticultural Congress – The Wyndham West, Indianapolis, IN: http://www.inhortcongress.org/

1-(23 & 24), Iowa Fruit & Vegetable Growers Assn. annual conference – Ankeny, IA. Details later here: http://www.ifvga.org/

1-(28-30), Unified Grape & Wine Symposium, Sacramento Convention Center - Sacramento, CA: http://www.unifiedsymposium.org/

1-30 to 2-1) Illinois Grape Growers Annual Conference & Winter Wine Festival, Crowne Plaza, Springfield, Illinois. Details later: http://www.illinoiswine.org/

1-31 & 2-1, North Dakota Grape & Wine Association annual conference, Bismarck, ND. Details later: http://www.ndgga.org/

2-(17 & 18), Ohio Grape and Wine Conference - Crowne Plaza Dublin, Columbus, OH. http://www.tasteohiowines.com/uploads%5CNewsFiles%5C2014%20Registration%20Materials.pdf

2-(4-6), Midwest Grape Growers Conference – St. Charles, MO: Details: http://www.midwestgrape.com/

2-(20-23), Minnesota Grape Growers Conference Cold Climate Conference – St. Paul Minnesota. Details later here: http://mngrapegrowers.com/conference

2-(24-26), Michigan Grape & Wine Conference, Grand Traverse Resort – Acme, MI http://www.michiganwines.com/conference#sthash.pvdgCis5.hDCqO3xj.dpbs

2-27 to 3-1), Annual Wine Industry Forum and Trade Show - Holiday Inn, Kearney. Details later: http://agronomy.unl.edu/viticulture.

2-27 to 3-1, 4th Annual Midwest Aronia Association Berry Conference – Ramada Plaza, Omaha, NE: http://midwestaronia.org/

3-5,Fruit Brandy Distillation Workshop – Missouri State – Mountain Grove . Registration form: http://mtngrv.missouristate.edu/mtngrvcellars/Distillation.htm

3-(3-6), Eastern Winery Exposition – Lancaster, Pennsylvania:

12 http://www.easternwineryexposition.com/

3-(6-8), Growers Association Annual Conference – West Des Moines Marriott, Details later: http://www.iowawinegrowers.org

3-(11-13), Wineries Unlimited Conference & Trade Show – Greater Richmond Convention Center, Richmond, VA: http://www.wineriesunlimited.com/attendees/2014-preview/

3-30 to 4-15, Australia Winery & Vineyard Tour - Washington State University. Details: http://wine.wsu.edu/education/certificate/international-winery-tours/australia-winery-and-vineyard-tour/

6-(5-7), Winemaker Magazine Conference – Leesburg, VA: http://winemakermag.com/1328-june-5-7-2014-your-conference-registration-includes-it-all

6-(22-25), American Society of Wine Economists (AAWE) - Walla Walla, WA. http://www.wine-economics.org/2014-walla-walla/

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