Results Report IndoorIE Environment

So far the biggest research program of RYM Oy created totally new knowledge and solutions for global markets in the field of real estate industry.

The adopadoption of new solutions and information on user-centric spaces, energy efficient management, revenue models of good indoor environment, and design and implementation of inspiring learning environments alallows a significant increase in productivity, comfort and health of space user in an ecologically sustainable way. Go to rymreport.com/ie for the online version

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About the Publication

Indoor Environment Results Report

RYM Oy Unioninkatu 14, 4th floor FI-00130 Helsinki, FINLAND Tel. +358 40 514 6181 Email: anssi.salonen(at)rym.fi Website: http://rym.fi

Copyright 2015 RYM Oy, All rights reserved

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Table of Contents

4 The Indoor Environment Program

5 Facts and Figures

7 IE Partners

8 Scientific Review

15 Industry Evaluation

20 Success Stories

30 Work Packages

43 Results Cards

212 Publications

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Financial Summary (5/2011-3/2015)

Work Cumulatice Public Public/Private Tekes Costs to Package Costs Funding Share Funding Budget WP1 4 465 532 2 676 891 59,9 % 2 389 388 99,1 % WP2 5 898 753 3 448 183 58,5 % 3 164 159 100,7 % WP3 2 710 387 1 639 952 60,5 % 1 439 974 92,6 % WP4 10 250 415 6 124 176 59,7 % 5 558 697 101,6 % Total 23 325 085 13 889 202 59,5 % 12 552 218 99,8 %

Reported Articles

Mid 2011- Mid Report Phase Report Phase Report Article Type 2012 2013 Report 2013 2014 2015 Total Journal Articles 19 14 11 23 27 94 Conference Articles 60 33 20 25 16 154 Total 79 47 31 48 43 248

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The Indoor Environment Program

Indoor Environment Program creates solutions that promote productivity, comfort and health of space user in an ecologically sustainable way. The focus areas are user-centric spaces, energy efficient management, revenue models for good indoor environments, and design and implementation of inspiring learning environments. The program explores with an open mind new markets in indoor environments of the future.

The Program realizes the strategic research agenda through far-reaching, collaborative and multidisciplinary research work done jointly by companies, universities and research institutes. The companies partaking in the program explore with an open mind new markets in indoor environments of the future which people enter to get invigorated and increase their wellbeing.

The work packages (driver companies in parentheses):

1. User-Centric Indoor Environment (Halton) 2. Energy Efficient Control of Indoor Environment (Schneider-Electric) 3. Business Logic of Knowledge Intensive Space Markets (Newsec) 4. Future Learning Environments (University Properties of Finland Ltd)

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Facts and Figures

Program Budget by Work Package

Work Package Budget, EUR

WP1 4 504 096

WP2 5 855 217

WP3 2 926 500

WP4 10 088 674

Total 23 374 487

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IE Partners

Companies Research Partners

• Aalto University Properties • Aalto University • Boost Brothers • Finnish Institute of Occupational Health • Consti • Helsinki Metropolia University of Applied • Cupori Sciences • Fatman • National Institute for Health and Welfare • Finnish Education Group FEG • Satakunta University of Applied Sciences • Granlund • Tampere University of Technology • Halton • University of Eastern Finland • Helsinki University Properties • University of Helsinki • Helvar • University of Jyväskylä • Icecapital Real Estate Asset Management • University of Oulu • Lassila & Tikanoja • University of Tampere • NCC • VTT • Newsec Asset Management • Oras • Rettig ICC • Schneider Electric • Senate Properties • Skanska Talonrakennus • SPU • University Properties of Finland • Uponor • Vahanen

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Scientific Review

1 . RYM SHOK and Indoor Environment Program

“Indoor Environment” Program is an ambitious research program co-ordinated by the Strategic Centre for Science, Technology and Innovation for Built Environment (RYM Oy). The program had 31 industrial partners and 13 research partners in the research consortium and the total research budget for both industrial research and academic research is 23.8 million euros. The duration of the program is from May 1, 2011 to March 30, 2015.

The aim of the Indoor Environment Program is to generate breakthrough knowledge of indoor environment. The main research questions of the program are as follows:

1. How people perceive the indoor environment? 2. How indoor environment supports the people’s well-being, productivity and learning ability? 3. How to build zero energy houses with good and healthy indoor environment? 4. How to improve actual indoor environment and energy efficiency as well as awareness of those in existing buildings? 5. What is the business logic of superior indoor environment?

The Indoor Environment research is divided into four work packages (WP):

WP1 User-Centric Indoor Environment WP2 Energy Efficient Control of Indoor Conditions WP3 Business Logic on Knowledge Intensive Space Markets WP4 Future Learning Environments

Health, design, energy efficiency, and valuation have been identified as the key research themes of indoor environment.

2. Academic Work Group

The present Academic Review is the second review focusing on publications published between Jan 1, 2014 and January 15, 2015. The previous review concerning published material of the Programme between May 1, 2011 and December 31, 2014 has been reported earlier (Reijula et. al 2014).

This time the RYM Oy Ltd invited the following multi-professional team as an Academic Work Group (AWG). AWG had four objectives:

• Analyse novelty of research results • Identify the most potential results • Give recommendations to the program management on how to focus the research work in the final phase of the program

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• AWG’s work is expected to contribute to the creation of a new network for young researchers and their work in the thematic area for example through new ideas and facilitating links between researchers.

Following faculty scientists were invited to carry out the SECOND REVIEW process:

• Professor Kari Reijula, MD, PhD, Professor, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health and Helsinki University, Finland (chair of the AWG) • Professor Göran Lindahl, MD, PhD, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden • Professor Kwok Wai Tham, PhD, National University of Singapore, Singapore

3. Review process of the AWG

• Invitation letter to the AWG members, February 2015 • List of publications sent to the AWG, February 2015 • Time frame for the AWG review: February – April, 2015 • Publications were divided in five (5) groups: • Architecture, design • Economic aspects • Energy savings/sustainability • Quality of indoor air and environment • Technology, HVAC and construction

4. Review of the publications

4.1 Quantitative analysis

The outcome of scientific (peer-reviewed) articles and other publications from the four work packages (WP 1-4) is listed in Table 1.

Table 1. The number of published articles in four work packages of the RYM SHOK IE-Program (between May 1, 2011 and Oct 25, 2013).

Professional Peer-reviewed Work package (WP) Congress reports journals, non peer- Articles reviewed WP 1 1 22 5 WP 2 9 5 0 WP 3 7 6 0 WP 4 14 18 0 TOTAL 30 44 5

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4.2 Quality, relevance and novelty of published articles

The criteria for academic evaluation are often based on a mono-disciplinary approach and may therefore not be able to serve as the best method for the evaluation of as broad as the IE-Program. The pitfall of a traditional evaluation, by with the emphasis is focused on quantitative approach, is important to be aware of.

However, the final evaluation in an academic – but still valid – way should provide possibilities to highlight the potential of trans- and cross-disciplinary research which projects like the IE – Program have. In the context of built environment research, this is one of the key success factors: the balance between quantified and qualitative data produced and analyzed with both quantitative and qualitative research methods and measures. This is more than needed in the scientific forums of built environment.

Published articles in WP 1-4

The number of peer-reviewed articles during the present review period is higher (30) than during the previous review (first 2.5 years of the program). Research groups, which since the beginning of the IE Program, have had available established resources and facilities on this field of research, seem to have succeeded better than others. They have had the opportunity to apply their previous knowledge and resources more effectively in producing publications even in this new field of research. On the other hand, their project plans in the present IE- program must have been closely related to their previous work on the same field of expertise. Nevertheless, the objective of the present program was indeed something new and takes some time, new mindset and especially multi-professional approach in order to be accomplished.

The output of WP 1 (User-Centric Indoor Environment) comprises one (1) published peer-reviewed article, one (1) abstract and 22 conference papers. Of the 22 conference papers, nine (9) were disseminated in local conferences and written in Finnish. There were no patent nor technology filings. Although technical solutions are important, the aim of the IE Program emphasizes users’ needs and human perception. The broad spectrum of studies has given new insights to human perceptions and responses to indoor environment conditions and the technologies used to create these conditions. Whilst well-being has been addressed adequately, surprisingly, productivity seems to be given relatively little attention as only a few papers were associated with this theme.

The peer reviewed article relates to lighting and LED. Though titled a case study, the research is very well designed, implemented and comprehensive. It has very good measurements and rigorous statistical analysis, and captures human response, perceptions and preference in a very comprehensive way. The findings have clear implications for the use of LED and T5 lighting in offices.

Conference/Congress reports (22) of WP 1 cover some relevant fields of interest. There is substantial use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in the modelling and simulation of jets flows, air flow patterns and distribution, entrainment and air leakage between zones (focusing on hospitals). Some of the CFD studies incorporated empirical measurements as validation. Another dominant technique was empirical measurements and these were applied to user perceptions, acceptance and health (SBS) outcomes, mainly in response to conditions generated from HVAC technologies and air distribution techniques. One study examined the exposure to semi volatile organic compounds and total volatile

10 Indoor Environment Results Report organic compounds between low energy and conventionally built houses. These studies provide directions for technological developments in HVAC technologies and their applications with particular focus on air distribution and air movement control.

In the report of 16 January 2014, it was observed that “Wide variation of scopes is covered in these papers. Thus, more carefully planned focus is needed in the last term of the Program. These papers cover both technical solutions and development of new action models but more importantly these articles cover also the effects of different factors in indoor environment in human physiology and perception.” The published outcomes have focused on HVAC technologies, air distribution and lighting and their impact on well-being. The translation rate of conference/congress papers to peer-reviewed publications remains low. It is encouraged that further efforts be directed towards a wider and more rigorous dissemination platform.

In WP 2 (Energy Efficient Control of Indoor Conditions), nine (9) peer-reviewed articles have been published. These have generated knowledge for guiding co-generation design, NZEB development, and indirect evaporative cooling developments; and articulated a vision for transformation of the construction industry towards sustainability. Five (5) papers are applications which cluster around the matching indices for onsite-energy developed earlier from work supported by RYM SHOK program. These are of very high quality and show promising knowledge and directions that guide the selection and combination of on-site cogeneration technologies with or without storage (electrical and thermal). The method is generic and there is “export” potential to the local and external communities/countries. One paper critically evaluates the metrics used for determining the achievement of Net Zero Energy Buildings (NZEB), and demonstrated that the design would be substantially influenced by the choice of the metric adopted. Another paper provides an excellent review covering the chronology, concept, systems and trends in indirect evaporative cooling. It alludes to the potential of IEC and identifies the market for its development and uptake. One paper examined the electrical efficiency between alternative current (AC) and direct current (DC) systems for office buildings, and pointed out the pragmatic consideration of matching the efficiency with existing hardware (lighting, HVAC, computers, etc…). On a different vein, a paper developed from a keynote address from SB2011 offers a visionary and refreshing prognosis and prescription for transforming the construction industry towards simultaneous achievement of professionalism and sustainability via performance orientation and value recognition as replacement of “cost-plus” approach.

In the report of 16 January 2014, it was recommended that “research should now be continued towards technical solutions which could be utilized and tested in real cases.” The applications of the matching indices and NZEB evaluation metrics have addressed this partially. Actual “hard” technologies have yet to surface.

Congress reports of the WP 2 (5) showed a diversity of fields of interest. They include theoretical human thermal modelling, implementation of ZEB in Nordic conditions, thermal activated building evaluation, IEQ solutions, and incorporating semantic network for facilities management. Each has potential development and it is encouraged that these be further pursued.

One (1) thesis at the MSc level (engineering) has been produced in WP 2.

In WP 3 (Business Logic on Knowledge Intensive Space Markets), seven (7) articles have been published in scientific journals. They focus on sustainability and green thinking (e.g. in facility

11 Indoor Environment Results Report management). Most of the papers were focused on review of literature. Data in articles is mainly based on questionnaire surveys and interviews. First paper discussed what green attributes tenants value in their apartments. The paper describes data collected using questionnaire survey in a pilot building. The paper shows that tenants begin to value green aspects related to the facilities. Second article encourages life cycle costs (LCC) and LC analysis to be performed in an early design phase. Third paper showed that “green certificate” increased on average the property value of 9%. This article is the first empirical paper on this specific topic. Fourth journal article describes first time in practice that the value of waiting to divest is an important element when planning of real estate fund divestment.

Congress reports (6) consisted articles. One of them showed that remote energy management could reduce energy consumption and costs. In one article real options analysis was suggested to have practical applications in managing risks in PPP projects. Third paper focused on evidence based design. This was a review of literature and presentation of evidence matrix for functional requirements and design parameters which would support learning. Fourth article focused on five space development projects at the university facilities. Paper suggested that campus managers should expand towards proactive facilitation and support of user-driven initiatives. Last article showed that the most visible value creation driver is risk management and risk taking capability of the project network.

In overall 14 articles have been published in scientific journals. Most of the published reports deal with the challenges of processes such as teaching, training, education and learning. Only a few of published papers describe the association between the processes and environment. This is a critical aspect of this WP. It is important to understand how to improve the processes of education in different levels of training and learning. However, there is only one year left in this Program to find the solution how to use this basic information in designing learning environments for the future. The resources should now be focused on those projects which do have relationship between the indoor environment and users and which most likely would produce solutions, action models and tools for the planning of future learning environments.

WP 4 (Future Learning Environments) shows a broad approach to indoor environment issues, it ranges from user interfaces with technical issues to perceptions and spatial narratives. The variety is impressive but also somewhat tempting and worrying. How should we tackle indoor environment as a whole when all of these small aspects does seem to be extremely important by themselves. The answer lies, naturally, in understanding the variety of aspects that all contribute to a whole. Environment is not one entity.

The WP4 consist of 37 texts, 16 of them journal publications and 21 of them presented at conference or in other proceedings. All texts are well written and consistent with their focus. If categorized one can structure the texts in the following categories: 1) Construction related, 2) Pedagogical, learning and creation of self and 3) Processes and organization.

Each category is represented by different number of papers, the pedagogical category have the most. The construction related papers focus on producing indoor work environment and the impact of physical factors. One paper in this category introduces an urban perspective. The second category focuses on individual’s perception of learning environments both physically and socially. The process and organization related texts focus on measurement and how to understand the users´ activities.

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5. Conclusion

The IE Program has been an excellent innovation and platform for a multi-professional approach to tackle challenges associated with indoor environment. Earlier and published research on indoor environment topic has been conducted mainly in separate segments of several fields of expertise. Due to this breakthrough innovations have not been occurred. In RYM SHOK IE-Program, the organizers (the Board of the RYM Oy Ltd) of the IE Program and TEKES have decided to have a significant change in the mind set in the field of construction sector: how to improve the quality of indoor environment for people who use the facilities but also to the processes which are carried out in these environments. The scope and objective of this program is focused on developing something new for the real estate and construction business but also to the users of the premises. Eventually this may lead to both an improvement in the capability of R&E and construction sector to compete in demanding markets but also to an increase in the quality of indoor environment. This in turn has an impact on the well-being of people and also productivity of companies which use these facilities.

The first review of the Program (reported on January 2014) was carried out one year before the program was closed. The review found out that the number of articles published in peer-review journals was limited which is understandable due to the short time of the projects. On the other hand, the number of congress reports was relatively high. Therefore, the first review emphasized the need to make sure that the data published in proceedings and congresses should be published also in scientific peer-review journals. This could ensure that new innovations finally lead to real breakthrough. The first review also encouraged the researchers to really focus their projects to such tasks which most likely lead to the results which have been written and promised to do in the objectives of the project.

According to the second review, the general quality of the material and methods used in the present articles is good. This emphasizes the role of senior researchers of projects to do their responsibility in writing along with younger colleagues all articles which can be published on these projects.

Finally, multi-professional team work has been important and necessary in accomplishing the tasks and objectives of this enthusiastic Program. The work packages did not have sufficient collaboration among each other. In all WPs there should have been an active use of expertise of different actors in the WP to build up the collaboration between different parties involved including research groups but also companies. Best results would have been achieved if this had been realized and solutions, action models and tools can be tested in real life situation. The real innovation of this program seems to be the novel thinking that technical solutions can benefit the users occupying the facilities. This can be recognized by an improved well-being and productivity which leads to increasing markets of this type of planning and construction. Finally, this all has to be documented in this Program. Otherwise no-one will believe this is true.

We conclude that:

• The aim of the Indoor Environment Program was to generate breakthrough knowledge of indoor environment. Important new information was collected in IE Program especially for construction and real estate sector. Scientific research has not been in a major role in developing this field of industry. Multi-professional approach in projects was one of the most innovative decisions in conducting this program.

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• The number of published material in this program has been very good. According to the first and this review, IE Program has published 54 journal articles, 129 conference reports and 7 academic thesis. To indoor environment research and especially in construction and real estate business this is a remarkable outcome which we think has never occurred before in one program. • The number of original articles in scientific journals is limited compared to numerous conference reports. We expect that significant proportion of conference reports will eventually be published in scientific journals. • Research projects have well covered the main sectors of indoor environment relevant to construction and real estate business. During the second review process, especially WP 3 (Business Logic on Knowledge Intensive Space Markets) has improved in outcome. • Internationally the present IE Program has also been a pioneer: to our knowledge, research on this field has not been carried out at this magnitude earlier. Thus, it is important to use this novel information, new skills and expertise without delay in developing action models, tools and products. • TEKES and RYM Oy have shown wisdom, foresight and enthusiasm while launching IE Program which now has proven to be one of the first corner stones in research on this field of industry.

Kari Reijula Kwok Wai Tham Göran Lindahl

Correspondence:

Kari Reijula, MD, PhD, Professor

Finnish Institute of Occupational Health and Helsinki University Topeliuksenkatu 41aA FI-00250 HELSINKI Finland email: kari.reijula(at)ttl.fi tel: 358-40-5502050

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Industry Evaluation

The Indoor Environment Program (IE) has been an exceptionally successful strategic research program. It has had a significant impact on the way Finnish real estate and construction sector makes decisions and continues utilization of strategic research and own development results – you have to learn from users and create more sustainable, flexible and comprehensive solutions with a multidisciplinary approach if you want to success on global markets also in the future. The program has contributed to the new mindset and new strategic competencies for the industry through very active strategic research. In fact, IE program has published 250 journal and conference articles around the world – so there are 250 reasons to be proud of and to be a top-tier research program among SHOK-programs. Importantly most of consortium company members have successfully utilized the results in their business development – in few cases already in the form of globally competitive products and services. When considering the used resources of 23M euros during 2011-2015, we think it was worth every cent and more.

IE Program results have been actively utilized in new product development. In technical product development numerous results of the IE Program, such as thermal comfort modeling, simulation and design tools as well as the control, heating and cooling systems of nearly zero energy buildings, have been found highly valuable by consortium companies in accelerating their new product development. Moreover, the international comparison studies of the program, such as those in energy storage, have provided new business and technology transfer opportunities for companies and accelerated their RDI activities.

The consortium companies see great business potential in IE Program results – say the results of IE Program business potential survey conducted in November 2014. According to the survey results, 95 % of the companies reported that IE research results will strengthen their market position and 89 % of companies estimate that the IE results will also increase their profits. Over 30 % of the companies assess that their market share will increase at least 5 % thanks to IE results. Moreover, 25 % of companies believe that business profits will be at least 5 %-units higher in the future due to IE program results. This kind of results will encourage companies and research institutes to continue interdisciplinary research also in the future. Moreover, the results of recent IE Program self-evaluation survey indicate that IE results have multi-functional possibilities in the built environment particularly in indoor environment business. In addition, the survey revealed that the most valuable feature of IE Program has been interdisciplinary research from the company perspective.

IE Program has had a wide international co-operation network. The Program’s main international partners (Fig 1: 23 universities, research centers and professional communities) were located Australia, Canada, China, Denmark, Germany Sweden, The Netherlands, UK and USA. Knowledge sharing especially with DTU in Denmark was very productive. According to the feedback from consortium companies, international co-operation of IE Program was versatile, but it could have been more intense. However the IE Program offered all consortium members a good possibility to build new connections around the world – this will be essential especially for companies with global business potential.

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Fig 1. Locations of main international partners

Development and administration of a multidisciplinary research program is not easy – that’s why the role of RYM Ltd. as a program leader organization is important to real estate and construction sector also in the future. Furthermore, many thanks to agile program manager team of Boost Brothers – it is easier to focus on the core tasks when circumstances are suitable for reaching targets.

The program consisted of four thematic work packages:

WP1 – User-Centric Indoor Environment

WP2 – Energy Efficient Control of Indoor Environment (EECI)

WP3 – Business Logic on Knowledge Intensive Space Markets (KISS)

WP4 – Future Learning Environments

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Main research questions were (Fig 2):

Work package Q1: How Q2: How Q3: How to build Q4: How to Q5: What is the people indoor zero energy improve actual business logic perceive the environment houses with indoor of superior indoor supports the good and environment indoor environment? peoples’ well- healthy indoor and energy environment? being and environments? efficiency as productivity? well as awareness of those in existing buildings ?

WP1 X X – User-Centric Indoor Environment

WP2 X X – Energy Efficient Control of Indoor Environment (EECI)

WP3 X – Business Logic on Knowledge Intensive Space Markets (KISS)

WP4 X X X – Future Learning Environments

Fig 2. Main research questions in work packages

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Examples of the Results of the IE Program

Goals Result examples

To develop solutions that create • New information on chilled beam systems and developed added value with excellent IEQ for demand-based ventilation solutions with advanced both users and facility owners flexibility through excellent indoor conditions. • Research relating to CFD models and visualizations of air flows • New methods and tools, such as 6D model, to understand better how user experience the indoor environment.

To respond to the challenge of • Human Thermal Model HTM, which provides new increasing the user satisfaction information on the interaction between the human body under the pressure of tightening and its environment. Identification of the thermal energy regulations and demands. sensations typical of different user groups enables designing buildings that are both energy efficient and best suited for their users. • New information on understanding of user perception on personalized systems • Solar test plant to research how different types of photovoltaic and heat energy collectors work in Nordic conditions. The research was applied to pilot in a passive apartment building with hybrid heating system.

To investigate rational metrics and • Real option analysis (ROA) has many usable applications processes as well as market-driven from revealing the opportunities and the risks inside a business models of indoor PPP project to valuing the green building certificates. It is environment from the economic, an extremely useful tool for investment decision-making environmental and social and comparison of design solutions. Real estate industry perspectives. around the world has got new information on practical settings and solutions of ROA through the IE Program. • Energy efficiency improvements can provide a win-win situation benefiting the property owners’ both in terms of financial and environmental gains. Although providing tempting payback periods and returns when analyzed solely, energy efficiency investments should not be considered without their effects on the overall property values.

To create new design process taking • Multi-purpose, interactive learning environments and so- full advantage of integrated and called third places increase individual experience of collaborative design of core comfort, the affordance of different learning methods as processes and indoor well as occupancy rate of the space. Common for this environments. kind of spaces are adjectives like open, inspiring, attractive, social, interdisciplinary and international. • Co-creation process is essential when improving functionality, efficiency and customer experience of users of university campuses.

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Risto Kosonen

Director at Halton, Adjunct Professor at Aalto University, Chairman of the IE Program Steering Group http://fi.linkedin.com/pub/risto-kosonen/15/357/36

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Success Stories

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Granlund Optimizing Tool Wins Energy Insight Award

The optimizing tool for construction projects developed by Granlund Ltd won shared first prize in the 2014 Energy Insight Competition. The optimizing tool has been developed as part of the RYM Pre program.

Buildings consume a significant share of energy in Finland, and many solutions deriving from their design have an impact on energy consumption. The Granlund optimizing tool allows effective calculation, comparison and visualization of different variables affecting construction projects, including the impacts of energy-efficient building solutions on indoor air. Calculation and generation of 100–1000 alternatives in a few hours is possible.

The optimizing tool has been developed as part of the Model Nova and ISES projects of the RYM Pre program and the Master’s Thesis of Tapani Idman titled ”Parametrization of energy simulation and development of energy-efficient building design, analysis and decision making process.” Mr. Idman is an HVAC designer at Granlund. Tuomas Laine, Ville Kukkonen, Antti Karola, Eino Kukkonen and Francisco Forns-Samso have also participated in the development of the optimizing tool at Granlund.

The Energy Insight Competition organized every other year by Expomark Oy and Finnish Energy Council FinnWEC is open to enterprises, individuals or groups of people. More than 30 persons or enterprises

21 Indoor Environment Results Report participated this year. Jorma Marttila’s ”Viljakas” solar-operated grain dryer was the other winner of a EUR 5,000 award besides the Granlund optimizing tool.

For further information:

Tuomas Laine Innovation and Development Director Granlund Ltd firstname.lastname(at)granlund.fi Phone: 050 568 6093

The HTM ModelReveals Huge Differences In People’s Thermal Sensations

The Human Thermal Model (HTM) developed by the VTT Indoor Environment research program provides unprecedented accuracy in simulating the interaction between the human body and its environment. Identification of the thermal sensations typical of different user groups enables designing buildings that are both energy efficient and best suited for their users.

The research has focused on the effects of a person’s age, sex, body fat content, and physical fitness. The ambient and surface temperatures of modeled spaces were determined. People were brought into the spaces and their individual anatomies were visualized. During their interaction with the space, the model enabled calculating thermal sensations by body parts.

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In the HTM model the human body is divided into 16 sections: head, neck, upper and lower body, upper and forearms, palms, thighs, lower legs, and feet. These are further divided into tissue layers: bone, muscle, fat and skin. Heat transfers between different body parts are modeled by visualizing the blood circulation between them.

– In engineering jargon humans could be referred to as continuously self-regulating systems. Should the temperature of the internal organs rise for some reason, the body opens valves to increase surface circulation, which in turn increases skin temperature and makes the body release more heat. If that is not enough, the body resorts to sweating. This way an individual transfers heat from their body to the environment. Correspondingly, when internal organs cool down, circulation in skin tissues is reduced, notes Pekka Tuomaala, Senior Research Scientist at VTT.

Fat does not keep you warm – on the contrary

According to Tuomaala, studies show that many of our characteristics determine our individual thermal experience. Metabolism, the internal heat production of the body, depends on the composition of a body, particularly the amount of muscle tissue. Therefore, differences between individuals may be considerable: a resident of an elderly home may wear a cardigan while a more muscular young nurse wears a short-sleeved nurse’s top. The difference between individual ideal temperatures at the same level of activeness and thermal insulation of clothing is several degrees.

– A muscular person copes much better with cold than a chubbier colleague: the difference between the temperature found agreeable can be up to six degrees. Thermal comfort is also largely related to age and sex: men and young people have relatively more muscle tissue whose heat production can be up to 1000-fold compared to fat, Tuomaala continues.

Design and dimensioning must correspond to the end users

Simulations run with the model have already yielded a lot of new and important information on factors affecting thermal sensation. It allows qualitative analysis of both environmental (temperature, relative humidity, air flow) and personal effects (clothing, metabolism). The model makes it possible to estimate the optimal temperatures for different user groups of a building.

– It seems evident that the design and dimensioning criteria used in selecting temperatures must be reassessed according to occupancy. The end users of schools, day care centers, elderly homes and public premises need different temperature levels, Tuomaala summarizes. In his view that also calls for changes in indoor air quality classifications and recommendations.

While indoor air quality is subject to ever greater and increasingly individual requirements, ever tighter limits are set for the energy efficiency of buildings. Matching these goals is not easy since conventional

23 Indoor Environment Results Report design and dimensioning principles do not always result in the best conditions from the end users’ point of view.

According to Tuomaala, HTM makes it easier, for instance, to choose between different renovation alternatives because it allows comparing the impacts of alterations like adding extra envelope insulation and replacement of windows or the heating system. Besides, HTM helps identify situations where buildings are either overheated or cooled in relation to the actual needs of users. Thus, the method helps avoid unnecessary heating and cooling.

More information:

Pekka Tuomaala, Tel. 040 720 1724, pekka.tuomaala(at)vtt.fi

The Smart Space Is Reality

The Tampere Unit for Human-Computer Interaction (TAUCHI) at University of Tampere which studies the interaction between man and technology, has created the SimSpace for developing new technologies. The space, originally intended for demonstration use, has quickly gained popularity also as a product development and test space among sector companies and other actors. The Indoor Environment Program has made a crucial contribution both as a research facilitator and creator of research and market networks, states Markku Turunen, Professor of Interactive Technology.

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TAUCHI’s focus is R&D on the communication between man and technology which includes both smart spaces, equipment and methods such as gesture control, eye tracking, augmented reality methods, speech recognition, lighting varying according to user, and different interactive surfaces. Many of these have been used effectively for long on the centrally located Information Wall of the university which allowed accumulating a lot of valuable use data.

– When the SimSpace was created – the wall being an essential element of it – we noticed that researchers increasingly left their laboratories to work there, Turunen continues. – That made early phase design much easier since the technology was already there to allow simulating ideas largely at the ideation phase.

That transformed SimSpace into an expandable, partitionable space where workshops for up to 40 people can be easily conducted. The space is consequently often used for that purpose as workshops enable testing solutions and ideas interactively with partners for a few days.

The interest from the city, universities and companies has been staggering: – For the last few months I have felt like a space reservations secretary, Turunen admits. – There is presently a clear boom in construction of spaces of this type.

Teaching now shares the space with research

Since the education imparted by TAUCHI focuses on the same issues as its research, some teaching also takes place in the SimSpace presently. The novel space favors novel methods and procedures which can enhance learning situations. Students find it easy to bring along their own materials and display them as transparencies or e-learning material. Demos can be launched in the middle of a lecture to create knowledge together.

New types of teaching methods have received invaluable support from the cooperation with Kirsti Lonka as part of the Indoor Environment Program. It has enabled using the ideas she developed at University of Helsinki in the most suitable teaching environment, and Turunen is highly grateful especially for the ideas received at the beginning of the program.

The international network has also expanded along with that of domestic research institutes and enterprises thanks to the project. According to Turunen, it is a hot issue almost everywhere. For instance, in Germany the technology of public facilities has been studied a lot.

.However, it is not all that easy to get information from foreign companies although they clearly are actively engaged in smart space solutions. Domestic actors, on the other hand, are quite well known and cooperation with them is active and fruitful. Cooperation with two companies has advanced considerably and may well lead to commercial solutions.

– The cooperation between competitors made possible by the SHOK model appears to be unique in the world, Turunen opines.

The possibilities offered by smart spaces are endless. A student project completed recently had a topic close to the heart of all domestic and professional chefs: the gesture controlled kitchen. 3D combined

25 Indoor Environment Results Report with lightweight, wireless glasses is being experimented with and use of such glasses e.g. in various phases of construction will probably be routine in the next few years.

All this brings to mind the mega hit movie Matrix, Turunen concludes: – The images evoked by fiction in people and their expectations of the nature of the interaction space must be taken into consideration and also met to some extent. Trickery is also permissible sometimes as long as it supports the task at hand. Naturally, we must often remind ourselves of the fact that things do not actually work out exactly as in the movies – but in any case it won’t take many years for smart spaces to become part of our daily lives also in the real world.

Participatory Design Leads To Sustainable Result

An indoor environment design model has been developed within the framework of the Indoor Environment Program. The different parties from designers to space users participate in the related workshops at every phase of the project. This Human&Green operational model produces an indoor environment that is energy efficient and promotes wellbeing.

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Mere improvement of the energy efficiency of a building does not lead to the overall best result because it ignores the energy consumption of space users. Redesign of spaces and energy analyses always go hand in hand and affect one another. Therefore, new design models that take into account this interaction are required.

The Human&Green operational model was developed in connection with a quite large university renovation project over three years involving a gross floor area in excess of 10,000 m2, a building volume of 40,000 m3, and over 200 staff. The leadership and key personnel were interviewed. Representatives of the space user groups took part in project workshops for the duration of the project. The organization and procedure changed along with the site and its phases.

As soon as the objectives of the project had been set, the management team formed, and the entire university informed of the matter, collection of user information was launched with the help of the Work Environment and Wellbeing Survey developed by the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. It is especially well suited for analyzing distributed knowledge work and design of multispace offices and provided information on the space users and work requirements as well as wellbeing and productivity. The survey can also be made use of after the renovations.

A common language and communication were deemed vital for dissemination of information also in this connection:

– Experience has shown that space designers, architects and other construction professionals are not always capable of utilizing survey data in the best way, says Specialized Researcher, Project Manager Virpi Ruohomäki. – Therefore, we developed a visualization method for user experiences which allows indicating the responses to a survey for the entire building: in the 3D model negative experiences are in red and positive ones in green.

The model facilitated discussion and targeting of measures at all phases of the project. For instance, the sources of smell and noise could be easily located.

Everyone participates in the workshops

As part of the Human&Green operational model, VTT developed new indicators for understanding energy and space efficiency. They are still mainly analyzed separately although their interaction is clearly recognizable.

The heart of the operational model were the workshops. Their themes were established as the work progressed: the first one involved identifying work requirements and future space needs while the last one determined the use of new spaces and common rules for their use. Workshops lasted for half a day and were attended by future users, designers and the owner – typically around 30 people – who examined and discussed the results and outlined further measures.

– The workshops pondered the space needs of university staff and students as well as studied under expert guidance space and energy efficiency and their practical meaning. Space users brainstormed together new space arrangements and things like shared use of laboratories, Ruohomäki continues. – That enabled staff to utilize its know-how and expertise.

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According to the operational model, attainment of the objectives of renovation is monitored through queries and interviews as well as a usability walkthrough a year after completion of the renovations.

– An operational model in which users take part opens new opportunities. It is future oriented because the modes of work and learning change constantly, Virpi Ruohomäki emphasizes.

– In the future, the model can also be used to develop work and learning environments beyond universities.

The scientific results of the Indoor Environment Program produced by the Human&Green project include 15 domestic and 10 international publications.

The Scientific Results Of Indoor Environment Program Spread Through Top-Tier Scientific Publication Channels

The Indoor Environment Program has produced more than 200 published scientific articles since 2011. According to recent analysis, the scientific results of the program have spread through leading scientific publication channels.

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– Indoor Environment Program (IE) collaborative and multidisciplinary. Our program performance metrics and recent results scanning show that program results address the original research questions of the program. For example the most frequent key words of articles include user experience, energy efficiency, flexibility and learning environment, says Program Manager Lauri Paronen.

Indoor Environment Program (IE) has recently announced rankings in following key results categories: the most frequently used publication forums (journals and conferences), the most frequently used key words, the most active organizations and the most active authors.

The results show that journals such as Energy and Buildings and Applied Energy have published many of the IE results and researchers have presented scientific IE results in conferences such as CLIMA 2013, Indoor Air 2014 and CIB 2014.

Furthermore, Aalto University is clearly the most active research organization in terms of the number of authored or co-authored publications. In addition the most active companies are Halton, Boost Brothers, Newsec, Uponor, Skanska and SPU.

IE Program continues till 31.3.2015 and its possible that the rankings will change. The final rankings of the most active authors (overall and 1. author) will be released not until the last reporting period, in the spring 2015.

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Work Packages

The program consists of four thematic work packages (driver company in parentheses):

1. User-Centric Indoor Environment (Halton)

2. Energy Efficient Control of Indoor Environment (Schneider-Electric)

3. Business Logic of Knowledge Intensive Space Markets (Newsec)

4. Future Learning Environments (University Properties of Finland Ltd)

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WP1 User-Centric Indoor Environments

WP1 Leader: Risto Kosonen, Halton

Focus area of the work package

People spend 90 % of their time in indoors. It is well known that the indoor environment is an important factor not only for occupants’ comfort as a whole, but also for their health and productivity. In fact, occupant work performance is significantly affected by the conditions of the indoor environment. However, the knowledge available on user-centric built environments is limited.

User-Centric Indoor Environment work package (WP1) focused on the understandings of the physiological and psychological basis of perceived indoor environmental quality. Moreover, the research significantly contributed to the development of methods that help to assess and understand the IEQ requirements of occupant organizations. In addition, special attention was given to the development of co-operation between industry and research institutes as well as activate co-operation between leading international professionals.

Objectives of the work package

The main objective of the work package was to develop new indoor environment solutions that create genuine extra-value for both users and facility owners through excellent indoor conditions.

The sub-objectives of the work package were:

1) to create new knowledge on users’ perception on IEQ

2) to define measurable IEQ targets specially when the focus is on future nearly zero-energy buildings

3) to create methods to verify and manage conditions such as indoor air quality and potable water systems that contribute to health and comfort of users over the whole life-cycle.

WP Leader’s evaluation how the WP has achieved the objectives

“The main objective of the work package is to get better understanding of users’ perception on indoor environment quality (IEQ). New scientific knowledge is provided of measurable and unmeasurable parameters of IEQ. Novel 6D model is developed to evaluate the total perception of indoor conditions. New knowledge of thermal sensation of centralized and local cooling systems together thermal comfort modelling

31 Indoor Environment Results Report is also created. In nearly-zero energy buildings, it is important to guarantee healthy and comfortable conditions. The carried out measurements proved that in energy efficient buildings is possible to have excellent conditions simultaneously with high energy efficient performance. All those results are only possible to get with multidisciplinary scientific research together with close cooperation of universities and private companies“

Some results especially worth to mention:

1. New information on radiant and convective systems and developed demand-based ventilation solutions with advanced flexibility 2. Research relating to CFD models and visualizations of air flows 3. New methods and tools, such as 6D model, to understand better how user experience the indoor environment. 4. Research relating to optimal lighting solutions 5. Research relating to floor heating

Short description of WP Leader’s own company and results in the program

Halton’s mission is: Enabling Wellbeing. Halton is providing a safe, healthy, comfortable, productive and energy-efficient indoor environment for people to work and live in. As an indoor environment specialist, Halton offers business enhancing products, systems and services for energy efficient and safe environments for customers who care about the wellbeing of people. Halton is involved from target-setting to facility use and focuses on creating positive indoor environment experiences for people.

“In the RYM Indoor Environment Program, we have actively worked on thermal comfort, indoor air quality and system performance research tasks. In the program, we have got new knowledge of the performance of radiant and convective systems. Also, different novel localized systems have been analyzed. The conducted research create scientific basis to further develop systems and services. The first results are already commercialized in new flexible demand-based chilled beam and all-air systems.”

List of WP Participants (only consortium members)

• Aalto University • Cupori • Finnish Institute of Occupational Health • Granlund • Halton • Helsinki Metropolia University of Applied Sciences • National Institute for Health and Welfare • Oras • Rettig ICC • Satakunta University of Applied Sciences • SPU • Tampere University of Technology

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• University of Eastern Finland • Uponor

List of main international partners

• Aachen University, Germany • Aalborg University, Denmark • REHVA Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Associations • Technical University of Delft, The Netherlands • Technical University of Denmark DTU, Denmark • University of Gävle, Sweden

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WP2 Energy Efficient Control Of Indoor Environment

WP2 Leader: Lauri Heikkinen, Schneider Electric

Focus area of the work package

Energy is a huge driver of our economy and building sector. In the developed countries around 40 % of energy is currently consumed in buildings. Energy is needed not only to manufacture the materials for building but also to operate the building and to renovate it. In fact, the majority of energy is consumed in the operation phase of a conventional building; heating, cooling and electricity.

The research of Energy Efficient Control of Indoor Environment work package (WP2, EECI) focused on energy aspects and controlling of the indoor environment through sustainable energy production and use of energy as well as monitoring systems. Furthermore, WP2 co-operated with top EU projects.

Objectives of the work package

The main objective of the work package was to respond to the challenge of increasing the user satisfaction under the pressure of tightening energy regulations and demands. Research plays a key role in improving our capability to respond to the challenge, the possibilities of modern technology, for example wireless sensors, web based user interfaces, BIM-modelling and hybrid energy sources.

The sub-objectives of the work package were:

1) to investigate how to built zero energy houses with good and healthy indoor environment in northern climate

2) to investigate how to improve energy efficiency and awareness of it in existing buildings while maintaining good and healthy indoor environment.

WP Leader’s evaluation how the WP has achieved the objectives

“Looking back at the objectives set at the beginning of the IE Program, the EECI work package has achieved the objectives quite well. The companies and research institutes have researched, developed and also successfully commercialized products and services. Probably the most remarkable international achievements of the work package are new information on renewable energy solutions, especially for the use of the solar energy and the ground heating, BIM/BAS integrations and visualization methods of data to

34 Indoor Environment Results Report customers and decision makers, BMS/lighting integrations as well as pioneering research to understand better the human thermal sensation.”

Some results especially worth to mention:

1. Real-time BIM model integrating different sensor information to a 3D model of a building allowing easier and more visual identification of problem areas. 2. Human Thermal Model HTM, which provides new information on the interaction between the human body and its environment. Identification of the thermal sensations typical of different user groups enables designing buildings that are both energy efficient and best suited for their users. 3. Solar test plant to research how different types of photovoltaic and heat energy collectors work in Nordic conditions. The research was applied to pilot in a passive apartment building with hybrid heating system. 4. New information on understanding of user perception on personalized systems 5. New building envelope insulation structures and piloted the developed products in a commercial property resulting 50 % less energy consumption than in a normal case.

Short description of WP Leader’s own company and results in the program

From steel in the 19th century, to electrical distribution and automation in the 20th and energy management in the 21st, Schneider Electric has always been driven by an international, innovative and responsible mindset to shape the transformation of the industry it was evolving in.

“During the RYM Indoor Environment Program we participated actively in different tasks and worked on reaching the work package objectives. We researched and developed predictive control algorithms, possibilities of control using variable tariffs, cloud based services, wireless censoring, lighting system integration, total building optimization by using big data analysis and easy online indoor condition surveys. Most of the researched topics have been developed to commercialized products and services”

List of WP Participants (only consortium members)

• Aalto University • Fatman • Granlund • Helvar • Metropolia • Schneider Electric • Senate Properties • Skanska Talonrakennus • SPU • Uponor • Vahanen • VTT

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List of main international partners

• Aalborg University, Denmark • REHVA Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Associations • Technical University of Denmark DTU, Denmark

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WP3 Business Logic Of Knowledge Intensive Space Markets

Focus area of the work package

A high quality, healthy and safe indoor environment with moderate costs is a desirable goal for construction projects and real estate owners. Good indoor environment typically has a strong connection with the market value and sustainable life cycle of the building, especially when the building is intended for living or working. From the user perspective good indoor environment could be understood as a combination of a product and service. However, in spite of the big business the business logic of indoor environment is a relatively unexplored research area.

Current innovation and R&D theories emphasize heavily the constant contact of the product and service innovation developers with actual end-users. Business Logic on Knowledge Intensive Space Markets -work package (WP3, KISS) focused to the earning logic and business model of the indoor environment. In particular, the research aimed to improve the understanding of the customer-value of healthy and energy efficient indoor environments.

Objectives of the work package

The main objective of the work package was to investigate rational metrics and processes as well as market-driven business models of indoor environment from the economic, environmental and social perspectives.

The sub-objectives of the work package were:

1) to enable the advanced KISS technology of Finnish companies to penetrate the mainstream business and attract international funding by providing rational metrics and processes for KISS products to compete fairly in competitive space markets

2) to create an internal operating model that allows participating companies and stakeholders effectively collaborate and co-create the agreeded program objectives across work packages.

WP Leader’s evaluation how the WP has achieved the objectives

”Objectives set up over four years ago for the work package, were aiming high and felt very challenging. In my opinion we have succeeded well in reaching the objectives by stepping in the research areas, which we not studied before and open mindedly testing and piloting innovative ways to understand and model business value. Besides the theoretical business model companies in the working packages have succeeded in implementing research results on practice and got very promising business results”

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Some results especially worth to mention:

1 - Real options analysis as an efficient tool for investment decision making

Investment decisions based on the parameters drawn from the current market conditions or cutting costs as much possible might lead to short-term success but long-term failure. New method called Real option analysis (ROA) can be used for justifying investments that take into account long-term value. New method is breaking through as an extremely useful tool for investment decision-making and comparison of design solutions

2 - The role of new business models in developing more integrated value chains in the REC sector

One key success factor in life-cycle oriented project deliveries is transparent communication of the participating firms’ business models and value appropriation logic. This promotes a commercial structure that enables all parties of an integrated construction project to go fulfilling their financial objectives and utilizing their existing resource base thus reducing the threat of opportunism.

The role of risk as a value creating factor is fundamental in establishing a commercially aligned project delivery network.

3 - Property value and sustainability gains of Energy Efficiency Investments

Our study indicates that the energy efficiency investments of existing office buildings can improve the property value up to 7.5 % the average being at 2.5 % in the studied data set. Simultaneously, the investments decreased the total GHG emissions by approximately 11 %. The median GHG payback period was only ca. 1.2 months. The main reflection of the findings is that energy efficiency improvements can provide a win-win situation benefiting the property owners’ both in terms of financial and environmental gains. Although providing tempting payback periods and returns when analyzed solely, energy efficiency investments should not be considered without their effects on the overall property values.

Short description of WP Leader’s own company and results in the program

Newsec – The Full Service Property House in Northern Europe – is by far the largest specialized commercial property firm in Northern Europe. Newsec creates value through tailor-made advisory and property management services.

“Excellence, Innovation and Integrity have a deep significance for us and guide us in our day-to-day work. The RYM Indoor Environment Program offered us a possibility to more interdisciplinary research. We got new knowledge on user needs, value creation and energy efficiency. We achieved our main goal – to enhance sustainable and transparent property business.”

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List of WP Participants (only consortium members)

• Aalto University • Boost Brothers • Halton • Icecapital Real Estate Asset Management • Lassila & Tikanoja • NCC • Newsec Asset Management • Senate Properties • University Properties of Finland

List of main international partners

• CIB International Council for Research and Innovation in Building and Construction • Harvard University, USA • Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT, USA • REHVA Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Associations • Sustainable Building Alliance SBA • Technical University of Denmark DTU, Denmark • UC Berkeley, USA • University of Cambridge, UK • University of Melbourne, Australia

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WP4 Future Learning Environments

WP4 Leader: Olli Niemi, University Properties of Finland

Focus area of the work package

Finland has been successful forerunner in Pisa studies and Finnish educational system has received a lot of positive international attention. The question is how this success could be transferable to Finnish universities? Indoor environments are intended for living and working, but also for learning as learning environments. For the successful future learning environments should support new learning models.

Future Learning Environments -work package (WP4) focused to develop processes and solutions for indoor environments, especially for universities and schools, by extremely interdisciplinary and international research. New learning models and the use of advanced information and communication technology accelerate the development of new learning environments. Future spaces and services support creative thinking and collaboration of experts and utilizers of new knowledge.

Objectives of the work package

The main objective of the work package was to create new design process taking full advantage of integrated and collaborative design of core processes and indoor environments.

The sub-objectives of the work package were:

1) to investigate how to develop the most successful University Campuses in the world, which enhance positive learning experiences and add value to learning, research and creation of exportable innovations

2) to investigate how to improve the usability of learning environments and how to design the learning environments in the way that they support the strategic goals of the user organization at the best possible way?

3) to investigate how to achieve the goals of the corporate social responsibility in energy efficiency and ecology of the buildings, in economy and in community based social responsibility?

4) to investigate how to diversify and improve the services, business models and partnerships in campus management?

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WP Leader’s evaluation how the WP has achieved the objectives

”Original objectives were extremely ambitious and achievement of them demanded time and long-term perspective. Additionally the long-term approach have demand the openess to changes and new challenges within the research and development topic. Cooperation between the various parties is systematically deepened and new forms of cooperation have been developed. New, fast demonstration projects have been introduced in order to implicate and test new research findings in real life. Projects can be carried as long lasting processes including design, construction and commissioning, as well as evaluation before and after changes e.g. by post occupancy evaluations. Next to these processes new participatory design methods were tested, developed and applied. The goal for such methods is two-fold: to improve the customer experience in decision-making process and to develop functional new solutions. It is crucial to identify future opportunities. As a result of the program we are able to design new learning environments in flexible, user-centric and sustainable way. This is a proper starting point for developing new spaces, service platforms and services.”

Some results especially worth to mention:

1. Indoor environments are more significant issue from the pedagogy and the e-learning perspectives than previously recognized by the experts. 2. Multipurpose, interactive learning environments, and so-called third places increase individual experience of comfort, affordance of different learning methods as well as occupancy rate of the space. Common for this kind of spaces are adjectives like open, inspiring, attractive, social, interdisciplinary and international. 3. Co-creation process is essential when improving functionality, efficiency and customer experience of users of university campuses. 4. Service platform approach changes the paradigm of the real estate business from product orientation to service-dominance logic. This opens totally new business opportunities also in learning environments.

Short description of WP Leader’s own company and results in the program

University Properties of Finland creates attractive and sustainable campus environments for learning and innovation to support the success of partner universities by listening students and staff and managing the property portfolio.

“In 2013-2018 the company invests in learning and research environments 550 mill euros, this is increasing the company’s balance sheet and turnover by 35 %. Our vision is to be Europe’s most valued campus developer. The RYM Indoor Environment Program made a significant impact to our company. We have achieved new knowledge and gain new competence by hard working in different tasks of the program. We launched several demonstration projects, which are crucial, when the focus is to learn from research results. All complementary stages of a demonstration construction project can be performed within a year. Traditional and normal construction projects last 5 or even 15 years. The essential part of demonstration projects is evaluation and identification of effectiveness. The evidence-based approach to demonstrations

41 Indoor Environment Results Report provided us more information about success and failures. All in all the demonstration culture and the importance of a co-creation process on solutions, costs and usability has been recognized by users, designers and constructors. The research showed that it is possible to increase use of spaces by increasing multi- functionality and flexibility. The unused space resources, like corridors, lobbies or restaurants can be updated for needs of students and staff, to so called third places – those spaces are not only for visual comfort but also for the identity building. The proper affordance makes such spaces to be important for empowerment, engagement and collaboration. The research helped us to recognize what are the requirements of future learning environments, and revealed the reform of real estate business – we are shifting from product business to service business.”

List of WP Participants (only consortium members)

• Aalto University • Aalto University Properties • Consti • Finnish Education Group FEG • Finnish Institute of Occupational Health • Helsinki University Properties • NCC • Schneider Electric • Senate Properties • Tampere University of Technology • University of Helsinki • University of Jyväskylä • University of Oulu • University of Tampere • University Properties of Finland • VTT

List of main international partners

• Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden • CIB International Council for Research and Innovation in Building and Construction • Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands • Einhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands • Karolinska Institutet, Sweden • Lund Technical University, Sweden • OECD Center for Effective Learning Insitute • Staffordshire University, UK • Stanford University, USA • Tongji University, China • University of Oxford, UK • University of Reading , UK • University of Rotterdam, The Netherlands • University of Twente, The Netherlands • University of Utrecht, The Netherlands • Wilson Centre, Canada

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Results Cards WP1 – User Centric Indoor Environment

43 Indoor Environment Results Report

WORK PACKAGE A Living Lab Study of Pipe Material Migration 1 - User-Centric Indoor and Biofilm Formation Environment

KEYWORDS

drinking water, pipeline network, water quality

PARTICIPANTS

Aalto University Cupori Oy National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL) Oras Oy Satakunta University of Applied Sciences Uponor

CONTACT

Complex interactions existing between water distribution systems’ materials and water can cause a reduction in the water quality as well as unwanted changes in the materials, i.e. aging or corrosion of the materials and formation of biofilms on surfaces. Aino Pelto-Huikko Substances leaching from the pipe materials and water fittings, as well as the microbiological quality of water and formation of biofilms were evaluated by applying a Living Lab theme, i.e. a research in a real life setting using a full scale system during its first year of operation. These studies and subsequent results are unique and not been performed before in real-estates drinking water systems. The water quality changed during the first year of operation in an office building, e.g., increased metal concentrations in the hot water circulation occurred. As cold water was allowed to stagnate increased microbial counts were measured, and metals and other substances were leached from the materials or water fittings. Martti Latva RESULTS MORE INFO

Inkinen et al., 2014, “Drinking water quality and formation of biofilms in an office building during its first year of operation, a full scale study”, Water Research, 49, 83-91

http://www.sciencedirect.co m/science/article/pii/S00431 3541300924X

44 Figure 1. Schematic description of drinking water distribution system.

Both drinking water quality and distribution network materials were studied with several analytical techniques. Many changes in water quality were found in the office building during its first year of operating. Lead, zinc, copper, nickel and molybdenum concentration were found to increase due to the stay in the building. Highest lead concentrations from the newly commissioned networks’ stagnated drinking water were found during the first week after regular water consumption; lead leaching is postulated to originate from brass products in the water system. In addition to lead; zinc and molybdenum were found to leach from brass products. It was found that operational conditions, such as flow conditions and temperature affected the amounts of metals leaching from the pipe network. Microbiological quality was also found to decline in water due to stagnation; flow conditions were postulated to be able to detach biomass from biofilms into water after the water had been standing stagnant. The pipe material was not found to have any major effect on biofilm formation after one year of operation. More detailed results can be found in an article (Inkinen et al., 2014).

EFFECTS

Water quality can change in a building, especially if the cold water is allowed to stagnate which can increase microbial counts, or metals and other substances can leach from materials or water fittings. Also increased metal concentrations in the hot water circulation can occur.

In order to reduce migration of materials you should choose materials and products suitable to use in contact with Finnish drinking water. Special attention should be paid to the suitable sampling procedure. From the consumers’ point of view, by flushing away the stagnant cold water through a tap before consumption and using only cold water for drinking/cooking, enables consumer to obtain highest possible water quality without excessive metal concentrations or increased microbial counts.

FUTURE

This work and these results are closely related to the European energy efficiency legislation as well as to different kind of energy and environment labels that will set in the future limits to the water temperature and flow as well as affect to water consumption, flow and energy use, and hence also have impacts on product development of HVAC-product manufacturers. However, more studies are needed in order to determine all the effects to water quality. In the future studies will combine energy efficiency to the water quality, especially microbial quality. 45 Indoor Environment Results Report

WORK PACKAGE Adequately designed open-plan office improves 1 - User-Centric Indoor work performance Environment

KEYWORDS

Air quality, cognitive performance, Indoor environment, open-plan offices, room acoustics, room temperature

PARTICIPANTS

Finnish Institute of Occupational Health

CONTACT

Johanna Varjo

Open-plan office has become the most usual office solution. However, many studies have shown several disadvantages if the design of the indoor environment (IE) is inadequate. Poor acoustic conditions are the most commonly mentioned cause for these problems but also improper thermal conditions and poor air quality have been reported as producing discomfort. Only a few studies have focused on the effects of Valtteri Hongisto several simultaneously modified IE factors although IE problems are often multifaceted in workplaces. This study shows that simultaneous exposure to highly intelligible MORE INFO speech, high temperature and a low fresh air supply rate decreased performance and Varjo, J., Hongisto, V., environmental satisfaction in open-plan offices. Haapakangas, A., Maula, H., RESULTS Koskela, H. & Hyönä, J. Simultaneous exposure to three adverse environmental This study investigated simultaneous exposure to highly intelligible irrelevant speech factors of open-plan offices: (low absorption and high masking sound level), high room temperature (29.5 °C) and the effects on performance low ventilation rate (2 l/s per person) and the effects of exposure on cognitive and satisfaction. Revised performance and environmental satisfaction. This condition was compared with the manuscript submitted to results in a condition were temperature was neutral (23.5 °C), intelligibility of speech Journal of Environmental was low (high absorption and low masking sound level) and fresh air supply rate was Psychology, February 2014. high (30 l/s per person). The study was carried out in an open-plan office laboratory of FIOH including 65 participants. Varjo, J., Hongisto, V., Haapakangas, A., Koskela, H. Performance decreased in tasks requiring working memory (figure below) and more & Hyönä, J. Huonon errors were made in copying text, when IE was not properly designed and akustiikan, korkean implemented. IE condition did not affect the production of new text. Subjective results lämpötilan ja vähäisen supported the objective findings. The ratings for the working conditions as a whole ilmanvaihdon vaikutus were significantly more positive in the adequately designed IE. Instead, mental työsuoriutumiseen ja workload, cognitive fatigue and symptoms were higher and environmental satisfaction viihtyvyyteen was lower in the poorly designed IE. avotoimistoissa. 46 Sisäilmastoseminaari 2014, 13.3.2014, Helsinki. SIY Raportti 32, 233-238. Sisäilmayhdistys ry, Helsinki. (link to presentation)

EFFECTS

Although the disadvantages of open-plan offices are well-known, open-plan office solution is often selected because of its high space efficiency and the assumption to improve organizational productivity. In order to increase subjective comfort and improve performance in open-plan offices, special attention should be paid to the design of the whole IE. This knowledge can be helpful during both development and marketing stages. The laboratory methods developed in this study are expected to be beneficial for companies developing solutions and products for better indoor environment.

FUTURE

Based on these results, the disadvantages of open-plan offices can be reduced and more functional open-plan office solutions can be built. This, in turn, could lead to a situation where employees are more satisfied with their working environment. In future studies, tasks requiring teamwork and communication should assessed because these work features are important in current jobs.

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WORK PACKAGE Brand new solar energy laboratory MetroSol 1 - User-Centric Indoor fulfills international standards Environment

KEYWORDS

collectors, panels, solar energy, test environment

PARTICIPANTS

FinnWind Metropolia University of Applied Sciences Omnia Schneider Electric Vaisala

CONTACT

Solar energy is one of the most important renewable energy resources. Solutions relating to solar energy increase energy security and enhance sustainability. So far there has not been internationally reliable test laboratory for solar energy solutions in Finland. Now situation has changed and a brand new laboratory offers unique test environment for different types of solar panels and collectors. Hakala, Harri RESULTS

Co-operation between a research institute and companies lead to construction of solar energy laboratory called MetroSol. Laboratory fulfills international standards (IEC 61724 and EN 12977-2) relating to solar energy test environments and its used for testing mono- and multicrystalline solar panels and several types of solar collectors. This laboratory is unique in the world – it monitors both solar electricity and heat production, there can be tested different solar energy products at same time and all solutions can be monitored and adjust separately. There is also one weather station and three pyranometers included to test environment. Below is short description of MORE INFO solar panels and collectors, which are on testing at the moment: http://www.metropolia.fi/en/ Solar panels: http://www.schneider- 2 x 1,2 kWp monocrystalline panel groups (5 panels) electric.com

2 x 1,2 kWp multicrystalline panel groups (5 panels)

7 x 240 Wp solar panel units

Solar collectors:

2 x 2 sq-m2, tier collectors

2 x 2 sq-m2, savosolar-collectors

2 x 2 sq-m2, vacuum tube solar collectors

2 x 2 sq-m2, other solar collectors (option)

EFFECTS

Laboratory produces new real time information on performance of solar panels and solar collectors in the northern weather conditions – especially new information on effects of snow and interferences to energy production is highly important. New 48 information can be used for adjusting existing systems and developing more suitable solar panels and collectors for northern conditions.

FUTURE

Long-term objective is to enhance Finnish solar energy know-how and business. The Metrosol laboratory provides a good combination in providing a training system for students in Metropolia, and a test bed and show case for the industry to see how different kind of solar collectors and panels fit to northern climate. The laboratory can thus have an important role in boosting the solar energy production in Finland.

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WORK PACKAGE Can the ventilation rate in offices be reduced to 1 - User-Centric Indoor save energy when the material emissions are Environment low? KEYWORDS

Air quality, perception, Ventilation rate, Work performance

PARTICIPANTS

Finnish Institute of Occupational Health

CONTACT

Henna Maula

Emission from occupants, building materials and equipment reduce the air quality in offices. This can affect the perception of indoor environment and work performance. However, the limit where the effects become noticeable is not well established. The result of this study reveals some effects of low ventilation rate on work performance, perception of air quality and symptoms in typical open-plan offices with low material and equipment emissions.

RESULTS

The aim of this study was to assess how a low ventilation rate (2 l/s per person, CO2 Hannu Koskela level 2300 ppm) affects the work performance, perception of air quality and symptoms MORE INFO in typical open-plan offices with low material and equipment emissions (category M1 in CEN CR 1752). Comparison was done to a high ventilation rate (28 l/s per person, CO2 www.ttl.fi/en level 600 ppm). The study consisted of 4 hour human subject experiments with total of 36 participants. CO2 concentration level was used as an indicator of human pollution www.ttl.fi/fi/tutkimus/hankke load. et/rymshok

The results show that low ventilation rate had a small effect on cognitive work Koskela H, Maula H, performance, but the effect seems to be task dependent. Ventilation rate had an effect Haapakangas A, Moberg V, on performance in two out of three working memory tasks and in long-term memory Hongisto V, Effect of Low task, but not in creativity, attention, psychomotor performance task, and in one working Ventilation Rate on Office memory task. After adaptation, no difference was found in the perception of air quality Work Performance and between high and low ventilation rates. Perception of Air Quality – a Laboratory Study, Indoor Air 2014, Hong Kong, July 7-12, 2014.

Maula H, Haapakangas A, Moberg V, Hongisto V, Koskela H, Ilmanvaihdon vaikutus työsuoriutumiseen ja viihtyvyyteen toimistotyössä – 50 laboratoriokoe, Sisäilmastos eminaari 13.3.2013, Sisäilmayhdistys raportti 31, Espoo, 2013.

EFFECTS

The results suggest that low ventilation rate has an effect on work performance and perception, but it is not as strong as seen in literature with external pollution sources. The results indicate that a ventilation rate of 2 l/s per person is not enough for office work even when emissions from building materials are low.

FUTURE

The findings of this study should be considered when future target values for the ventilation rates in energy efficient buildings are set. When emissions from materials and other sources are kept low, there may be possibilities for lower ventilation rates. However, further research is needed to confirm this.

51 Indoor Environment Results Report

WORK PACKAGE CFD Simulation and Measurement of Indoor 1 - User-Centric Indoor Environment in a Multipurpose Arena Environment

KEYWORDS

CFD, Indoor environment, measurement, multipurpose arena, virtual environment

PARTICIPANTS

Aalto University Finnish Institute of Occupational Health Granlund Oy

CONTACT

CFD model of a large multipurpose arena has been developed. The presenting case study indicates that the arena indoor environment may be predicted by using correctly defined CFD simulation method. The study produced improved knowledge and led to adjustments in the design solutions. Sami Lestinen RESULTS

CFD model of a large multipurpose arena has been developed. The presenting case study indicates that the arena indoor environment may be predicted by using correctly defined CFD simulation method. The study produced improved knowledge and led to adjustments in the design solutions.

EFFECTS

The improved knowledge will be used in developing foreseeable IEQ analysis methods, new innovations and novel concepts in virtual indoor environment. Furthermore, the knowledge can be used in developing control strategy of indoor environment. Overall, Hannu Koskela the development supports well-being in arena environment. MORE INFO FUTURE Lestinen S., Koskela H., Nyyssölä H., Sundman T. L., The CFD model of a large multipurpose arena will be developed by improving the Laine T. and Siikonen T. computational methods. The future objective is to apply realistic unsteady URANS (2012). CFD-simulation and simulation method and LES simulation method to current virtual environment in terms measurement of indoor of long-term sustainable development in computational fluid dynamics. The ultimate environment in a goal far beyond in the future may be to combine measured, perceived and modelled multipurpose arena, data together in the virtual environment in the cloud that in turn will interact with the Proceedings of Ventilation building automation system and will control the changes in real environment. This will 2012, The 10th International promote users’ well-being. Conference on Industrial Ventilation, 17-19 September 2012, INRS, Paris, France.

YouTube: Virtual vs. Real

arena – lower stand arena – upper stand

52 Indoor Environment Results Report

WORK PACKAGE CO2 concentration model with convectional 1 - User-Centric Indoor flows between rooms Environment

KEYWORDS

calculation model, CO2- concentration, convectional flows, door closed, door opened, indoor air quality, measured and calculated results, occupancy

PARTICIPANTS

Tampere University of Technology University Properties of Finland Ltd. A calculation tool for the CO2 concentration in occupied spaces was developed at the Tampere University of Technology. It is a dynamic and multi-room model which takes CONTACT into account the ventilation flow rates, the occupants’ emissions and the air transfers between different rooms. The tool can be used during the design of indoor spaces when considering the indoor air quality for which CO2 is used commonly as an indicator.

RESULTS

The multi-room carbon dioxide concentration model for indoor air was developed on Excel based on the CO2 mass balance inside the rooms. Possible air exchange between rooms through opening between rooms was also taken into account. The air transfers Ari-Pekka Lassila between rooms occur because of temperature differences between rooms caused by the presence of people. So, the air flow through the opening was calculated using the pressure difference resulting from the temperature difference between the rooms. The CO2 emission rate from the occupants can be adjusted according to their size and activity. Alternatively an average value for a sitting adult can be used. An overview of the Excel file containing the model is given in featured image above. The model was validated from comparisons of the calculated values with the measured values in different situations; a com parison example is given in Figure 2.

MORE INFO

http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978- 952-15-3385-3

http://dspace.cc.tut.fi/dpub/ handle/123456789/22686

53 Figure 2. Example of comparison of the model results with the measured values. On the left side of the graph the door of the occupied classroom was open and on the right side, after 1 p.m., it was closed.

EFFECTS

The model is an easy way to visualize the effect of convective air transfer between rooms on the indoor air quality. For example levelling of loads between different spaces by door or other openings can be modelled before actual alteration work. It has already been used in different projects for the improvement of indoor air quality in existing spaces, and for the planning of new spaces during renovations. The tool has been utilized or example at Tampere University of Technology and at the headquarters of the University Properties of Finland. Utilization of this tool has been effective and profitable for more than two years now.

FUTURE

The model provides an easy tool to estimate and compare the indoor air quality in multi-room indoor spaces for different situations. It can help during the design of new buildings or in existing building when solutions to improve indoor air quality have to be found. The tool can also be used for informing people about the advantages of open spaces and doors. This tool will be enhanced to be more user-friendly and easier to use and it will be delivered out attached in a pdf-version of a book called “Sisäilman laadun parantaminen – Olosuhteiden tasaaminen tilojen välillä”.

54 Indoor Environment Results Report

WORK PACKAGE Cooling jet can provide better thermal comfort 1 - User-Centric Indoor and work performance in warm conditions Environment

KEYWORDS

air velocity, ceiling jet, thermal comfort, Work performance

PARTICIPANTS

Finnish Institute of Occupational Health

CONTACT

Henna Maula

It is well known that too warm room air temperature affects negatively occupant’s thermal comfort and performance. One way of improving thermal comfort is to increase air speed locally at the workstation. This method can also enable individual control of thermal conditions in open-plan offices which is otherwise difficult to realize. This laboratory study examined the effects of a cooling jet from ceiling on work performance and perception of indoor conditions.

RESULTS Hannu Koskela MORE INFO The aim of the study was to determine the effect of a cooling jet on performance and comfort in warm office environment (29.5 °). The maximum velocity of the jet was 0.8 www.ttl.fi/en m/s, which is the highest acceptable velocity without individual control in ASHRAE standard 55. The study was carried out in the full scale office laboratory of FIOH as a www.ttl.fi/fi/tutkimus/hankke human subject experiment including 29 participants. It compared cognitive and et/rymshok perceived performance, subjective workload, cognitive fatigue, thermal comfort, symptoms, perceived working conditions and perception of airflow with and without Maula H, Koskela H, the jet. Haapakangas A, Hongisto V, Perception of a Cooling Jet The jet improved reaction times in the working memory task but did not affect from Ceiling – a Laboratory performance in short-term memory task. Perceived performance was improved when Study. 35th AIVC Conference, the jet was provided. Subjective measures indicated an improvement of working Poznan, Poland, September conditions. Indoor air was perceived fresher when the jet was provided. The jet 24-25, 2014. improved the whole body thermal comfort and local thermal comfort. The diverse perception of the jet and the increased eye symptoms showed the need for individual Maula H, Koskela H, Varjo J, control over the airflow already at the air velocity of 0.8 m/s. Hongisto V, Jäähdyttävän puhallussuihkun vaikutus työsuoriutumiseen ja viihtyvyyteen toimistotyössä – laboratoriotutkimus. Sisäilmastoseminaari 2015.

55 EFFECTS

Increasing air speed is an energy efficient way to provide local cooling to workstations. It also enables personal control of thermal conditions in open-plan offices which is otherwise difficult to realize. Traditionally, table or ceiling fans have been used for this purpose. More sophisticated products and solutions can be created by providing local cooling jets from the ceiling. This paper demonstrates the possibilities of this method for improving thermal comfort in warm offices.

FUTURE

Methods for personalized solutions for controlling thermal conditions locally have been widely studied. Practical applications and products, however, have not commonly entered the market. One of the reasons for this is the difficulty to integrate local solutions to the air conditioning system. The method presented here is based on ceiling jets from the ventilation system, which may open new possibilities for solutions that can be more easily implemented in buildings.

56 Indoor Environment Results Report

WORK PACKAGE Daylight simulations supporting practical design 1 - User-Centric Indoor work Environment

KEYWORDS

climate based daylight analysis, Daylight, Daylight simulation, Lighting Energy Saving, Radiance

PARTICIPANTS

Granlund Oy

This case study was set up to observe the daylight variation margin between the CONTACT dynamic simulation results and actual daylight illuminance measurements of the pilot office space in Granlund Oy’s headquarters. Differences between the metered lighting energy and the simulated lighting energy consumption were also investigated and compared. In the study two different whole building energy simulation software applications were used: IES VE & IDA ICE. The main focus was to understand better the simulation tools and their reliability available for design and consulting work carried out in Granlund Oy.

RESULTS Sanna Forsman In this case study, the comparisons of both daylighting simulations and reference measurements in addition to energy consumption calculations and their metered reference values were within an acceptable margin as regards to practical design work. Thus both simulation softwares are valid tools for current and future design practices.

Based on our study, we encourage designers and energy consultants to allow reasonable error in lighting energy prediction. The gap between the numerical simulation and real measured data of the pilot office area underline the influence of lighting system design and documentation in addition to properly functioning energy performance monitoring system. Sarah Yan

Daylight MORE INFO

Simulated values presented in the case study report include the daylight levels received Granlund PLUS in radiance (using typical sky models) and the dynamic daylight levels within simulated Daylight simulations time frame (based on climate-based weather data). Available daylight was calculated in both Radiance module and Energy module in these two software programs and the results were compared to the measured illuminance levels.

Actual daylight received inside the pilot office area is constantly changing based on the time of day, year and weather – the measured illuminance levels are one point-in-time data. There were some differences between simulation results and actual measurements, but the simulated values did not overestimate the daylight values, which make the results feasible and reliable enough for practical design work.

Energy consumption

Both measured and simulated lighting energy consumption in the pilot office area show similar substantial reduction of lighting energy compared to a calculated maximum energy with no advanced lighting control system.

Climate based simulation is rather dependent on the selected typical weather data. In the case study, the simulated lighting energy consumption was only 7% -13% less than the metered lighting energy consumption that was considered a small enough difference.

EFFECTS 57 Since building consultants nowadays rely heavily on simulation software to help with their design decisions, it is vital to understand how realistically simulations can predict daylight performance and how to interpret simulation results to facilitate a more accurate design.

This study highlighted the complexity of daylighting design and realization. To have the controlling and monitoring systems operating properly is also a key issue to a day-lit and energy efficient building.

The simulation tools are getting better and easier to use allowing the building design industry to adopt these ways of working into a general practice in energy efficient building construction process.

FUTURE

At this moment, there are many different standards to answer “what is enough daylight”. From this study, we understood that collective analysis with reference to the actual weather should be promoted to better quantify useful daylight for energy saving design solutions, although most of the energy simulation software tools are currently just beginning to consider this. Lighting designers and energy consultants should pay attention to new releases of software tools with respect to the relevant simulation standards.

In the future, daylighting simulations can be carried out as a standard protocol in the design process as the electrical consumption must be decreased for energy-efficiency reasons at the same time as good interior lighting conditions must be created for end- users of the space.

58 Indoor Environment Results Report

WORK PACKAGE Demonstrating the customer benefits of radiant 1 - User-Centric Indoor heating and cooling in offices Environment

KEYWORDS

Life Cycle Cost, office building, TABS

PARTICIPANTS

Danmarks Tekniske Universitet (DTU) Equa Simulation Finland Oy Mott McDonald Universita’ degli studi di Padova Uponor Corporation

CONTACT

Thermally Active Building Systems (TABS) and other radiant cooling systems provide considerable thermal comfort and energy performance benefits in commercial and office buildings. This leads to considerably lower life cycle costs and gains in productivity and comfort among occupants.

RESULTS Ilari Aho

Using large surfaces as emitters allows heating and cooling at temperatures very close to that of the ambient environment. This means that renewable energy available from the ground, water, sun and air can be integrated and utilised with ease. Ground-source heating can be incorporated into the system via ground heat pumps. Combining a radiant cooling system with a free cooling source can reduce energy consumption by 80 – 90%, since traditional chillers can be eliminated and only electricity for circulation pumps is needed. Natural-ground water has ideal temperature levels for radiant cooling systems. Alternatively, the systems can be operated with sea-water cooling or solar cooling that uses absorption chillers. MORE INFO

Building Energy Simulation was applied to provide data using IDA-ICE 4 software, such Behrendt, B. et al. A system as thermal modelling of indoor climate and energy and heating/cooling load profiles, for the comparison of tools for selected systems. The system schemes were selected based on what is commonly for the simulation of water- specified in the Europe. HVAC and Quantity Surveying approaches were applied to based radiant heating and provide the costs for this analysis. Using outputs from thermal modelling carried out on cooling systems. Proceedings each case, concepts were created for each mechanical services method. Costs were of Building Simulation obtained from a variety of sources, including manufacturers, construction economists, 2011:12th Conference of and research team’s own expertise within Europe. International Building Performance Simulation The actual LCC study comprises following categories of costs: Association, Sydney, 14-16 November, 2011. Initial investment costs Behrend, B. & Christensen, J.. Material and labour cost Climate classification for the Project management and design cost as a percentage of material cost simulation of thermally Running costs (maintenance, capital for renovation/replacement in end of activated building systems equipment lifetime) (TABS). Proceedings of Energy costs Building Simulation Utilities and fuel prices 2013: 13th Conference of International Building 59 o Annual energy use Performance Simulation Association, Chambéry, The enclosed figure summarises the LCC study results for an UK office building France, August 26-28, 2013. example. Compared systems are TABS (TAB), TABS with ground source heat pump (TAB+GSHP), fan coils (FCU), displacement ventilation (DV) and chilled beam for heating Catalano, Luca. Development and cooling (CB). The results show that TABS does not only provide for reduced running of a simplified method for costs, but also has the potential of reducing investment costs compared to other sizing Thermo-Active system alternatives. Building Systems (TABS). Master’s Thesis, University of Padova. 2014.

Babiak, Jan. Efficient Cooling and Heating of Office Buildings in the UK by Means of TAB System and its Life Cycle Cost Compared to Other HVAC. Proceedings of Clima2013 conference, Prague.

Nielsen, L. & Aho, I. Sustainable Cooling in Commercial Construction. Proceedings of SB11 World conference on Sustainable EFFECTS Building, Helsinki.

TABS and other radiant heating and cooling systems have an established market position and a high penetration rate in office buildings in Central Europe, in particular Germany, Switzerland and the Netherlands. The results obtained in this study provide the data and opportunity for increasing penetration level of these systems in other European markets, in North America and in Asia. The related business opportunity and directly addressable market is estimated to be in the order of magnitude of 100-200 MEUR annually on a global level.

FUTURE

Results obtained from the RYM research work have already been applied in the development of practical sales tools for TABS, providing on site quick comparisons of costs, energy performance and thermal comfort to customers. This development will be taken forward, and the results will also be used in further development and optimisation of the TABS solution to different construction segments.

60 Indoor Environment Results Report

WORK PACKAGE Diurnal water quality and aging of water 1 - User-Centric Indoor Environment

KEYWORDS

drinking water, pipeline network, retention time, water quality

PARTICIPANTS

Cupori Oy National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL) Satakunta University of Applied Sciences Uponor

CONTACT

Anna Pursiainen

Normal usage of tap water includes consumption peaks during the daytime and 8 to 10 hour stagnation time during the night. Diurnal water quality changes were monitored in test office building. It was found that stagnation period in water distribution network resulted significant changes in water quality including an increase in temperature, a decrease in chlorine concentration and a strong increase in heterotrophic plate counts (HPC) within a few hours. Jaana Kusnetsov

RESULTS MORE INFO

Stagnation period in water distribution network in the SYTYTIN test building resulted A Living Lab study of pipe increase in temperature, decrease in chlorine concentration and strong increase in HPC material migration and within a few hours. Pipeline materials copper and cross-linked polyethylene (Cu and biofilm formation PEX) was found not to result significant differences in chemical or microbial quality in cold tap waters during the stagnation or normal use of the pipeline system in the test facilities.

61 Figure 1. Heterotrophic plate counts (HPC) and temperature at different pipeline materials during one day. Samples were taken from cold water network, (1st floor) from the faucets in the toilet. cfu=colony forming unit.

EFFECTS

Stagnation of water is a “growing” challenge both in main pipeline as well in indoor pipeline installation. The imminent result of stagnation is the growth of microbial number in relatively short period of time. It seems that the maintenance of constantly biologically stable tap water would have required higher chlorine concentration in inlet water than the observed less than 0.1 mg Cl2/l level. This is due to the fact that the pipeline material with the deposits combined with increase in temperature challenge the stability of residual chlorine in the indoor pipeline installations. Potentially, some vulnerable sub-groups of humans e.g. in hospitals might require maintenance of good water quality around the clock. In such water systems diurnal differences should be noticed and chlorine concentration possibly increased to reach continuously good water quality.

FUTURE

Networks being different material don’t seem to affect water quality. The decrease in the diameter of the pipelines would increase the water flow, but might not enhance microbial quality of distributed water due to stagnation period. An effective technical opportunity preventing microbial growth problems could be usage of faucets which consist of automated flushing mechanism enabling frequent water flow reducing stagnation periods of water in the pipelines.

62 Indoor Environment Results Report

WORK PACKAGE Flow noise sources in ventilation devices can be 1 - User-Centric Indoor identified and removed by using CFD simulation Environment

KEYWORDS

air terminal devices, CFD simulation, LES simulation, noise sources

PARTICIPANTS

Aalto University Finnish Institute of Occupational Health Halton Oy

CONTACT

Pekka Saarinen

A new method was developed for identifying noise sources in ventilation devices by internal flow simulation. The method can be applied to air diffusers, outlet valves and other devices. Prototype testing can be reduced and fundamental understanding of the noise generating flow patterns inside the devices helps the development of better devices.

RESULTS

A method was developed to identify and visualize the flow noise sources inside air MORE INFO diffusers and other ventilation devices. The noise source strength is directly calculated from internal LES (Large Eddy Simulation) results utilizing Lighthill’s wave equation. Also www.ttl.fi/en the frequency spectrum of the noise sources can be calculated. In the two examples of simulated prototype devices, a radial diffuser and an exhaust valve, the red and blue www.ttl.fi/fi/tutkimus/hankke areas present sound generating vortices rotating in different directions et/rymshok

Saarinen P, Koskela H, Flow noise from an Exhaust Valve – Prediction by Simulations as Compared with Measurements, Roomvent 2011, Trondheim, Norway, June 19-22, 2011

Saarinen P, Simulation of flow noise generation in a circular ceiling diffuser – a comparison between a silent and a noisy design by using CFD and Lighthill’s acoustic analogy, ISHVAC 2011, Shanghai, China, November 6-9, 2011

63 EFFECTS

Annoying noise from the ventilation system is not uncommon in buildings. It can have a negative effect on the perception of indoor environment and also on work performance. The noise sources in ventilation devices can be identified by simulation of the internal flow pattern of ventilation devices. By modifying the noise generating structures in the simulated geometry and calculating the effects on sound generation, these sources can be removed during the product development. The method developed and demonstrated in this study enables the identification of the noise sources directly from flow simulation results.

FUTURE

So far the reduction of flow noise and development of silent devices has been mainly based on prototype testing. The fundamental causes of noise generation may have remained undiscovered with this method. Better understanding of the device performance by simulation promotes the development of new high quality products.

64 Indoor Environment Results Report

WORK PACKAGE IAQ of open office spaces improves through 1 - User-Centric Indoor openness Environment

KEYWORDS

carbon dioxide, convectional air flows, indoor air quality, open office spaces, temperature difference between spaces, ventilation between rooms

PARTICIPANTS

Tampere University of Technology University Properties of Finland Ltd.

CONTACT

Level of carbon dioxide in air in occasionally heavily crowded space stayed 400 ppm lower with a help of a corridor which links the space with other rooms of the office. Office space executed is flexible also when indoor air quality (IAQ) is concerned because IAQ is levelled between different rooms in the rhythm of usage of different spaces. It would be beneficial to look for similar solution in the future.

RESULTS

IAQ of hangout and lounge space called Lounge in open-planned office space was Ari-Pekka Lassila noticed to stay surprisingly high considering the capacity of mechanical ventilation in the area. Even though lots of people gathered there sometimes level of carbon dioxide in the air was seen to arise only moderately. With a help of meters placed around the office and calculation model developed at the Tampere University of Technology the long corridor linking Lounge to the rest of the office was found to be the reason for better than expected IAQ. Heat load and further on temperature difference caused by the presence of people leads into convectional air flows between spaces. These air flows cause ventilation between rooms. This ventilation evens the loads in different rooms and onwards enhances IAQ where needed. In the space we investigated, Lounge, level of carbon dioxide in air remained 300-400 ppm lower compared to the level into MORE INFO which concentration would have risen without the ventilating help of the corridor and http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978- other spaces. 952-15-3385-3

http://dspace.cc.tut.fi/dpub/ handle/123456789/22686

Picture 1. Floor plan of the whole office. When lots of people are present in Lounge 65 temperature there rises and convectional flows between other spaces of the office occur improving indoor air quality.

EFFECTS

Free air connection between Lounge and the other spaces of the office makes it possible to arrange bigger meeting in high IAQ than what it would in Lounge with only mechanical ventilation of 215 litres per second. The corridor between Lounge and the other rooms is quite long shaped and it helps to prevent disturbing noises from drifting between spaces. It was demonstrated that free air connections between rooms help to upgrade IAQ in crowded spaces. If there is relatively lot of volume in rooms receiving load, the IAQ in those other spaces will not get significantly worse. It would be profitable to prefer open-planned office spaces over traditional offices with multiple rooms to get these significant results elsewhere as well. Just a simple corridor between spaces might be enough. Pointless doors between spaces must be avoided.

Picture 2. Corridor linking Lounge to the rest of the office makes a huge difference on the IAQ when lounge is heavily crowded.

FUTURE

Especially in existing building when space renovations are done it would be rational to take into account the ability of open spaces to level unevenly distributed load and to improve IAQ according to needs. It is not sensible to supply every space with mechanical ventilation according to the heaviest usage situation. Especially during cold winters, like we have here in Finland, it is both economically and ecologically very worthwhile to keep amounts of mechanical ventilation appropriate. Ventilation doesn’t always have to mean that you take air from outside and bring it through ducts indoors and another way round. About a third of a energy used in buildings are used in ventilation so the saving potential is huge.

66 Indoor Environment Results Report

WORK PACKAGE Improving IAQ – Great effect with small fans 1 - User-Centric Indoor Environment

KEYWORDS

carbon dioxide, improving IAQ, indoor air quality, levelling loads, room ventilation, small fans, ventilation between rooms

PARTICIPANTS

Tampere University of Technology University Properties of Finland Ltd.

CONTACT

Indoor air quality (IAQ) of a heavily crowded computer room was successfully improved by levelling the load with small fans to hall next to the computer room. Operating times of big ventilation equipment of the building could be kept reasonable. In the future it is definitely possible to find similar places to exploit the same idea, as long as we learn Ari-Pekka Lassila how to find them.

RESULTS

IAQ of an computer room in a hall of an university building was successfully improved with small electrical fans which were installed in the wall between the computer room and hall (picture 1). So, these small fans ventilated the computer room with air from the hall. By following the amount of people using the room and by measuring carbon dioxide levels of air it was discovered that especially good results were achieved in the evening time when normal mechanical ventilation of the whole building, excluding MORE INFO outlet from the toilets, is turned off. Usage time of the computer room differ from other spaces of the building. Prolongation operation times of big ventilation system would http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978- not have been sensible because of just one computer room. Fans appeared to be an 952-15-3385-3 efficient and much more cost-effective way. http://dspace.cc.tut.fi/dpub/ handle/123456789/22686

67 Picture 1: Picture of the computer room and the hall investigated as well as the small fans that were installed in to the walls to bring fresh air from the big hall next to the room.

EFFECTS

Two small fans, total power of 12 watts, made a significant difference on the IAQ of the computer room. The IAQ of the computer room stayed in a good level even though the mechanical ventilation of the building was turned off at approximately 17:15 pm after which there are still a lot of use in the room. You can make a big difference on energy consumption by small solutions which consider the circumstances of each case separately. Especially because of cold winter time, when it is rather expensive to bring and warm huge amounts of cold air indoors, looking for smaller and more flexible solutions is economically beneficial. So, fresh indoor air can also be utilized to ventilate spaces. If you have a big hall or corridor next to heavily crowded smaller room, just exploit the high quality air with small fans!

Picture 2. Great influence with a help of small fans. By bringing fresh air from the hall level of carbon dioxide was successfully kept lower than without fans even though there were more people present! 68 FUTURE

Similar places to utilize small fans and levelling loads between adjoining spaces are sure to be found many more. We just need to know how to find them. Investment is small and operating expenses are almost non-existent. In our case the installation of the two fans and two holes for compensation air with needed electrical work cost 1260 euros. Maintenance includes only normal tiding and costs from continuous electricity power of only 12 watts. So, investment and maintenance are cheap. Levelling loads with a help of fans is one way of solving small problems and enhancing IAQ

69 Indoor Environment Results Report

WORK PACKAGE Improving IAQ by opening a door 1 - User-Centric Indoor Environment

KEYWORDS

carbon dioxide, excellent indoor air quality, levelling loads, opening a door, user’s ways of improving IAQ, ventilation between rooms

PARTICIPANTS

Tampere University of Technology University Properties of Finland Ltd.

CONTACT

Ari-Pekka Lassila

Opening a door is extremely efficient way to improve indoor air quality (IAQ) of heavily crowded negotiation room. It’s not reasonable to fix small problems with massive solutions. It’s also beneficial for people using spaces to be aware of ways how they can improve IAQ by themselves.

RESULTS MORE INFO

IAQ of a small negotiation room for four persons in which mechanical ventilation http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978- corresponds with regulations and is 32 liters per second was monitored. IAQ was 952-15-3385-3 evaluated by measuring and by evaluating air quality on site. The negotiation room was loaded with different number of people. It came up that the mechanical ventilation can http://dspace.cc.tut.fi/dpub/ ensure excellent IAQ (concentration of carbon dioxide in air under 750 ppm) if there are handle/123456789/22686 maximum two people in the room. Four people can spend their time in the room and in excellent IAQ during summer time if window is opened. By opening the door to the corridor next to the negotiation room as much as six people can be in the room. Door is an extremely efficient way to improve IAQ! With simple equations it can be calculated that 120 liters of air per second is changed through a door if there is a temperature difference of one degree between the rooms. So, it is rather easy to understand why opening a door is efficient compared to the mechanical ventilation.

EFFECTS

The effectiveness of opening a door in improving IAQ must be discussed widely and awareness of people must be extended. Opening of a door is simple and efficient way that can be utilized in various places. Often it’s not reasonable to fix small problems, such as stuffy air, with massive solutions, such as total renovation of mechanical ventilation. By increasing the knowledge of users we can avoid exaggeration of 70 renovations related to IAQ problems. Instead it is reasonable to try to find solutions open minded. For example changing attitudes of people using premises might improve not only the atmosphere but also IAQ!

Figure 2. Three different situations where excellent indoor air quality is achieved. Mechanical ventilation itself ensures excellent circumstances for two people and opened window for four people. Up to six people can be present in the small room if the door is opened!

FUTURE

In the future it is possible to look small problems occurred related to stuffy air from totally new point of view. Solutions for problems can be found in many different levels. Many excellent ideas and projects of improving spaces are stopped because budget is not big enough to make total renovation for mechanical ventilation which is almost without exception demanded. Very often light and creative solutions can be found to be also effective, more flexible and more sensible than renovation of mechanical ventilation or even enhancing amount of mechanical ventilation. In addition, it is always reasonable to go through the possibilities of existing HCAV-systems before installing any new technical devices. Opening a door can be replaced with acoustic air flow routes, if opening a door is not possible because on noise. The same idea of ventilation between rooms can be put into practice in several ways.

71 Indoor Environment Results Report

WORK PACKAGE Internal flows of chilled beams revealed 1 - User-Centric Indoor Environment

KEYWORDS

CFD simulation, chilled beam, flow pattern, LES simulation, PIV measurement

PARTICIPANTS

Aachen University Finnish Institute of New simulation and measurement methods enable a detailed description of internal Occupational Health flows and performance of complex ventilation devices. In this study, the flows inside a Halton Oy model chilled beam were studied with both methods. Time-dependent Large Eddy Simulation was applied to model the performance and flow patterns and detailed CONTACT measurements were carried out with optical PIV measurement in the Aachen University in Germany.

RESULTS

Ventilation airflows can be simulated and analyzed using CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) methods. In Large Eddy Simulation (LES) the time evolution of the flow is calculated, including large eddies in the flow, whereas in the standard RANS simulation (Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes) only the time-averaged flow field is calculated.

In this study, LES was applied to modeling of the internal and external flow patterns of Hannu Koskela an active chilled beam. The active chilled beam is a supply device based on induction principle combining outdoor air supply with cooling of recirculated room air. LES results were compared with time-averaged RANS simulation results using two turbulence models (SST k-ω and standard k-ɛ) and validated against PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) measurement data.

All simulation methods predicted relatively well the internal flow pattern with two main vortices. The jet width and the jet bending caused by the induction air flow were best predicted with LES. None of the CFD methods, however, gave a correct prediction for the separation of the flow after the diffuser opening at the ceiling. MORE INFO The induction rate of the chilled beam was relatively well predicted with all three methods. LES gave the best prediction and the difference of the result was with SST 3 % Koskela H, Saarinen P, and with k-ɛ 8 % compared to the measurement. Freitag H, Schmidt M, Müller D, Mustakallio P, LES Simulation of the Active Chilled Beam Flow Pattern, Roomvent 2014,São Paulo, Brazil, October 19-22, 2014, p. 582-589

Freitag H, Schmidt M, Müller D, Koskela H, Mustakallio P, Particle Image Velocimetry Measurements of the Internal Air Flow in Active Chilled Beams, Roomvent 2014, São Paulo, Brazil, October 19-22, 2014, p. 566- 573

Koskela H, Saarinen P, 72 Freitag H, Mustakallio P, Jäähdytyspalkin virtausten mallinnus aikariippuvalla LES-menetelmällä, Sisäilmastoseminaari 11.3.2015, Sisäilmayhdistys raportti, Espoo, 2015.

EFFECTS

Simulation and modelling of internal flows of ventilation devices enable better understanding of the flow phenomena and performance. This is important especially in the development of ventilation products. Validation of the simulation methods is, however, essential for the reliability of the obtained results. The PIV measurement provided excellent data for the validation of the CFD simulations of the chilled beam model. The flow patterns and velocities in the selected planes parallel to the main flow could be compared in detail.

FUTURE

Analysis and good understanding of internal flow patterns of ventilation devices is important when developing new devices with good induction properties, energy performance and low sound level. LES method provides a tool for more realistic and detailed simulation of developed products.

73 Indoor Environment Results Report

WORK PACKAGE New analysis method for semivolatile organic 1 - User-Centric Indoor compounds (SVOCs) Environment

KEYWORDS

analytics, flame retardants, indoor air quality, phthalates, semivolatile organic compounds

PARTICIPANTS

Finnish Institute of Occupational Health University of Eastern Finland

CONTACT

Indoor air impurities might have adverse health effects, and therefore it is important to be able measure them reliably. With the new analysis method it is possible to analyze altogether 16 semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) from indoor air samples. In the future, the method can be utilized in material and product development work as well as in exposure assessment studies.

RESULTS

An analysis method for altogether 16 semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) from Pertti Pasanen indoor air samples was developed. With this method it is possible to analyze 9 phthalates and 7 organophosphoric flame retardants, which are widely used in e.g., building and decoration materials, plastics, electronics, and cosmetics. Air samples are collected approximately 12 hours into samplers containing adsorbent material and filter, and subsequently handled and analyzed in an inert laboratory with low contamination.

Previous, we have collected and analyzed phthalates and flame retardants separately. With this new method we have been able to merge these time-consuming analyses, and now we get the results more rapidly and reliably. By conducting analyses in an inert MORE INFO laboratory (e.g., metal walls, no plastic, no detergents used) and by paying extra- attention to the prevention of contamination, the quality of the analyses has been improved.

EFFECTS

Phthalates and flame retardants are found almost everywhere, and they have connected to cause adverse effects on human health. With this method we can determine the exposure levels in homes, public buildings, and industrial settings. Contamination control sets a special challenge for SVOC analytics, thus these compounds have many sources and are ubiquitously present in the environment.

FUTURE

In the future, this method can be utilized in exposure assessment studies in industrial and non-industrial environments and also it enables the product development work towards low emission materials and products.

74 Indoor Environment Results Report

WORK PACKAGE New methods enable use of time-dependent 1 - User-Centric Indoor LES simulation of room air flows Environment

KEYWORDS

CFD simulation, Indoor environment, LES simulation, room airflows, thermal comfort

PARTICIPANTS

Aalto University Finnish Institute of Occupational Health Granlund Oy Halton Oy

CONTACT

New methods have been developed to simulate diffuser airflows in indoor environments. The developed methods clearly improve the quality of CFD simulations by introducing time-dependent flow patterns from diffusers. Consequently, this opens the road to more realistic simulations of indoor environment quality.

RESULTS Pekka Saarinen

Room airflows and indoor thermal conditions can be simulated by using CFD simulation (Computational Fluid Dynamics). In most studies so far, the simulations have been carried out with steady state CFD simulation methods, i.e. RANS simulation. Consequently the simulated room airflow patterns remain stable whereas the real airflow patterns are continuously changing and creating turbulence structures that can be seen e.g. in smoke visualisations. Furthermore, earlier studies have shown that the steady state CFD simulations may provide too high local velocities and therefore overestimate the local draught risk. A clear improvement can be achieved with LES simulation (Large Eddy Simulation), where time-dependent flow variations and large eddies are solved. Hannu Koskela

One of the main obstacles in using LES simulation in ventilation applications has been MORE INFO the lack of time-dependent diffuser boundary conditions. In CFD simulation, the velocity distribution is commonly given in the diffuser opening. In RANS simulation, the www.ttl.fi/en turbulence can be added to the mean flow as additional variables. In LES simulation, however, the time-dependent turbulent flow structures have to be described. So far, no www.ttl.fi/fi/tutkimus/hankke practical methods for this have been available. If the velocity boundary condition is left et/rymshok constant, the jet flow becomes laminar and the spreading of the jet flow is notably smaller than the reality. Saarinen P, Kalliomäki P, Brockmann T, Siikonen T, Two new methods were developed and tested in this research. The first is based on a Koskela H, Large-Eddy method originally developed by Lars Davidson. In this method, synthetically generated Simulation of Ventilation Jets turbulent structures are added to the inlet flow. The method was implemented in two with a New Inlet Treatment. CFD codes: Ansys CFX and OpenFOAM. The second method is based on the velocity Roomvent 2014, São Paulo, distribution from the solved internal flow of the diffuser. By rotating the instantaneous Brazil, October 19-22, 2014, velocity distribution in the inlet opening, realistic turbulent flow can be achieved. Both p. 614 these methods were tested against the measured data and reasonable agreement was be found between the predicted and the measured results. Saarinen P, Siikonen T, Kalliomäki P, Koskela H, Uusi EFFECTS menetelmä tuloilmalaitteiden 75 Time-dependent LES method enables more realistic simulation of room airflows and kuvaamiseksi thermal comfort. However, no practical methods for describing diffuser boundary aikariippuvassa conditions in LES simulation have been available so far. This has been a major problem, huonevirtausten since diffuser jet flows are governing flow phenomena in indoor environments. This mallinnuksessa – study introduces two methods for this purpose, thus opening the road for wider esimerkkinä radiaalihajotin, application of LES in indoor simulations. Sisäilmastoseminaari 11.3.2015, Sisäilmayhdistys FUTURE raportti, Espoo, 2015.

LES simulation can provide more reliable data for development of new ventilation products and systems in the future. What’s more, LES simulation can clearly improve the current simulation methods of indoor environment quality in ventilation design. The new methods can for example be applied to the development of personalized ventilation solutions for the local control of indoor environment, because thermal comfort depends strongly on the flow fluctuations and the local flow phenomena.

76 Indoor Environment Results Report

WORK PACKAGE New nZeb application with Steel Frame and EFR 1 - User-Centric Indoor Insulation Environment

KEYWORDS

EFR insulation, energy efficiency, nZEB, wall element

PARTICIPANTS

Rautaruukki Oyj Tampere University of Technology

CONTACT

Energy efficiency is the one of the most important aspect in todays buildings but there is not many available easy pre-fabricated, moisture safe and cost effective nZeb applications in markets. The developed application in this research can be used especially new pre-fabricated small houses but also as a non-loadbearing envelope Antti Viitanen structures in large scale renovations of high buildings. The application combine the benefits of steel frame structures and SPU EFR product platform.

RESULTS

Result of the research was totally new pre fabricated wall element application for nZeb buildings. At the starting point there was no source material to be found about passive energy level steel framed external wall structures. After some early stage brainstorming the projects workgroup had outlined over twenty different element types to choose from. The most interesting ones were examined closer and compared by Pasi Käkelä thermal performance, material cost, and strength. An element type with C-Termoranka- MORE INFO profile was chosen. This solution was the best alternative when it comes to technical performance and possibilities in automated industrial production. This element type http://URN.fi/URN:NBN:fi:tty- has 100 mm mineral wool between steel profiles and gypsum boards on its both sides. 201204121090 Outside this load-bearing part is the 200 mm thick polyurethane layer and outer structures according to cladding materials.

The steel frame was dimensioned with Rautaruukki PLC’s ProfBeam software. Thermal performance was examined with HEAT software and using C3, D2 and D3 parts from Finnish building codes and regulations of construction. Acoustics was examined with Heikki Helimaki Oy’s ILPO software and hygrothermal performance with HAM software. Airtightness and fire performance were studied by using the Finnish rules and regulations of construction.

77 In the final element almost every steel part and profile is only 1,0 – 1,5 mm thick. U- value of the element is 0,092 W/m2K, total thickness 384 mm, and weight 64 kg/m2. The airborne sound insulation capability is 51 dB and the material cost is ~60 €/m2. The element can also be built as 356 mm thick with 0,088 W/m2K U-value by using polyurethane and mineral wool with better lambda-value. Thickness of the application is desinged so that it doesn’t increase the costs compared to current more traditional solutions. The element can be used widely in different small houses due to its versatile design and options. Application can be used also façade renovation projects in high buildings.

EFFECTS

The element is able to be produced in a highly automated factory like in many pre- fabricated small house factories. This was kept in mind during the development process, although the design of the automatic assembly line was not a part of this work. Because the element can be used also renovation projects the solution can offer new business areas for traditional house factories. Same system with some changes can also utilize as a partionwalls, which gives efficience and extra capasity for factories.

Particularly the cost efficiency and hygro-thermal performance in Finnish climate were important factors, when developing and designing the element. Chosen materials are known as a very moisture safe materials steel and EFR products. Material and workmanship costs are in the same level or lower as in traditional solutions. Also the measurements of the application was designed so that transportation does not neeed any extra capasity even it is nZeb level structure.

FUTURE

78 The solution gives one very good solution to nZeb small house structures which are pre-fabricated. It’s moisture safe, made under controlled conditions and fast to assemble. Such a solution is not yet in the market. Also this application gives energy efficience solution for large scale envelope renovations in multi storey concrete buildings so that the result can fulfill energy efficience demands. Assembling work can basicly be done without using expensive wheather coverings. System can be used especially harsh Nordic climate where outdoor conditions are challenging.

79 Indoor Environment Results Report

WORK PACKAGE New occupant-centric thermal architecture 1 - User-Centric Indoor increases thermal comfort spatially, individually Environment and locally KEYWORDS

architecture, Comfort, occupant, productivity, thermal

PARTICIPANTS

Boost Brothers Finnish Education Group FEG Finnish Institute of Occupational Health Granlund Oy Rettig ICC Skanska VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland

CONTACT

Human beings sense the thermal environment and experience thermal comfort distinctively. Moreover, according to recent empirical studies humans sense very small (0.1 °C) changes in indoor temperature and thermal comfort is positively associated with productivity. However, the mainstream thermal comfort estimation method assumes steady-state, uniform indoor thermal conditions. This resarch presents a novel and occupant-centric definition for thermal architecture. Mikko Iivonen RESULTS

Co-operation between research organizations and companies led to a common understanding and definition of a novel thermal architecture concept. The concept challenges the deep-rooted view on steady-state, uniform indoor thermal conditions. According to the novel definition thermal architecture is competence and capability to identify and ability to fulfill the individual thermal condition needs of an occupant. Thermal architecture pursues to fulfill occupants´ needs of thermal comfort in spatially, individually, locally and at all times. The major advantage of the definition presented in this research is the fact that the definition inserts the identification of occupants needs MORE INFO at the core of thermal comfort. www.rettig.fi EFFECTS

The results of this research have several practical implications. The importance of the definition is that this can been seen as starting point for the new era of individual human thermal comfort understanding. This is especially practical for users to understand what can and should be required for indoor environment design. Moreover, the definition is also a useful tool for designers to steer the discussions with building owner which perspective to choose in design.

FUTURE

Long-term objective is to develop thermal environments that match the needs of occupants. The definition of thermal architecture developed in this resarch is among the first attempts to provide a common definition for thermal comfort for construction sector stakeholders. Obviously it needs further evaluation and clarification through future research efforts. 80 81 Indoor Environment Results Report

WORK PACKAGE Properly managed refurbishment of indoor 1 - User-Centric Indoor environment improves both environmental and Environment job satisfaction in open-plan offices KEYWORDS

acoustics, call centers, environmental satisfaction, Indoor environment, job satisfaction, open-plan offices, performance, privacy, quasi-field experiment, spatial density, thermal comfort

PARTICIPANTS

Finnish Institute of Occupational Health

CONTACT

This study describes a success story from an open-plan office where the refurbishment of the indoor environment produced significant improvements in environmental satisfaction. It is well known that employees in open-plan offices complain more about improper indoor environment than employees in private rooms. It is also well known that indoor environment can significantly vary between offices. Despite of this, there is extremely little research showing that improving the indoor environment improves the Valtteri Hongisto environmental satisfaction among employees. This study provides evidence that there is a relationship between the quality of the physical environment and employee satisfaction.

RESULTS

A quasi-field experiment was conducted in an office of 135 employees. All workstations were located in an open-plan office. The office was refurbished in various ways to achieve e.g. better thermal conditions, room acoustics, visual and acoustic privacy, ergonomics, interior design, and lower spatial density. The costs of the refurbishment was 200 € per square meter. All employees were recruited to respond the Hannu Koskela questionnaire twice: before and after the refurbishment. More than fifty percent of employees responded on both questionnaires. The physical measurements were also MORE INFO conducted twice. Hongisto V, Haapakangas A, Significant improvements were found in nearly all measured aspects of environmental Varjo J, Helenius R, Koskela satisfaction. The changes were logically traced to the physical changes provided by the H, Refurbishment of an refurbishment. Some of the improvements could also be supported by the physical open-plan office – effects on measurements. Both environmental and job satisfaction were significantly improved environmental and job (figure above). Qualified change management, involvement of employees and carefully satisfaction, Submitted to designed refurbishment agenda together were believed to be the main reasons for the Journal of Environmental improvement of job satisfaction. Psychology, 25 Feb 2015.

Hongisto V, Annu Haapakangas A, Helenius R, Keränen J, Oliva D, Avotoimiston sisäympäristön kehittämisen vaikutus työhyvinvointiin puhelinpalvelukeskuksessa, 82 Sisäilmastoseminaari 14.3.2012, Sisäilmayhdistys raportti 30, 69-74, Espoo, 2012.

EFFECTS

The result is unique because similar field experiments have not been published where the positive effects of holistic refurbishment of indoor environment on employee satisfaction had been shown. It is well known that job satisfaction is associated with employee’s performance. The results suggest that the refurbishment might have improved organizational performance.

FUTURE

The results are expected to benefit both scientific venue as well as workplace designers by providing an example of a successful workplace development project. Smart refurbishment of open-plan offices can be very cost-efficient way to improve environmental satisfaction and work performance.

The methods developed for this study can be directly applied for R&D purposes. The effects of indoor environment solutions on employee satisfaction can be tested by full- scale experiments in workplaces applying the methods of this study.

The results have been already applied in many workplaces. It is probable that future workplace design takes better into account the role of participative design since it is a strong predictor of successful design project.

Interior designers who pay more attention to participative design using multi- professional approach way will take the lead in the design market. Applying organizational psychological methods during design is also expected to increase the business opportunities since the workplaces understand the importance of the participative design process.

The methods can also be applied in testing the effects of office products or entire office concepts. Such development projects have already been started in Finland and Great Britain.

83 Indoor Environment Results Report

WORK PACKAGE Risk assessment of legionella bacteria in 1 - User-Centric Indoor buildings Environment

KEYWORDS

human health risks, legionella, Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA), risk analysis

PARTICIPANTS

National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL) Satakunta University of Applied Sciences

CONTACT

Jaana Kusnetsov

Legionella bacteria are originating from nature, but they are also pathogens for humans, especially because they are able grow in water systems. Quantitative microbial Päivi Meriläinen risk assessment (QMRA), based on microbial and temperature measurements in this MORE INFO study, was focused on the human health risk caused by legionella bacteria in building water systems. Specially because of absence of culturable legionella, health risks was THL.fi/vesi assumed to be extremely low in the test building due to lack of exposure to legionella during water usage. To maintain any building as a low risk building what comes to risk Vesiopas to get legionellosis, the hot water should be kept hot and cold water cold, according to national regulations. Inkinen et al. 2014 “Drinking water quality and formation RESULTS of biofilms in an office building during its first year Legionella bacteria can cause pneumonia, which is called Legionnaires’ disease, or of operation, a full scale milder flu-like infection, which is called Pontiac fever. Legionella has been estimated to study”, Water Research, 49, cause approximately 2-9 % of all pneumonia cases, and legionellosis keeps remaining 83-91 as clearly underdiagnosed disease. These bacteria are common in nature and present A living Lab study of pipe at minor concentrations in drinking water produced at the water plants. The conditions material migration and in every building water system determine what kind of concentration of legionella biofilm formation prevail in the system and how much legionella contaminated aerosols are to be inhaled when water system is used. In QMRA different types of exposure scenarios may be assessed and compared (Figure 1). The main exposure route for legionella would be showering, hand washing and flushing when produced aerosols may enter lungs. Probability of infection and illness and the number of people getting ill depends on e.g. the exposure (concentration in 84 water) and dose response of legionella. However, with legionella the reliable dose response is not yet well known for human in order to complete reliable risk analysis and human health risk estimates. As a part of QMRA exposure assessment, the water systems of the SYTYTIN test building were sampled regularly and legionella analyses were performed three times (24 samples in years 2011-2014) with culture technique able to detect the viable and culturable legionellae and once (year 2012) with PCR method. The water temperature is the most important single factor affecting to growth of legionella in buildings, and it was set to 58 °C for hot water by the heat exchanger. The hot water temperatures measured at the samplings, however, varied between 22 and 70 °C (mean 48 °C). Temperatures of 50 °C or warmer were measured in 44 % of the hot water samples (n=154). Temperatures of cold water varied between 6 and 31 °C (mean 19 °C), and temperatures of 20 °C or colder were measured with 45 % of cold water samples (n=218). These samples were usually taken at the morning hours without flushing, and the temperature measurements apparently detected the coldest hot water and the warmest cold water which prevailed in the water pipelines.

Culturable legionellae were not detected at all in the water and biofilm samples. The PCR analyses were showing DNA of Legionella spp. present in some of the biofilm samples of the cold water system. The DNA results of legionella are, however, not showing what is the portion of viable legionella cells in the water system. Specially because of absence of culturable legionella, human health risks may be assumed to be extremely low in the test building due to lack of exposure to legionella during water usage. In years 2011 to 2014, the mean hot water temperatures showed a decreasing trend (from 50 to 43 °C) and cold water temperatures increasing trend (from 18 to 22 °C). To maintain the building as a low risk building what comes to risk to get legionellosis, the hot water should be kept hot and cold water cold according to the regulations.

Figure 1. Scheme for microbial and chemical risk assessment.

EFFECTS

For every new building in Finland, it is recommended that the temperature of the cold water should not increase over 20 °C and it is required that the temperature of the hot water should be between 55 and 65 °C (National Building Code of Finland D1, Ministry of the Environment, 2007). Compared to these regulating temperatures, in the SYTYTIN test building also colder hot water and warmer cold water were detected. It was also monitored that water temperatures in the water systems were changed to more favourable direction for legionella bacteria during the followed four year period in this new SYTYTIN building. These temperature regulations should be followed in buildings in Finland. Similar temperature regulations prevail in the most of the European countries because of risk of legionellosis.

FUTURE

The main safety principle is that the temperatures mentioned in the National Building Code of Finland (D1) should be continuously maintained in the buildings. If those temperatures were not maintained, it would be difficult to prevent the legionella colonisation in the building water systems with other methods and to diminish the exposure of water users to these potentially harmful bacteria leading to potential health risks.

Also regular use of water sites is very important in achieving good water quality in pipelines and taps. The growth of legionella and other microbes becomes easier during the breaks. The other result card of diurnal water quality and aging of water shows the increase of heterotrophical counts already in a few hours in the pipeline water.

Other factors affecting microbes in water systems are e.g. building pipeline condition, pipeline material and active prevention methods like chlorination. In addition, if there is a need for more efficient legionella control, e.g. fitting of time controlled shunt pumps operating during periods of low draw off could be considered to avoid temperature stratification of stored water in large storage water heaters.

85 Indoor Environment Results Report

WORK PACKAGE Simulation of room airflows induced by human 1 - User-Centric Indoor passage and other movements Environment

KEYWORDS

CFD simulation, door- opening, LES simulation, movement, passage

PARTICIPANTS

Finnish Institute of Occupational Health

CONTACT

Human passage, door opening and other movements in spaces affect notably on room airflows by increasing air transport and mixing. In hospital ventilation, the effects of movements become especially important, since they may increase transport of infectious pathogens. Simulations and experimental studies of ventilation performance are, however, normally carried out in stable conditions without taking into account any movement induced airflows. In this study, new methods were developed for including the effects of movements in the simulations of indoor conditions.

RESULTS Pekka Saarinen

In this study, Large Eddy Simulation (LES) was applied to model the flow pattern and contaminant transport caused by a person moving out from a hospital isolation room. LES simulates the time evolution of the flow pattern accurately. Flow fluctuations and large eddies are resolved by the simulation and only the small turbulent eddies are described by turbulence models. .

Two new methods were developed for the simulation. First, the immersed solid method was applied to simulate the flows induced by the movements of a person and a door. Secondly, a method for simulating smoke experiments in CFD was developed. It is based on several partly transparent 3D-isosurfaces with different concentration levels. Also the total migration of contaminants during the passage was calculated. Constant Petri Kalliomäki concentrations of tracer gases were created to both rooms before the passage to describe the spreading of contaminated air. The simulations were compared to full MORE INFO scale laboratory measurement results. Both the flow patterns and the total amount of www.ttl.fi/en migrated air were well predicted by the simulation. www.ttl.fi/fi/tutkimus/hankke et/rymshok

Saarinen P, Kalliomäki P, Tang J W, Koskela H, Simulation of Air Migration through an Isolation Room Doorway during Passage. Roomvent 2014, São Paulo, Brazil, October 19-22, 2014, p. 614-621 EFFECTS Saarinen P, Kalliomäki P, This study introduces two new methods to enable more realistic simulation of room Koskela H, Tang J W, airflows: simulation of movements and artificial smoke experiments. Infektioiden leviämisen mallintaminen sairaaloiden Simulation of movements is important for spreading of contaminats in several eristystiloissa, application areas such as hospitals and industry. So far, mainly static approach has Sisäilmastoseminaari been used. This is clearly not sufficient for obtaining realistic results in situations, where 11.3.2015, Sisäilmayhdistys airflows induced by movements are critical for contaminant transport and personal raportti, Espoo, 2015.86 exposure.

Simulation of smoke experiments enables qualitative validation of the simulation of transient flow patterns. Experimental characterization of transient room airflows can in most cases only be carried out by smoke experiments. Comparing experimental and simulated smoke videos can provide confidence in the quality flow simulations.

FUTURE

The simulation methods developed here can be used to develop better products and solutions in different fields of ventilation. Especially in hospital and clean room applications movement induced airflows are important. In industrial applications or laboratories, where persons are working close to contaminant sources, effects of person’s movements on local flow patterns are significant for the exposure.

Movements have also effects on the airflows in room scale. For example, the stratification effects with displacement ventilation can be more realistically predicted when movements are taken into account.

87 Indoor Environment Results Report

WORK PACKAGE The fully flexible HVAC solution for green 1 - User-Centric Indoor buildings Environment

KEYWORDS

energy efficiency, Green Buildings, Indoor Climate, Solution, Sustainable Building, ventilation

PARTICIPANTS

Halton

CONTACT

Green buildings are profitable investments and good places to work. They promote wellbeing as well as long-term financial benefits like increased rents, longer contracts, and greater asset value. New solution, Halton Vario productizes IE results, not only makes green buildings a reality, it makes them more flexible to layout changes, more comfortable to work in than ever before and up to 50 % more energy efficient – this will make tenancy contracts more profitable for facility owners. Risto Kosonen RESULTS

Through intensive research and development Halton has created a total indoor climate solution that covers room, zonal and central subsystems to maintain excellent IEQ in an energy efficient manner.

Halton Vario is up to 50 % more energy-efficient than conventional air-conditioning systems with typical occupancy ratio. Vario makes possible to convert an office into a meeting room (and vice versa) in 15 minutes. Airflow rate is automatically adjusted based on air quality and occupancy, and boosted when office is changed to meeting MORE INFO room. As a result, ventilation system’s fit-out costs are significantly lower than those of a traditional system. http://www.halton.com

EFFECTS http://www.halton.com/fi_FI/ halton/segments/office- For the first time in the history of chilled beam technology, the system monitors space solutions/overview usage, controlling and adjusting cooling and ventilation according to the demand. http://indoorenvironment.or Thanks to smart controls, indoor environment’s conditions are maintained at an g optimal level. Advanced flexibility makes short tenancy contracts more profitable for facility owners, and the layout changes of the building is no longer a limiting factor for building users.

FUTURE 88 Organizational changes in most companies are continuous and require flexible changes in work methods and workspaces. The traditional one‑person office areas, or cells, and open offices, or hives, seen in traditional offices are today changing into spaces that are more suited to team work, referred to as dens or clubs. Information technology contributes to independence of time and location, transforming offices more into meeting places for sharing information. The office space must be utilised efficiently.

Recent studies have clearly proven the correlation between indoor air quality and the work performance of employees. Similarly, it has been demonstrated that the thermal conditions of the room have a significant impact on the productivity of work. Employee salaries and the potential change in productivity amount to many times the cost of a building technology system. The studies indicate that an investment in a better indoor environment is a profitable one, even with very minor productivity changes.

The adaptability of office space is one of the central premises in designing a system for nZEB buildings. In a modern office environment, balance is sought between work performed by individuals and in interaction between employees. The systems must adapt to changed loads and partition wall locations. For a room system, adaptability means taking changes in the supply air flow, cooling effect and throw pattern of the supply air device into consideration.

With demand-based ventilation users are satisfied and occupancy rates stay high. Demand-based ventilation together with flexible layout features will change the markets globally in the future.

89 Indoor Environment Results Report

WORK PACKAGE Water pressure changes and drinking water 1 - User-Centric Indoor quality Environment

KEYWORDS

drinking water, pipeline network, pressure changes, water quality

PARTICIPANTS

Cupori Oy National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL) Oras Oy Satakunta University of Applied Sciences Uponor Corporation

CONTACT

Anna Pursiainen

The effect of normal usage of the cold water faucets on drinking water quality was tested in test building Sytytin. Each opening and closing of the water faucets causes Jaana Kusnetsov pressure chances in the pipeline system. Pressure changes in a pipeline system resulted alterations in microbial quality in drinking water. Obviously part of the MORE INFO microbes attached on the surface of the pipeline were released into the water, more easily from the copper pipelines than from the PEX pipelines. A Living Lab study of pipe material migration and RESULTS biofilm formation

Opening and closing of water faucets cause pressure chances in the pipeline system. Three separate pressure change experiments were performed in the copper and PEX pipelines. In these experiments, pressure changes were with Cu 6,2-10,7 bars and PEX 0,2-3,9 bars; Cu 1,0 bar/PEX 5,5 bars and Cu 1,8 bars/ PEX 1,6 bars, respectively.

In the first pressure change test, the bigger increases with heterotrophic plate counts (HPC), were detected because of changed pressure in water samples from copper pipelines than in samples from PEX pipelines (Fig. 1, 1st test). During the first experiment, bigger pressure changes were induced to copper pipelines than to pex pipelines, which could explain the observed differences.

In the second test, the same phenomenon was still observed with heterotrophic plate counts: bigger HPC were detected in water of the copper pipelines than in water of PEX pipelines (Fig. 1, 2nd test). This difference occurred even though the pressure changes 90 were clearly smaller in copper pipelines than in PEX. Thus, copper pipelines released more microbes to water than PEX because of pressure changes in the experiments 1 and 2, nevertheless the fact that the pressure change was smaller in test 2 with copper.

Stable water pressure was lowered between the second and the third pressure test in the Sytytin test building. In the third test, only minor pressure changes were induced, and similar clear differences were not detected in the HPC between the copper and PEX pipeline samples (Fig. 1, 3rd test).

Figure 1. Heterotrophic plate count (HPC) results of pressure change test 1-3 in copper and PEX-pipelines in test building.

EFFECTS

Pressure changes result in removal of soft deposits containing microbes. Increase in microbial counts may hamper at least the aesthetic quality of drinking water. Pressure change effect can be noticed also as increase of water turbidity. Turbidity can also be increased because of deposits containing compounds like iron and manganese.

FUTURE

The highest pressure surges could be avoided by developing faucets enabling a soft contact which could result lower pressure changes in the pipelines. A new pressure regulator was installed to lower the water pressure in inlet connection pipeline. This can be one practical way to reduce peak pressure events in the pipeline system. Usage of plastic pipeline materials could also lower the strong pressure changes due to normal opening and closing of drinking water faucets.

91 Indoor Environment Results Report

WORK PACKAGE Water quality changes in new pipeline system 1 - User-Centric Indoor Environment

KEYWORDS

drinking water, pipeline network, water quality

PARTICIPANTS

Cupori Oy National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL) Oras Oy Satakunta University of Applied Sciences Uponor Corporation

CONTACT

Inevitable aging process of pipeline materials causes changes in water quality in distribution systems. The interactions between materials and water in distribution systems were studied in a “living lab” test office building. It was found that pipeline materials (Copper/PEX) caused leaching of both inorganic and organic substances. The strongest water quality changes occurred less than 12 months after implementation. After that comes out a steady-state phase in terms of release of metals and microbial Anna Pursiainen nutrients from pipelines and increase in microbial counts in both warm and cold water systems. It is important to take into account that fresh pipelines require a “maturation period”. More intensive flushing of tap water might be necessary after implementation of pipelines.

RESULTS

Water quality changes in a new office building Sytytin were monitored in four –year- period study. Intensive microbiological and chemical analyses were carried out to Anna-Maria Hokajärvi monitor water quality in both cold and hot water system made of copper and PEX (cross-linked polyethylene) pipes. One of major result was that the strongest water MORE INFO quality changes can be found during the first months of operating. Heterotrophic plate count (HPC) increased rapidly both in copper and PEX pipelines and was stabilized A Living Lab study of pipe (steady-state) within six months of usage (Fig 1). It was also found that HPC in hot water material migration and remained more than one order of magnitude lower than in the cold water. biofilm formation

The concentration of assimilable organic carbon (AOC) (Fig 1) and microbial available Diurnal water quality and phosphorus (MAP) which are the main nutrients enabling microbial growth were aging of water highest during the first six months of usage. MAP had same kind of trend as AOC. MAP concentrations changed between <0,08 – 0,55 for copper and <0,08 – 3,72 for PEX Inkinen et al. 2014 “Drinking pipelines. Metallic impurities, like highest lead concentration was found during the first water quality and formation week after starting regular water consumption. Obviously, lead was leaching from brass of biofilms in an office products of the water system. The pipe material was not found to have any major effect building during its first year on biofilm formation after one year of operation. of operation, a full scale study”, Water Research, 49, 83-91na

92 Figure 1. Heterotrophic plate count (HPC) and assimilable organic carbon (AOC) concentrations in new office building 1st floor, pipeline materials copper and PEX.

EFFECTS

Due to higher surface/water ratio the pipeline installations in the buildings can cause more significant water quality changes than installations of the main water pipelines. Pipeline material and water have always interactions, which seems to be strongest in the new (fresh) pipelines. Metals and other inorganic/organic substances are released in water hampering the water quality. Migration of microbial nutrients can enhance microbial growth in the pipelines. In order to reduce migration materials and products suitable for Finnish circumstances should be chosen. Most likely the stagnation period (see “Diurnal water quality and aging of water” –Result Card) and its effect on water quality is extremely strong in new pipeline installations. Flushing the tap is recommended before water consumption and use only cold water for drinking or cooking.

FUTURE

Although there is strong pressure from European energy efficiency legislation to improve eco-efficiency in terms of water and energy consumption it is essential to take into account the chemical and microbial reactions in new pipeline systems. It should be noticed that a fresh pipelines will always go through a “maturation period”. Obviously, more studies are needed in order to determine all the factors effecting on water quality. In the future studies, optimized water and energy consumption should be related with the water quality, especially microbial quality.

93 Indoor Environment Results Report

WORK PACKAGE World’s Best Solar Community Concept To 1 - User-Centric Indoor Finland Environment

KEYWORDS

buildings, Energy, renewables, solar

PARTICIPANTS

Aalto University Schneider Electric Skanska SPU Uponor

CONTACT

An advanced solar community concept has been studied by simulation in Finnish environmental conditions providing promising results. A well working solar community concept in the Nordic environment would open new business opportunities. The concept has to be developed further to ensure its technical performance and find out its economical feasibility. RESULTS

The Drake Landing Solar Community is one of the best implemented solar communities globally. To find out how this concept would work in the Finnish environment, a model Kai Siren of the system has been built and used for energy simulation. According to the results, the original system was not working satisfactorily with the Finnish weather data and soil properties because it was originally planned to be used in a slightly different environment. However, after some modifications made to adopt the simulated system to local conditions, the results are very promising.

MORE INFO

EFFECTS

A well working solar community concept in the Nordic environment would be extremely interesting and open totally new business opportunities to Finnish companies.

FUTURE

Next stage in the development is to find out the preliminary interest of companies towards the concept. If there is enough interest, the development can be continued by first optimizing and finalizing the solar community design using energy simulation. The goal is to maximize the performance and minimize the cost. If the results still are encouraging and a sufficient consortium is engaged, a pilot project can be established. 94 Indoor Environment Results Report

Results Cards WP2 – Energy Efficient Control of Indoor Environment

95 Indoor Environment Results Report

WORK PACKAGE Automatic analysis of BMS to reveal the energy 2 - Energy Efficient Control of savings potential Indoor Environment

KEYWORDS

Automatic analysis, BMS, eService, service quality

PARTICIPANTS

Schneider Electric Tampere University of Technology

CONTACT

Eetu Mäkelä

The traditional building management systems are often incapable of detecting impaired performance of heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) equipment, so noticing and fixing the performance errors is up to the skill and motivation of the operator. The research examined the implementation of tool (Building Analytics) offering automatic analysis to the work of Schneider Electric´s eService unit. The purpose of the research was to characterize the methods used for automatic analysis of building management systems and to present/ pilot a tool using these methods to be able to evaluate how Lauri Heikkinen automatic analysis could be used in the work of Schneider Electrics eService. MORE INFO

RESULTS Link to the Master’s Thesis

In order to study the usability of automatic analysis of BMS systems a pilot was conducted in a test building.

The pilot started on the beginning of 7/2013 when the first phase of the pilot, consisting of collecting data from the site was started. The data included information concerning the building automation system, points list and general system information. In the beginning of 8/2013 the first phase of the pilot was completed. The next phase consisted of two parts. The first part was the setup and configuration of the piloted tool to work with the 16 air handlers in the piloted building. The first part of the second phase was completed in the midway of 8/2013 when the piloted tool offered its first reports. The second part of the second phase was the setup and configuration of the piloted tool to work with the two cooling and heating systems in the piloted building. The second part of the second phase was completed in the 9/2013 when first reports from the cooling and heating systems were generated by the piloted tool.

The piloted tool: “Building Analytics” monitors real time data and historical trend data from building management systems and utility metering system on equipment level. The data collected by building Analytics is automatically analyzed every day to identify malfunctioning equipment, to diagnose problems and to identify savings opportunities by suggesting repairs to problems or adjustments to control settings.

The information is presented in an online interface with detailed findings which include 96 specific and prioritized cost and energy savings opportunities. Building Analytics works as an another element next to other energy management solutions and services, giving the confidence to make fact-based decisions for improving energy use, operational efficiency, comfort, and financial performance throughout the building’s life cycle.

Building Analytics is a combination of software and services that are designed to maximize building performance and comfort.

Building Analytics is a cloud based service; so it can be accessed even by a phone with access to internet. The cloud based architecture provides also a good scalability.

Building Analytics offers several integration methods including: Modbus and Bacnet. Building Analytics is also compatible with Schneider Electric Vista and SmartStruxure BMS systems.

97 EFFECTS

The people who pay the energy bills and operating costs from buildings constantly demand solutions that utilize building data more effectively to achieve savings in energy consumption and to improve the efficacy of the maintenance staff and the operators The solution providers must therefore adapt to the changing needs of the market by developing new services.

The experiences from the pilot showed that automatic analysis systems were recognized to be less expensive than an engineer, always present, and more in-depth than an alarm. Continuous monitoring was seen as the most useful feature of the tool, as it directly answers to the challenge of noticing the problems soon, therefore reducing customer complaints and equipment breakdowns. Other useful features are presented in the table below:

98 There were some limitations found from the Building Analytics, especially with the graphical display. It was however identified that the limitations are not going to severely damage the usability of the tool.

FUTURE

The potential and usability of Building Analytics was studied in the research and the results and experiences from the pilot were valuable in the future usage of Building Analytics.

The traditional dependence on the BMS operator’s skills and the amount of expensive manual labour that the re-tuning of the BMS requires are factors that rise interest on making the process more reliable and effective. The HVAC systems consume approximately 40% of commercial building energy worldwide so optimizing the operation of the HVAC systems is a pronounced way to achieve energy savings.

Building Analytics is now a part of Schneider Electric´s managed services portfolio. Many of the Building Analytic´s features have proven extremely useful and will provide customers even better service enhancing the possibilities to use the data from their buildings.

After the pilot research, there have already been two new pilots and a third site is being implemented by the end of the year 2014. The experiences from the new pilots have been promising, but the future will show how the market responds to the product.

In the future it is also studied if BMS optimization could be automatized.

99 Indoor Environment Results Report

WORK PACKAGE BIM and BACS based solution for analysing 2 - Energy Efficient Control of performance problems in building Indoor Environment

KEYWORDS

BACS, Big Data, BIM, BIM and BACS Integration, BIM Model Server, Building Automation and Control System, Building Information Model, IAQ, key performance indicator, KPI, monitoring, visualization

PARTICIPANTS

VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland

CONTACT

IEQ problems have a big impact on people’s well-being and working efficiency but how Kalevi Piira to detect, locate, analyse and visualise these problems. VTT has developed one concept and related modern Internet technologies based prototype solution for that. The solution is demonstrated in several big online connected buildings and it is based on a new Building Information Models (BIM) and Building Automation and Control Systems (BACS) integration model. In future this solution is possible to modify as a powerful tool for advanced continuous commissioning and ESCO related business.

RESULTS

VTT has developed a new concept and related prototype solution for powerful MORE INFO detecting, locating, analysing and visualising IEQ and energy related problems in buildings. This makes it possible to visualize which spaces and in which date and time [email protected] (e.g. now/day/month/year) e.g. the indoor temperature value is lower or higher than the selected value (see figure).

The implementation was done by integrating of real-time and historical building automation related measurement data (BACS data) into 3D virtual BIM application by means of modern Internet technologies, open source BIM model server and new BIM and BACS integration model.

For testing and demonstration purposes there are several big buildings including 100 thousands of sensors per building connected to this solution. This technology is used also as one Lego piece in VTT’s result reported in the result card named “Real-time monitoring of occupant thermal sensation”.

EFFECTS

This approach makes it possible to detect and locate (exact spaces, time and dates) easily IEQ and energy problems in buildings. E.g. the building maintenance person can visualize in which spaces and in which date and time (e.g. now/day/month/year) the selected building IAQ or energy related KPI (Key Performance Indicator) is lower or higher than the selected value.

In more general level the Building Information Models (BIM) has become more common in recent years but there has been a huge lack of good innovative ideas how to utilise these models in building maintenance phase. This study related concepts presents several innovative ideas for building maintenance related software developers and demonstrate one of those in a very powerful way.

FUTURE

In future this solution is possible to modify as a powerful tool for advanced continuous commissioning and ESCO related business. And in future this solution is also possible to update so that it is also possible to use for visualizing other type of data like space related cost, target values etc. In addition the developed integration model between BIM and BACS can be utilised when standardising BIM and BACS interoperability.

101 Indoor Environment Results Report

WORK PACKAGE Efficient heating and cooling for near-to-zero 2 - Energy Efficient Control of energy and low energy homes Indoor Environment

KEYWORDS

Cooling, near-to-zero energy, single family house

PARTICIPANTS

Uponor Corporation

CONTACT

Ilari Aho

Lars Nielsen

MORE INFO Substantial cooling loads are introduced in houses built according to current and Nielsen, L. et al. Under Floor emerging low energy building codes. If the focus is only on reduction of the required Cooling in nZEB. Proceedings heating energy, the comfort for occupants risks being neglected. It is important to of Clima2013 conference, designs the building geometry in such way that periods with over temperature are Prague. minimized and its equally important to design the heating, cooling and ventilation systems in such way that the cooling loads can be removed efficiently with minimum Nielsen, L. A Low Exergy extra energy consumption preferably using free or renewable cooling sources. Approach to Low Energy House Design. Proceedings RESULTS of SB11 World conference on sustainable building, The need for cooling is confirmed by the building simulation, which identifies significant Helsinki. cooling loads that of course depend on applied solar shading. Peak loads of more than 60 W/m2 are identified, in particular in rooms exposed to the south and south-west. In addition, for the cooling loads a very high variation occurs, mainly due to the room orientation, so one has to be careful when using average building values for design purposes. Direct sunshine has the most significant influence on the cooling loads and therefore the cooling peak loads don’t necessarily occur on the “warmest day”. Instead they are dependent on the building geometry and its orientation.

If there is no cooling at all in the building, the temperature will be outside the comfort range (20-26°C) for about 20% of the time for a standard house and about 30% of the time in a low energy house.

102

The heat source energy consumption and primary energy demand is calculated as an example using a typical low energy heat pump installation. Based on heat pump data (Alpha InnoTec, 6 kW model) the seasonal performance factor has been calculated based on the norm VDI 4650 and experience data for customer behaviour. The resulting curve for the seasonal performance factor is shown in the enclosed figure. The figure also demonstrates that combining under floor heating with a heat pump in a low energy home in Denmark and Finland provides approximately 20% improvement in energy efficiency of the whole systems.

The energy demand for space cooling is not presented in the enclosed figure. Applying a heat pump installation with a brine-water circuit allows using the heat pump in by- pass mode for cooling purposes in the summer period. This cooling opportunity will only be possible applying the radiant floor systems or the all air ventilation system, whereas the low temperature radiator systems cannot be used for cooling purposes.

Embedded radiant water based systems such as under floor heating and under floor cooling allows heating and cooling at temperature levels close to ambient facilitating high energy efficiency. At the same time water based systems allows an efficient removal of the summer cooling loads. As an example an under floor cooling system can provide a cooling effect of 30 W/m2 in floors with parquet surfaces at a supply water temperature on 15 °C, which is typical for a free cooling source. Active cooling should of course be applied only after implying immediate measures such as natural ventilation. Using shadings and marquises should also be considered as a first step to prevent heat gains from the sun, but as demonstrated by the performed building simulations, shadings will only partly remove the summer cooling loads.

EFFECTS

Efficient high temperature radiant floor systems offer a cost-effective means of providing comfort cooling to residential buildings. As the system is fully integrated to heat distribution, the marginal cost of introducing cooling functionality is low and makes the solution attractive to end customers. As the radiant heating penetration in Europe is in many markets still relatively low, this introduces a business opportunity not only related to cooling, but to increasing the penetration level of radiant heating in European markets. 10-20 % penetration increase equals an order-of-magnitude business opportunity of 100 MEUR/a.

FUTURE

The results will be utilised in further development and optimisation of radiant cooling systems to the residential markets in Europe, in developing business partnerships for delivering on this opportunity, and in communication to and training of various 103 customer and partner groups in Europe.

104 Indoor Environment Results Report

WORK PACKAGE Energy efficiency of the office lighting can be 2 - Energy Efficient Control of improved significantly by using LED luminaires Indoor Environment

KEYWORDS

energy savings, fluorescent lighting, LED, office lighting

PARTICIPANTS

Aalto University Lighting Unit

CONTACT

The energy efficiency of the existing office lighting can be improved by replacing old T8 fluorescent lamps with LED tubes. This can however be problematic due to immaturity of the LED retrofit tube technology. Therefore the best results are achieved by replacing the T8 luminaires with dimmable T5 fluorescent luminaires or modern LED luminaires.

RESULTS Janne Viitanen

About 75 % of European lighting installations are estimated to be older than 25 years and thus to be updated. Currently the most used light source in office buildings is T8 fluorescent lamp with magnetic ballast. The easiest way to update lighting is by using LED tubes. The aim of the study was to find out energy savings with different technologies, but also to ensure that the quality of lighting was maintained or improved.

In a study, fluorescent lamp luminaires were equipped with LED retrofit tubes and the lighting results were compared to similar luminaires equipped with T8 fluorescent lamps. The luminous efficacy of the luminaire with LED retrofit tube was approximately twice as high as the original luminaire with T8 fluorescent lamp. At the same time the Eino Tetri power consumption of the LED version was 28% of the T8 version consumption. The MORE INFO average illuminance level in the room did not however fill the recommendations after refurbishing the luminaires with LED tubes, and therefore the solution was not suitable for direct replacement of the T8 fluorescent tubes in this application. http://www.lightinglab.fi/

In an additional study, dimmable T5 fluorescent lamp luminaires were compared to modern LED lighting. In this study the LED luminaires consumed 10-39 % less energy than the T5 fluorescent lamp luminaires at equal illuminance levels, depending on how much the luminaires were dimmed. The energy efficiency of the fluorescent lamp luminaires reduced more significantly than the LED luminaires, as the luminaires were dimmed.

When the results of the two studies were compared, the modern LED luminaire was the most energy efficient, with retrofit LED tube being the second. T5 was considerably more energy efficient than the T8, but not as efficient as the LEDs. The modern LED luminaires consumed less than half energy in comparison to the old T8 fluorescent lamp luminaires at equal illuminance level.

EFFECTS

The energy efficiency of the office lighting can be improved in many ways. It depends on the case which practice is the most suitable. At the moment, the most energy efficient option is to install modern LED luminaires. If retrofit LED tubes are used, it must be taken into account that the luminous output of the LED retrofit tubes may be lower than of the original light source. The luminous efficacy of the luminaire with LED 105 retrofit tube was approximately twice as high as the original luminaire with T8 fluorescent lamp. At the same time the power consumption of the LED version was 28% of the T8 version consumption. Energy savings potential is lvery big, but at th esame time one must make sure that the demands by indoor lighting standards are fulfilled.

FUTURE

The efficiency of the LED chips has been improving constantly in the recent years. Therefore, the results of this study should be checked in the coming years, as more advanced lighting products emerge to the market. The energy-efficiency of lighting systems and lighting installations will continue to improve. Old lighting installations should be retrofitted in the near future.

106 Indoor Environment Results Report

WORK PACKAGE Energy efficiency of the office lighting can be 2 - Energy Efficient Control of improved significantly by using modern LED Indoor Environment luminaires KEYWORDS

energy savings, fluorescent lighting, LED, office lighting

PARTICIPANTS

Aalto University Lighting Unit Helvar DIGIDIM lighting controllers were used in the study

CONTACT The energy efficiency of the existing office lighting can be improved by replacing old T8 fluorescent lamps with LED tubes. This can however be problematic due to immaturity of the LED retrofit tube technology. Therefore the best results are achieved by replacing the T8 luminaires with dimmable T5 fluorescent luminaires or modern LED luminaires.

RESULTS

T8 fluorescent lamps and LED retrofit tubes were compared. The luminous efficacy of the LED retrofit tube was approximately twice as high as the original T8 fluorescent lamp, when they were installed to similar luminaires. The power consumption of the LED version was 28% of the T8 version. The average illuminance level in the room was Viitanen, Janne however too low to fulfill the recommendations after refurbishing the luminaires with LED tubes.

Additionally, T5 fluorescent lamp luminaires were compared to modern LED luminaires. Depending on the dimming level, the LED luminaires consumed 10-39 % less energy than the T5 fluorescent lamp luminaires at equal illuminance levels.

When the results of the two studies were compared, the modern LED luminaire was the most energy efficient, with retrofit LED tube being the second. T5 was considerably more energy efficient than the T8, but not as efficient as the LEDs. At equal illuminance MORE INFO levels the energy consumption of the old T8 luminaire was more than twice higher in comparison to modern LED luminaires.

EFFECTS

The efficiency of the LED chips has been improving constantly in the recent years. Therefore, the results of this study should be checked in the coming years, as more advanced lighting products emerge to the market.

FUTURE

The efficiency of the LED chips has been improving constantly in the recent years. Therefore, the results of this study should be checked in the coming years, as more advanced lighting products emerge to the market.

107 Indoor Environment Results Report

WORK PACKAGE Extra-low voltage DC as general supply voltage 2 - Energy Efficient Control of of an office building Indoor Environment

KEYWORDS

BIPV, ELV DC, energy efficiency, simulations

PARTICIPANTS

Aalto University Lighting Unit

CONTACT

Janne Viitanen

The electricity consumption of a building was simulated with 12 VDC, 24 VDC, 48 VDC and 230 VAC. Study showed that practical implementation of extra-low voltage (ELV) DC building is challenging, although it may provide savings in some special cases. If only one voltage level is used, 230 VAC or higher DC voltages are more feasible options. Eino Tetri

RESULTS MORE INFO

Direct current (DC) in power systems is at the moment used mostly in high-voltage Aalto-yliopisto, direct current (HVDC) transmission lines, in vehicles and in portable power systems, but Valaistusyksikkö the development in size and price of power electronics has re-enacted the idea of using Viitanen, Janne. 2015. DC power as a supply voltage in buildings. Many existing devices that currently operate Dissertation. Energy on alternating current (AC) can be converted to utilize DC, or they may utilize it without efficient lighting systems any modifications. Many electronic devices; such as computers, A/V-devices and light- in buildings with emitting diode (LED) luminaires; use direct current, so by installing a DC power network, integrated photovoltaics it may be possible to decrease the complexity of the power conversion chain and gain Viitanen, J., Halonen, L., energy savings. “Electrical efficiency The electricity consumption of office building was modeled in Matlab-Simulink study of alternating environment with 12 VDC, 24 VDC, 48 VDC and 230 VAC. The simulated loads were current and direct lighting, computers, displays and ventilation. Wires were selected accordingly to keep current power topologies the wire losses in control. Building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) system was sized to in office building with match the daily electricity consumption of the building in summer and additional integrated photovoltaics energy was bought from utility grid. Simulations were conducted with and without in Matlab-Simulink battery backup system for different months to study seasonal variations in the energy environment”, Journal of balance. Renewable and Sustainable Energy, Vol With the selected parameters and components, the total energy consumption was 6, No 3, 2014 lowest with the 230 VAC system. If only lighting loads were considered, 48 VDC system consumed least with LED lighting and 24 VDC system consumed least with fluorescent lighting. The annual electricity cost of building with BIPV was 58% lower than similar 108 building without BIPV at 230 VAC.

EFFECTS

At the moment when ELV DC is used as general supply voltage of a building, it gives no energy savings over 230 V AC. However, it may be feasible option for example in some lighting applications. Locally generated renewable energy sources, like photovoltaic systems, produce DC. When DC supply Is connected to load that is using also DC, like LEDs, then the complexity of the power conversion is reduced, and thus cost and energy savings are achieved.

FUTURE

The selection of ELV DC compatible components is considerable more limited than the counterparts designed for LVAC. This might have affected to the efficiency of available models. If more efficient components enter the market, the appeal of SELV/PELV systems may increase, as they offer improved electrical safety in comparison to higher voltages.

Increasing number of locally generated renewable energy supports also the idea of DC power grids, because many renewable energy sources, such as photovoltaic (PV) systems and fuel cells, produce DC. Many electronic devices; such as computers, A/V- devices and light-emitting diode (LED) luminaires; use direct current, so by installing a DC power network, it may be possible to decrease the complexity of the power conversion chain and gain energy savings.

109 Indoor Environment Results Report

WORK PACKAGE Improvement of LED office lighting with user 2 - Energy Efficient Control of preference Indoor Environment

KEYWORDS

LED, office lighting, preferred lighting

PARTICIPANTS

Aalto University Lighting Unit

CONTACT It is important to light the office room with preferred lighting since the preferred visual conditions in an office environment creates a pleasant mood that leads to improved work performance, creativity, and social behavior. The combination of illuminance level (E) of 750 lx with correlated color temperature (CCT) of 4000 K is preferred for LED office lighting for pleasantness of lit environment, visual comfort, naturalness of colours, and overall preference of lit environment.

RESULTS

Lighting preference is related to variety of human reactions to lighting, such as comfort, aesthetics and performance. The improvement of office lighting with the preferred luminous conditions creates a positive influence on employees that will lead to higher performance, improved productivity, creativity and social behaviour. Illuminance (E) and Rupak Raj Baniya correlated colour temperature (CCT) are two of the important characteristics of light to be considered with regard to human perception. The illuminance value is quantitatively recommended for indoor spaces but the CCT is not. However, the CCT is an important component for the colour appearance of a space.

Nine different combinations of illuminance level (E: 300 lx, 500 lx or 750 lx) and correlated colour temperature (CCT: 3000 K, 4000 K or 5000 K) were compared to find out the preferred combination for LED office lighting. Fifty-three observers from three different ethnic groups (Asian, European and African) participated in the study. An additional objective of the study was also to study the CCT preference of different ethnic groups. Eino Tetri Among nine combinations, the combination of 750 lx with 4000 K was statistically significantly preferred for office lighting. The combination was also rated highest of all MORE INFO the combinations for pleasantness of lit environment, visual comfort, and naturalness of colors. It was also found that the impression of brightness of the office room http://www.lightinglab.fi/ increases with a higher CCT and that people feel more stimulated under a higher CCT compared to a lower CCT. The European group preferred a lit environment under CCT 4000 K for office lighting.

EFFECTS

The improvement of office lighting with the preferred visual conditions creates a positive influence on employees that will lead to higher performance, creativity, and social behaviour. The results from this study can be used in office lighting to ensure the preferred choices.

FUTURE

Optimal lighting will have an effect on office workers wellbeing. Apart from a visual effect, light also has an important biological effect on the human body. Therefore, the effects of these preferred lighting conditions on biological effect on the office worker should be further researched.

110 Indoor Environment Results Report

WORK PACKAGE Improving lighting quality and energy efficiency 2 - Energy Efficient Control of by lighting retrofitting Indoor Environment

KEYWORDS

energy and economical savings, LED, lighting quality, office lighting

PARTICIPANTS

Aalto University Lighting Unit Alppilux Oy Oy Helvar Ab

CONTACT

Marta Gavioli Energy efficiency and quality of light environment of the existing office can be improved by replacing old T8 fluorescent lamps with LED luminaires. Additional savings can be achieved by installing a lighting control system. Installation time and costs can be reduced by installing LED luminaires equipped with inbuilt lighting controls. In one test room energy savings due to new luminaires without dimming were 38% of the pre- retrofit power consumption while the new luminaires with active dimming brought 68% of savings. Photometric measuremensts showed that the lighting quality was increase. User satisfaction was increased too and all the users declared to prefer the new lighting system.

RESULTS Eino Tetri Lighting is responsible of 18% of the total electricity consumption in the whole building sector while in office buildings lighting is globally the leading energy consumer MORE INFO accounting from 30% to 40% of the total energy consumption. About 75 % of European lighting installations are estimated to be older than 25 years and thus to be updated. http://www.lightinglab.fi/ There are already more efficient lighting technologies on the market. Lighting can impact work performance mainly in three ways: affecting the visual system, affecting the circadian system and affecting mood and motivation.

In the case study six rooms were analyzed: in two rooms the old lighting system has been retrofitted with LED luminaires with inbuilt active dimming controls; in two rooms LED luminaires without dimming were installed and two rooms were left as reference. Old and new lighting systems performances were measured in terms of energy efficiency, lighting quality and user satisfaction. The luminous efficacy of LED luminaires was approximately twice the original luminaires. This led to 38% of annual energy savings. The installation of LED luminaires equipped with inbuilt lighting controls brought additional 30% of energy savings, reducing the daily equivalent hours of maximum power of the lighting system operation from 7 hours and 57 minutes to 5 hours and 35 minutes. However energy savings are not translated in economical savings. In fact, since the investment costs are high and electricity cost in Finland is low, payback time is really high (more than 40 years) and return of investment is not possible.

111 Savings are not the only possible aim in a lighting retrofit. Improving lighting quality and meeting European standards for lighting in workplaces are also important requirements. Photometric measurements showed that the light environment before the retrofit didn’t meet the European standards. The retrofit increased the value of the photometric factors far above the minimum requirements. Moreover the increment of lighting quality has been assessed also through monitoring other photometric parameters and through users’ survey. User satisfaction has been increased too: all the users declare to prefer the new lighting system.

EFFECTS

Retrofitting old fluorescent luminaires by installing LED luminaires equipped with inbuilt lighting controls is quick and easy and it highly improves energy efficiency and lighting quality of office lighting.

On the other hand if the aim is achieving economical savings it must be taken into account that the investment costs can be quite high to be paid by the savings on the electricity.

About 35% of the EU’s building stock is more than 50 years old while the amount of new useful floor space is increasing only around 1% per year. Clearly most of the energy savings potential lies in retrofitting and purchasing new technologies for the existing building stock.

FUTURE

Demand of LED luminaires is growing every year, and consequently if their price will drop in the future lighting retrofitting with LED luminaires equipped with inbuilt lighting controls can become economically viable solution in the future thus improving lighting quality of old installations.

Lighting retrofits can provide a flexible, maintainable long-term system in any type of building if properly planned. A general planning procedure can be followed to realize a successful lighting retrofitting in terms of better light quality, improving working conditions, achieving energy savings and benefitting occupants as a whole.

About 75 % of European lighting installations are estimated to be older than 25 years and thus to be updated. Lighting retrofitting will lead, as shown, to huge energy savings and improvement of lighting quality and user satisfaction. Through continuous development of LED luminaires and control systems this potential will be utilized more and more in the near future.

112 Indoor Environment Results Report

WORK PACKAGE LEDs offer energy savings over T5 fluorescent 2 - Energy Efficient Control of lamp luminaires, without compromising the Indoor Environment lighting quality KEYWORDS

energy savings, fluorescent lighting, LED, office lighting, user preferences, user study

PARTICIPANTS

Aalto University Lighting Unit Oy Helvar Ab

CONTACT With the present state of LED technology, the fluorescent lighting can be replaced with LEDs in offices. In this study the test subjects considered the quality of lighting similar between luminaire types at equal illuminance levels, whereas LEDs consumed less energy. The luminous efficacy of LEDs remains high even when the lighting is dimmed, which provides additional value over fluorescent lighting.

RESULTS

Lighting consumes about 19 percent of all produced electricity worldwide and represents about 35 percent of total primary energy consumption within buildings, like Janne Viitanen offices and schools. Therefore, the energy efficiency of lighting is important, especially when the price of the electricity has risen constantly during recent years while at the same time the energy efficiency regulations have become more restrictive. Although energy efficiency and savings are important, the most important function of lighting is to provide comfortable visual conditions for the users of the space and help them to perform visual tasks as easily as possible. Therefore, besides the quantity of light and how efficiently it is produced, the quality of the light must also be considered.

A comparison between T5 fluorescent lamp luminaires and LED luminaires was performed through measurements and a user study. Lighting was compared in three different illuminance levels (300 lx, 600 lx, 1000 lx) and three different color temperatures (3000 K, 4500 K, 6000 K). Additionally, the test subjects set their own Eino Tetri preferred illuminance and CCT levels. MORE INFO The subject considered the quality of lighting similar between light sources at equal illuminance levels, whereas LEDs provided significant energy savings. The difference http://www.lightinglab.fi/ between luminaire types was more pronounced when the luminaires were dimmed. Viitanen, Janne. 2015. The average preferred illuminance was around 600 lx and preferred CCT around 4000 Dissertation. Energy K. 300 lx was considered significantly less pleasant than 600 lx, whereas 1000 lx was efficient lighting systems considered almost equally pleasant than 600 lx. Therefore, the best balance between in buildings with energy savings and subjective user comfort was around 600 lx in this study. At 600 lx integrated photovoltaics. LEDs consumed 28% less energy than fluorescent lighting. Viitanen, Lehtovaara, Tetri, Halonen. 2013. EFFECTS User Preferences in Office Lighting: A Case By selecting modern LED luminaires over fluorescent lamp luminaires, significant Study Comparing LED energy savings can be achieved in office environment. LEDs are especially suitable for and T5 Lighting. The applications where dimming capabilities are required. There were large deviations in illuminating Engineering the user set CCTs and illuminance levels, which indicates that the individual preferences Society of North of different people can be very different. Therefore additional CCT and dimming control America. Leukos vol. 9, can increase user comfort in the space by allowing each user to set the lighting No 4, 2013, pp. 261-290. according to their own preferences. Therefore in the future in addition of the control of light quantity, there should be possibility to control the colour of light according to subjective preferences. 113 FUTURE

LED technology is constantly evolving and even today it can offer significant energy savings in almost all lighting applications. Future challenges involve the standardization and interchangeability of the LED components. The control systems of lighting are developing as well. In the future lighting will be more user centric and dynamic, thus enabling control by individual preferences or control as part of other building services. One could also create dynamic lighting indoors that mimics daylight and thus improves people’s mood and alertness on winter time.

114 Indoor Environment Results Report

WORK PACKAGE New business models based on continuous 2 - Energy Efficient Control of water quality monitoring Indoor Environment

KEYWORDS

business model, monitoring, water quality

PARTICIPANTS

Uponor Corporation

CONTACT

Ilari Aho

Suleyman Dag

MORE INFO

The Business Model Canvas approach was utilised to analyse and develop a framework for new business based on continuous water quality monitoring technology. The results provide a basis for new partnerships and new types of value generation in the water distribution and supply business.

RESULTS

The information extracted from the results of customer insights analyses forms a starting point to derive the value proposition. The enclosed figure provides an example of this for the water service provider segment. The term coined as “Jobs to be done” stands for the customers’ aspirations – what they desire to achieve. “Gains” and “Pains” include respectively the issues positively and negatively perceived by customers. Out of “Gains” and “Pains” come the measures taken to address those perceptions – “Gain Creating” – how the positive issues can be created or enhanced as well as “Pain Relieving” – how the negative issues can be prevented, eliminated or alleviated. Those measures reflect which type of functions and features that a product or service should 115 contain. Through all these steps of interpretation customer needs are transformed to characteristics of value proposition. Based on the water quality sensor a new customer- driven value proposition can be formulated.

Business model proposal was built based on Osterwalder business model framework, aiming at one of the focused market segment. It is composed of nine basic building blocks covering four main areas of a business: business infrastructure, value proposition, customer interfaces, and financial viability (Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2010). Business infrastructure refers to key partners, key resources, and key activities. Customer interfaces is composed of customer relationships, sales channels, and customer segments. Financial viability includes cost structure and revenue streams.

EFFECTS

The costs of quality related disruptions in fresh water supply, and of the consequent health impacts, are not evaluated in this study. However, the order of magnitude of these costs can easily be put to billions per annum globally. Therefore, it is straight- forward to deduct that the commercial value of business models either avoiding or minimising these costs through timely and/or proactive identification of quality problems is in the order of magnitude of tens or hundreds of millions annually.

Concluding from the results, a possible new business model is able to strengthen customer orientation both internally and externally within technology companies and water utilities, and to enhance and diversify revenue streams to improve financial viability. At the same time its weaknesses are most likely to appear when it is not well planned financially or the revenue model fails to function. It is facing several threats that are hardly controllable in a direct way. However, through a thorough market investigation and planning their effects can be turned down to minimum.

FUTURE

Results of this research will be directly utilised in in-house business development projects, and in partnership with customer within the value chain, to implement new service-driven business models.

116 Indoor Environment Results Report

WORK PACKAGE Real-time monitoring of occupant thermal 2 - Energy Efficient Control of sensation Indoor Environment

KEYWORDS

global business opportunities, individual, monitoring, new paradigm, real-time, thermal comfort, thermal comfort control

PARTICIPANTS

Uponor VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland

CONTACT

Real-time monitoring of individual thermal sensation and thermal comfort are successfully piloted in two office rooms located in Plaza Loiste. In the future, this new technology enables assessment of demand-controlled thermal environment fulfilling individual expectations.

RESULTS Pekka Tuomaala Monitoring of thermal sensation and thermal comfort was executed by integrating space-related boundary conditions (especially temperature levels) from local building automation system to thermal sensation calculation tool server utilizing WebService technology. Individual data of space occupants (i.e., age, gender, height, weight, and muscularity) were defined for Human Thermal Model (HTM) allowing estimation of thermal sensation based on space-related and occupant-related data.

MORE INFO

[email protected]

VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd

The real-time monitoring concept of occupant’s thermal sensation as individual, instead of as an average person under planned thermal boundary conditions, was successfully demonstrated in this field test in Plaza Loiste.

EFFECTS 117 Being able to estimate individual thermal sensation, based on real-time space data and occupant detection, opens completely new possibilities for controlling thermal environment of occupants. After occupants are detected as individuals and relevant space data is monitored on-line, fulfilment of thermal expectations can be ensured by smart control signal management.

The real-time monitoring concept, when integrated to building automation and control system, can be utilized in all such cases when thermal satisfaction of occupants is an issue (hospitals, office buildings, hotels, transportation, schools, elderly houses, day- care centres, etc). This wide utilization scope opens global markets, and annual Total Available Market is estimated to be billions of euros.

FUTURE

Real-time monitoring and on-line estimation of individual thermal sensation enables demand-based control of thermal environment supporting health, well-being, and productivity of space occupants. As a demand-based concept it is a new paradigm in thermal comfort control – when compared to existing set-point temperature control philosophy.

Next, this new smart building concept needs to be integrated in building automation and control systems. After rigorous field testing period this concept would be ready for commercialization in several business segments on global market within next 2-5 years.

118 Indoor Environment Results Report

WORK PACKAGE Restricting Petroleum Hydrocarbon Emissions 2 - Energy Efficient Control of with Epoxy Coating Indoor Environment

KEYWORDS

Diffusion, emission, epoxy, FLEC, indoor air quality, Petroleum hydrocarbon

PARTICIPANTS

Ardex Oy City of Helsinki Senate Properties Vahanen Oy

CONTACT

Normally in surveys of harmful substance focus is on additives, such as asbestos and PAH’s, that are added during substance manufacturing. When doing research of Kennet Mod harmful substances in buildings the focus should also be on other substances such as PCB’s and petroleum hydrocarbons. It is very likely that organic harmful substances such as petroleum hydrocarbons and PAH’s are absorbed in structures. When absorbed, harmful substances can volatilise and they can impair the indoor air quality. The most common reason for petroleum hydrocarbon contamination of building materials is the use of industrial machinery in the building, it is also possible that oil products from used materials, such as mastic asphalt, could have been absorbed into adjacent materials. Machinery used in buildings might have caused chemical damage. Due to the damage, petroleum hydrocarbons can be absorbed to the structures. Moreover, petroleum contaminated soil can also have an effect on the indoor air via air leaks in structures. Currently, there is not tested renovation method for petroleum contaminated structures. Pasi Parviainen

RESULTS MORE INFO

Series of measurements were made in a laboratory to determine emissions.

Chamber specimens, vapour phase, TVOC-emissions were 20–300 µg/m2h, from which majority was tert-butylphenol. Samples from chamber did not include hydrocarbons. TVOC-emissions exceeded M1-criteria, 200 µg/m2h.

TVOC-emissions from fibre cement board specimens, capillary contact, were 320–500 µg/m2h at the age of two weeks, 540–3400 µg/m2h at the age of five weeks and 660– 7100 µg/m2h at the age of eleven weeks. tert-Butylphenol emissions were 68–520 µg/m2h. Petroleum hydrocarbon emissions were 25–5143 µg/m2h during the survey. Emissions exceeded M1-criteria.

119 The impact of ventilation to the concentration of harmful substances in indoor air was assessed by using mixing equation and Comsol Multiphysics. The used air exchange type in Comsol was turbulent k-ε. Initial results from Comsol model are similar to the results from simple mixing equation. The model room was 30 m3, and its petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated floor area was 12 m2. Petroleum hydrocarbon emission rate used in room model was 680 µg/m2h.

EFFECTS

With exchange rate of 0,2 1/h the concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons increased to 1360 µg/m3. With exchange rate of 0,5 1/h the concentration of oil hydrocarbons decreased to 545 µg/m3, which exceeded indoor air TVOC-concentration reference value, 100–600 µg/m3. In conclusion, ventilation has limited possibilities to affect indoor air quality without unnecessarily large air exchange rate. Restricting emission oversized air change can be avoided.

FUTURE

Based on the measurement results it cannot be unambiguously said that the epoxy’s gas compactness (without the air bubbles occurred in the experiment) is sufficient to be used in encapsulation renovations. Further studies are required for mixing of epoxy, effect of additional compounds to epoxy’s permeability qualities as well as the evaluation of the significance of flanking transmission in encapsulation renovation.

In the future, indoor air quality can be reliably assessed with Comsol Multiphysics and mixing equation. In order to assess restricting effect of capsulation, diffusion coefficients of VOC´s in different materials are needed.

120 Indoor Environment Results Report

WORK PACKAGE Smart Pole – A Flexible Wireless Control 2 - Energy Efficient Control of Solution for Open Spaces Indoor Environment

KEYWORDS

carbon dioxide, indoor air quality, Smart Pole, Wireless sensor

PARTICIPANTS

Schneider Electric Tampere University of Technology University Properties of Finland

CONTACT

A large portion of offices and educational premises are designed to be open and flexible. This sets challenges especially for monitoring of indoor air quality and controlling it in an energy efficient way. Thus the goal was to produce an intelligent Olli Pelto-Aho electricity pole where the IAQ sensors are embedded and able to transmit data wirelessly. Smart Pole enables the monitoring and control of indoor air quality without the need of solidly installed equipment or cabling in open spaces.

RESULTS

For the wirelessly communicating sensors we decided to use a standardized EnOcean protocol. Many of these sensors are also self-powered. For the electricity pole, a ready- made model was chosen where all the necessary sensors could be attached cost effectively. This new combination, the Smart Pole, doesn’t need any additional cabling MORE INFO or coupling and it can be moved around inside the office or other spaces. The basis of Smart Pole, the With Smart Pole, the detection of occupancy and the measuring of IAQ is brought near SmartStruxure Lite Solution: the occupants. In addition to making the measurements more accurate, this also gives the ability to control IAQ and lighting in smaller sections of open spaces. With the http://www.schneider- collected data of IAQ and occupancy, the daily space utilization can be predicted and electric.com/products/ww/en the comfort can be increased energy efficiently. /1200-building-management- system/1210-building- In addition to the ability of integrating Smart Pole to upper level system through management- wireless gateway, the gateways can also be linked with each other with standardized systems/62191- Zigbee protocol, thus making a self-healing network of large number of Smart Poles. smartstruxure-lite-solution/? BUSINESS=2 EFFECTS

To test the new Smart Pole an office was chosen, where we had the opportunity to control the air flow, heating, cooling and lighting. Lighting control was done through an upper level system with the movement detection of an EnOcean sensor that also was embedded in the Smart Pole.

121 The test showed us that the usage of standardized equipment and protocols made the system reliable while maintaining the energy consumption as low as possible. The IAQ monitoring gave us the ability to reduce energy consumption by: – Switching off unnecessary lights – Reducing ventilation of spaces that are less occupied – Adjusting the heating/cooling

The open and standardized wireless structure (combination of EnOcean and Zigbee protocols) as well as variety of different interfaces of wireless gateways enables the ability to integrate the system to almost any building management systems.

The Smart Pole concept was piloted in Schneider Electric office and the first commercial project is in design phase. Many benefits have already been realized in electricity design and building automation design. The concept has made it very easy to design electricity feed in the rooms and open space. Electricity is needed only in the ceiling where it is very easy to install and doesn’t require any cabling in the walls. This is also the case in designing the building automation system. The designer doesn’t have to make decision on where to place the sensors on the walls and where to cable them. This streamlines the design and also saves work on needed for changes in the building phase. All the savings in the design phase also relates to the saving in the construction phase: less cabling and less worries about changes.

FUTURE

We see that Smart Pole will change the way open spaces are built. It gives more freedom for architect to design flexible spaces and moveable walls. Smart Pole is designed to interact with existing building management systems as it uses standardized and open protocols such as EnOcean, Zigbee, BACnet, Modbus and CanOpen. It can be easily used to modify existing traditionally built office spaces to more flexible open space design and it allows cost effective way to build space control in new buildings.

As Smart Pole makes the design phase of a building easier and more streamlined we have already seen that there is a good reception for this product among the electricity and building automation designers. We see that in time this solution will replace the traditional solutions in open spaces.

122 Indoor Environment Results Report

Results Cards WP3 – Business Logic of Knowledge Intensive Space Markets

123 Indoor Environment Results Report

WORK PACKAGE Creating shared value in built environment – 3 - Business Logic of From Green Buildings to Sustainable Business Knowledge Intensive Space Markets

KEYWORDS

built environment, Shared value, Sustainability, value creation

PARTICIPANTS

Aalto University Real Estate Business Research Group

CONTACT

Urbanization, climate change and sustainability have been central issues in on-going discussion for a while now. Business as usual has gone through heavy scrutiny due the recent crises and it is acknowledged that staying competitive and achieving sustainable development are going to be the major challenges the corporations are going to encounter. Michael Porter and Mark Kramer have suggested that the purpose of the corporation needs to be redefined and corporations should pursue shared value Mia Andelin creation instead of pursuing monetary value creation only. Shared value creation model in built environment can be seen as way of creating meaningful economic and social value – new benefits that exceed the costs for the business and society. RESULTS

More people live in cities and this trend is expected to continue. Most significant changes are expected in emerging and developing countries. Urbanization is and will provide business opportunities and particular opportunities and challenges are encountered in developing countries changing from agricultural economies to product Anna-Liisa Sarasoja and service economies. As resources are diminishing and environmental and climate change issues need to be tackled actions are needed from governmental, consumer, MORE INFO and business level if the current standard of living is to be retained in future. Importance of the built environment and the construction industry for triple bottom line of sustainability cannot be ignored. Built environment and construction has high economic importance and evident environmental and social impacts. Built environment also offers enormous opportunities. Shared value creation model can be seen as a long-term strategic investment to sustainable living environment and business with overarching common goals for sustainability. Though the shared value creation model competitive advantages, greater market shares and new revenue streams can be achieved with efficiency, sustainable image gains and lower risks. New green and shared value market needs to be created and new business logic need to be found to build new cities that serve growing urban populations. Shared value creation is not only boosting companies but also societies where the companies operate.

EFFECTS

The global climate and environmental challenges are changing the agenda for businesses and policy makers who are shifting their thinking of climate change and resource constraints as environmental problems to seeing them as economic potentials and opportunities.These opportunities are aiming for more sustainable products and business. The possible solution for mitigating climate change and urbanization lies in the principle of shared value, which involves creating economic value in a way that also creates value for society by addressing its needs and challenges. The concept of shared value can be defined as policies and operating practices that enhance the competitiveness of a company while simultaneously advancing the economic and social 124 conditions in the communities in which it operates. Shared value creation focuses on identifying and expanding the connections between societal and economic progress. As Porter and Kramer state, companies can create shared value by reconceiving products and markets, redefining productivity in the value chain and by enabling local cluster development.

FUTURE

Shared value creation can create new opportunities for profit and competitive advantage at the same time as it benefits society by unleashing the power of business to help solve fundamental global problems. At the moment value creation is still viewed narrowly, optimizing short-term financial performance in a bubble while missing the most important customer needs and ignoring the broader influences that determine their longer-term success. The success of every company is affected by the supporting companies and infrastructure around it. Productivity and innovation are strongly inuenced by clusters or geographic concentrations of companies, related businesses, suppliers, service providers, and logistical infrastructure in a particular field or area. Sustainable business is not to be chosen just because of the sustainability, but because it is delivering better value to different stakeholders. The purpose of the corporation must be redefined as creating shared value, not just profit per se. This will drive the next wave of innovation and productivity growth in the global economy. This will also reshape capitalism and its relationship to society.

125 Indoor Environment Results Report

WORK PACKAGE Energy management concept for the 3 - Business Logic of maintenance and support of energy efficiency Knowledge Intensive Space of buildings Markets

KEYWORDS

building maintenance, energy efficiency, Energy management

PARTICIPANTS

Aalto University Lassila & Tikanoja Oy

CONTACT

Antti Toivanen

Energy-efficient property maintenance pays off in terms of both the finance and the environment: the less your property consumes, the more the costs will drop. Good results of energy efficiency are results of knowledge and quality of the maintenance. By the energy management concept created by L&T it’s possible to combine the highest energy management expertise into every buildings’ day to day maintenance and create holistic reports for decision making in a very cost efficient way.

RESULTS MORE INFO

The aim of the Lassila & Tikanoja energy management development project was to http://www.lassila-tikanoja.fi/ create a concept for holistic energy management of the buildings. The developed http://rymreport.com/ie/artic concept include remote energy management service, process for co-operation between les/ owner, manager, energy management center and building maintenance and a reporting solutions for the decision making.

Developed concept were piloted and tested during ten months performance period. Eleven commercial buildings were connected to energy management center for that period. During that time there were no other energy investments made to the buildings than energy management center proposals and adjustments. The main focus was on rationalizing buildings indoor conditions and HVAC-systems operations.

After the period it was noted that heating energy consumptions was decreased approx. 23% and electricity consumptions was decreased approx. 6%.

126 Figure 1. Heating energy comparison of period

Figure 2. Electricity comparison of period

EFFECTS

The key of the developed energy management concept is to get the knowledge of energy management center implemented into day to day maintenance practices. With the developed reporting application it’s possible to follow the progress and status of the energy saving proposals.

Figure 3. Reporting application of energy management center

It`s also important to support janitors’ and technicians’ use of HVAC-systems energy efficiency and to produce right indoor conditions to buildings. Energy management center is very cost efficiency way to support maintenance and thereby increase the quality of maintenance and energy efficiency.

To Lassila & Tikanoja this developed Energy management center has given opportunity 127 to expand it’s business by offering more wide service scope. It has become an integral part of L&T service offering and is important part of offers today. In a long term it will be key of success along the other knowledge based solutions.

FUTURE

Nowadays all the information what is needed to management property is in electronic format; energy consumption data, indoor conditions, amount of waste, maintenance management manual, long term plans, etc. When all this electronic information from different sources can be combined automatically, it possible to make better analyzes, conclusions and actions. In future, energy management concept will be widened into the holistic sustainability concept.

In the future, the use energy management services are expanded in Finland and all the property owners are applying sophisticated energy management concepts. Technological developments will lead that energy management will be an integral part of Internet of buildings –system.

128 Indoor Environment Results Report

WORK PACKAGE Evidence-Based Design as a project briefing tool 3 - Business Logic of for facilities management Knowledge Intensive Space Markets

KEYWORDS

design, evidence-based, Learning Environment, learning outcomes, project briefing, tool

PARTICIPANTS

Aalto University Boost Brothers University Properties of Finland

CONTACT

The construction and real estate industry lacks learning from experiences of the use and operation of existing buildings. Facilities management has potential to close the gap between construction and use of the building. Evidence-based design (EBD) methodology can be implemented in the building briefing phase to support the benefits Matti Sivunen that the facility offers to its users. This new framework can be used by a building owner to set functional requirements and design parameters that support learning in facilities and to utilise EBD results during a building briefing phase in a more systematic way.

RESULTS

Four results were presented in EBD-study:

1. Facilities management (FM) can utilize the presented framework matrix (Table 1.) to make key decisions in the project briefing phase. The decision regards requirements that support learning in the facilities.

2. EBD methodology can be implemented in a building briefing phase to support the benefits that the facility offers for its users. Jere Viljanen

3. The presented framework matrix is potentially valuable for FM in all procurement MORE INFO models. Indoorenvironment.org 4. Semi-Strong Market test acceptance: the model has been utilized by several public organizations in Finland EFMC 2014

Table 1. Relationships between design strategies and outcomes

129 EFFECTS

The facilities management could potentially add more ”value in use” for facility users by utilizing EBD results and presented framework matrix (mixed methods such as experience mapping).

The fit between user functions and facility features is the key element of sustainability of the building (if the facility does not support the functions, the facility is basically waste). The presented framework matrix might improve the fit.

By managing the construction process with requirements the building owner gives possibility for designers, builders and FM to innovate for new and creative solutions. The presented framework matrix can be used to set up the requirements.

Learning environment design at its best can have a significant positive impact on learning outcomes. Paradoxically, practical tools are rare for building owners to systematically manage the building design process to capture these productivity benefits.

FUTURE

The presented briefing model is potentially valuable for building owners in all procurement models. For example, in a traditional design / bid / build model the brief can be utilized to monitor whether the design solution fulfils the design parameters. In the Design & Build model, the brief can be utilized to evaluate the design quality of tenderers’ offers.

The briefing process is also potentially useful in other industries, for example in healthcare, as the construction management process is in general industry-neutral.

The results are suggestive and thus the briefing process needs further testing. In future, longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate the effects that the EBD-integrated briefing has on construction management and value-in-use

130 Indoor Environment Results Report

WORK PACKAGE Managing Shared Value Creation – The 3 - Business Logic of Applicability of One Planet Living Sustainability Knowledge Intensive Space Principles in Urban Area Development Markets

KEYWORDS

multiple stakeholders, One planet living, Sustainability, Urban area development, value creation

PARTICIPANTS

Aalto University City of Jyväskylä City of Vantaa HOK – Elanto Jyväsparkki NCC Ruokakesko Skanska YIT

CONTACT This research gained understanding of the challenges in mutual target setting and shared value creation between the stakeholders in an urban development process. Results show that a multifold case characterized by consolidation of multiple targets and existing stakeholder sustainability programs requires management of sustainability to reduce the risk of a sustainability fall-out during the process of development. The application of One Planet Living is suggested due to its tendency to manage the creation of shared value and sustainability through optimizing conventional business targets. Camilla Eklund RESULTS

Results show that the complexity of the urban development process is mainly perceived as a challenge to shared value creation due the length of the process and difficulties to meet multiple stakeholder targets. Yet the complexity could also provide opportunities for innovation as complexity of urban development solved by partnership enables alternative solutions to be considered. When focusing more specifically on value creation connected to the sustainability perspective in urban development, results clearly indicate that promoting sustainability is strongly connected to financial feasibility. Even though not all stakeholders were able to provide an input for all the Kaisa Kekki One Planet Living sustainability principles during the interviews, the results indicate that the framework functioned well as a foundation for discussion about sustainability and MORE INFO keeping sustainability issues on the development agenda throughout the process. The http://www.sitra.fi/hankkeet/ complexity generated by multiple stakeholders, multiple targets, and long duration of kohti-yhden-maapallon- the urban development process can be untangled by time management provided by kokoista-elamaa the Action Plan phase of One Planet Living. http://www3.jkl.fi/blogit/kang EFFECTS asjyvaskyla/?p=2171

The results of this study verify what is advocated by many other researchers of investments promoting sustainability, and that is that no business works on a charity cause and sustainability solutions are likely to be feasible only if they can be translated into something measurable and beneficial for stakeholders in monetary terms. Maximizing monetary value through measuring sustainable solutions in only a financial dimension as indicated by the results. This indicates the still prevailing conservative and disintegrated nature of the construction industry, but more dramatically the persistent conventional view on business. On the other hand, this suggests the existence of 131 insufficient knowledge about costs of sustainable solutions amongst actors involved or the unwillingness to take risks regarding adoption of new practices.

FUTURE

Based on the results, a sustainability management tool is suggested to be used to achieve sustainable urban development through managing the development process to include enhanced multiple target optimization and shared value creation. Without a common vision and a balanced and fair value optimization new development will not take place. In accordance to previous research on the complexity of urban development mainly from a common target setting viewpoint, a collaborative planning process with clear shared priorities in the form of a partnership between public and private is suggested to increase collaboration, accelerate the process and help meet environmental goals through achievement of business targets. Partnerships are in general seen as ways to achieve co-operation and mutual understanding but the lack of leadership is not yet completely solved by the introduction of partnerships. Results indicate that the lack of leadership in an urban development process cannot be substituted by a management tool, but leadership could be enhanced and supported by such a tool. Applying One Planet Living is not about creating sustainability from nothing, but to manage existing tendency to sustainability in a way that promotes and enables sustainable solutions through optimization of conventional business targets. This is indicated to not only support the value creation for stakeholders but more importantly, through creating value for stakeholders, it ensures value creation for residents and end-customers.

132 Indoor Environment Results Report

WORK PACKAGE Modeling Sustainability Maturity in Corporate 3 - Business Logic of Real Estate Knowledge Intensive Space Markets

KEYWORDS

Corporate Real Estate, Maturity, Sustainability, Sustainable Practices

PARTICIPANTS

Aalto University Newsec Asset Management Oy

CONTACT

Mia Andelin Sustainability in corporate real estate (CRE) has been lately recognized as an integral part of business almost at every enterprise, however, its perception might extremely differ in various industries. This research summarized and systematized the present sustainable CRE practices and introduces a generic Sustainability Maturity Model for Corporate Real Estate. The generic model that is based on literature and interview findings contains 18 most typical sustainable CRE practices that explain the role of real estate at each maturity level.

RESULTS Anna-Liisa Sarasoja The generic Sustainability Maturity Model for Corporate Real Estate consists of 18 most typical sustainable CRE practices that were identified in the 11-interview session with MORE INFO companies in Finland. In this study, it was assumed that the highest proficiency of sustainability was mastered by companies that are recognized for their sustainability Published article: achievements. Therefore these companies were expected to have implemented the Rasita Masalskyte , Mia most advanced sustainable CRE practices. Companies were invited to interviews based Andelin , Anna-Liisa Sarasoja on their sustainability performance, not the content of their property portfolios. The , Tomi Ventovuori , (2014) companies’ rankings in sustainability indices, Corporate Social Responsibility reports, “Modelling sustainability and also participation in sustainability activities and organizations all contributed to maturity in corporate real why these companies were selected. estate management”, Journal of Corporate Real Estate, Vol. 16 Iss: 2, pp.126 – 139

The research suggests that practices belonging to the lower maturity levels, are easier to define and classify. At higher levels,they are more integrated, and therefore more complicated to analyze. Besides, some of the practices (i.e.,waste management) are usually defined to lower levels because most companies do not regard it as a critical issue. However, this study demonstrated that solid fulfillment of the practice increases its degree of maturity. Furthermore, the greater maturity is achieved by multiple 133 sustainable CRE practices. Importantly, these practices must be integrated to achieve better results.

EFFECTS

The generic model demonstrates value of sustainable CRE at each of the ’triple bottom line’ dimensions. Environmental benefits include efficient resources usage, the least possible life-cycle impact on the environment, sustainable workplaces and other issues, related to physical features of the buildings. From social dimension point of view, sustainable buildings provide employees with healthy and comfortable working environment, engage them to sustainability-related activities, and thus promote employee satisfaction and working efficiency. Sustainable CRE also contributes to economic results because of increased employee working efficiency, savings from utilities, positive effect on rent prices and property market value. This model serves tenants and premise users as an benchmark tool and suggests new ways to improve sustainability in CRE.

FUTURE

This model provides a holistic approach to sustainable CRE practices that are usually difficult to identify because of the heterogeneity of existing building stock. Therefore, it can be used as a benchmark for the firms that have just started their journey towards sustainability. Companies that have already achieved remarkable results might compare themselves with the general path and ponder further advancement. This model enhances the display of the current situation, determined goals and action plan in one place. It is an indicative self-assessment tool that encounters performance inefficiency and potential target areas for improvement. With understanding of current level of sustainability actions in an organization and benchmark information companies 134 are able to develop their CRE actions and reduce their environmental impacts and CRE related costs.

135 Indoor Environment Results Report

WORK PACKAGE New Investment Mathematics for Valuing 3 - Business Logic of Sustainability Investments Knowledge Intensive Space Markets

KEYWORDS

Green Building Certificate, Investment Valuation, Real Options Analysis, Uncertainty

PARTICIPANTS

Ph.D candidate Jussi Vimpari Prof. Seppo Junnila. Aalto University Real Estate Business Research Group School of Engineering

CONTACT RESULTS

It is argued that green building certificates have several characteristics that make it well founded to value them as real options, and that real options analysis can be used for the valuation. A mean real option value of 8.8% premium to the mean property value was found for a LEED Platinum certificate in a Finnish office property market setting.

EFFECTS Vimpari, Jussi The main deduction from the empirical findings is that by examining the certificate as a real option, the uncertainty of the value gain from a certificate can be addressed with real-life data. One could argue that it is better to analyze the different scenarios of the impact of a certificate rather than trying to include everything in a single valuation. The real option in this case was the flexibility to adapt to future market conditions because the role of green certificates in the future is uncertain.

FUTURE

This is the first study to argue that option-pricing theory can be used for valuing green MORE INFO building certificates. The identification of the option characteristics of green building certificates and demonstration of the real option valuation in an empirical case makes an opening whether the current mainstream investment analysis approaches are the most suitable methods for valuing green building certificates.

136 Indoor Environment Results Report

WORK PACKAGE Property value and sustainability gains of 3 - Business Logic of Energy Efficiency Investments Knowledge Intensive Space Markets

KEYWORDS

Discounted Cash Flow Analysis, energy efficiency, investment, Investment Valaution, Sustainability

PARTICIPANTS

Antti Säynäjoki Jussi Vimpari Matti Christersson Seppo Junnila

CONTACT

Energy efficiency improvement investments of existing office buildings can improve both the property value and environmental performance. This hidden potential should generate new business possibilities for new operators and investors. In the future, property owners’ interest regarding energy efficiency improvement investments should increase due to the positive impacts in property values.

RESULTS Matti Christersson

The main results of the paper indicate that the energy efficiency investments of existing office buildings can improve the property value up to 7.5 % the average being at 2.5 % in the studied data set. Simultaneously, the investments decreased the total GHG emissions by approximately 11 %. The median GHG payback period was only ca. 1.2 months.

MORE INFO

EFFECTS

The main reflection of the findings is that energy efficiency improvements can provide a win-win situation benefiting the property owners’ both in terms of financial and environmental gains. Although providing tempting payback periods and returns when analyzed solely, energy efficiency investments should not be considered without their effects on the overall property values. 137 FUTURE

In the future, property owners’ interest regarding energy efficiency improvement investments should increase due to the positive impacts in property values. Since it is likely that energy prices increase further in the future, the value increase potential is likely to be even higher than presented in this paper. Due to economies of scale, especially large property owners’ portfolios contain potential which could be released while at the same time energy efficiency is improved.

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WORK PACKAGE Real options analysis is breaking through as an 3 - Business Logic of efficient tool for investment decision making Knowledge Intensive Space Markets

KEYWORDS

analysis, design, investment, real option, tool

PARTICIPANTS

Aalto University Boost Brothers KOy Järvenpään Terveystalo Senate Properties University Properties of Investment decisions based on the parameters drawn from the current market Finland conditions or cutting costs as much possible might lead to short-term success but long- term failure. New method called Real option analysis (ROA) can be used for justifying CONTACT investments that take into account long-term value. New method is breaking through as an extremely useful tool for investment decision-making and comparison of design solutions.

RESULTS

Encouraging findings regarding the applicability of ROA in the real estate sector has been found from several case studies.

1. Green building certificates were found to have several option characteristics that Vimpari, Jussi support the idea of using ROA in valuing a green certificate. The results show that a mean real option value of 8.8 % premium was found for a LEED Platinum certificate in the Finnish property market. 2. ROA can assess the monetary value of physical flexibility without adjusting the discount rate. It was found that flexibility investments was profitable only when parts of the building instead of the whole building was designed flexible. The present value of the pay-off from flexibility ranged from negative €58/sqm to positive €130/sqm, depending on the tenant. 3. It is argued that standard industry valuation practices miss a value element that is essential when valuing a fund divestment. In the specific case fund, a premium of 6.6 % was found for a residential real estate fund when ROA was used for valuation of the divestment. 4. Risk management actions for coping with the uncertainties were proposed and examined with the developed ROA procedure. The provider stated to have received Kajander, Juho-Kusti several benefits from ROA such as decision-making information directly applicable to MORE INFO investment decision and guidelines for developing briefing and design management documents. http://indoorenvironment.or g EFFECTS http://www.aalto.fi/en/ Option-pricing theory can be used for valuing green building certificates. This finding might change the current ways to approach green building certificates. http://www.boostbrothers.fi/ en Real options literature, especially in the real estate and construction sector, has been requested for new applications of real options analysis in a practical setting. New case offers a practical setting and hopefully this encourages to launch new research and commercial projects.

The value of waiting to divest is an important element when planning a real estate fund divestment. The application of option pricing could offer new possibilities to manage the divestment, when there is considered also the opportunity value involved in selling 139 the assets individually over time.

The real options analysis can reveal opportunities and risks inside a PPP project that might remain unnoticed with the traditional investment analysis methods. The identification of separate investments as options can be used for managing risk and value inside a PPP project.

FUTURE

The research relating to real option analysis and its possibilities continues. In the near future, within 5 years, it is expected that ROA will be integrated to construction and real estate business and it will come commonly used tool for investment decision-making and comparison of design solutions.

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WORK PACKAGE The most suitable real estate valuation method 3 - Business Logic of for multi-storey residential buildings - Housing Knowledge Intensive Space fund’s perspective Markets

KEYWORDS

asset management, fair value, fund, fund manager, Housing Fund, income approach, Indoor environment, investor reporting, market value, private equity, Real estate, real estate asset management, real estate fund, real estate investments, Real estate valuation, real properties, real property, residential, residential buildings, The study clarifies current real estate valuation methods and policies applied to residential real estate, sales housing funds. Moreover, the study figures out general market perspective of the most comparison method, suitable real estate valuation method for housing fund purposes and its effect on the valuation, valuation method, fair value of funds’ for real properties. The sales comparison method was seen as the valuation policies best method for real property valuation of housing funds. The values appraised with the sales comparison method are generally higher than values appraised with other PARTICIPANTS methods. Aalto University RESULTS ICECAPITAL REAM Oy

The first housing fund was established in Finland in 2006, and thereafter over 20 funds CONTACT have been set up. Real property valuation policies and methods vary depending on the fund and there is no consistent valuation method or policy for real estate valuation of housing funds.

The valuation methods applied in housing funds are mainly decided by a fund manager and equity investors. The research material for the study consists of literature, valuation reports and expert interviews. The interviews performed indicate that apartment buildings should be treated as a portfolio of several apartments in the valuation for accounting purposes. The sales comparison method was therefore seen as the best method for real property valuation of housing funds. The study exhibits that Jan Hellman the market value of funds’ real assets varies depending on the applied valuation method. The values appraised with the sales comparison method are generally higher than the values estimated with the income approach. The study also indicates that the difference between values increases when the net initial yield of a single apartment decreases. The interviews also indicated that the market has many meanings for the bulk discount term, which is often used alongside the sales comparison me

EFFECTS Teemu Hall As a result of the study sales comparison method has been widely adopted by fund managers. On the other hand the findings of the study indicate that market players MORE INFO have the will to avoid the overvaluation of real assets, which may lead to conservative valuations. Recognized conceivable, conservative real-asset valuation and valuation- https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi/bitst method dependent asset valuation may form a risk for investors’ interest violation if all ream/handle/123456789/153 interest groups do not have a full understanding of the value basis and its effect on the 92/isbn9789526060408.pdf? fair value of the funds’ real assets. sequence=1 FUTURE

141 As a result of the study sales comparison method has been widely adopted by fund managers. On the other hand there is no consistent policies for valuation of residential real estate. This study indicate that market players could find widely accepted valuation policy for real estate funds in the future. When first funds enter into the divestment phase more study is needed about valuation methods used by the fund managers. The valuation methods used in the divestment phase will define the future of real estate valuation.

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Results Cards WP4 – Future Learning Environments

143 Indoor Environment Results Report

WORK PACKAGE Activity based office for Aalto University 4 - Future Learning Environments

KEYWORDS

Aalto-university, activity based office, campus, Change management, Co- design, mobile working, new building, new ways of working, occupancy, space efficiency, user-centered design, workplace solution

PARTICIPANTS

Aalto University Aalto University Properties LTD ThinkIf Oy The School of Arts, Design and Architecture (Aalto ARTS) is moving from Arabia to Ota- Workspace Oy niemi, the main campus of Aalto University. In 2013-14 the School instigated a work- place development project that involved staff and students. The aim was to conceptual- ize the future office space and implement it in the new building. CONTACT

RESULTS

The goal of the participatory development project was to conceptualize the office space of the future and create inviting working environment that would better foster interaction and multi-disciplinary collaboration within the ARTS community. Another objective was to improve the space efficiency, as the utilisation rate of the current spaces is as low as 20%. The work was carried out as an open co-design process, involving interviews, work- Satu Kankaala shops, crowdsourcing and excursions. The outcome is an activity based office concept that is based on three work profiles. At the heart of the office lie the working cafés, which serve as a meeting place for the community. The workstations are located in shared team offices. The concept also includes many supportive spaces like project and meeting rooms, creative spaces and quiet booths. There are no private offices in the concept but instead rooms that can be booked on a short-term basis, allowing the spaces to be used in a flexible way.

Päivi Hietanen

MORE INFO

Aalto ARTS office concept report (in Finnish and English) http://www.aalto.fi/en/curre nt/current_archive/news/201 4-06-13/

144 At the heart of the office lie the working cafes. Floor plan by Verstas Architects.

The concept also takes the multi-locational work into account. This means that work can be carried out using new technologies and digital tools around the campus, in restau- rants, when travelling, and at home.

EFFECTS

The future office concept offers some 300 workstations to 550 users. The office func- tions will occupy 4,850 m2 (net floor area) instead of 8,600 m2 that is dedicated to them in the present premises. This corresponds to approx. 50% reduction in the office space. Aalto ARTS will be the first of Aalto University´s six Schools to implement the activity based office in big scale, thus launching a major cultural change. The concept will be piloted at Dean´s Office before the move.

FUTURE

Activity based office offers a great potential for universities to improve space efficiency and create flexible environments that better support new ways of working and cross- disciplinary collaboration. However, the concept is not yet fully tested in academia. The user experiences of first demos have to be utilized in the further development and im- plementation of the concept.

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WORK PACKAGE Better indoor environment utilizing transferred 4 - Future Learning air and natural ventilation Environments

KEYWORDS

CO2-concentration, hybrid ventilation, Indoor air, transferred air, ventilation, working performance

PARTICIPANTS

Ari-Pekka Lassila (ari- [email protected]) Maxime Viot ([email protected]) Timo Kalema ([email protected])

CONTACT

Kalema, Timo Transferred air can be a good option for improving the indoor air conditions of learning spaces. The idea is to transfer air from slightly occupied rooms to rooms having a large number of students. This can be realized by natural ventilation and transfer air openings or by transfer air blowers.

RESULTS

CO2-concentrations of learning spaces having a high student occupation can be reduced by transferring air by natural ventilation or by small transfer air blowers. The MORE INFO idea is transfer air from purer spaces (smaller amount of students or higher air flow rates) to highly occupied spaces. The transfer air can be induced by the temperature We have made the following difference between the neighboring rooms or by small transfer air blowers. publication and M.Sc. work

3 of this theme: The transfer air measured in our experiments was 50 – 200 dm /s and the CO2- reduction due to transferred air 200 – 500 ppm. This is a cost-effective, natural and 1. Lassila, A.-P., reliable method for improving the indoor air quality in peak load conditions. The power Siirtoilman käyttö need of blowers used was approximately 5 W and the efficiency of the openings 20 – 30 ilmanvaihdossa. 3 2 dm /(s m K) calculated per the area of the opening and the temperature difference Diplomityö. between the neighboring rooms. Tampereen teknillinen yliopisto, We have developed a Matlab-model for analyzing the transferred air ventilation. Luonnontieteiden ja ympäristötekniikan tiedekunta. Tampere 2013. 59 s. 2. Kalema, T. & Viot, M., Methods to reduce the CO2 concentration of educational buildings utilizing internal ventilation by 146 transferred air. Indoor Air 2013. 10 p.

EFFECTS

The use of transferred air in various forms can be an effective and cost-effective way to improve the indoor conditions of existing buildings in spaces in which the internal loads, CO2-generation and heat generation strongly vary. Educational buildings belong to this group. The transferred air can be obtained either naturally by utilizing temperature and pressure differences between spaces or with fans. This method allows transfer air with low costs and simple systems from pure spaces to spaces having poor indoor air due to e.g. high CO2-concentration. This prevents the need to oversize the ventilation system and to reduce running costs.

One need especially for educational buildings is to be able to modify the ventilation for continuous room arrangements. One possibility is to enhance the supply air flows of critical spaces and utilize transferred air to even out the differences in air flows.

So far we have analysed the background and working possibilities of this system. Because the preliminary results are positive it is purpose to test various more realistic applications of transferred air in the university buildings of SYK (Suomen yliopistokiinteistöt Oy). One of the central problems and results will be the ability to manage interior pressure differences.

Transferred air can be also be used to enhance the effects of free cooling.

FUTURE

Utilizing transferred air in learning spaces improves the indoor air quality and reduces energy consumption. Transferred air can be attractive in spaces in which the occupancy changes greatly and which are used outside normal office hours. Also it is a good solution for buildings in which room arrangements are changed often and it is difficult to make necessary modifications in the ventilation system.

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WORK PACKAGE Campus design can draw ideas from cities 4 - Future Learning Environments

KEYWORDS

campus, city, guidelines of design, identity, qualities, urban

PARTICIPANTS

School of Architecture Tampere University of Technology University Properties of Finland Ltd.

CONTACT

The study offers a new perspective for the campus development by analysing campuses as cities and providing scenarios, how the qualities of a city can be applied to campus design. The study provides deeper understanding about the spatial structure of modernist campuses as well as insight into original principles of the campus design Sanna Peltoniemi solutions.

RESULTS

The study was a multi-method approach to modernist campuses and their integration with a city. Two case study campuses, University of Oulu and Tampere University of Technology, is examined through different methods, including interviews, participant observation on-location and architectural analysis of floor plans and sections. The spatial structure of modernist campuses is in many respects identical and campuses are suffering a loss of identity. Results present how campuses could integrate with the MORE INFO city around them without losing their identity: the key idea is to bring the functions of the city into campuses, and enhance the characteristic features of each campus. This http://URN.fi/URN:NBN:fi:tty- way modernist campuses may preserve their unified spatial structure and retain their 201402211098 unique identity.

EFFECTS

Knowledge about the spatial structure of modernist campuses, and their integration 148 with a city may benefit several different campus environments in Finland. All modernist campuses could define their own characteristic features with the multi-method approach presented in this study, and discover their targets for development.

FUTURE

Each modernist campuses in Finland could integrate and co-operate more closely with a city around it without losing its unique identity. The multi-method approach can be also applied, for example, into medical or business campuses. Further (interdisciplinary) research is required in order to develop a comprehensive multi-method tool for defining the integration possibilities of Finnish campuses and cities.

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WORK PACKAGE Campus Services piloting New Ways of Working 4 - Future Learning Environments

KEYWORDS

Aalto-university, activity based office, Co-design, desk sharing, new ways of working, workplace design

PARTICIPANTS

Aalto University Aalto University Properties LTD KVA Architects Newsec

CONTACT

Aalto University´s Campus Services moved to new spaces at Otaniemi campus in 2014. The old, inefficient cell office was replaced by flexible activity based office that supports new ways of working. The POE results show that activity based office can enhance the user productivity and can be successfully implemented in university premises.

RESULTS Päivi Hietanen

Campus Service´s development project was one of the pilots that were initiated in 2013 to test novel workplace solutions within Aalto University. The aim was to move from old cell office to new premises and pave the way for flexible working within the University. The ambitious goal for the workplace change was to move from oversized private offices to activity based office with shared desks.

The users were involved in design process in workshops and interviews. According to work profiling, the majority of staff are mobile workers while only five ”anchors” need a dedicated desk. The heart of the new activity based office is a co-working space. The Satu Kankaala concept also includes ad hoc meeting spaces, a project room and a quiet booth for concentrated work. The visual image of the space was designed to support Aalto MORE INFO University brand. Space protocols and clean desk policy were defined, too.

150 Most spaces are shared in the new activity based office. Image: KVA Architects

EFFECTS

According to the Post Occupancy Evaluation that was carried out four months after the move, the majority of staff are satisfied with the new work environment and find it more interactive and inviting. The atmosphere, brand, and the flow of information have improved, too. Despite of the major cultural change, 55% feels more productive in the new space. However, there are some concerns regarding desk sharing and accessibility of the mobile colleagues.

The space efficiency has improved 40%. However, according to the occupancy study, the utilisation rates still remain very low, only 24% on average, and this could be developed further.

FUTURE

Campus Services pilot space is a showroom that supports implementing flexible working within the whole Aalto University. It also demonstrates that the workplace change from private offices to desk sharing can be implemented succesfully.

The activity based office that is now gaining ground in public and private sectors could be more boldly promoted in universities, too, both in Finland and globally.

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WORK PACKAGE Co-Concepting in the pre-planning stage 4 - Future Learning supports decision making on investments in Environments quality KEYWORDS

Co-Concepting, Co-design, concept design, decision making, economic return, education of citizens, legislative initiative, UBIKO demo, well-being of citizens

PARTICIPANTS

University of Oulu

CONTACT

A feasible way to incorporate user knowledge into the end product in construction Tuulikki Tuominen management was proved in the UBIKO demo project, here called Co-Concepting. The project supplemented a traditional indoor air renovation project with a co-design process in the pre-planning stage with transformative outcomes in the premises. By adapting Co-Concepting to a building construction procedure it is possible to multiply the well-known added value of investments in educational facilities. A similar solution is recommended for any public building construction project, and a legislative initiative is suggested.

RESULTS MORE INFO PARTICIPATING USERS IN CONSTRUCTION MANAGENT. A wealth of literature on participatory planning provides examples of processes aiming to incorporate user School of Architecture, knowledge into the end product. Urban planning is a classic case of a planning field University of Oulu where participatory ethos is even embodied in legislation e.g. in Finland. However, systematic use of participatory planning in construction and renovation are much more University Properties of uncommon. Finland – Research and Development ECONOMIC FORCE VERSUS FUTURE ECONOMIC RETURN. One of several reasons for this situation is the economic force that drives the building trade to accelerate schedule Oulu University Teacher and budget management. In practices of design and construction, end-users may even Training School be viewed as a disturbance in the system with notorious consequences: adjustments in project timetable and construction budget. As a result the history of construction management has produced a practice where there is scarcely room for co-designing. This situation is detrimental to the indispensable need for developing our building stock, especially that stock which is in the hands of public organisations, the efficiency and user satisfaction of which are of huge importance to both the future public economy and citizens’ education and well-being.

A PRESENTABLE DEMONSTRATION OF CO-CONCEPTING. In 2011, the staff of Oulu University Teacher Training School was in a privileged position. The owner of its premises, the University Facilities of Finland Ltd, decided to establish a proof of concept called the UBIKO demo alongside an on-going indoor air renovation project.

In the UBIKO demo the school staff and the indoor design architect had continuous 152 roundtable discussions during the pre-planning stage. The main goal for co-designing was a concept for premises that foster the teaching and learning development project “UBIKO” the staff had embarked upon a few months earlier. The result of co- designing, the UBIKO indoor design concept, was eventually carried out at the same time as the indoor air renovation.

Discussion on the benefits of Co-Concepting will continue in the doctoral thesis of the researcher.

EFFECTS

The result of co-concepting exceeded all expectations: a rather antequated school was transformed into a learning landscape of the future.

The UBIKO indoor design concept added to the value of the premises by increasing the quality of functionality of the renovated space to meet the future standards for teaching and learning that are expressed for example in the National Curriculum of Basic Education (NCBE). See [the UBIKO indoor design concept]. Scientific proof for the increase in quality will be provided by follow-up studies in the doctoral thesis of the researcher, tracing the consequences of the concept for teaching, studying and everyday life at school. One of the generally sought-after effects of participatory processes, user commitment, was also attained. The UBIKO unit in the school building also became a renowned visiting site for benchmarking by the national and international colleagues from the fields of both education and construction.

A result of the seemingly coincidental gravitation of design and construction project around the original UBIKO pedagogical project was its nomination among the five best Research and Practice projects at the EAPRIL Award Competition in 2013.

A POSITIVE COST EFFECT of establishing the UBIKO demo project arises from the general practices of construction projects. Had the renovation according to the UBIKO indoor design concept been realised separately from the indoor air improvement project, establishing and closing the project would have required separate additional expenditure. Now the costs were shared by the projects.

FUTURE

DECISION MAKING ON INVESTMENTS IN SCHOOL FACILITIES. In the current situation of the publicly owned infrastructure, large expenditures for facility maintenance are unavoidable, a clear reminder of how the implications of operation and maintenance costs had already been neglected in the design stage. This is all too evident in the case of school facilities in Finland.

When having to make a decision on whether to restrict the renovation to the air quality improvements or to embrace the need and expectations of the future education, there is no lack of evidence of the positive consequences of investing in future education. Better school facilities and instructional technologies

promote academic achievement, improve the economy and employment situation, and increase teachers’ job satisfaction and students’ school satisfaction

– not to mention the health and productivity of the users of the premises.

TOOLS FOR SUPPORTING THE DECISION MAKING. The existence of a means of measuring the benefit-cost ratio for supporting decision making on investments in educational facilities would be desirable. At present it is impossible to measure the long term positive economic outcomes of investments in school facilities. One of the reasons for this is that school facilities yield non-academic benefits that are difficult to measure, such as well-being and safety.

The on-going research on the effects of the UBIKO indoor design concept has the potential for creating tools for evaluating the pedagogical quality of an educational 153 facility and converting it to scores referring to particular quality aspects. Used as factors in assessing the impact of investments in quality and its economic return locally, regionally or nationally, it is therefore possible to support the decision making on quality invenstments. Thus, multidisciplinary research is needed for creating valid measurements that can be used in decision making on investments in school facilities.

A LEGISLATIVE INITIATIVE. Tentative results from the impact of the UBIKO indoor design concept seem to corroborate research literature on the beneficiary outcomes of investments in school facilities. If the final results are compelling, Co-Concepting in the pre-planning stage has proved to be an extremely powerful means of maximising the functionality and comfort of the facility. If this is indeed the case, it would be reasonable to introduce a bill for making Co-Concepting obligatory in educational facility construction procedures. It would also be advisable to analyse whether there are any strong arguments against the same procedure in other public administrative branches.

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WORK PACKAGE Community-focused interdisciplinary university 4 - Future Learning campus management Environments

KEYWORDS

Business Model Canvas, physical facilitation, social facilitation, University Campus Management, virtual facilitation

PARTICIPANTS

Aalto-Yliopistokiinteistöt Helsingin Yliopistokiinteistöt Suomen Yliopistokiinteistöt

CONTACT

Business Model Canvas as a tool for user- and service-centric campus development. Rytkönen, Eelis The tool has been employed in consulting the development and planning of ARTS building. A potential application for other branches of real estate management as well.

RESULTS

Business Model Canvas as a tool for user- and service-centric campus development. In comparison to the more traditional campus management tools, this approach was identified to offer possibilities for: inclusion of an end user -centric approach to developing a campus; integration of social and virtual space dimensions to the campus strategy; creation of a fluent service platform; and piloting and testing new campus MORE INFO concepts. Business Model Canvas in University Campus Management (http://www.tandfonline.com /doi/abs/10.1080/17508975. 2013.807768#.UunxkFdVJEI). PRRES 2014 conference proceedings (to be published in Feb 2014)

EFFECTS

The tool has been employed in consulting the development and planning of ARTS 155 building. This tool helps in prioritizing the end users and their needs, and only as the second priority think how to make the equation work. The tendency in real estate tends to be thinking the other way around: how much money do we have, how many square meters do we have, which space types do we have and only as the last priority: how many persons do we need to fit in. Too many times it is not even asked nor observed but only assumed what people are doing, how and why. “What is your job-to-be-done” instead of “What are you doing here” or “How do you usually spend your days” or “What actions do you think an office should support” or “do you need a desk of your own in an own room with a bubble bath”.

FUTURE

A potential application for other branches of real estate management as well. So far, the tool has been only tested in learning and working environments but initial brainstorming sessions have also been arranged for planning a restaurant. The tool might also help in urban development, retail sector and why not hospitals and residential real estate.

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WORK PACKAGE Contextual Activity Sampling System (CASS) – 4 - Future Learning Advanced ICT-system for measuring user Environments experience to improve indoor environments KEYWORDS

CASS, Indoor environment, Learning Environment, research, RYM Oy, sampling, SHOK, Sisäympäristö- ohjelma, tool

PARTICIPANTS

Helsinki Metropolia University of Applied Sciences University Of Helsinki

CONTACT

The Contextual Activity Sampling System (CASS) is a modern IT-system developed for obtaining situational data through questionnaires that appear at fixed or random time on the participants’ mobile smart devices. The system enables many different types of Lauri Vaara questions, which makes the implementation of various questionnaires into the system possible. CASS can be utilized widely for collecting instant situational experiences and feedback, for instance from customers and users. This information can be then used to improve the design of indoor environments and the quality of customer services.

RESULTS

Contextual activity sampling is a research methodology for the contextual tracking of activities and experiences. However, the implementation of such methodology requires specific research tools and with the advancement of smart and mobile technologies Kari Salo several ICT-based applications has been created to foster contextual activity sampling. The Metropolia University of Applied Sciences started to develop such modern ICT- MORE INFO based research tool in an EU funded program “Developing Knowledge-Practices Laboratory”, part of The Sixth Framework Programme / the Information Society The Interface between Core Technologies (IST). This first version of CASS was released in 2006 and it was based on a Affects and the Challenge- specific JAVA-based application that had to be installed seperately on the participans’ Skill Relationship. Inkinen, mobile devices. The development of the second and newest version of CASS started as M., Lonka, K., Hakkarainen, a part of the RYM Indoor Environment project in collaboration between Metropolia and K., Muukkonen, H., Litmanen, University of Helsinki. The newest version of CASS doesn’t for example necessarily T., & Salmela-Aro, K. (2014). require a specific application but can be instead used with different platforms through Journal of Happiness Studies. different web browsers. Furthermore, it includes the possibility to visualize certain 15, 4, p. 891–913 23 p. aspects of the questionnaires (see picture below). Capturin teacher students’ emotional experiences in context: Does inquiry-based learning make a difference? Litmanen, T., Lonka, K., Inkinen, M., Lipponen, L., & Hakkarainen. K. (2012). Instructional Science. 40, 6, p. 1083-1101 19 p.

157 EFFECTS

Even the first version of CASS proved to be a valuable research tool which led to several high quality research results (see “More information”). Contextual activity sampling executed by an effective and modern research tool enables a rich and individual insight into participants’ activities and experiences in specific situations and circumstances. This provides valuable and detailed user-based information, which can be used to improve the quality and functionality of indoor environments.

FUTURE

In close future we will further develope CASS by optimizing randomized research settings and multimedia support. In addition, we want to highlight the multipurpose and flexible role of CASS. For intance, with the visualization-option it can be used also as a straightforward and activating measurement tool in different events with minimal preparations. This possibility together with the more in-depth research instruments of CASS can provide very valuable information, when integrated for example into a functional usability analysis, where the participants are asked to report their context specific experiences and activities. These kind of fact-finding could truly offer a head start when it comes to user-based design process in indoor environment.

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WORK PACKAGE Core Project Teams As an Organizational 4 - Future Learning Approach for Projects and Their Management Environments

KEYWORDS

PARTICIPANTS

Tampere University of Technology University of Vaasa

CONTACT

Kalle Kähkönen

Projects are managed by pure project organization, functional organization or matrix organization depending on the scale of the project or how many experts are needed. We have recognized that the project core team approach can be very helpful in bringing more closely together the key partners such as contractor, designer and client. It seems that a core project team can play a very important role regarding efficient decision making and communication in projects and their management.

RESULTS MORE INFO Based on our research, project managers and experts use the term core team to mean https://dl.dropbox.com/u/60 a special small group, consisted from 3-4 people, of project executives or project 254903/sbspro74/AA021.pdf experts with a specific mandate. There are different strategies to form the core team. We recognized at least six possible types of core teams for university learning environment development projects.

Core team Name Description

1. End user executives Decision making of the new spaces

2. Content experts solution concept, engineering

3. Implementation experts Serving the University and Facility company

4. Communication experts Takes care of timely decision making, interprets the messages between the University and construction specialist

5. Building model Representing the current understanding management experts of the designed spaces and aiding in decision making

6. Building model usage Aiding the informed decision making experts processes

EFFECTS 159 The different types of core teams can support the decision making and help the project to achieve its goals. Especially in a large project the construction project needs to take care of the timely decision making and according to earlier studies the end user representatives do not always understand the decisions they are making. The core team can help in this by setting and integrating the different viewpoints of the stakeholders.

FUTURE

Suitable core project team is an essential basis for a successful project, it is a combination of professional competence and good communication. Real estate owners should carefully consider who are the members of core project team. Good choices lead typically to better cost efficiency and it is also more likely to achieve project targets. There are several possible ways to formulate the core team. The concept of core team is to be further developed and finally adopted to project processes.

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WORK PACKAGE DIMENSIONS OF WORKSPACES THAT PROMOTE 4 - Future Learning WELL-BEING Environments

KEYWORDS

design, user participation, well-being, workspace

PARTICIPANTS

Finnish Institute of Occupational Health

CONTACT This study suggests a shift in perspective of workplace design towards a salutogenic and user-centered approach, one that promotes users’ health and well-being in buildings. The study identified the functional, psychological and social dimensions of a workspace quality that can promote human well-being.

RESULTS

Virpi Ruohomäki

MORE INFO

The salutogenic and user-centered approach focuses on users’ activities, needs and http://www.ttl.fi/fi/tutkimus/ experiences of spaces as well as their interactive role in their indoor environment. hankkeet/rymshok/Sivut/def Workspace should promote employees’ well-being and support their work and work ault.aspx processes. As a result of the study, a preliminary framework concerning workspaces that promote well-being was created (Figure). Ruohomäki, V., Lahtinen, M. & Reijula, K. (2015) EFFECTS Salutogenic and user- centred approach for The results can be applied in workspace planning and (re)design. The study concludes workplace design. Article to that a workspace that promotes human well-being be published in the Intelligent Building has a good indoor environment International Journal. supports work tasks and work process Ruohomäki, V., Lahtinen, M. is ergonomic and accessible to all & Reijula, K. (2014) respects privacy and the personal need for space Dimensions of workspaces strengthens sense of control that promote well-being. enhances work flow and work engagement Proceedings of ARCH14, enables communication, collaboration and mutual learning International Conference on Research on Health Care How the workspace is designed and occupied affects not only how people feel, but also Architecture, November 19- their work performance, commitment to the employer, and the creation of new 21, 2014, Espoo, Finland. knowledge in the organisation. When users are healthy and satisfied with their 161 environment, their productivity also tends to increase; thus properly designed, maintained and managed buildings can also lead to improvements in productivity

FUTURE

Human health and well-being in indoor environments is a growing area of interest that can open new developmental and business potential as well as innovations for companies. Further research is needed on how research results can be turned into concrete design solutions, services and business concepts. To achieve this, a multi- professional collaboration and user participation is required. New participatory methods and action models as well as pilot studies in companies would provide useful and generalizable information, which in the future could be applicable across a wide range of environments e.g. in learning, health care and housing.

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WORK PACKAGE Empower locally, attract globally 4 - Future Learning Environments

KEYWORDS

facilitation, facility management, interdisciplinary communities, network society, pilot projects, processes, spatial transformation, University Campus Management

PARTICIPANTS

Aalto University facilities services AaltoHUBs ADDlab BES research group and YTK: Eelis Rytkönen Erica Österlund Pilot case staff: ADF Startup Sauna Suvi Nenonen Urban Mill The natures of university core functions have evolved drastically since the majority of university facilities have been built. Yet, only a small portion of campuses have been re- CONTACT engineered to meet the new demands of the network society in the middle of spatial transformation. At the same time, utilization rates and interdisciplinary synergies tend to be low. However, cases such as Design Factory, Urban Mill, Startup Sauna, ADDlab and AaltoHUBs manifest an experimental manner of executing spatial development projects. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze processes and value generation of these five intrinsic interdisciplinary university space development projects on Aalto university campus in Otaniemi. Rytkönen, Eelis

RESULTS

The results propose a community-driven expansion to existing university campus management theories. The cases suggest alternative bottom-up approaches to university campus facilitation in addition to the traditional top-down facilities management and development practices. The conceptual process can be seen as an iterative loop as visualized in Figure 1. The differences are highlighted in Table 1. Moreover, new ways of learning and working seemingly require more agile, systemic, and integrated processes from facilitators in physical, social, and virtual dimensions. MORE INFO

The paper and conference:

http://www.cfm.dtu.dk/englis h/CIB-Conference

Additional information on the cases:

Aalto University www.aalto.fi

Design Factory http://www.aaltodesignfacto ry.fi/

Startup Sauna 163 http://startupsauna.com/

Aalto learning hubs http://aaltolearninghub.blog spot.fi/

ADDlab http://addlab.aalto.fi/

Urban Mill http://urbanmill.org/english/

Figure 1. The conceptual iterative nature of the pilot cases

EFFECTS

The enablers and hindrances that hopefully can help the campus managers in their complexing tasks are listed in Table 2. Common effects for the campuses deriving from this study were identified as: 1. Usability of campuses is enhanced by cross- organizational pop-in places where knowledge is thematically shared through facilitation operators; 2. Valid measures, costs, values and impacts vary in alternative environments compared to traditional institutional settings which is why the measures should be further developed; and 3. Various operational models are needed to create an interdisciplinary community – an agile follow-up project model seems to function for these cases. These notions should fundamentally affect the way in which campuses are managed.

Table 2. Enablers and hindrances of campus managers.

FUTURE 164 We hope these examples encourage university administration, facility management practitioners, university community members and researchers alike to ideate, test, implement and impact their own environments. Another question deriving from this study is how to balance between the traditional top-down and the alternative bottom- up project processes. In an attempt to find it out, another study is under construction comparing these cases with larger and more traditional projects on the same campus: the new ARTS building and Otakaari 1 renovation. After making a synthesis and a typology of these, the resulting typology can hopefully be generalized through comparing the cases with similar projects in other campuses. In the end the contribution is planned to impact both research and practice.

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WORK PACKAGE End users are producing spatial services – 4 - Future Learning support required Environments

KEYWORDS

Co-design, end users, niversity campus management, spatial services

PARTICIPANTS

Aalto-Yliopistokiinteistöt Helsingin Yliopistokiinteistöt Suomen Yliopistokiinteistöt

CONTACT

Rytkönen, Eelis End users have become producers and operators of spatial services – a similar kind of phenomenon has already happened in the field of media and virtual platforms before. Campus management can support these types of initiatives that require dynamic processes to function. Campus management has to expand its actions to a variety of business models instead of only one in order to support these initiatives.

RESULTS

End users have become producers and operators of spatial services – a similar kind of phenomenon has already happened in the field of media and virtual platforms before. MORE INFO Thus, the campus managers’ role is expanding towards supporting end user driven initiatives. CIB 2014 conference proceedings (to be published EFFECTS in may 2014), How to co- create campus? -book (to be Campus management can support these types of initiatives that require dynamic published 2014) processes to function. In order to support these kinds of developments, university campus managers should: focus on the changing needs of different users on campus; collaborate with both internal and external stakeholders of the campus community; identify new activities that enable effective learning and working processes; facilitate multi-usability of spaces; and increase synergies among the space users.

FUTURE

Campus management has to expand its actions to a variety of business models instead of only one in order to support these initiatives. In order to do this, campus managers will need to apply more holistic frameworks and tools in order to manage and facilitate value creation in the campus context.

166 Indoor Environment Results Report

WORK PACKAGE Exploit customer satisfaction effectively and 4 - Future Learning turn results in action Environments

KEYWORDS

Customer satisfaction, facility management, Performance measurement, Quality Assurance in Education, Soft indicator

PARTICIPANTS

Aalto University Properties LTD Department of Civil and Structural Engineering In a competitive and dynamic market, it is crucial to know how satisfied or dissatisfied your customers are. Companies should use reliable and effective tools in measuring CONTACT and analyzing customer satisfaction when developing their products and services. However, from the management point of view, the utilization of the customer satisfaction measures has been found to be ineffective and challenging, especially how to turn survey findings in the action. The aim of the method is to maximize the exploitability of the customer satisfaction surveys. It presents visually and reliable way which factors have the greatest impacts on customers overall satisfaction. The intelligibility tool helps managers in identifying and prioritizing which aspects of the satisfaction company should devote more attention.

RESULTS

Measuring and analyzing customer satisfaction is important in the real estate business e.g. in improving and managing quality of the facilities, exploring customer segments Kärnä, Sami and monitoring facility services from the user´s perspective. Consequently, managers need accurate and versatile, but easily adopted information to most effectively support decision making. However, from the management point of view, the utilization of the customer satisfaction measures has been found to be ineffective and challenging, especially how to turn survey findings in the action.

The purpose of the mehod is to present visually and reliable way which factors have the greatest impacts on customers overall satisfaction. The overall satisfaction is considered to a fundamental indicator of the company’s past, current and future performance. The overall satisfaction approach is important in the evaluation of the MORE INFO facilities, because they have a usually cumulative nature in terms of satisfaction and the usage of the facilities is long-term.

The method is shown in the four-dimensional figure, wherein the various questions, i.e., factors, are depicted in a simple scatter chart. The vertical y-axis describes the coefficient of determination, which refers how well each factor explains the overall satisfaction. In contrast, a vertical line divides the factors’ arithmetic means. The left side of the chart displays factors as development targets: values that are lower than the mean value. On the other hand, factors on the right side of the chart depict areas of strength, with mean values that are higher on average. In proportion, factors below the cross-line are those that have only a small impact on overall satisfaction.

167 EFFECTS

The intelligibility method helps companies to identify, which aspects of the products or the services will affect the overall customer satisfaction and identify areas where special attention needs to be directed to. From the management point of view, the most interesting framework areas are those that have the high coefficients of determination but rate low in terms of satisfaction, which are located on the upper left on the picture. These priority areas for improvement are called targets for development. The lower left, on the other hand, displays factors with low priorities. The right side of the framework displays high satisfaction areas. On the upper side, the factors with the high coefficients of determination are areas of strength, which are important to maintain the high quality.

The method offers various benefits for analyzing customer satisfaction. The prioritization of the satisfaction factors helps in targeting the development actions on the cost effectively and reliable way. It is also applicable to compare e.g. the satisfaction of the different customer group, which could be exploited in the marketing. At the best, it helps to turn the satisfaction results in the action.

FUTURE

Although the demands of customer-orientedness and customer satisfaction have been acknowledged in the field, little attention has been paid to development of the customer satisfaction analyzing methods. It has been noted, that managers might have problems in the interpretation of the customer satisfaction survey findings. This is merely due the fact that current analyzing methods of the customer satisfaction do not support the needs of the management in practice. However, the companies which can transform their raw data to the real knowledge will add value to their services and gain competitive advantage. This will also be even more important in the future while the amount of the information is increasing. This development emphasizes the importance of the effective and reliable performance measurement tools.

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WORK PACKAGE How to accelerate self-regulated learning and 4 - Future Learning engagement in future learning environments Environments

KEYWORDS

collaboration, design, emotion, Indoor environment, Learning, oppimisympäristö, process- oriented, research, RYM, self- regulation, Sisäympäristö- ohjelma, Teacher education, teacher training

PARTICIPANTS

University Of Helsinki

CONTACT

This study examined higher education students, who carried out an inquiry-based learning process in a flexible and blended learning environment (Minerva Plaza). The course was co-regulated, with a strong emphasis on students' self-regulation: After a shared beginning facilitated by the teacher and tutors, the students were setting the goals, working methods and directing their own process while their teacher offered guidance when needed. The self-regulated and inquiry-based learning process accelerated widely students’ thinking and social competences. However, at the same time some students felt the need for a clear structure and stronger teacher regulation, especially in the beginning of the course. The results of this study can be utilized to respond to this kind of challenges by increasing understanding of self-regulated learning process and by offering insight into optimal guidance and use of learning environments. Suvi-Krista Westling

RESULTS

The study examined teacher students’ (n = 17) the cognitive and emotional effects of the self- and co-regulated process-oriented studying in academic teacher education during their first year of studying in an innovative learning environment.

The researched studying period was especially enjoyable to the students with process- orientation and high skills for self-regulation, whereas for reproduction-directed students it caused anxiety, which in few cases had a temporal negative effect on the MORE INFO well-being of these students. However, the new way of studying with the help of flexible facilities enabled deeper processing and personal control over the process, both in International Conference on short and longer term. Despite the struggles, the students reported high personal Motivation 2014, relevance of the process. Helsinki:Self-regulatory process oriented studying in EFFECTS teacher education – an emotional challenge or a Our aim was to systematically promote self-regulated learning. Different educational trigger for internally innovations are experimented in multiple organizations, but sustainable changes in regulated motivation? (Suvi students’ or workers’ ways of learning, thinking, and working, stay often unreached. Krista Westling). Link to abstracts (Westling’s abstract Utilizing the results of the current study, it is possible to understand, how a self- on page 154): regulated learning should be facilitated – both, by the ‘teachers/tutors’ and by the https://icm2014.files.wordpr environment – in a way which would enable the learners (also the ones, who prefer ess.com/2013/10/icm-2014- clear steps and instructions) to adopt more active roles in guiding their own process conference-abstracts- while maintaining their sense of coherence. An environment, which consist of flexible final.pdf solutions for shared planning and knowledge construction would especially serve this purpose. 169 Also in a cluster of sound proof rooms with visibility across the space (such as Minerva Plaza), the students and teacher-facilitators could work parallel with other groups and move around flexibly to give or request guidance, when needed. This would increase the safety of the more teacher-dependent students, while allowing the autonomous team studying. In addition it would allow ‘a mass instruction’ combined with the quality small group work.

FUTURE

Future office like learning environments, which differ drastically from the traditional classroom or lecture hall format, help to drop the traditional schemata of what it means to be a ‘student’ (as dependent of teachers) and what it means to ‘learn’ (as receiving knowledge). An environment, which activates the mental models and roles associated to a modern working place, such as team work, shared leadership and dynamic working method, fosters the self-directed and shared learning, in which the learners take charge of their own studying.

By investing in the planning and constructing of learning environments, which enable flexible learning methods, shared planning and regulation, as well as by systematic training of (academic) teachers and facilitators for this process, and a wide launch of self- and co-regulated the learners in schools, universities and other organizations would be able to ‘take charge’ of their own learning and develop as highly effective learners and intelligent agents in their communities, organizations and society.

170 Indoor Environment Results Report

WORK PACKAGE Indoor Climate Experience – Local, Easy and 4 - Future Learning Quick Survey Environments

KEYWORDS

experience, feedback, Indoor Climate, online, satisfaction, social sustainability, survey

PARTICIPANTS

Schneider Electric Tampere University of Technology University Properties of Finland

CONTACT

It is well known fact that satisfaction on indoor climate cannot be estimated from the physical measurements. Subjective judgement of indoor climate is the best way to gather satisfaction information on local indoor climate. Local tablet computer stand solution is suitable for gathering of information, making the process easier than ever.

RESULTS Sakari Kurronen

Subjective perception cannot be evaluated or predicted from traditional room measurement data. Traditionally used index (AMV-PPD) is highly inaccurate and misleading in real life situations and therefore it should be used only as a tool for building design. The traditional set of questions with ASHRAE-scale of subjective judgement fails to maintain comfort-centeredness through the heating and cooling seasons. The continuous measurement procedure requires proper questions to be intermittently presented to the people during occupancy. Data gathering method was developed and piloted in building and campus wide experiments. An office building pilot results showed that normal indoor conditions were not satisfactory according to MORE INFO the users and after the adjustments made to the heating and ventilation the conditions were much better according to the survey. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:tty- 201410011477

EFFECTS 171 Questionnaire surveys can be used locally and effectively using tablet stand solution on the spot. User of the building can provide feedback locally, effectively with a minimum effort. With monitored response rates, gathered data is reliable and analyzable. Building manager can set performance goals for building comfort and occupant satisfaction. With continuously monitored data it is possible to spot changes and differences.

Solution was proven to be an effective way of gathering data. Survey results were used to improve indoor climate conditions successfully. Indoor climate is important part of social sustainability, which will translate into higher asset value, rental revenue and the higher rate of occupancy.

FUTURE

This is the first step for us to move from controlling indoor climate based only on sensor data to actually controlling the indoor climate according to how people feel. People are becoming more and more demanding on the conditions they are working in and they are more likely to stay in buildings that provide them with good indoor climate – good for them. For property owners this means more steady cash flow, thus giving a positive effect on the property value.

The Indoor climate survey will be part of Schneider Electric’s services offer for property owners. Combining the survey and with our energy and sustainability services and onsite measurements we can maintain and even improve the indoor climate while saving energy at the same time. With the survey, we are able to show that the indoor climate is serving its occupants well in a sustainable manner and we can manage satisfaction by actually measuring it.

172 Indoor Environment Results Report

WORK PACKAGE Knowledge creation based learning in 4 - Future Learning engineering education for the first-year Environments university students KEYWORDS

engineering education, knowledge creation, Learning Environment, learning methods, learning skills, progressive inquiry

PARTICIPANTS

Tampere University of Technology

CONTACT

The knowledge creation based learning was tested at Tampere University of Alpo Salmisto Technology. The basics of construction management and economics course for the first-year civil engineering students was implemented based on the progressive inquiry learning method. It was compared with the Building Project course, which implemented with case-based learning method. Progressive inquiry learning is a pedagogical model based on the theory of knowledge building. It is designed to support typical data acquisition by the specialist and emphasises the activity of the learner and the impact of co-operation in a shared research project and the creation of new knowledge.

RESULTS MORE INFO The data was collected with a Learn Questionnaire which gives information about students’ approaches to learning and their perceptions of the teaching-learning http://www.tandfonline.com/ environment. The results of the student survey (Figures 1 and 2) demonstrate that doi/abs/10.1080/03043797.2 applying knowledge creation learning to mass teaching in a first-year engineering 014.960510#.VQgIdOEwHl4 course can be challenging. The results indicate that students felt that case-based learning supported their learning process better than did the course based on Salmisto, A. and Nokelainen, knowledge creation. The case-based course defined the learning tasks well, and P. 2014. Knowledge creation students found it easier to understand the aims of the course and what they were and innovation in a civil expected to learn. engineering course for the first-year university students. European Journal of Engineering Education. DOI: 10.1080/03043797.2014.960 510

173 Figure 1. The means of the six factors measuring students’ perceptions of the teaching- learning environment in courses Basics of Construction Management and Economics, and Building Project. (Salmisto & Nokelainen 2014)

Figure 2. The means of the four factors measuring students approach to learning in courses Basics of Construction Management and Economics, and Building Project. (Salmisto & Nokelainen 2014)

EFFECTS

The results indicate that first-year students’ meta-cognitive skills were inadequate for open-ended learning tasks, because they are used to solving only limited tasks predefined by their teachers. In working life, engineers will encounter unstructured and complicated tasks. They should be able to define the main problems and to find the solution to them. Engineering students should already begin practicing such skills early in their university studies. Better metacognitive and learning skills among the students usually translates into better learning later in their university studies. If students learn these skills from the beginning of their first-year studies, they can use them later in their university studies. They are also better prepared for the self-steering learning.

FUTURE

The results emphasise the need for more focus on metacognitive and learning skills among first-year engineering students. The results showed that first-year students are ill-prepared for open-ended and unstructured learning task. Their self-regulation and higher-order thinking skills are inadequate for the knowledge creation-based learning process, which requires them to bear the lion’s share of responsibility for their own learning. Moreover, the students were accustomed to solving only limited tasks predefined by their teacher. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that knowledge 174 creation-based learning can be applied to mass teaching of engineering in higher education. However, this learning method requires good planning and smooth implementation of the course and associated learning events. Students must also receive sufficient guidance in associated unstructured tasks and in defining the relevant research problems. The new learning methods are setting new requirements also for campus development. The traditional class rooms do not meet the demands set by the new learning methods. In the developing of the learning environments attention must be paid to flexible places, which make possible to use different learning methods also in mass teaching.

175 Indoor Environment Results Report

WORK PACKAGE Lab for Learners – co-creation and use cases for 4 - Future Learning educational design Environments

KEYWORDS

design, Indoor environment, Learning, Learning Environment, pedagogy, RYM, seamless learning spaces, service design, SHOK, Sisäympäristö, user based, user case, yhteistyö

PARTICIPANTS

Aalto University Royal College of Art University Of Helsinki

CONTACT Nowadays it is broadly recognized that learning takes place everywhere. Also, different learners learn through different means. This study describes a joint effort between Aalto University, Royal College of Art and University of Helsinki in form of a practical workshop for future school design. New co-creative solutions call for user-led processes and multiple professional fields truly collaborating to cover different kinds of educational settings. The results offer new insights into school design from multiple perspectives such as architecture, service design and pedagogy, and invite to more courageous and transparent processes.

RESULTS Niclas Sandström This two-week intensive workshop used as a case the Tapiola School in Espoo, where the school work is temporarily taking place in pavilions due to restoration of the school building.

The workshop teams identified several key components that should be taken into account when designing school environments and pedagogy. Three of these where further developed:

– the teaching staff, the educational culture and continuous education, and knowledge sharing practices, – the classroom environment and its evolution and how the school integrates as part of MORE INFO the surrounding community and society, – the seamless learning hot spots and places in-between including corridors, halls and Sandström, N. et al. (in yards and spaces surrounding the more formal learning environments. preparation). Designing Schools and Education for The three selected areas were elaborated within the teams, between the teams and the future: Co-creation is the with help of lecture sessions by experienced professionals. Also, the teams arranged key. user walks for Tapiolan koulu students and teachers in Aalto University’s Urban Mill facilities, a platform for emerging knowledge practices and start-ups. Sandström, N., Eriksson, R., Lonka, K. & Nenonen, S. The workshop culminated in a de-briefing event where all the solutions were presented. (under review). Usability and The presentations resulted in modellings, flowcharts and use cases that can be used to Affordances for Inquiry- support evolving knowledge practices and school design in the future. Based Learning in a Blended Learning Environment. EFFECTS

An improved user-led design process also in school contexts (including the actual end user students), a more open collaboration between different experts in early stages of design processes, and feasible use cases that can be scaled up also onto different educational levels. 176 FUTURE

Our conclusion was to recommend this kind of activities and approaches in designing schools. Otherwise it may be simply impossible to transform schools into modern learning environments.

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WORK PACKAGE Living Lab Minerva Plaza – Engaging Learning 4 - Future Learning Environment (ELE) for Future Teachers Environments

KEYWORDS

collaboration, design, Indoor environment, Learning, Learning Environment, pilot, RYM, Sisäympäristö, Sisäympäristö-ohjelma

PARTICIPANTS

Aronet-esitysyhtiö Oy Context Learning Finland Helsinki Metropolia University of Applied Sciences Lumiset Oy Nordtouch Oyj University Of Helsinki

CONTACT

Minerva Plaza is a blended learning environment located in the Faculty of Behavioral Sciences at the University of Helsinki. It was designed to be a Living Lab for Helsinki World Design Capital 2012. Minerva Plaza was initiated and planned by professor Kirsti Lonka and her research team with the support of University of Helsinki, International Design Foundation and RYM Indoor Environment. The project was supported with various sponsors. The attraction was opened in August, 2012. The idea of Minerva Plaza is to combine the design of pedagogical, physical, virtual, social and mental learning spaces. It supports collaborative knowledge creation in studying and working. Prof. Kirsti Lonka RESULTS

As a result we learned how to promote collaborative knowledge creation in mass instruction. The project was based on our research on university students’ learning and engagement. Minerva Plaza is more open space complex with different sized rooms separated with glass walls. One larger room has also a movable wall. The different rooms can be linked with advanced ICT-solutions to the central space of Minerva Plaza, which serves as the main get-together point of the complex, since it central location, easy access and size. The most notable feature of Minerva Plaza is its spatial layout: the large central plaza surrounded with smaller rooms form together with the transparency Lauri Vaara and movable light furniture an optimal testing ground for activating and interactive learning processes. Furthermore, these processes can be fostered with the socio-digital MORE INFO solutions and guidance provided by the pedagogical ICT-support person, who’s working post is located at Minerva Plaza. As a result, the personnel together with the students are more motivated to develop their working practices towards more collaborative and activating learning methods supported by the latest digital opportunities.

178 Pornographic

Engaging Working EFFECTS Environments from Helsinki Challenge Minerva Plaza has already had an impact on designing learning environments in Finland and abroad. Since its opening, Minerva Plaza has attracted thousands of visitors from https://vimeo.com/hufbs all parts of the world. It is also actively used by the teachers and students of the Faculty of Behavioural Sciences and other faculties. It is also popular place to organize various events. The living lab has produced new concepts and ideas for designing learning environments. Its solutions have been scaled in different contexts where embedded ICT solutions and physical spaces merge. Furthermore, it has enabled a supportive, positive and encouraging atmosphere, which has also spread outside the walls of Minerva Plaza.

FUTURE

In the near future numerous schools and educational institutes are going to be designed worldwide. It is important that all these facilities shall support meaningful engaging and efficient collaborative learning. The Minerva Plaza as a design concept has a huge potential for generating new models for instructional design. The concept may be use in various educational and organizational contexts.

Based on this concept, we are designing an Engaging Working Environment (EWE HUBS) as a part of Helsinki Challenge competition. In this new living lab, we shall put our research results in action by designing a new space for innovative research. Five professors and their research groups shall participate. The idea is to develop and study emerging new knowledge practices in physical environments that make their users smart by providing modern solutions to sharing, conceptualising and implementing new knowledge.

179 Indoor Environment Results Report

WORK PACKAGE Multifunctional science hub inspires 4 - Future Learning collaborative work Environments

KEYWORDS

21st Century Skills, Co- design, learning space, multifunctional space, science hub

PARTICIPANTS

Arkkitehtitoimisto LPV Jyvaskylä Oy and Interiordesigner Liisa Lundell Jyvaskylä Teacher Training School University Properties of Finland Ltd.

CONTACT

Anette Lundström

Päivi Fadjukoff

MORE INFO

posters

https://www.jyu.fi/edu/kasva tustieteen-paivat- 2013/posterit/tiedostot/tiina- Nowadays, within the conversation on learning and education the 21st century skills are makela-anette-lundstrom- considered crucially important for lifelong learning. It is important to find new and inka-mikkonen-ja.pdf innovative ways to learn and (re-)design learning spaces that capture the framework of a 21st century learning. Technology-enhanced spaces that enhance collaboration and https://agoracenter.jyu.fi/pro interaction offer huge possibilities and multifunctional science hub is one solution. jects/indoor/ipads-in- chemistry-education RESULTS videos Co-Designing Learning Environment project at the Jyväskylä University Teacher Training School aimed at creating innovative spatial solutions for adapting the school’s physical environment to better support 21st century teaching and learning. In this initiative a natural science classroom and its closely connected hallway were transformed through participatory user-centered co-design approach into a space that enables diversified learning and that connects formal phenomenon-based natural science learning to informal learning and students’ everyday life not forgetting the pedagogy and the technology. Involving various stakeholders and especially students in the co-design influenced positively 1) the design, 2) organizational culture, and 3) ways of teaching and learning. In addition, the new learning space has increased the amount of collaborative work and diversified teaching methods. Articles EFFECTS https://jyx.jyu.fi/dspace/bitst • The aim of the project is to create the theoretical and practical concept for modern ream/handle/123456789/438 learning space based on the empirical results from the demo spaces, research 70/makela-kankaanranta- literature and other data. helfenstein-manuscript.pdf? 180 • Involving school community in the co-design process inspired other re-design projects sequence=4 within the school • Teacher students have innovated many novel ideas of how to use new spaces in http://ojs.tsv.fi/index.php/at teaching ut/article/view/46489/13935 • More demos were created through co-design and co-creation, see Musica Leanring hub https://youtu.be/9lM2JXQS76w

FUTURE

• Concept of co-design and co-creation are developed further • In general, student teachers are more flexible in their ways of working and more easily able to adopt innovative practices than more experienced teachers. These practices can therefore be spread throughout Finland through newly graduated teachers

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WORK PACKAGE Multimodal Information Wall Creates 4 - Future Learning Opportunities for More Engaging Public Environments Information Access KEYWORDS

display, eleet, information wall, interactive, julkiset näytöt, käyttöliittymä, näytöt, public display, puhe, user interface, vuorovaikutus

PARTICIPANTS

School of Information Sciences Tampere Unit for A multimodal, multi-user information wall prototype has been in public use at the Computer-Human University of Tampere premises since April 2013. Multiple users can use pointing Interaction gestures and speech to browse the information such as cafeteria menus and event University of Tampere calendar. The prototype has been exposed to thousands of users and its content, functionality and interaction methods have been under constant development throughout the year. Multimodal pervasive display applications such as the information CONTACT wall have the potential to transform how people interact with information in public spaces as they are transformed from passive information consumers to active and collaborative actors.

RESULTS

Current information displays in public spaces are rarely interactive and when they are, they are often geared towards single user touch screen interaction. The multimodal information wall prototype developed by TAUCHI is a multi-user collaborative system that integrates gesture input, speech commands, and generative audio landscape into an embodied experience. Turunen, Markku

MORE INFO

TAUCHI (Tampere Unit for Computer-Human Interaction)

The information wall prototype has been piloted in long- term at two University of Tampere locations during 2013. Its different aspects, from interaction techniques to overall usability and user experience, have been evaluated in user 182 studies. The results include a Master’s Thesis, ongoing PhD research, and several research articles that are currently in preparation. The prototype has also been demonstrated to the public in several occasions, for example in the “Valoa pimeyteen” science fair in January 2013 and local events at the University of Tampere.

EFFECTS

During its piloting, the information wall has been seen by tens of thousands of people, and actively utilized by several hundred of them. In various events, the system has been demonstrated to tens of interested members of the public. We believe that the main effect, beyond being able to access information related to the daily life at the university, is an increased awareness of the possibilities of new interaction technologies among the students and staff of the university and the general public.

The research on the information wall and its interaction technologies has also been leveraged in and integrated with other research projects, for example in a UXUS SHOK collaboration with the industry and EIT ICT Labs activities.

FUTURE

The future plans for the information wall include revisions to the overall design and interactivity to make the system even more responsive and collaborative, with an wider selection of interactive content.

Our aim is to install multiple displays throughout the university premises in key locations where people gather to meet, discuss, study and spend time. Our hope is that the information wall system helps them in these endeavors by providing not only a channel for information access but also a vibrant solution for sharing with others — from mundane concerns such as recommendations about what to eat for lunch today to constructive feedback about the quality of teaching and other events at the university.

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WORK PACKAGE New Indicators to Support Planning for 4 - Future Learning Improved Space and Energy Efficiency Environments

KEYWORDS

PARTICIPANTS

EDGE Laboratory in Tampere University of Technology Finnish Institute of Occupational Health VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland

CONTACT

Indicators were developed for assessing efficient space use together with energy efficiency to ensure that both are taken into account in planning. Presently energy efficiency is most often measured with kWh/m², an indicator that tends to show worsening efficiency when space efficiency is improved, even if the opposite is true. New indicators suggested and tested in this study complement the existing ones and can provide planners with a better understanding of the interplay of space and energy efficiency.

RESULTS Miimu Airaksinen

Indicators to help planners measure the effects of improved space and energy efficiency were developed and tested in cases dealing with office and educational buildings. The new indicators utilize two approaches: one where energy consumption is compared with the amount of person-hours spent in the building and one where energy consumption is compared with floor area of the building but adjusted for utilization rate of the building. The results indicate that when the use of space is properly taken into account, improvements in energy efficiency were found where the use of the simple kWh/m² indicator misleadingly showed a decline in energy efficiency – a clear improvement from the planner’s point of view. On the other hand, a drawback of the suggested new indicators is the need for more data, but their use is possible with the help of calculations that should be performed in any well-conducted planning Pekka Tuominen process in any case. The findings underline the need for using new indicators alongside MORE INFO the old ones if the interplay of space efficiency and energy efficiency is to be properly understood. Ruohomäki, V., Lahtinen, M., Joutsiniemi, A., Tuominen, P, EFFECTS Airaksinen, M. (2015) Human & Green toimintamalli Energy and space efficiency goals are nowadays central to the planning of buildings. Yet sisäympäristön presently the most commonly used indicator of energy efficiency is specific energy kehittämiseen. consumption (SEC) measured in kWh/m², which does not take into account the Sisäilmastoseminaari, efficiency of space use. In fact SEC tends to show that improving space efficiency Helsinki. worsens energy efficiency, which is a misleading result. Complementing the use of SEC with the new set of indicators developed in this study can help planners reach better Ruohomäki, V., Lahtinen, M., results. Whereas SEC can support the technical planning of the building, new indicators Joutsiniemi, A., Airaksinen, can be used to examine the interplay of space and energy efficiency when planning M., Tuominen, P., space use, to aim for an optimum that combines both. Improving space efficiency can Kekäläinen, P., Porkka, J. improve energy efficiency at the same time, and correctly calibrated indicators can be (2015) Human and Green used to measure and verify these results. workplace design in the university. Article to be FUTURE published in the book How to co-create campus?185 With the increased importance of energy and space efficiency, planners need better tools to support their work with correct and reliable information. When planning can better improve energy and space efficiency, resources are allocated efficiently, saving money and supporting growth while also limiting the environmental impacts of construction and energy use. At the same time, the overall objective of planning should be healthy and safe space solutions that support the welfare of the occupants.

186 Indoor Environment Results Report

WORK PACKAGE New Participatory Methods for Workplace 4 - Future Learning Design Environments

KEYWORDS

design, method, participatory, university, workplace

PARTICIPANTS

EDGE Laboratory in Tampere University of Technology Finnish Institute of Occupational Health Helsinki University Properties Senate Properties Ltd University Properties of Finland VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland

CONTACT

Participatory design approach is created in order to promote energy efficiency targets and to support effective working and well-being of users. New participatory methods were developed and successfully tested in the university context as a part of broad renovation project. The driving forces are sustainability and the workplace needs of the university staff.

RESULTS

University buildings need to be energy efficient, technologically up to date, meet the needs of the users and healthy in terms of well-being for people. The design process and its outcome can be improved by utilizing user’s expertise and experiences of their work. Participatory design requires close cooperation between the users of the Virpi Ruohomäki premises, the designers and other specialists.

Participatory methods include interviews of managers and other key stakeholders, the Work Environment and Well-being Survey, the Visualization of the survey results, the Participatory Workshops for the users and designers of the building as well as practical guidelines for implementing and using the new workplaces.

The Figure presents the participatory design approach and outlines the topics and scheduling of the Participatory Workshops. The image shows how the workshop schedule is aligned with ordinary construction project ranging from initiation phase (Feasibility study) to project close up (Operation & Maintenance). A particular challenge MORE INFO is posed by the timely and flexible anchoring of the participatory process to the renovation project. http://www.ttl.fi/fi/tutkimus/ hankkeet/rymshok/Sivut/def EFFECTS ault.aspx Ruohomäki, V., Lahtinen, M., In the pilot university, the Work Environment and Well-being Survey, the Visualization Joutsiniemi, A., Airaksinen, method and the Participatory Workshops functioned very well at the project planning M., Tuominen, P., phase of the renovation. First experiences of the practical guidelines have been positive Kekäläinen, P., Porkka, J. in the implementation phase in the university context. The follow-up study showed that (2015) ”Human and Green the workshops were useful in: workplace design in the university”. Manuscript 187 promoting effective use of workspaces accepted to be published in idea generation for new workplace solutions the book “How to co-create supporting communication and collaboration between users and designers campus?” preparing, learning and committing to workplace changes. Ruohomäki, V., Lahtinen. M., Haapakangas, A. & Reijula, K. FUTURE (2014) Workplace needs and experiences of university The study contributes to future design of campuses and universities by integrating staff. In: O. Broberg, N. attempts towards user satisfaction and well-being as well as energy efficiency. The Fallentin, P. Hasle, P.L. participatory design approach and participatory methods can be applied both in Jensen, A. Kabel, M.E. Larsen, universities and other contexts when creating sustainable working and learning T. Weller (Eds.) 11th environments for future. International Symposium on Human Factors in Organisational Design and Management. 46th Annual Nordic Ergonomics Society Conference. Conference Proceedings, Vol. 2, p. 705- 710.

Ruohomäki, V. Lahtinen, M. & Joutsiniemi, A. (2013) Participatory design when renovating premises – process and methods. Nordic Ergonomics & Human Factors Society, Electronic Proceedings of the NES2013 Conference: Ergonomics for Equality, Reykjavik, Island, 11.-14.8.2013

188 Indoor Environment Results Report

WORK PACKAGE Nudge & Catch produces reliable in-depth data 4 - Future Learning for decision making Environments

KEYWORDS

concept design, neuroscientific application, pre-planning phase, quality management, tool for building performance assessment, tool for co- design, tool for post- occupancy evaluation, user commitment, user satisfaction

PARTICIPANTS

School of Architecture University of Oulu

Interviewing users according to guidelines of Nudge & Catch gives reliable data CONTACT on environmental features supporting or inhibiting the activities expected to take place in the building. Nudge & Catch was launched at a follow-up study on consequences of the UBIKO indoor design concept on teaching and studying activities as well as subjective appraisals of indoor environment qualities at Oulu University Teacher Training School (OUTTS). The quality of gathered data is promising, opening visions for wider use in co-design or post-occupancy evaluation when pursuing organisations’ prosperity and development.

RESULTS Tuulikki Tuominen Interviewing users is time consuming and its data analysis is costly. Thus it should be expected that in-depth data gained with help of interviews be reliable. Interviewing techniques are used in order to foster the informant’s productivity and to reduce various kinds of biases. When it comes to interviewing on themes that require appraisal of environmental entities or qualities of the built environment that the interviewee has received by using it, in addition to well-known biases, there are certain characteristics that produce a chance of randomness to the quality of acquired data.

Nudge & Catch was developed to overcome these characteristic. One example of its benefits is that when using Nudge & Catch, the data analyst is able to link contents of MORE INFO user experience to particular entities or qualities of the built environment in most cases which – if more common interviewing techniques were used – cause hesitation and

School of Developing the method began by applying neuroscientific research results on how to Architecture, University of nudge the user in order to produce reliable data of environmental experiences. The Oulu

development phase was carried out rigorously:

O several interviewers from various expert fields conducted interviews according to ulu University Teacher disciplined instructions. Training School

the school facilities in which the interviews were conducted were chosen in order to represent sufficient a variation of spatial arrangements and indoor designs interviewees’ age span was extensive, reaching from 8 to 50. testing was continued until saturation point was reached in the variation of individual conduct of interviewers.

The final task in the development was to prune out such interviewing 189 behaviours that did not facilitate reliable data production – or provided no production at all. Then the method achieved its final design, deserving the name “Nudge & Catch”.

EFFECTS

Nudge & Catch was used as one of methods in the follow-up study of the UBIKO indoor design concept. The representatives of both school staff and students were interviewed before the renovation took place in the OUTTS facilities. The interviews were repeated one year after the renovation, as it is expected that users habituate to a new environment in this time frame of continuous use.

The data generated by Nudge & Catch discloses groundbreaking changes in affordances of the user-environment-relation, leading to a transformation of the activity settings in which everyday life in the building is organised. The data also opens views into the perceptions of staff and students of indoor environment improvements, eg. indoor air quality, lighting and acoustics, that were pursued by the renovation.

Comprehensive results will be published in the doctoral thesis of the researcher.

FUTURE

It is generally acknowledged that facilities have major consequences on the profitability of public agencies and corporations, mostly through operation and maintenance costs. Therefore investments in developing the facilities are reasonable enough if they improve the outcomes of the operation and maintenance of the facilities up to a level that exceeds the costs. See discussion in “Co-concepting” [link]. More than ever when public agencies and corporations face the challenge of global competition or reduction of resources, better facilities should be considered crucial for the efficient use of resources, the cost effectiveness of functionalities, and user satisfaction, comfort, and well-being.

The above mentioned goals can be considered to be the outcomes of good enough building performance, that is, the quality on how the building is performing in its task. In designing for better building performance and new ways of organising space and activities in this sense, in-depth user knowledge – tacit or explicit – is the key to change. This is what Nudge& Catch is designed for:

It offers a tangible means of regarding quality and content management perspectives in concept design at the pre-planning phase before the building or renovation project has been established. It is also an efficient tool for building performance assessment or post-occupancy evaluation in certain premises, that is, when the quality of the premises is of utmost importance for the future of the organisation inhabiting and using it. Using Nudge&Catch also maintains and strengthens user commitment to future decisions, if the results of the interviews are displayed moderately – after disciplined analysis of the data.

The researcher has set up a service production company to operate between user representatives and designers, constructors or owners of the building. The know-how developed and incorporated in N&C has also been used in part in a sibling method presently in use in several large scale planning projects in Finland.

190 Indoor Environment Results Report

WORK PACKAGE Physical environment contributes to users’ 4 - Future Learning intellectual and emotional functioning Environments

KEYWORDS

collaboration, higher education, Indoor environment, laboratory, Learning Environment, oppimisympäristö, psychological needs, self- determination, SHOK, Sisäympäristö

PARTICIPANTS

University Of Helsinki

CONTACT

Kirsi Sjöblom

MORE INFO

International Conference on Motivation 2014, Helsinki: The intellectual functioning of an individual is always nested in a given physical Self-determination environment, even when the work is carried out in virtual environments. How the theoretical perspective on physical space accommodates for one’s work contributes to the experience of oneself chemistry students’ acting in that given environment. More careful attention should be paid to the usability experiences of physical and functionality of spaces and tools as this contributes to not just the fluency of the space. (Sjöblom, K., Mälkki, activity but to the related emotional experience and the process of place attachment as K., Sandström, N., Lonka, K.). well. Link to abstracts (Sjöblom et al. abstract on page 154):

RESULTS https://icm2014.files.wordpr ess.com/2013/10/icm-2014- This study examined the role and functionality of physical learning environment from conference-abstracts- the perspective of basic psychological needs, i.e. autonomy, competence and final.pdf relatedness. The context of the study was university chemistry laboratory. We concluded that laboratory as a new and complex working environment may be intimidating for the students at first, but if the students were able to successfully enter and learn to master the equipment and the space, it for them was a clear indication of elevated competence. The fluency of laboratory work as a student was mirrored to future practices as a professional. The success or struggles in everyday activities and study tasks in the laboratory were seen to build on the developing professional identity 191 as well as sense of belonging to the community of chemists and to the field in general. The functionality and usability of the space and the equipment, the guidance implemented in the space as well as other support available (peers, teacher) all play a key role in the learning process. This is relevant not only for the given learning situation but also more broadly as the student is mirroring the activity to one’s possible professional future in the field.

EFFECTS

This study demonstrates the importance of physical environment with regard to intellectual as well as emotional functioning. At best, the physical space and tools can be seen as an extension to one’s intellectual functioning, enabling procedures that one otherwise would not be capable of doing and scaffolding the expansion of one’s existing skills further. As a result, experiences of competence, agency, ownership, belonging and place attachment may emerge.

FUTURE

Utilizing psychological and pedagogical knowledge is of importance when designing work and learning environments. The design and functionality of physical environment contributes to users’ intellectual functioning, emotional experience and process of place attachment. By considering the interplay between the material world and human functioning we can create fruitful ground for thriving users and develop novel design for leading university campuses and other indoor environments.

192 Indoor Environment Results Report

WORK PACKAGE Public Construction Project Initiation Requires 4 - Future Learning Knowledge Sharing Environments

KEYWORDS

decision making, knowledge sharing, project management, strategy

PARTICIPANTS

University of Vaasa University Properties of Finland Ltd.

CONTACT

Knowledge sharing is utmost important during the initiation stage of a facility Marja Naaranoja management project. The case study analysis revealed that the strategies and goals need to be shared during the project initiation stage. If we fail to have enough knowledge or the knowledge sharing is based on inadequate information, the decision making is difficult.

RESULTS

No matter how large or small the public construction project is there is a need to share knowledge of the needs, goals and strategies during the initiation stage. Therefor careful selection of stakeholders is important in order to learn all needed information. MORE INFO Publication

Naaranoja Marja, Uden Lorna (2013), Knowledge Management in Public Construction Project Initiation in Yousif Al-Bastaki and Amani Shajera (eds), Building Competitive Public Sector with Knowledge Management Strategy. IGI- global. pp. 422-435

Figure 1. The goals and strategies are shared

EFFECTS

If the facility management company or the end user organisation finds a need for a public construction project the initiator has to understand that the decision making requires knowledge sharing of the needs, goals and strategies. Also a small project requires representatives from facility owner and user organisation heads who can share the goals and strategies of their organisations. 193 FUTURE

The knowledge sharing practices during the initiation stage need to be tested and refined in practical situations. Decision making needs to be further developed in order to get better decisions during the initiation stage

194 Indoor Environment Results Report

WORK PACKAGE Recent results of the effects of temperature on 4 - Future Learning work performance and comfort set old models Environments into a new perspective KEYWORDS

perception, thermal comfort, Work performance

PARTICIPANTS

Finnish Institute of Occupational Health

CONTACT

Several authors have presented models describing how room temperature affects the work performance. This recently made laboratory study argues that the effect of elevated temperature on cognitive performance is actually task dependent. Henna Maula Performance was affected in the working memory task but not in the other studied cognitive tasks. The discomfort effects of high temperature may, however, indirectly influence actual performance in all task types over time. The results of this study set the old models into a new perspective.

MORE INFO

www.ttl.fi/en

www.ttl.fi/fi/tutkimus/hankke et/rymshok

RESULTS

The aim of this study was to assess how an elevated room temperature of 29°C compared to normal 23°C affects 1) cognitive performance in tasks that are relevant to many types of office work and 2) perceived performance, subjective workload, thermal comfort, perceived working conditions, cognitive fatigue and somatic symptoms. The selected thermal conditions represent typical values found in offices. The results show that the temperature of 29 °C decreased significantly the cognitive performance in working memory task. No statistically significant effect was found on psychomotor performance, attention or long-term memory during the 3.5 hour exposure time. However, high temperature caused concentration difficulties and performing tasks in the high temperature was perceived as physically more demanding. This may indirectly influence cognitive performance in all task types over time. Subjects also rated working environment in 23 °C to be better for working efficiently for a long period of time. As expected, the differences in thermal sensation and in thermal satisfaction were significant. Furthermore, the study found gender differences in thermal sensation. Women found the temperature 23 °C cooler than men, despite similar clothing.

195 EFFECTS

It seems that within a typical office temperature range the performance in cognitively essential tasks is not as sensitive to temperature changes as the more general performance models suggest. The performance results of this study set the old models into a new perspective. This has an effect to future test set-ups, but it might also affect to model development.

FUTURE

Real estate owners, designers and product manufacturers need more information and guidelines to develop new and better solutions for space users. In order to create excellent working environments, research relating to the effect of temperature on work performance and comfort should be continued – the effects of longer exposure times and different working situations are essential parts of research in the future. Optimal temperature levels enhance performance and thereby productivity of employees.

196 Indoor Environment Results Report

WORK PACKAGE Student Compass: a built environment sensitive 4 - Future Learning questionnaire on school satisfaction Environments

KEYWORDS

decision making, evaluation of consequences of renovation, evaluation of user needs and expectations, school renovation, school satisfaction, student well- being, tool for co-design, tool for post-occupancy evaluation

PARTICIPANTS

Project Oppimaisema 1.0 of the Finnish National Board of Education School of Architecture Student Compass fulfills the urgent need for more encompassing questionnaire for University of Oulu Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE) of school facilities. It was launched to study the design impact on school satisfaction when the UBIKO indoor design concept was tested at CONTACT Oulu University Teacher Training School. Student Compass offers a POE-tool for the renovation wave in over 1300 Finnish school buildings during the next few years, in addition to its promising extensions to student well-being and school climate studies.

RESULTS

There are existing questionnaires for students used in Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE) protocols for assessing how school buildings perform in their task, but these questionnaires do not embrace a variety of perspectives on school engagement, student relations, teacher-student-relations, student autonomy, nor school strain, even Tuulikki Tuominen though it is widely acknowledged that school environment has a direct impact on teaching and learning, and on daily life and well-being at school.

On the other hand, there are questionnaires that include these missing perspectives. They are for surveying for instance psycho-social climate at schools or student well- being and school satisfaction as perceived by students. But with regard to POE, these questionnaires fail to recognise the diverse aspects of physical school environment.

As a result of methodological development, Student Compass is introduced as a questionnaire encompassing both information needs for future POE of educational MORE INFO facilities. Student Compass EFFECTS Questionnaire (in Finnish)

Student Compass was used as one of the methods in the follow-up study of UBIKO School of Architecture, indoor design concept. University Properties of Finland Ltd launched proof of the University of Oulu UBIKO concept at the Oulu University Teacher Training School facilities in 2011. The study is revealing students’ perceptions on school environment and their school Oppimaisema.fi satisfaction before adopting the UBIKO indoor design concept and after its implementation over a 2 years span. Comprehensive results will be published in the doctoral thesis of the researcher.

At the moment also the Finnish National Board of Education is utilising Student Compass in POE. In its programme “Developing and Diversifying Learning Environments” the target areas in participating schools are evaluated with the help of Student Compass before the implementation and after. The aim of the evaluation is to trace the effects of the programme on student perceptions’ on their school 197 environment. Formative evaluation is starting at the moment.

FUTURE

ADDED VALUE FROM RENOVATION. Now that at least 1300 school facilities in Finland are in urgent need of improving indoor air quality, knowledge of school satisfaction has the potential to guide decision making on the scope of renovation demand at each school. Student Compass, as a built environment sensitive questionnaire on school satisfaction, is an appropriate help for decision making.

Student Compass also offers a tool for evaluation on the consequences of actions. With its help pedagogical changes due to renovation – in addition to changes in indoor air quality – can be validated with science-based proof.

EXTENSION TO WELL-BEING. Information gathering of students’ school satisfaction is of intrinsic value for any education provider. Student Compass can serve as a fast and economical way of reviewing the current state of the school from students’ perspective. Student Compass is achievable for any school, municipality, district or even state of Finland in order to evaluate the current situation of students from multiple perspectives. It can easily be modified in order to map student engagement, student well-being and the psycho-social climate of the school from the students’ point of view. Usually these phenomena are studied separately, driven by scientific interests, and the questionnaires are out of public reach. As a web-based questionnaire, Student Compass is usable in all contexts and mobile gagdets, especially when converted to electronic survey tools already available in the market.

PEDAGOGICAL TOOL. Language in Student Compass is adopted from natural language usage of students aged 9, so the questionnaire renders both conceptual framework and tangible terminology for

1. 1. study conversations in architecture education in everyday classrooms 2. 2. mapping of needs and expectations in co-design (or, collaborative and participatory design).

198 Indoor Environment Results Report

WORK PACKAGE The effects of an active green wall on indoor air 4 - Future Learning quality Environments

KEYWORDS

Active green wall, Indoor air, microbes, office building, VOC, water-recycling system

PARTICIPANTS

Sirate Group Ltd Tampere University of Technology University Properties of Finland Ltd.

CONTACT

Green wall was capable of reducing the level of only one organic compound detected in office indoor air. Surprisingly, we observed an increase in indoor air microbes and particle levels during the use of the green wall possibly deteriorating indoor air quality. Thus, the claimed air purification by green walls still remains to be shown.

RESULTS Tommi Vehviläinen Studies were carried out on a green wall placed in an open office facility spanning 100 m2, subject to normal use. The measurements were carried out in two phases; before the green wall was installed and while the green wall was in use. The first set of measurements was carried out in December 2013 and the last measurements were taken in April 2014. Measurements were carried out during both phases of the report: while the facilities were in operation and while they were at rest. A two-month stabilisation period for the green wall took place between the measurement phases. During the research phases, the indoor environmental conditions were typical of office premises. Measurements showed that the load on the facilities and fluctuations in temperature and relative humidities were few between research phases. During the MORE INFO research, slightly higher levels of indoor air microbes were observed while the green wall was in use. Particle levels in the office space were also slightly higher during the phase when the green wall was in use. The green wall water system contained bacteria and aerobic microbes which were found to be a possible risk to indoor air quality. The quantity of bacteria and microbes in the indoor air was observed to increase when the green wall was watered.

EFFECTS

During the research, a significant decrease in content levels of one organic compound was observed while the green wall was in use. This observation of purification is interesting, especially if the composition or variation of plants in the root zone could be used to optimise the purification of indoor air from the desired compounds. Further research is needed to clarify the matter, however.

FUTURE

As yet, there is little information available concerning the nature of microbial ecology in green wall water-recycling systems. Analysis methods which are currently in use are unable to detect more than a small part of the biological nature of the water. Based on completed research, there are still uncertainty factors relating to the green wall watering system. It has been established that the clarification of these factors is necessary before wider use. 199 Indoor Environment Results Report

WORK PACKAGE The world changing demos in learning 4 - Future Learning environment development Environments

KEYWORDS

development, evidence, learning environments

PARTICIPANTS

Aalto University Aalto University Properties Finnish Education Group FEG Helsinki University Properties Tampere University of Technology University Of Helsinki University Properties of Finland

A proper real estate pilot can provide a platform to test new ideas and practices, but its CONTACT time consuming and often expensive. More agile and effective way is to use demonstration (demo) and pop-up projects for different research set-ups. Through evidence-based design large scale construction and refurbishment projects could achieve better user satisfaction and value for invested money, especially in learning environments where learning outcomes are important.

RESULTS

From 2011 University Properties of Finland (SYK Oy) has planned and carried out many pop-up and demo projects with their co-operation partners . Main objective of short- term set-ups is to gather user experiences and information on functionality of Olli Niemi solutions. Part of the set-ups can be also converted to permanent solutions and spaces. Results indicate that research set-ups, duration from few days to few months, can offer valuable information for large scale investments to improve learning environments. Below are few examples of set-ups and more permanent solutions for learning environments:

In pop-up and demo projects (i.e. a corridor in TTY Konetalo, restaurant Newton, Snellmann café in Kuopio), the objective has been to test “third spaces” in social surroundings, separate from the two usual environments of home and workplace. Results show that utilization rates increased with new space solutions such as “private” MORE INFO lodges and stages. http://www.sykoy.fi/en/conta ct/

http://www.tut.fi/en

Evidence Based Design in Learning Environments – a Practical Framework for Project Briefing

Construction Projects as Research Objects – Different Research Approaches and 200 Possibilities

A Designed Third Place as Social Learning Space in Higher Education

Ubiko – youtube video

In new learning environment projects (i.e. OASIS, Ubiko, SIMSpace, SIMlab and LeafLab), the objective has been to create learning and working spaces supported by highly enriched ICT-solutions. For example OASIS is a space that backs up the playful, gaming and casual atmosphere and co-working. The space is enriched with novel fitments and modern technology solutions. It’s a space for researchers, students and company representatives, it’s a space for new and open-minded thinking and developing the future learning and research environments and cultures. Other good example is the internationally known Ubiko project, which objective is to create new pedagogic models, and integrate those models to school infrastructure. In space switch use projects (i.e. Oulu University’s multi-functioning auditory), the objective has been to increase occupancy rate of the space. Results show that utilization of the spaces is better than before.

EFFECTS

Learning and working methods are changing because of global competition and new ICT solutions. Facilities and spaces have to support innovative, effective and more often informal learning. Pop-up and demo projects as well as spaces that use modern ICT- solutions enhance the development of learning environments. New results and experiences will have positive impact to utilization rates and learning outcomes.

FUTURE

There is remarkable development potential of ways of learning and learning environments in Finland. This potential will change to new pilots and construction projects. New experiences can be used also in export business – effective learning methods and good space solutions are needed everywhere in the world. Demo projects should be used as possible research method in every construction and refurbishment projects relating to learning environment development. The results encourage facility owners to utilize findings also in other development projects relating to i.e. office buildings and working space development.

201 Indoor Environment Results Report

WORK PACKAGE Transforming the space transforms the mind 4 - Future Learning Environments

KEYWORDS

collaboration, concept, Indoor environment, Learning, Learning Environment, research, Sisäympäristö, transformation

PARTICIPANTS This study presents a new approach to understand how transforming the physical learning environment affects the learning process. The developed conceptual map University Of Helsinki explicates the psycho-social processes regarding both the possibilities for breakthrough in learning and the possible risks of stagnation that emerge when the physical learning CONTACT environment is being redesigned.

RESULTS

New and innovative physical learning spaces are often introduced as enabling sophisticated pedagogue and supporting deeper learning. While the potential benefits of it are indeniable, it may pose a serious challenge for the user, even an experience of being pulled the rug from under. It is vital to acknowledge that people often have their accustomed ways of doing and thinking and when brought to an environment that calls for new ways of acting, one may feel to be in a vacuum where one is no longer capable of applying one’s expertise. The process of developing new practices, in order to utilize the benefits of the new environments, requires a deeper process of reflection and transformation of one’s knowledge practices, dispositions, roles and ways of thinking. PhD Kaisu Mälkki This may contribute to new understandings and even liberation from the constraints of previous unexamined habits, or of the possible dysfunctionality of the old facilities.

In order to support both the teachers and the students in jumping on board with the possibilities of the new physical learning environments, it is vital to first acknowledge and explicate the challenges and possibilities involved in the process of change. Furthermore, collaborative discussion may be utilized for becoming aware of both the existing and alternative ways of acting and thinking, both for the designers and users. It is important to explicate the underlying ideology behind the novel design as well as maintain the interaction between the designers and the users in developing the space Kirsi Sjöblom further. MORE INFO EFFECTS Mälkki, K., Sjöblom, K. & The changes in the physical environment and equipment bring about changes into the Lonka, K. 2014. pedagogical culture, as well. The users need support for the changes in pedagogue, in Transformation of the order to reach full benefits of the developed facilities. This study offers a new approach Physical space and into conceptualizing pedagogical leadership that capitalizes the sensitivity to the Transformation of the interaction in the here-and-now- situations of the classroom. The developed Subject. In: Nicolaides, A. & conceptualization helps the teachers in developing their expertise to such disposition Holt, D. (Eds.). (2014). Spaces that is vital when aiming to reach the benefits of the new teaching facilities, i.e. when of Transformation and aiming to turn the learning spaces into engaging learning environments that offer great Transformation of Space. possibilities and support for collaborative knowledge building, deep learning and Proceedings of the XI creativity. International Transformative Learning Conference, New FUTURE York, Teachers College, Columbia University. p. 550- In the future this new theoretical approach is used for empirical research in order to 556. deepen understanding of the change process of physical facilities from the human Sjöblom, K., Mälkki, K., perspective. This enables creating tools for preventing and solving possible knots when Sandström, N. & Lonka, K. 202 new designs are introduced and implemented as well as creating new practices for (2014). Psychological needs embarking and making more efficient use of both the old and the new facilities. and physical space: learning in chemistry laboratory. Paper presented at ICM, Helsinki.

Sandström, N., Sjöblom, K., Mälkki, K., &Lonka, K.(2013). The role of physical, social and mental space in chemistry students’ learning. European Journal of Social and Behavioural Sciences, 6.

Mälkki, K. 2011. Theorizing the Nature of Reflection. Helsinki: University of Helsinki, Institute of Behavioural Sciences. 71 p. (Studies in Educational Sciences; no. 238)

203 Indoor Environment Results Report

WORK PACKAGE UBIKO indoor design concept: State-of-the-Art 4 - Future Learning learning environment Environments

KEYWORDS

Co-design, concept for school space, curriculum, follow-up study, indoor design concept, premises for teaching and learning development

PARTICIPANTS

Finnish Education Group FEG School of Architecture University of Oulu

CONTACT An area of 5 classrooms at Oulu University Teacher Training School (OUTTS) was renovated according to the UBIKO indoor design concept. Aiming to incorporate state- of-the-art teaching and learning aspirations of the UBIKO pedagogical development project into the design of the learning space, the concept was co-designed by teacher trainers of OUTTS and Heikki Luminen, an architect with expertise in school planning. The ongoing follow-up studies by Tuulikki Tuominen are expected to provide scientific proof to back up user experiences that once renovated according to the UBIKO indoor design concept the new premises promote teaching and learning development.

RESULTS Heikki Luminen

In 2010 a group of teacher trainers of OUTTS had already established the UBIKO pedagogical development project with funding from the National Board of Education in Finland, when the owner of the facilities, University Properties of Finland Ltd, saw its chance to support its customers by developing its premises. So, an indoor air quality renovation project, established in 2011 in the premises of OUTTS, was soon accompanied by a proof of concept, called UBIKO demo.

The school staff and architect – in the role of indoor designer – engaged in roundtable discussions on the needs and expectations of the teaching and learning environment Tuulikki Tuominen following the principles of the UBIKO project. These discussions resulted to the UBIKO MORE INFO indoor design concept, which includes School of Architecture spatial zones allowing the use of diverse teaching and learning methods University of Oulu spatial arrangements that facilitate movement and the use a flexible learning schedule. Finnish Education Group space types and adjustable furnishing for the various social forms used in teaching and learning. Oulu University Teacher soft furnishing that optimises the acoustic environment, especially for working in Training School groups. The UBIKO pedagogical ergonomic furniture for children different stages of growth. development-project in OUTTS funded by the Finnish The concept enables the use of space for as much as five classes of approximately 20 National Board of Education learners.unive

EFFECTS

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONCEPT. The concept was completed in two months and both renovation plans could be synchronised in one renovation project during school summer vacation. The renovation targeted an area of five classrooms and the 204 lounge/corridor type of space in between them.

Two years of using the renovated area at OUTTS has convinced the users of the benefits of the UBIKO design concept, and as a result, features of the concept have been adopted more widely within the school.

DISSEMINATION OF THE CONCEPT. Immediately at the beginning of the autumn term the UBIKO indoor design concept message was spread by word of mouth, first within the city of Oulu and the neighbouring municipalities and then nationally – and even internationally. From then on the school has been receiving visitors from Finland and abroad. The renovated area has served as a venue of seminars on teaching and learning development, as well as on teacher education. The concept as realised in the OUTTS premises has also been the subject of several professional presentations in Finland and abroad.

RESEARCH ON THE CONCEPT. Before the renovation actually took place, a follow up study was started on the consequences of the concept on wide array of themes. Studies will map the changes in

staff and students’ activity settings, especially affordances in them, students´ school satisfaction and comfort, and students’ learning outcomes.

The results will be published in Tuulikki Tuominen’s doctoral thesis. When the results of follow-up studies on the consequences of the UBIKO indoor design concept are available, confirmation for adopting the UBIKO concept is well-grounded.

FUTURE

IN FINLAND. In the next few years Finland will face the challenge of having to renovate more than 1300 schools that are in urgent need of repair in terms of their indoor air quality. This is an opportunity to further develop the pedagogical quality of Finnish education – as well as to reduce life-cycle costs of the buildings.

Being easily adaptable to various layouts of existing Finnish stock of school buildings, and cost-efficient, the UBIKO indoor design concept is a strong candidate for schools in need of renovation for teaching and learning development. As the design effort was steered by the principles of the pedagogical development project, the concept has been found to be compatible with the Finnish National Core Curriculum of Basic Education, confirmed 22th December 2014.

GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE. As constructed on the principles of National Core Curriculum of Basic Education in Finland, the concept can be appropriated to the educational systems that either base on democratic ethos, or, stretch themselves out towards it. The bottom-up approach to this development requires – at minimum – the implementation of the layout and spatial arrangement of the concept in school buildings so that they nudge teachers onto new avenues in their professional conduct as well as the curricula. The top-down approach involves compatible teacher education provided by the educational system. This would be most effective when put into practice simultaneously with the renovation of school buildings according to the concept.

Learning from the Finnish experience, new ideas require compatible environment in order become true. But, when the idea is ripe, creating a compatible environment to it is not necessarily expensive.

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WORK PACKAGE USER ENGAGEMENT MATTERS! PROFILING 4 - Future Learning USERS HELPS TO DESIGN LEARNING Environments ENVIRONMENTS KEYWORDS

academic achievement, design, Engagement, Indoor environment, Learning Environment, LPA, research, RYM, RYM Oy, SHOK, Sisäympäristö, Sisäympäristö-ohjelma, statistical methods, user profiles

PARTICIPANTS

Different user profiles can be identified by using statistical Aalto University method called Latent Profile Analysis (LPA). The results can University Of Helsinki be applied when designing new engaging learning CONTACT environments in universities, schools and workplaces. The engagement profiles of university students appear to vary considerably and further, have important consequences for study success. Only engaged students reached the goals set by the government.

RESULTS

Dynamics between the individual and the environment, and users with similar patterns can be identified through statistical method called Latent Profile Analysis (LPA). Such an Elina Ketonen analysis reveals both complex associations between different dimensions of learning, engagement and emotions as well as differently functioning user subgroups.

In the present study we classified 740 university students (engineering, science, teacher education, theology and law) into homogenous groups with similar academic engagement profiles. We further investigated the differences between profiles in terms of study success and discipline. Four groups of students were identified:

Suvi Nurttila

MORE INFO

Ketonen, E., Haarala- Muhonen, A., Hirsto, L., Hänninen, J., Wähälä, K., & Lonka, K. Academic engagement profiles and study success during first years at the university (submitted).

Lonka, K., & Ketonen, E. (2012). How to make a lecture course an engaging learning experience? Studies EFFECTS for the learning society, 2(2- 3), 63-74. 10.2478/v10240- 206 Different student profiles appear to have important consequences for study success. 012-0006-1 After one academic year only the group of engaged students achieved the goal of 55 ECTS credits (see figure below). Failing to address this Governmental goal has Nurttila, S., Ketonen, E., & significant economic consequences for both the institutions and the students Lonka, K. (2015). Sense of themselves. competence and optimism as resources to promote academic engagement. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 171, 1017-1026. 10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.22 5

Sandström, N., Ketonen, E., & Lonka, K. (2014). How do university students’ epistemologies guide their perceptions of the learning environment? – Triangulating latent profile analyses with interviews. Paper presented The investments in both the construction of new learning environments and the at EARLI SIG 4 & SIG 17 renovation of the old ones will be substantial both nationally and globally in the near Conference, Leuven, future. The research results can be applied to design environments that better engage Belgium, 20-22.8.2014. the users. The levels of engagement can also be followed to see which solutions are successful. Heikkilä, A. (2011). University students’ approaches to FUTURE learning, self-regulation, and cognitive and attributional By identifying different users with different needs we can design more engaging strategies (Doctoral learning environments for campuses, universities and schools in collaboration with dissertation). construction companies. The method can also be applied in designing engaging http://hdl.handle.net/10138/ workplaces. Implementing such a research and evaluation in new projects we can 25859 create value for Finnish construction industry and also develop new export globally. Nieminen, J. (2011). Our on-going studies shall reveal how student profiles have an effect on the contextual Dimensions of university experiences of the learning environment. In addition, we have gathered longitudinal student learning in medicine data (see figure below to see excellent response rate) to better understand the stability and pharmacy (Doctoral of the profiles and the long-term impact they may have. In order to see the transfer for dissertation). the working life this valuable follow-up should be continued until the participants reach http://hdl.handle.net/10138/ the working force. 26494

Profiling users is scalable statistical method. By using LPA different user profiles can be Litmanen, T. (2015). identified and based on the results, various ways of engaging the users considered. Stressful, important and rewarding: How higher education students experience learning at different environments (Doctoral dissertation).

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WORK PACKAGE User-centered service concept for University 4 - Future Learning Library provides better customer value Environments

KEYWORDS

Aalto-university, architecture, campus, Co- design, concept, historical building, Kirjasto: service design, learning center, library, prototyping, user profile, user-centered design

PARTICIPANTS

Aalto University Aalto University Library Aalto University Properties LTD JKMM Arkkitehdit Oy Kuudes Kerros Oy NRT Arkkitehdit Oy

CONTACT

A novel service and space concept was created for Aalto University Library, the forth- coming Learning Center. The concept was co-designed by three design agencies and the users and it will be implemented in Otaniemi library that will soon be modernised. Co-design is a tool that can be applied to any building project.

RESULTS Satu Kankaala Modernisation of the Otaniemi Library will begin in 2015. The strategic aim of the library is to transform itself into an inviting Learning Centre. The planning started with a service design, the goal of which was to create a new service concept for the library. Invited to participate in the development were a design agency, an architectural office and an interior designer.

The service design project established three design teams that carried out extensive interviews of the university’s students and staff. Based on the findings, six different user profiles were defined. New services were generated in workshops, and the best service ideas were prototyped among the users. The project generated an ambitious service Päivi Hietanen promise for the Learning Center “Learning together makes us the best in the world”. The new service portfolio includes themes like “Working”, “Events & Networking” and MORE INFO “Personal Productivity”, in addition to existing Information and Learning Services. Palvelumuotoiluhankkeen The new service concept was a basis for spatial design, where architects and interior loppuraportti designers would allocate the services into the space available, creating a multi-storey http://web.lib.aalto.fi/learnin public space for the customers. In the future, the Learning Center will be a magnetic gcenter/user-centered- meeting point, showcasing the university’s activities and supporting learning together service-concept-for-the-new- and alone. learning-center/

208 The heart of the Learning Center is a multi-storey public space. Image: NRT Archi-tects

EFFECTS

The concept of the new Learning Center was co-designed by three design agencies and the users. The library ended up with a comprehensive solution and, from the service design, got a tool for profound understanding of their customers’ needs. A road map was described to productize the new services, too.

Regarding the co-design, it created a platform for all stakeholders to develop a complex entity, such as a building project. A novel spatial programme for the modernisation was created, too.

FUTURE

Co-design is a powerful tool to understand the user needs. It offers a great potential to create novel concepts in the programming phase and can be applied to any type of building project.

In fact, user-centred design offers a great chance for renewal in the real estate and construction sector and provides an opportunity to create better customer value.

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WORK PACKAGE Visualization of perceived satisfaction on work 4 - Future Learning environment Environments

KEYWORDS

Indoor environment, satisfaction, survey, visualization, well-being, work environment

PARTICIPANTS

EDGE Laboratory in Tampere University of Technology Finnish Institute of Occupational Health Helsinki University Employees’ well-being is important for every responsible company. The Work Properties Environment and Well-being Survey is a method for assessing user needs and Senate Properties Ltd experiences of premises, and by combining survey data with the building geometry University Properties of using individual room space, it offers a great opportunity to visualize perceived Finland satisfaction. This innovation helps to prioritize the soluble problems of work VTT Technical Research environment. Centre of Finland

RESULTS CONTACT

In the pilot university, the survey results showed that development needs were associated with air quality, temperature and acoustics. They are important factors for overall satisfaction and well-being among the users of the premise. The results showed that 67% of respondents were satisfied with their present work environment as a whole, while 17% were dissatisfied. The survey results were visualized in order to get a comprehensive overview in the university building. The data was combined with the building geometry using individual room space. Figure illustrates an example of the visualization of the results on the question “How satisfied are you on your work environment as a whole?” (Perceived satisfaction on a scale of 1: very unsatisfied, red to 7: very satisfied, green)

Virpi Ruohomäki

MORE INFO

Ruohomäki, V., Lahtinen. M., Air quality was found to be unsatisfactory by 27% of respondents, especially in the Haapakangas, A. & Reijula, K. laboratories. Furthermore, 28% of respondents were bothered by too low temperatures (2014) Workplace needs and and 32% by too high temperatures. Acoustic problems were perceived in the open plan experiences of university office. The majority of respondents were satisfied with the functionality of workspaces: staff. In: O. Broberg, N. they supported individual tasks best, but were less impressive in supporting Fallentin, P. Hasle, P.L. collaboration and teamwork. Jensen, A. Kabel, M.E. Larsen, T. Weller (Eds.) 11th EFFECTS International Symposium on Human Factors in 210 The digital survey functions very well as support for the project planning phase of the Organisational Design and renovation. This survey also acts for post-occupancy evaluation (POE) when assessing Management. 46th Annual the effects of renovation on the users’ satisfaction on work environment, well-being and Nordic Ergonomics Society work performance. The visualizations of the results can support communication and Conference. Conference collaboration between the users, designers and other stakeholders. Proceedings, Vol. 2, p. 705- 710. FUTURE Ruohomäki, V., Lahtinen, M. The Work Environment and Well-being Survey provides systematic data from the users’ & Joutsiniemi, A. (2013) and their workplace needs and experiences. Visualization of the survey results show Participatory design when user evaluations in the building, and can help the employer to prioritize the soluble renovating premises – problems of work environment. These innovative, participatory methods are useful process and methods. when designing learning and working environments for future. Nordic Ergonomics & Human Factors Society, Electronic Proceedings of the NES2013 Conference: Ergonomics for Equality, Reykjavik, Island, 11.-14.8.2013.

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WORK PACKAGE Well-being architecture in academic workplace 4 - Future Learning Environments

KEYWORDS

Academic workplace, Laboratories, Well-being architecture

PARTICIPANTS

School of Architecture Tampere University of Technology University Properties of Finland Ltd.

CONTACT

The study offers novel insights to the workplace well-being from an architectural point of view in the context of research laboratory environment. Well-being of academic staff can be enhanced by offering spaces for concentration as well as collaboration. Future campuses could offer platforms for different phases of work as well as shared research Sanna Peltoniemi laboratories to support collaboration.

RESULTS

The results imply that well-being in academic workplace can be enhanced in a research laboratory environment by offering working spaces for concentration as well as collaboration. Based on the interviews of academic staff, laboratories can be seen as places for social interaction and collaboration while offices are places for solitary work. Research work requires the high degrees of concentration and hence, open-plan offices may not be the optimal solution for academic workplace. MORE INFO

EFFECTS Proceedings of the 6th Symposium of Architectural Campus developers and architects should take into consideration the need for different Research 2014 types of workspaces. The current open-plan offices need to be diversified with places http://ojs.tsv.fi/index.php/at for solitary work and concentration. Multi-space offices, for example, would support ut/index better the varying nature of academic research work. Mutually laboratories need to be modified to offer spaces for collaboration. For example near laboratories could be located open seating areas for informal encounters, or plug-in workspaces for group work.

FUTURE

The study shows that academic knowledge work differs from knowledge work in general. Therefore the workplace design should support the special features of academic work. Campuses could offer a variety of different platforms for academic staff, including shared laboratories and other workplaces for different activities.

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Publications

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WP 1 - User-Centric Indoor Environment

Conference Papers

Airo, K., Rasila, H. and Nenonen, S. Open Plan Office – from narratives to discourses – An Analysis of an Internet discussion Forum: EFMC 2012 | Theme: User Behaviour | Participants: Aalto-yliopisto

Bertheussen Bård , Mustakallio Panu , Kosonen Risto , Melikov Arsen Comparison of the performance of chilled beam with swirl jet and diffuce ceiling air supply: impact of heat load distribution Forum: CLIMA 2013 | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: Halton, Technical University of Denmark, Erichesen & Horgen

Bertheussen Bård , Mustakallio Pany, Melikov Arsen, Kosonen Risto Performance of chilled beam with radial swirl jet and diffuse ceiling air supply in heating mode Forum: CLIMA 2013 | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: Halton, Technical University of Denmark, Erichesen & Horgen

Bolashikov, Melikov, Rezgals, Lipczynska, Mustakallio, Kosonen, Aho Comparison of radiant and convective cooling of office room: effect of worstation layout Forum: Indoor Air 2014 | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: Uponor, Halton, Silesian University of Technology, Technical University of Denmark

Brockmann Tomas, Koskela Hannu, Mustakallio Panu, Siikonen Timo A Comparison of LES and RANS in a Simulation of Colliding Plane Jets Forum: Roomvent 2011 | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: TTL, Halton, Aalto-yliopisto

Cuth, Nygaard, Bolashikov, Melikov, Kosonen, Mustakallio, Aho Human response to individually controlled micro environment generated with localized chilled beam Forum: Indoor Air 2014 | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: Uponor, Halton, Technical University of Denmark

Duszyk Marcin, Melikov Arsen, Kosonen Risto, Mustakallio Panu Comparison of temperature and velocity field in rooms with chilled beams and radiant panel systems combined with mixing ventilation

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Forum: Roomvent 2011 | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: Halton, Technical University of Denmark

Haapakangas, Hongisto, Koskela Koetun sisäympäristön ja työtilojen toimivuuden yhteys työympäristötyytyväisyyteen avotoimistoissa Forum: Sisäilmastoseminaari 2013 | Theme: User Behaviour | Participants: TTL

Häggblom, Haapakangas, Östman, Hongisto, Koskela ja Hyönä Korkean lämpötilan vaikutus työsuoriutumiseen ja viihtyvyyteen Forum: Sisäilmastoseminaari 2012 | Theme: User Behaviour | Participants: TTL, Turun yliopisto

Hartikainen, Leppänen, Salmi, Tarhanen, Kähkönen, Holopainen, Pasanen, Hyttinen SVOC- ja VOC- yhdisteiden esiintyminen matalaenergiatalojen ja tavanomaisesti rakennettujen pien- ja kerrostalojen sisäilmassa Forum: Sisäilmastoseminaari 2014 | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: UEF, TTL

Hartikainen, Salmi, Leppänen, Hyttinen, Kähkönen, Holopainen, Pasanen Semi-volatile and volatile organic compound in low energy and conventionally built houses Forum: Indoor Air 2014 | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: UEF, TTL

Holopainen, Salonen Regeneratiivisen lämmönsiirtimen laskenta elementtimenetelmällä Forum: Sisäilmastoseminaari 2014 | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: Aalto-yliopisto, TTL

Hongisto, Haapakangas, Varjo, Maula, Keränen, Koskela, Hakala Avotoimiston ilmanvaihdon, huoneakustiikan, lämpötlilan ja sisustuksen sävyn vaikutus työsuoriutumiseen ja hyvinvointiin Forum: Sisäilmastoseminaari 2013 | Theme: User Behaviour | Participants: TTL

Kähkönen E, Salmi K, Holopainen R, Pasanen P, Reijula K Lämpöolojen pysyvyys matalaenergia- ja verrokkitaloissa Forum: Sisäilmastoseminaari 2014 | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: UEF, TTL

Kähkönen E, Salmi K, Holopainen R, Pasanen P, Reijula K Ilmanvaihtokanavien tiiviys pientaloissa Forum: Sisäilmastoseminaari 2014 | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: UEF, TTL

Kähkönen, Salmi, Holopainen, Pasanen, Antti, Wennerström, Reijula Sairaalan neuvonta ja vastaanottopisteiden ilmanjako ja lämpöolot sekä niihin liittyvät kehitystarpeet Forum: FisIAQ | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: TTL, UEF,

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Käkelä Pasi, Jormalainen Janne Sustainability of Polyurethane Thermal insulation – performance assessment at building and component level in low energy building Forum: PHN11 | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: SPU Oy

Käkelä Pasi, Jormalainen Janne Sustainability of Polyurethane Thermal Insulation Forum: PHN11 | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: SPU Oy

Koskela H The effect of office renovation – on perceived thermal comfort and air quality Forum: CLIMA 2013 | Theme: User Behaviour | Participants: TTL

Koskela H., Maula H. A CFD Model of a Swirl Diffuser for Heating and Cooling Modes Forum: Ventilation 2012 | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: TTL

Koskela Hannu , Saarinen Pekka, Kosonen Risto, Ruponen Mika Model for Asymmetric Collision of Two Attached Plane Jets Forum: Roomvent 2011 | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: Halton, TTL

Koskela, Maula, Haapakangas, Moberg, Hongisto Effect of low ventilation rate on office work performance and perception of air quality – a laboratory study Forum: Indoor Air 2014 | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: TTL

Koskela, Maula, Koskinen, Hongisto, Sandberg Sermikorkeuden vaikutus ilmanvaihtuvuuteen työpisteissä Forum: Sisäilmastoseminaari 2013 | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: SAMK, TTL

Kosonen An analysis of a flexibility chilled beam system in hot and humid climate Forum: CLIMA 2013 | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: Halton

Kosonen Risto, Mustakallio Panu, Melikov Arsen, Duszyk Marcin Comparison of the Thermal Environment in Rooms with Chilled Beam and Radiant Panel Systems Forum: Roomvent 2011 | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: Halton, Technical University of Denmark

Kosonen, Duplessis, Mustakallio The effect of building characteristics and climatic zone on sensible and total cooling demand in an office building Forum: CLIMA 2013 | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: Halton, University of La Rochelle

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Lestinen S., Koskela H., Nyysso?la? H., Sundman T.L., Laine T., Siikonen T. CFD-simulation and measurement of indoor environment in a multipurpose arena Forum: Ventilation 2012 | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: Granlund, TTL, Aalto-yliopisto

Maula, H., Östman, L., Haapakangas, A., Hongisto, V., Koskela, H. The effect of moderately high temperature on work performance and comfort in office environment – laboratory experiment with wider range of cognitive tasks Forum: Healthy Buildings 2012 | Theme: User Behaviour | Participants: TTL

Maula, Haapakangas, Moberg, Hongisto, Koskela Ilmanvaihdon vaikutus työsuoriutumiseen ja viihtyvyyteen toimistotyössä Forum: Sisäilmastoseminaari 2013 | Theme: User Behaviour | Participants: TTL

Maula, Koskela, Haapakangas, Hongisto Perception of a cooling jet from ceiling – a laboratory study Forum: AIVC Conference 2014 | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: TTL

Mustakallio Panu, Bolashikov Zhecho, Kostov Kalin, Kosonen Risto, Melikov Arsen Thermal conditions in a simulated 6-person meeting room with convective and radiant cooling systems Forum: CLIMA 2013 | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: Halton, Technical University of Denmark

Mustakallio Panu, Bolashikov Zhecho, Kostov Kalin, Kosonen Risto, Melikov Arsen Thermal comfort in a simulated office environmnet with four convective and radiant cooling system Forum: CLIMA 2013 | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: Halton, Technical University of Denmark

Mustakallio Panu, Bolashikov Zhecho, Kostov Kalin, Kosonen Risto, Melikov Arsen Thermal conditions in a simulated office environment with convective and radiant cooling systems Forum: CLIMA 2013 | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: Halton, Technical University of Denmark

Mustakallio Panu, Kosonen Risto, Melikov Arsen, Duszyk Marcin The effect of air distribution on the performance of radiant panels Forum: Roomvent 2011 | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: Halton, Technical University of Denmark

Mustakallio Panu, Melikov Arsen, Duszyk Marcin, Kosonen Risto The effect of air heat load arrangement on the performance of radiant panels Forum: Roomvent 2011 | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: Halton, Technical University of Denmark

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Mustakallio Panu, Rosenqvist Marko, Sinai Yehuda and Kosonen Risto Full-scale test and CFD-simulation of indoor climate conditions in displacement ventilation case with different room heights and CFD models Forum: Ventilation 2012 | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: Halton, SAMK, Heat and Flow Consultancy Ltd.

Nenonen Suvi, Lindahl Interdisciplinary Approaches, Obstacles and Possibilities – Experiences from Facilities Management Research Forum: EFMC 2012 | Theme: Indoor Environment Business | Participants: Aalto-yliopisto, Chalmers University of Technology

Nenonen, Kojo Experience of Places – Six dimensional model for capturing the user experience Forum: EFMC 2013 | Theme: User Behaviour | Participants: Aalto-yliopisto

Nenonen, Koskela, Kosonen Towards the User Experience – Integration of the Measurable and Non–Measurable Conditions of Indoor Environment Forum: CLIMA 2013 | Theme: User Behaviour | Participants: Aalto-yliopisto, TTL, Halton

Nenonen, S and Kojo, I Sisäympäristön käyttäjäkokemus – työkalu suunnitteluun ja kehittämiseen Forum: FiSIAQ2014 | Theme: User Behaviour | Participants: Aalto-yliopisto

Pasanen, Hahkala, Holopainen, Hyttinen Quality of Ventilation Systems in Residential Buildings: Status and persperctives in Finland Forum: Tightvent 2013 | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: UEF, TTL, Metropolia

Raatikainen Mika, Skön Jukka-Pekka, Johansson Markus, Keinänen-Toivola Minna M., Kolehmainen Mikko Analysing office building water network data using computational methods Forum: International Congress on Informatics, Environmnent, Energy adn Applications 2012 | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: Prizztech Ltd/WANDER, UEF

Ruohomäki, Lahtinen Hyvinvointia edistävän työtilan ulottuvuuksia Forum: Hyvää työtä -seminaari | Theme: User Behaviour | Participants: TTL

Saarinen Pekka, Koskela Hannu Flow noise from an exhaust valve – prediction by simulations as compared with measurements Forum: Roomvent 2011 | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: TTL

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Saarinen Pekka, Mustakallio Panu Simulation of flow noise generation in a circular diffuser Forum: ISHVAC 2011 | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: TTL, Halton

Saarinen, Kalliomäki, Brockmann, Siikonen, Koskela Large-eddy simulation of ventilation jets with a new inlet treatment Forum: Roomvent 2014 | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: Aalto-yliopisto, TTL

Saarinen, Kalliomäki, Tang, Koskela Simulation of air migration through an isolation room doorway during passage Forum: Roomvent 2014 | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: TTL, University of Alberta

Saarinen, Kalliomäki, Tang,Koskela Air leakage through isolation room doorway – measurements and CFD simulations Forum: Indoor Air 2014 | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: TTL, University of Alberta

Salmi, Holopainen, Kähkönen, Pasanen, Viitanen, Reijula Mitatut ja koetut sisäilmaolosuhteet matalaenergiataloissa ja perinteisissä pientaloissa Forum: FisIAQ | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: TTL, UEF

Sandberg, Koskela Avotoimiston ilmastoinnin suunnittelunäkökohtia Forum: Sisäilmastoseminaari 2013 | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: SAMK, TTL

Skön J-P., Johansson M., Raatikainen M., Keinänen-Toivola M. and Kolehmainen M. Establishing a hydraulic model of pilot building: living lab environment and model description Forum: International Congress on Informatics, Environmnent, Energy adn Applications 2012 | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: Prizztech Ltd/WANDER, UEF

Taghinia, Rahman, Siikonen, Agarwal A Sub-grid Scale Model with Non-traditional Eddy-viscosity coefficient Forum: Theoretical Fluid Mechanics Conference | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: Aalto- yliopisto, Washington University

Taghinia, Siikonen Effect of different inlet geometries on an impinging jet performance and heat transfer rate Forum: IC-EpsMso 2013 | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: Aalto-yliopisto

Viitanen, Käkelä Energy efficient wall element with steel frame and polyurethane insulation Forum: SB13 Oulu | Theme: Future Learning Environments | Participants: SPU Oy

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Journal Articles

Inkinen, Kaunisto, Pursiainen, Miettinen, Riihinen, Kusnetsov, Keinänen-Toivola Drinking water quality and formation of biofilms in an office building during its first year operation, a full scale study Forum: Water Research | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: WANDER, THL

Kojo, Nenonen, Kärnä From satisfaction to user experience—mixed-method approach to evaluating university facilities Forum: Building Research & Information Journal | Theme: User Behaviour | Participants: Aalto-yliopisto

Koskela H., Maula H. A CFD Model of a Swirl Diffuser for Heating and Cooling Modes Forum: International Journal of Ventilation | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: TTL

Koskela Hannu, Häggblom Henna, Kosonen Risto, Ruponen Mika Flow pattern and thermal comfort in office environment with active chilled beams Forum: HVAC & R Research Journal | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: TTL, Halton

Mälkki K., Green L. Navigational aids: the phenomenology of transformative learning Forum: Journal of Transformative Education | Theme: Future Learning Environments | Participants: Helsingin yliopisto

Taghinia-Seyedjalali Javad and Siikonen Timo Numerical Investigation of Flow in Hydraulic Valves with Different Head Shapes Forum: Asian Journal of Scientific Research | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: Aalto-yliopisto

Viitanen, Lehtovaara, Tetri A user preferences in office lighting – a case study comparing LED and T5 lighting Forum: Leukos | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: Aalto-yliopisto

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WP 2 - Energy Efficient Control of Indoor Environment

Conference Papers

Passive house structures Forum: SB13 | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: SPU Oy

Ahonen, Markku; Vesanen, Teemu; Ala-Juusela, Mia; Klobut, Krzysztof; Jalkanen, Martti New comfort and energy efficiency service for buildings Forum: SB11 Helsinki | Theme: Indoor Environment Business | Participants: VTT

Airaksinen Energy use in day cares and schools Forum: Energies 2011 | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: VTT

Airaksinen, Vainio A roadmap for renovation in built environment in Finland Forum: SB11 | Theme: Indoor Environment Business | Participants: VTT

Babiak Jan Efficient Cooling and Heating of Office Buildings in the UK by Means of TAB System and its Life Cycle Cost Compared to Other HVAC Forum: CLIMA 2013 | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: Uponor

Federley, Seisto, Vähä, Möttönen User involvement in developing practices for reducing energy consumption at work Forum: Energy Efficiency and Behaviour 2012 | Theme: User Behaviour | Participants: VTT

Halmetoja, Niskanen, Purhonen, Kuusijärvi Towards semantic facility data management Forum: INTELLI 2014 | Theme: Indoor Environment Business | Participants: VTT, Senaatti

Hamdy Mohamed, Palonen Matti, and Hasan Ala Implementation of Parewto-Archive NSGA-II algorithms to a nearly zero-energy building optimization problem Forum: BSO12 | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: Aalto-yliopisto

Holopainen Riikka, Tuomaala Pekka, and Piira Kalevi Significance of both internal and external boundary conditions on human thermal

221 Indoor Environment Results Report sensation Forum: 12th conference on International Building Performance Simulation Association | Theme: User Behaviour | Participants: VTT

Jormalainen Janne Implementing zero energy buildings in harsh Nordic climate conditions Forum: PHN13 | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: SPU Oy

Käkelä, Viitanen, Finnäs Implementing zero energy buildings in harsh Nordic climate conditions Forum: PHN13 | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: SPU Oy

Laitinen, Holopainen, A very low-energy concept for a Finnish commercial building Forum: | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: VTT

Nielsen, Hansen, Kojo, Engelsfelt Under Floor Cooling in NZEB Forum: CLIMA 2013 | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: Uponor

Salminen Markku, Palonen Matti, and Siren Kai Combined energy simulation and multi-criteria optimisation of a leed-certified building Forum: BSO12 | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: Skanska, Aalto-yliopisto

Sønderby Nielsen Lars Efficient indoor climate solutions for low energy homes Forum: SB11 Helsinki | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: Uponor

Sønderby Nielsen Lars & Aho Ilari Sustainable Cooling in Commercial Construction Forum: SB11 Helsinki | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: Uponor

Sønderby Nielsen Lars, Vartou Hansen Jesper, Kojo Marko, Engelsfeldt Carsten A Low Exergy Approach to Low Energy House Design Forum: PHN11 | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: Uponor

Tuomaala, Holopainen, piira A comprehensive human thermal model for evaluating individual thermal sensation Forum: Building Simulation and Optimisation 2014 | Theme: User Behaviour | Participants: VTT

Tuomaala, Holopainen, Piira, Airaksinen Impact of Individual characteristics – such as age, gender, bmi and fitness – on

222 Indoor Environment Results Report human thermal sensation Forum: BS2013 | Theme: User Behaviour | Participants: VTT

Tuominen, Pekka, Klobut, Krzysztof, Tolman, Anne. Energy efficiency improvement of building stock in the European Union Forum: SB11 Helsinki | Theme: Indoor Environment Business | Participants: VTT

Vähä, Möttönen, Kauppinen, Kokko, Halmetoja and Lähteinen Planning and performance of an eco-efficient dormitory in cold climate area Forum: SB13 Oulu | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: VTT, Senaatti

Vallet, Kaltiokallio, Saarinen, Myrsky, Bocca Maurizio On the Sensitivity of RSS Based Localization Using the Log-Normal Model: An Empirical Study Forum: WPNC | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: Aalto-yliopisto

Journal Articles

Aho Value-added business models: linking professionalism and delivery of sustainability Forum: Building Research & Information Journal | Theme: Indoor Environment Business | Participants: Uponor

Ala Hasan Going below the wet-bulb temperature by indirect evaporative cooling: Analysis using a modified e-NTU method Forum: Applied Energy | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: Aalto-yliopisto

Cao, Mohamed, Hasan, Siren Matching analysis for on-site hybrid renewable energy systems of office buildings with extended indices Forum: Applied Energy | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: Aalto-yliopisto, VTT

Cao, Mohamed, Hasan, Siren Energy matching analysis of on-site micro-cogeneration for a single-family house with thermal and electrical tracking strategies Forum: Energy and Buildings | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: Aalto-yliopisto, VTT

Capra, Jokisalo, Siren Influence of window placing on building energy demand Forum: Talotekniikka | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: Aalto-yliopisto

Ehab Foda, Kai Siren Design strategy for maximizing the energy-efficiency of a localized floor-heating

223 Indoor Environment Results Report system using a thermal manikin with human thermoregulatory control Forum: Energy and Buildings | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: Aalto-yliopisto

Mohamed, Cao, Hasan, Siren Selection of micro-cogeneration for net zero energy buildings using weighted energy matching index Forum: Energy and Buildings | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: Aalto-yliopisto, VTT

Mohamed, Hasan, Siren Fulfillment of net-zero energy building with four metrics in a single family house with different heating alternatives Forum: Applied Energy | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: Aalto-yliopisto, VTT

Pakanen Jouko A Sequential One-Dimensional Solution for the Sideways Heat Equation in a Semi- Infinite, Finite, and Multilayer Slab Forum: International Journal of Computation and Methodology | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: Aalto-yliopisto

Siren, Cao, Hasan On-site energy matching indices for buildings with energy conversion, storage, and hybrid grid connections Forum: Energy and Buildings | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: Aalto-yliopisto, VTT

Viitanen, Halonen Electrical Efficiency Study of alternating current and direct power topologies in office buiding with integrated photovoltaics in MatLab-Simulink environment Forum: Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants:

Zhiyin Duan, Changhong Zhan, Xingxing Zhang, Mahmud Mustafa, Xudong Zhao, Behrang Alimohammadisagvand, Ala Hasan Indirect evaporative cooling: Past, present and future potentials Forum: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: De Montfort University, Aalto-yliopisto

224 Indoor Environment Results Report

WP 3 - Business Logic of Knowledge Intensive Space Markets

Conference Papers

Christersson M., Säynäjoki A., Vimpari J., Junnila S. Assessment of financial and environmental potential of a real estate energy efficiency investment Forum: CIB2014 | Theme: Indoor Environment Business | Participants: Aalto-yliopisto

Andelin Mia, Ventovuori Tomi, Tuomela Antti, Lindholm A-L The Role of Corporate Real Estate in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Forum: ARES Conference | Theme: Indoor Environment Business | Participants: Aalto-yliopisto, Newsec

Andelin Mia, Ventovuori Tomi, Tuomela Antti, Lindholm A-L The Role of Corporate Real Estate in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) – Evidence from North European Companies Forum: ARES 2012 | Theme: Indoor Environment Business | Participants: Aalto-yliopisto, Newsec

Andelin, Junnila, Sarasoja How to create shared value in built environment? Forum: SB13 Oulu | Theme: Indoor Environment Business | Participants: Aalto-yliopisto, Newsec

Andelin, Kekki Case Study Härmälänranta Sustainable Urban Area Development Forum: Sustainable Building Conference 2013 | Theme: Indoor Environment Business | Participants: Aalto-yliopisto, Skanska

Andelin, Kyrö, Sarasoja Current Sustainability reporting practices in Nordic real estate companies Forum: Pacific-Rim Real Estate Society Conference 2013 | Theme: Indoor Environment Business | Participants: Aalto-yliopisto, Newsec

Andelin, Sarasoja, Masalskyte Modeling Sustainability Maturity in Corporate Real Estate Forum: ERES 2013 | Theme: Indoor Environment Business | Participants: Aalto-yliopisto, Newsec

Eerikäinen Henna, Sarasoja Anna-Liisa Marketing Green Buildings – Well Structured Process or Forgotten Minor Detail? Evidence from Finland Forum: ERES 2012 | Theme: Indoor Environment Business | Participants: Aalto-yliopisto, Newsec

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Kajander, Helin, Mäkipelto, Sivunen, Vimpari Towards cost optimal net zero energy building concept for Nordic Urban areas Forum: SB13 | Theme: Indoor Environment Business | Participants: Boost Brothers, YIT

Känkänen, J., Majamaa, W., Junnila, S. Specialized Green Real Estate Funds will not boom in Europe Forum: ARES 2012 | Theme: Indoor Environment Business | Participants: Aalto-yliopisto, ICECAPITAL

Känkänen, Majamaa, Junnila Sustainable real estate funds in Europe – radical market shift expected Forum: ARES 2012 | Theme: Indoor Environment Business | Participants: Aalto-yliopisto, ICECAPITAL

Kiiras, Toivo, Sivunen, Kajander Managing risks related to functional changes by design alliance Forum: Creative Construction Conference 2014 | Theme: Indoor Environment Business | Participants: Boost Brothers, KOY Terveystalo, Aalto-yliopisto

Rajakallio K, Ristimäki M Profit, Risk and value: the business model renewal in the Real estate and construction sector Forum: CIB2014 | Theme: Indoor Environment Business | Participants: Skanska, Aalto-yliopisto

Ristimäki M Improving life cycle management by employing BIM in real estate management – case study Forum: CIB2014 | Theme: Indoor Environment Business | Participants: Skanska

Ristimäki Miro, Tulamo Marko Improving Decision Making with Life Cycle Costing in Urban Development Forum: SB13 Oulu | Theme: Indoor Environment Business | Participants: Aalto-yliopisto, Skanska

Viljanen, Sivunen, Kajander, Nenonen Evidence-based design in learning environments: framework for project briefing Forum: 13th EuroFM Research Symposium | Theme: Indoor Environment Business | Participants: Boost Brothers, Aalto-yliopisto

Vimpari, Sivunen, Kajander, Junnila Risk management with real options in Public Private Partnerships Forum: International conference on construction in a changing world | Theme: Indoor Environment Business | Participants: Boost Brothers, Aalto-yliopisto

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Journal Articles

Aaltonen, Määttänen, Kyrö, Sarasoja Facilities Management Driving Green Building Certification – a Case from Finland Forum: Facilities | Theme: Indoor Environment Business | Participants: Aalto-yliopisto

Andelin, Sarasoja, Masalskyte Modeling Sustainability Maturity in Corporate Real Estate Forum: Journal of Corporate Real Estate | Theme: Indoor Environment Business | Participants: Aalto- yliopisto, Newsec

Eerikäinen Henna, Sarasoja Anna-Liisa Marketing Green Buildings – Well Structured Process or Forgotten Minor Detail? Evidence from Finland Forum: Property Management | Theme: Indoor Environment Business | Participants: Aalto-yliopisto

Jussi Vimpari, Seppo Junnila Valuing green building certificates as real options Forum: Journal of European Real Estate Research | Theme: Indoor Environment Business | Participants: Boost Brothers, Aalto-yliopisto

Kajander, Junnila, Vimpari Valuing flexibility in retrofit investments Forum: Journal of Corporate Real Estate | Theme: Indoor Environment Business | Participants: Boost Brothers, Aalto-yliopisto

Karhu Jessica, Laitala Ari, Falkenbach Heidi, Sarasoja Anna-Liisa The green preferences of commercial tenants in Helsinki Forum: Journal of Corporate Real Estate | Theme: Indoor Environment Business | Participants:

Kiiras, Toivo, Sivunen, Kajander Managing risks related to functional changes by design alliance Forum: Procedia Engineering | Theme: Indoor Environment Business | Participants: Boost Brothers, KOY Terveystalo, Aalto-yliopisto

Määttänen, E., Jylhä, T., Junnila, S. Applying the Kano model to analyse the value of green FM Forum: Property Management | Theme: Indoor Environment Business | Participants: Aalto-yliopisto

Määttänen, Kyrö, Aaltonen, Sarasoja, Junnila Remote energy management benefits in retail building portfolios Forum: Journal of Facilities Management | Theme: Indoor Environment Business | Participants: Aalto- yliopisto, ISS Palvelut

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Ristimäki Miro, Säynäjoki Antti, Heinonen Jukka, Junnila Seppo Combining life cycle costing and life cycle assessment for an analysis of a new residential district energy system design Forum: Energy | Theme: Indoor Environment Business | Participants: Aalto-yliopisto

Sarasoja In search for added value of FM – what we know and what we need to learn Forum: Facilities | Theme: Indoor Environment Business | Participants: Newsec

Sivunen, Kosonen, Kajander Good indoor environment and energy efficiency increase monetary value of buildings Forum: REHVA European HVAC Journal | Theme: Indoor Environment Business | Participants: Boost Brothers, Halton

Vimpari, Junnila Value influencing mechanism of green certificates in the discounted cash flow valuation Forum: International journal of strategic property management | Theme: Indoor Environment Business | Participants: Boost Brothers, Aalto-yliopisto

228 Indoor Environment Results Report

WP 4 - Future Learning Environments

Conference Papers

Airaksinen, Holopainen, Tuomaala, Piippo, Piira, Saari, Antson, Ruotsalainen, Haapakangas, Ruohomäki, Lahtinen Comparison of human thermal models, measured results and questionnaires Forum: BS2013 | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: VTT, TTL

Airaksinen, Holopainen, Tuomaala, Saari, Haapakangas Measured, modelled, and Experienced human thermal comfort in and office room Forum: | Theme: User Behaviour | Participants: VTT, TTL

Heikkilä, A., Lonka, K., Nieminen, J., Niemivirta, M Relations between teacher students’ approaches to learning, cognitive and attributional strategies, well-being, and study success Forum: High Education 2012 | Theme: Future Learning Environments | Participants: Helsingin yliopisto

Heiskanen, H., Korhonen, J., Lonka, K Are epistemological beliefs and motivational strategies related to study engagement in higher education? Forum: ICEEPCY 2012 | Theme: Future Learning Environments | Participants: Tampereen yliopisto

Heiskanen, H., Lonka, K., Keltinkangas, k., Korhonen, J., Kettunen, H Orientations to studying in engineering education and their relations to study engagement and well-being Forum: SEFI2012 | Theme: Future Learning Environments | Participants: Helsingin yliopisto, Aalto- yliopisto

Joutsiniemi, A., Mathlin, M., Haapakangas, A., Ruohomäki, V., Lahtinen, M., Airaksinen, M. Tilamallinnus käyttäjätiedon ja teknisen tiedon yhdistäjänä Forum: Sisäilmastoseminaari 2013 | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: TUT, TTL, VTT

Kähkönen, Keinänen, Naaranoja Core project teams as an organizational approach for projects and their management Forum: IPMA World Congress 2012, Social and Behavioral Sciences 2012 | Theme: Indoor Environment Business | Participants: TUT, Vaasan yliopisto

Ketonen E., Talvio M., Lonka K. Engaging Learning Environment (ELE) for Leadership training:Fostering Interest and Epistemic Change

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Forum: International Conference on Advanced Education and Management | Theme: Future Learning Environments | Participants: Helsingin yliopisto

Kiiveri Teemu Mitattu, mallinnettu ja koettu lämpöviihtyvyys toimistohuoneessa Forum: Sisäilmayhdistys | Theme: User Behaviour | Participants: TTL, VTT, TUT

Kojo Inka, Keltikangas Kirsti, Hänninen Jari Developing learning environments for engineering education: Elements of user experience and supporting spatial solutions Forum: SEFI Conference 2013 | Theme: User Behaviour | Participants: Aalto-yliopisto, Helsingin yliopisto

Kojo, Heiskala, Virtanen Customer Journey Mapping of an Experience- Centric Service by Mobile Self- reporting: Testing the Qualiwall Tool Forum: Human Computer Interaction International 2014 | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: Aalto-yliopisto

Kojo, Nenonen Workplaces for social ecosystems – User Experiences in Co-working Places Forum: 11th EuroFM Research Symposium | Theme: User Behaviour | Participants: Aalto-yliopisto

Kojo, Nenonen User Experience in an Academic Coworking Place: The Case of Aalto University’s Design Factory Forum: CIB2014 | Theme: User Behaviour | Participants: Aalto-yliopisto

Kojo, Nenonen Updating the academic engineering environment to support new ways of learning Forum: ECEET 2013 | Theme: Future Learning Environments | Participants: Aalto-yliopisto

Kojo, Nenonen, Santamäki Defining a workplace experience framework: Analyzing the social heartbeat of Aalto university Design Factory Forum: EUCEET Association Conference 2011 | Theme: User Behaviour | Participants: Aalto-yliopisto

Lahtinen Marjaana, Ruohomäki Virpi, Haapakangas Annu, Palomäki Eero Haasteena tilan käyttäjien hyvinvointi energiatehokkuutta parannattaessa Forum: Sisäilmastoseminaari 2012 | Theme: User Behaviour | Participants: Aalto-yliopisto, TTL

Lonka Kirsti Engaging learning environments for the future Forum: Information Literacy conference | Theme: Future Learning Environments | Participants: Helsingin yliopisto

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Mäkelä Ville Magnetic Cursor: Improving Target Selection in Freehand Pointing Interfaces Forum: International Symposium on Pervasive Displays | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: Tampereen yliopisto

Marttinen et al. Students’ and teachers’ perceptions of an innovative blended learning environment – case Porvoo campus. Forum: EDEN 2012 | Theme: Future Learning Environments | Participants: Helsingn yliopisto, Haaga- Helia

Naaranoja, Kähkönen, Keinänen Construction projects as research objects – different research approaches and possibilities Forum: IPMA WC 2013 | Theme: Indoor Environment Business | Participants: TUT

Naaranoja, Uden The role of trust in effective knowledge capture for project initiation Forum: 7th International conference on knowledge management in organizations | Theme: Indoor Environment Business | Participants: Vaasan yliopisto, Staffordshire University

Nenonen Suvi, Niemi Olli, Kannisto Esa, Pärttö Minna, Saariluoma Pertti Monitilatoimiston fyysinen ja sosiaalinen ilmasto Forum: Sisäympäristöseminaari 2012 | Theme: User Behaviour | Participants: Aalto-yliopisto, TUT, Jyväskylän yliopisto, SYK Oy

Poutanen J Pop-up Spaces: From Prototyping to a method of revealing user-attitudes Forum: ATUT | Theme: Future Learning Environments | Participants: TUT

Poutanen Jenni Third places at the University campuses and their potential as new learning environments Forum: Achitecture as human interface conference 2012 | Theme: Future Learning Environments | Participants: SYK Oy

Poutanen, Jenni A Designed Third Place as Social Learning Space in Higher Education Forum: INTED 2013 | Theme: Future Learning Environments | Participants: TUT

Pouya, Naaranoja, Kantola Project Stakeholders’ supposition about project success factors Forum: 3rd International Conference on Project Management in the Baltic Countries | Theme: Indoor Environment Business | Participants: Vaasan yliopisto, TUT

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Pulkkinen Katri-Liisa Ecosystem services approach as a possibility in urban planning Forum: 6th Nordic Planning Researc Symposium PLANNNORD | Theme: Indoor Environment Business | Participants: Aalto-yliopisto

Pulkkinen, K-L. Urban pioneering movement as an example of emergence and change Forum: ISSS World Conference 2013 | Theme: Future Learning Environments | Participants: Aalto- yliopisto

Pyhältö, Toom, Stubb & Lonka Challenges of Becoming a Scholar: A Study of Doctoral Students’ Problems and Well- Being Forum: International Scholarly Research Network 2012 | Theme: Future Learning Environments | Participants: Helsingin yliopisto

Ruohomäki Virpi Monipaikkainen ja mobiili tietotyö – missä työtä tehdään Forum: Työterveyspäivät 2011 | Theme: User Behaviour | Participants: TTL

Ruohomäki Virpi, Lahtinen Marjaana & Palomäki Eero How to attain energy efficient and human working environments? Forum: IAPS Conference 2012 | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: TTL

Ruohomäki, Lahtinen, Haapakangas, Reijula Workplace needs and experiences of university staff Forum: Human Factors in organizational design and management - Nordic ergonomics society annual conference | Theme: User Behaviour | Participants: TTL

Ruohomäki, Lahtinen, Joutsiniemi Participatory design when renovating premises – process and methods Forum: NES2013 | Theme: User Behaviour | Participants: TTL, TUT

Ruohomäki, V., Lahtinen, M., Haapakangas, A. Tilat työn mukaisiksi: työn analyysi ja koettu sisäympäristö yliopistossa Forum: Sisäilmastoseminaari 2013 | Theme: User Behaviour | Participants: TTL

Ruohomäki, V., Lahtinen, M., Joutsiniemi, A. Osallistuva suunnittelu tilamuutoksessa – prosessit ja menetelmät Forum: Sisäilmastoseminaari 2013 | Theme: User Behaviour | Participants: TTL, TTY

Rytkönen Eelis Community-focused perspectives to interdisciplinary university campus management – a business model case study

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Forum: Annual Pacific-Rim Real Estate Society Conference 2014 | Theme: Indoor Environment Business | Participants: Aalto-yliopisto

Rytkönen Eelis Facilitating interdisciplinary learning communities Forum: CIB 2014 | Theme: Future Learning Environments | Participants: Aalto-yliopisto

Rytkönen Eelis, Kärnä Sami, Nenonen Suvi Exploring facilities management – towards future campuses Forum: SEFI2012 | Theme: Indoor Environment Business | Participants: Aalto-yliopisto

Salmisto Alpo Case Study: Progressive Inquiry learning in real estate business and management course Forum: Innovations 2013 | Theme: Future Learning Environments | Participants: TUT

Syvänen Antti, Viteli Jarmo Towards Opportunistic Uses of Ubiquitous Learning Environments Forum: WMUTE 2012 | Theme: Future Learning Environments | Participants: TUT

T. Kalema, M. Viot Methods to reduce the CO2 concentration of educational buildings utilizing internal ventilation by transferred air Forum: Indoor Air 2014 | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: TUT

Tähtinen, Pulkkinen Integrative Design: Redesigning the design process – an introduction to the thinking of the architect William Reed Forum: Annual Symposium of Architectural Research 2013 | Theme: Future Learning Environments | Participants: Aalto-yliopisto

Talvio et al. Engaging learning ; How to activate teacher students on a lecture course? Forum: EARLI SIG11 | Theme: Future Learning Environments | Participants: Helsingin yliopisto

Talvio, Ketonen, Lonka How Long Lasting are the Effects of Training on Interaction Skills? Teachers’ Sample. Forum: ICAEM 2014 | Theme: Future Learning Environments | Participants: Helsingin yliopisto

Talvio, M., Lonka, K, Komulainen, E., Lintunen, T The development of the Dealing with Challenging Interaction (DCI) method to evaluate teachers’ social interaction skills Forum: ICEEPCY 2012 | Theme: Future Learning Environments | Participants: Helsingin yliopisto, Jyväskylän yliopisto

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Tuomainen, Pyhältö & Lonka Behavioural Sciences Doctoral Students’ Experiences of Disengagement from Their Theses Processes Forum: EARLI SIG Higher Education Conference | Theme: Future Learning Environments | Participants: Helsingin yliopisto

Yläoutinen J, Nenonen S, Kähkönen K The Key Factors Behind Effective Use of University Laboratories Forum: CIB | Theme: Future Learning Environments | Participants: Aalto-yliopisto

Journal Articles

Airaksinen, Matilainen Energy and primary energy use, as well as the CO2 equivalent emissions of different design options Forum: Journal of Sustainable building technology and urban development | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: VTT

Airaksinen, Matilainen A carbon footprint of an office building Forum: Energies | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: VTT, Skanska

Airo, K. Academic Identities and Spatial Narratives Forum: International Journal of Facilities Management | Theme: Future Learning Environments | Participants: Aalto-yliopisto

Hakkarainen, K., Paavola, Lonka, K., Pyhältö, K., Wires, On personal and collective dimensions of agency in doctoral training: medicine and natural science programs Forum: Studies in Continuing Education | Theme: Future Learning Environments | Participants: Helsingin yliopisto

Kärnä, Julin A framework for measuring student and staff satisfaction with university campus facilities Forum: Quality Assurance in Education | Theme: Future Learning Environments | Participants: Aalto- yliopisto

Kärnä, S. and Nenonen, S. User Satistfaction in university campus: students and staff Forum: Intelligent Building International | Theme: User Behaviour | Participants: Aalto-yliopisto

Ketonen, E., Lonka, K. Do situational academic emotions predict academic outcomes on a lecture course?

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Forum: Procedia: Social and Behavioural sciences | Theme: Future Learning Environments | Participants: Helsingin yliopisto

Kojo, Nenonen Evolution of Coworking Places – Drivers and Possibilities Forum: Intelligent Building International | Theme: User Behaviour | Participants: Aalto-yliopisto

Lahtinen Marjaana Viisas viestintä auttaa sisäilmasto-ongelmissa Forum: Työterveyslääkäri 1/2013 | Theme: User Behaviour | Participants: TTL

Lievonen, Vesisenaho Translating user perspective into spatial design Forum: eLearning Papers | Theme: User Behaviour | Participants: Jyväskylän yliopisto

Lonka Kirsti & Ketonen Elina How to make a lecture course an engaging learning experience? Forum: Studies for the Learning Society | Theme: Future Learning Environments | Participants: Helsingin yliopisto

Lonka, K., Chow, A. Keskinen, J., Hakkarainen, K. Sandström, N., & Pyhältö, K How to measure PhD students’ conceptions of academic writing? Forum: International Journal of Writing Research | Theme: Future Learning Environments | Participants: Helsingin yliopisto

Lonka, Litmanen, Linkinen Capturing teacher students’ emotional experiences in context: does inquiry based learning make a difference? Forum: An International Journal of the Learning Sciences | Theme: Future Learning Environments | Participants: Helsingin yliopisto

Lyytimäki, Nygrén, Ala- Ketola, Pellinen, Ruohomäki Climate Change Communication by a Research Institute: Experiences, Successes, and Challenges from a North European Perspective Forum: Applied Environmnetal Education & Communication | Theme: Indoor Environment Business | Participants: SYKE, TTL

Mäkelä, Heimonen, Turunen Elekäyttöliittymät osaksi jokapäiväistä ihmisen ja teknologian vuorovaikutusta Forum: Tietojenkäsittelytiede | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: Tampereen yliopisto

Mäkelä, Kankaanranta, Helfenstein Considering Learners’ Perceptions in Designing Effective 21st Century Learning Environments for Basic Education in Finland

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Forum: International journal of organization and leadership | Theme: Future Learning Environments | Participants: Jyväskylän yliopisto

Mälkki What does it take to reflect? Mezirow’s theory of transformative learning revisited Forum: Lifelong Learning in Europe | Theme: Future Learning Environments | Participants: Helsingin yliopisto

Naaranoja Needs of learners in campus development – blended learning Forum: Learning Technology for Education in Cloud | Theme: Future Learning Environments | Participants: TUT

Petra M. Bosch-Sijtsema, Renate Fruchter, Matti Vartiainen, and Virpi Ruohomakï A Framework to Analyze Knowledge Work in Distributed Teams Forum: Group & Organization Management | Theme: Indoor Environment Business | Participants: Aalto-yliopisto, Chalmers University of Technology, Standford University

Poutanen, Syvänen On-campus 3rd Spaces for Collaborative use Forum: EdMedia | Theme: Future Learning Environments | Participants: Tampereen yliopisto, TUT

Reijula, Nevala, Lahtinen, Ruohomäki, Reijula Lean design improves both health care facilities and processes: a literature review Forum: Intelligent Building International | Theme: Indoor Environment Business | Participants: TTL, Helsigin yliopisto

Ruohomäki Elämänlaatua ja ilmastonsuojelua – etätyö on ekoteko Forum: Psykologia 48 | Theme: Future Learning Environments | Participants: TTL

Ruohomäki Virpi Kuinka haluamme työskennellä tulevaisuudessa? Forum: Psykologia | Theme: User Behaviour | Participants: TTL

Rytkönen, E and Nenonen, S. , The Business Model Canvas in University Campus Management Forum: Intelligent Building International | Theme: Indoor Environment Business | Participants: Aalto- yliopisto

Saarijärvi, Grönroos & Kuusela Reverse use of customer data: implications for service-based business models Forum: Journal of Services Marketing | Theme: Indoor Environment Business | Participants: Aalto- yliopisto

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Salmisto Alpo Tiedon luomiseen perustuvalla oppimisella rakennusalan tulevaisuuden osaajia Forum: Ammattikasvatuksen aikakauskirja 1/2013 | Theme: Future Learning Environments | Participants: TUT

Sandström, N., Sjöblom, K., Mälkki, K., Lonka, K. The role of physical, social and mental space in chemistry students’ learning Forum: European Journal of Social and Behavioural Sciences | Theme: Future Learning Environments | Participants: Helsingin yliopisto

Talvio,M., Lonka, K., Komulainen, E., Kuusela, M., and Lintunen, T. Revisiting Gordon’s Teacher Effectiveness Training: An Intervention Study on Teachers’ Social and Emotional Learning Forum: Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology | Theme: Future Learning Environments | Participants: Helsingin yliopisto

Tolvanen, Kiuru, Leskinen, Hakkarainen, Inkinen, Lonka, Salmela-Airo A new approach for estimating nonlinear growth component in multilevel modeling Forum: International journal of behavioural development | Theme: Technical solutions | Participants: Helsingin yliopisto, Jyväskylän yliopisto

Tuomainen, Pyhältö & Lonka Experiences of Disengagement – A Study of Doctoral Students in the Behavioral Sciences Forum: Journal of College Student Development | Theme: Future Learning Environments | Participants: Helsingin yliopisto

Tuomainen, Pyhältö, Hakkarainen, Stubb, Lonka Doctoral students’ key learning experiences in the natural sciences Forum: International Journal for Researcher Development | Theme: Future Learning Environments | Participants: Helsingin yliopisto

Vekkaila, Pyhältö, Lonka Engaging and disengaging doctoral experiences in the behavioural science Forum: International Journal for Researcher Development | Theme: Future Learning Environments | Participants: Helsingin yliopisto

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