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TEXT-BOOKS of ANIMAL BIOLOGY a General Zoology of The
TEXT-BOOKS OF ANIMAL BIOLOGY * Edited by JULIAN S. HUXLEY, F.R.S. A General Zoology of the Invertebrates by G. S. Carter Vertebrate Zoology by G. R. de Beer Comparative Physiology by L. T. Hogben Animal Ecology by Challes Elton Life in Inland Waters by Kathleen Carpenter The Development of Sex in Vertebrates by F. W. Rogers Brambell * Edited by H. MUNRO Fox, F.R.S. Animal Evolution / by G. S. Carter Zoogeography of the Land and Inland Waters by L. F. de Beaufort Parasitism and Symbiosis by M. Caullery PARASITISM AND ~SYMBIOSIS BY MAURICE CAULLERY Translated by Averil M. Lysaght, M.Sc., Ph.D. SIDGWICK AND JACKSON LIMITED LONDON First Published 1952 !.lADE AND PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LlMITED, LONDON AND BECCLES CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS vii PREFACE TO THE ENGLISH EDITION xi CHAPTER I Commensalism Introduction-commensalism in marine animals-fishes and sea anemones-associations on coral reefs-widespread nature of these relationships-hermit crabs and their associates CHAPTER II Commensalism in Terrestrial Animals Commensals of ants and termites-morphological modifications in symphiles-ants.and slavery-myrmecophilous plants . 16 CHAPTER III From Commensalism to Inquilinism and Parasitism Inquilinism-epizoites-intermittent parasites-general nature of modifications produced by parasitism 30 CHAPTER IV Adaptations to Parasitism in Annelids and Molluscs Polychates-molluscs; lamellibranchs; gastropods 40 CHAPTER V Adaptation to Parasitism in the Crustacea Isopoda-families of Epicarida-Rhizocephala-Ascothoracica -
COEVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS in a NEW TRIPARTITE MARINE SYMBIOSIS Phylogenetic Affinities of the Symbiotic Protist Nephromyces
COEVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS IN A NEW TRIPARTITE MARINE SYMBIOSIS Phylogenetic affinities of the symbiotic protist Nephromyces Mary Beth Saffo Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole & Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University Abstract 2. Phenotypic features suggestive of general protistan affinities All molgulid ascidian tunicates (Urochordata, phylum Chordata) : •tubular mitochondrial cristae (fig. 5,8) contain, in the lumen of the peculiar, ductless “renal sac,” an equally •thraustochytrid-like sporangia (fig. 4); other developmental stages bear vague peculiar symbiotic protist, Nephromyces. From the first description of resemblances to various other protistan taxa. Nephromyces in the 1870’s, the phylogenetic affinities, even existence, of this taxon has been a matter of debate. Though classified by Alfred Giard in 1888 as a chytridiomycete, Nephromyces has 3. Ssu rDNA sequences indicate that Nephromyces is an apicomplexan clade (preliminary phylogenetic analysis: a sample resisted definitive identification with any particular fungal or protistan Maximum likelihood trees shown) taxa. While its chitinous walls and hyphal-like cells support the notion of fungal affinities for Nephromyces, many other features , including the divergent phylogenetic implications of its morphologically eclectic life cycle , do not. Sequencing of ssu rDNA, indicates, however, that Nephromyces is an apicomplexan; these molecular data are supported by apicomplexan-like characters in the morphology Nephromyces’ host-transfer and infective stages. Other morphological and biochemical features of Nephromyces , some of Phylogenetic analyses, still in progress, consistently indicate thatNephromyces is a distinct them unusual among apicomplexa, or even protists generally, clade within the Apicomplexa. Although the challenge us to consider the significance of certain phenotypic relationship of Nephromyces to other apicomplexan characters as diagnostic tools in inferring deep phylogenies. -
“Candidatus Deianiraea Vastatrix” with the Ciliate Paramecium Suggests
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/479196; this version posted November 27, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. The extracellular association of the bacterium “Candidatus Deianiraea vastatrix” with the ciliate Paramecium suggests an alternative scenario for the evolution of Rickettsiales 5 Castelli M.1, Sabaneyeva E.2, Lanzoni O.3, Lebedeva N.4, Floriano A.M.5, Gaiarsa S.5,6, Benken K.7, Modeo L. 3, Bandi C.1, Potekhin A.8, Sassera D.5*, Petroni G.3* 1. Centro Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi Ricerca Pediatrica, Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università 10 degli studi di Milano, Milan, Italy 2. Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia 3. Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy 4 Centre of Core Facilities “Culture Collections of Microorganisms”, Saint Petersburg State 15 University, Saint Petersburg, Russia 5. Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy 6. UOC Microbiologia e Virologia, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy 7. Core Facility Center for Microscopy and Microanalysis, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint- Petersburg, Russia 20 8. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint- Petersburg, Russia * Corresponding authors, contacts: [email protected] ; [email protected] 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/479196; this version posted November 27, 2018. -
Real-Time Dynamics of Plasmodium NDC80 Reveals Unusual Modes of Chromosome Segregation During Parasite Proliferation Mohammad Zeeshan1,*, Rajan Pandey1,*, David J
© 2020. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd | Journal of Cell Science (2021) 134, jcs245753. doi:10.1242/jcs.245753 RESEARCH ARTICLE SPECIAL ISSUE: CELL BIOLOGY OF HOST–PATHOGEN INTERACTIONS Real-time dynamics of Plasmodium NDC80 reveals unusual modes of chromosome segregation during parasite proliferation Mohammad Zeeshan1,*, Rajan Pandey1,*, David J. P. Ferguson2,3, Eelco C. Tromer4, Robert Markus1, Steven Abel5, Declan Brady1, Emilie Daniel1, Rebecca Limenitakis6, Andrew R. Bottrill7, Karine G. Le Roch5, Anthony A. Holder8, Ross F. Waller4, David S. Guttery9 and Rita Tewari1,‡ ABSTRACT eukaryotic organisms to proliferate, propagate and survive. During Eukaryotic cell proliferation requires chromosome replication and these processes, microtubular spindles form to facilitate an equal precise segregation to ensure daughter cells have identical genomic segregation of duplicated chromosomes to the spindle poles. copies. Species of the genus Plasmodium, the causative agents of Chromosome attachment to spindle microtubules (MTs) is malaria, display remarkable aspects of nuclear division throughout their mediated by kinetochores, which are large multiprotein complexes life cycle to meet some peculiar and unique challenges to DNA assembled on centromeres located at the constriction point of sister replication and chromosome segregation. The parasite undergoes chromatids (Cheeseman, 2014; McKinley and Cheeseman, 2016; atypical endomitosis and endoreduplication with an intact nuclear Musacchio and Desai, 2017; Vader and Musacchio, 2017). Each membrane and intranuclear mitotic spindle. To understand these diverse sister chromatid has its own kinetochore, oriented to facilitate modes of Plasmodium cell division, we have studied the behaviour movement to opposite poles of the spindle apparatus. During and composition of the outer kinetochore NDC80 complex, a key part of anaphase, the spindle elongates and the sister chromatids separate, the mitotic apparatus that attaches the centromere of chromosomes to resulting in segregation of the two genomes during telophase. -
Protist Phylogeny and the High-Level Classification of Protozoa
Europ. J. Protistol. 39, 338–348 (2003) © Urban & Fischer Verlag http://www.urbanfischer.de/journals/ejp Protist phylogeny and the high-level classification of Protozoa Thomas Cavalier-Smith Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK; E-mail: [email protected] Received 1 September 2003; 29 September 2003. Accepted: 29 September 2003 Protist large-scale phylogeny is briefly reviewed and a revised higher classification of the kingdom Pro- tozoa into 11 phyla presented. Complementary gene fusions reveal a fundamental bifurcation among eu- karyotes between two major clades: the ancestrally uniciliate (often unicentriolar) unikonts and the an- cestrally biciliate bikonts, which undergo ciliary transformation by converting a younger anterior cilium into a dissimilar older posterior cilium. Unikonts comprise the ancestrally unikont protozoan phylum Amoebozoa and the opisthokonts (kingdom Animalia, phylum Choanozoa, their sisters or ancestors; and kingdom Fungi). They share a derived triple-gene fusion, absent from bikonts. Bikonts contrastingly share a derived gene fusion between dihydrofolate reductase and thymidylate synthase and include plants and all other protists, comprising the protozoan infrakingdoms Rhizaria [phyla Cercozoa and Re- taria (Radiozoa, Foraminifera)] and Excavata (phyla Loukozoa, Metamonada, Euglenozoa, Percolozoa), plus the kingdom Plantae [Viridaeplantae, Rhodophyta (sisters); Glaucophyta], the chromalveolate clade, and the protozoan phylum Apusozoa (Thecomonadea, Diphylleida). Chromalveolates comprise kingdom Chromista (Cryptista, Heterokonta, Haptophyta) and the protozoan infrakingdom Alveolata [phyla Cilio- phora and Miozoa (= Protalveolata, Dinozoa, Apicomplexa)], which diverged from a common ancestor that enslaved a red alga and evolved novel plastid protein-targeting machinery via the host rough ER and the enslaved algal plasma membrane (periplastid membrane). -
Protistology an International Journal Vol
Protistology An International Journal Vol. 10, Number 2, 2016 ___________________________________________________________________________________ CONTENTS INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC FORUM «PROTIST–2016» Yuri Mazei (Vice-Chairman) Welcome Address 2 Organizing Committee 3 Organizers and Sponsors 4 Abstracts 5 Author Index 94 Forum “PROTIST-2016” June 6–10, 2016 Moscow, Russia Website: http://onlinereg.ru/protist-2016 WELCOME ADDRESS Dear colleagues! Republic) entitled “Diplonemids – new kids on the block”. The third lecture will be given by Alexey The Forum “PROTIST–2016” aims at gathering Smirnov (Saint Petersburg State University, Russia): the researchers in all protistological fields, from “Phylogeny, diversity, and evolution of Amoebozoa: molecular biology to ecology, to stimulate cross- new findings and new problems”. Then Sandra disciplinary interactions and establish long-term Baldauf (Uppsala University, Sweden) will make a international scientific cooperation. The conference plenary presentation “The search for the eukaryote will cover a wide range of fundamental and applied root, now you see it now you don’t”, and the fifth topics in Protistology, with the major focus on plenary lecture “Protist-based methods for assessing evolution and phylogeny, taxonomy, systematics and marine water quality” will be made by Alan Warren DNA barcoding, genomics and molecular biology, (Natural History Museum, United Kingdom). cell biology, organismal biology, parasitology, diversity and biogeography, ecology of soil and There will be two symposia sponsored by ISoP: aquatic protists, bioindicators and palaeoecology. “Integrative co-evolution between mitochondria and their hosts” organized by Sergio A. Muñoz- The Forum is organized jointly by the International Gómez, Claudio H. Slamovits, and Andrew J. Society of Protistologists (ISoP), International Roger, and “Protists of Marine Sediments” orga- Society for Evolutionary Protistology (ISEP), nized by Jun Gong and Virginia Edgcomb. -
Recent Advances in Trypanosomatid Research: Genome Organization, Expression, Metabolism, Taxonomy and Evolution
Parasitology Recent advances in trypanosomatid research: genome organization, expression, metabolism, cambridge.org/par taxonomy and evolution 1 2 3,4 5,6 Review Dmitri A. Maslov , Fred R. Opperdoes , Alexei Y. Kostygov , Hassan Hashimi , Julius Lukeš5,6 and Vyacheslav Yurchenko3,5,7 Cite this article: Maslov DA, Opperdoes FR, Kostygov AY, Hashimi H, Lukeš J, Yurchenko V 1Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California – Riverside, Riverside, California, USA; (2018). Recent advances in trypanosomatid 2de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; 3Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of research: genome organization, expression, 4 metabolism, taxonomy and evolution. Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic; Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 5 Parasitology 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1017/ St. Petersburg, Russia; Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budejovice 6 S0031182018000951 (Budweis), Czech Republic; University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Sciences, České Budejovice (Budweis), Czech Republic and 7Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, Sechenov Received: 30 January 2018 University, Moscow, Russia Revised: 23 April 2018 Accepted: 23 April 2018 Abstract Key words: Unicellular flagellates of the family Trypanosomatidae are obligatory parasites of inverte- Gene exchange; kinetoplast; metabolism; molecular and cell biology; taxonomy; brates, vertebrates and plants. Dixenous species are aetiological agents of a number of diseases trypanosomatidae in humans, domestic animals and plants. Their monoxenous relatives are restricted to insects. Because of the high biological diversity, adaptability to dramatically different environmental Author for correspondence: conditions, and omnipresence, these protists have major impact on all biotic communities Vyacheslav Yurchenko, E-mail: vyacheslav. -
Plenary Lecture & Symposium
PLENARY LECTURE & SYMPOSIUM SYMPOSIuM From genomics to flagellar and ciliary struc - MONDAY 29 JulY tures and cytoskeleton dynamics (by FEPS) PlENARY lECTuRE (ISoP Honorary Member lECTuRE) Chairs (by ISoP) Cristina Miceli , University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy Helena Soares , University of Lisbon and Gulbenkian Foun - Introduction - John Dolan , CNRS-Sorbonne University, Ville - dation, Lisbon, Portugal franche-sur-Mer, France. Jack Sunter - Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK- Genome Tom Fenchel University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Den - wide tagging in trypanosomes uncovers flagellum asymmetries mark Dorota Wloga - Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, War - ISoP Honorary Member saw, Poland - Deciphering the molecular mechanisms that coor - dinate ciliary outer doublet complexes – search for “missing Size, Shape and Function among Protozoa links” Helena Soares - University of Lisbon and Polytechnic Institute of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal - From centrosomal microtubule an - SYMPOSIuM on ciliate biology and taxonomy in memory choring and organization to basal body positioning: TBCCD1 an of Denis lynn (by FEPS/ISoP) elusive protein Chairs Pierangelo luporini , University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy Roberto Docampo , University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia TuESDAY 30 JulY Alan Warren - Natural History Museum, London, UK. The bio - logy and systematics of peritrich ciliates: old concepts and new PlENARY lECTuRE (PAST-PRESIDENT LECTURE, by ISoP) findings Rebecca Zufall - University of Houston, Houston, USA. Amitosis Introduction - Avelina Espinosa , Roger Williams University, and the Evolution of Asexuality in Tetrahymena Ciliates Bristol, USA Sabine Agatha - University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria. The biology and systematics of oligotrichean ciliates: new findings David Bass and old concepts Natural History Museum London, London & Cefas, Weymouth, laura utz - School of Sciences, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil. -
Supplementary Materials - Methods
Supplementary Materials - Methods Bacterial Phylogeny Using the predicted phylogenetic positions from the Microbial Gene Atlas (MiGA), all complete genomes for the classes betaproteobacteria, alphaproteobacteria, and Bacteroides available on NCBI were collected. The GToTree pipeline was run on each of these datasets, including the Nephromyces endosymbiont, using the relevant HMM set of single copy gene targets (57–62). This included 138 gene targets and 722 genomes in alphaproteobacteria, 203 gene targets and 471 genomes in betaproteobacteria, and 90 gene targets and 388 genomes in Bacteroidetes. In betaproteobacteria, 5 genomes were removed for having either too few hits to the single copy gene targets, or multiple hits. The final trees were created with FastTree v2 (63), and formatted in FigTree (S Figure 2,3). Amplicon Methods Detailed Fifty Molgula manhattensis tunicates were collected from a single floating dock located in Greenwich Bay, RI (41.653N, -71.452W), and 29 Molgula occidentalis were collected from Alligator Harbor, FL (29.899N, -84.381W) by Gulf Specimens Marine Laboratories, Inc. (https://gulfspecimen.org/). All 79 samples were collected in August of 2016 and prepared for a single Illumina MiSeq flow cell (hereafter referred to as Run One). An additional 25 Molgula occidentalis were collected by Gulf Specimens Marine Laboratories, Inc. in March of 2018 from the same location and prepared for a second MiSeq flow cell (hereafter referred to as Run Two). Tunicates were dissected to remove renal sacs and Nephromyces cells contained within were collected by a micropipette and placed in 1.5 ml eppendorf tubes. Dissecting tools were sterilized in a 10% bleach solution for 15 min and then rinsed between tunicates. -
Trypanosomatids Are Much More Than Just Trypanosomes: Clues from The
Review Trypanosomatids Are Much More than Just Trypanosomes: Clues from the Expanded Family Tree 1,2, 1,3 1,2 4 1,5 Julius Lukeš, * Anzhelika Butenko, Hassan Hashimi, Dmitri A. Maslov, Jan Votýpka, and 1,3 Vyacheslav Yurchenko Trypanosomes and leishmanias are widely known parasites of humans. How- Highlights ever, they are just two out of several phylogenetic lineages that constitute the Dixenous trypanosomatids, such as the human Trypanosoma parasites, family Trypanosomatidae. Although dixeny – the ability to infect two hosts – is a infect both insects and vertebrates. derived trait of vertebrate-infecting parasites, the majority of trypanosomatids Yet phylogenetic analyses have revealed that these are the exception, are monoxenous. Like their common ancestor, the monoxenous Trypanoso- and that insect-infecting monoxenous matidae are mostly parasites or commensals of insects. This review covers lineages are both abundant and recent advances in the study of insect trypanosomatids, highlighting their diverse. diversity as well as genetic, morphological and biochemical complexity, which, Globally, over 10% of true bugs and until recently, was underappreciated. The investigation of insect trypanoso- flies are infected with monoxenous try- matids is providing an important foundation for understanding the origin and panosomatids, whereas other insect groups are infected much less fre- evolution of parasitism, including colonization of vertebrates and the appear- quently. Some trypanosomatids are ance of human pathogens. confined to a single host species, whereas others parasitize a wide spec- trum of hosts. One Host or Two? Lifestyles of the Trypanosomatidae All members of the family Trypanosomatidae are obligatory parasites and include the iconic Many trypanosomatids are themselves pathogens responsible for African sleeping sickness, Chagas’ disease and leishmaniases. -
Phylogenomics Identifies a New Major Subgroup of Apicomplexans
GBE Phylogenomics Identifies a New Major Subgroup of Apicomplexans, Marosporida class nov., with Extreme Apicoplast Genome Reduction Varsha Mathur1,*, Waldan K. Kwong1, Filip Husnik 2, Nicholas A.T. Irwin 1, Arni Kristmundsson3, Camino Gestal4, Mark Freeman5, and Patrick J. Keeling1 Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/13/2/evaa244/5988525 by guest on 16 March 2021 1Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada 2Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa, Japan 3Fish Disease Laboratory, Institute for Experimental Pathology, University of Iceland, Reykjavık, Iceland 4Institute of Marine Research (IIM-CSIC), Vigo, Spain 5Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis, West Indies *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected]. Accepted: 17 November 2020 Abstract The phylum Apicomplexa consists largely of obligate animal parasites that include the causative agents of human diseases such as malaria. Apicomplexans have also emerged as models to study the evolution of nonphotosynthetic plastids, as they contain a relict chloroplast known as the apicoplast. The apicoplast offers important clues into how apicomplexan parasites evolved from free-living ancestors and can provide insights into reductive organelle evolution. Here, we sequenced the transcriptomes and apicoplast genomes of three deep-branching apicomplexans, Margolisiella islandica, Aggregata octopiana,andMerocystis kathae. Phylogenomic analyses show that these taxa, together with Rhytidocystis, form a new lineage of apicomplexans that is sister to the Coccidia and Hematozoa (the lineages including most medically significant taxa). Members of this clade retain plastid genomes and the canonical apicomplexan plastid metabolism. However, the apicoplast genomes of Margolisiella and Rhytidocystis are the most reduced of any apicoplast, are extremely GC-poor, and have even lost genes for the canonical plastidial RNA polymerase. -
VII EUROPEAN CONGRESS of PROTISTOLOGY in Partnership with the INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY of PROTISTOLOGISTS (VII ECOP - ISOP Joint Meeting)
See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283484592 FINAL PROGRAMME AND ABSTRACTS BOOK - VII EUROPEAN CONGRESS OF PROTISTOLOGY in partnership with THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF PROTISTOLOGISTS (VII ECOP - ISOP Joint Meeting) Conference Paper · September 2015 CITATIONS READS 0 620 1 author: Aurelio Serrano Institute of Plant Biochemistry and Photosynthesis, Joint Center CSIC-Univ. of Seville, Spain 157 PUBLICATIONS 1,824 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Use Tetrahymena as a model stress study View project Characterization of true-branching cyanobacteria from geothermal sites and hot springs of Costa Rica View project All content following this page was uploaded by Aurelio Serrano on 04 November 2015. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. VII ECOP - ISOP Joint Meeting / 1 Content VII ECOP - ISOP Joint Meeting ORGANIZING COMMITTEES / 3 WELCOME ADDRESS / 4 CONGRESS USEFUL / 5 INFORMATION SOCIAL PROGRAMME / 12 CITY OF SEVILLE / 14 PROGRAMME OVERVIEW / 18 CONGRESS PROGRAMME / 19 Opening Ceremony / 19 Plenary Lectures / 19 Symposia and Workshops / 20 Special Sessions - Oral Presentations / 35 by PhD Students and Young Postdocts General Oral Sessions / 37 Poster Sessions / 42 ABSTRACTS / 57 Plenary Lectures / 57 Oral Presentations / 66 Posters / 231 AUTHOR INDEX / 423 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS-CREDITS / 429 President of the Organizing Committee Secretary of the Organizing Committee Dr. Aurelio Serrano