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AUTHOR Budd, Kelly; Alexander, Jayne TITLE Arthurian Legends and the Medieval Period for Grade 9 Study. PUB DATE 1997-00-00 NOTE 64p.; Contains much' material reproduced from unidentified sources, often of poor legibility. PUB TYPE Guides Classroom Teacher (052) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC03 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Class Activities; English Instruction; *Grade 9; High Schools; Journal Writing; *Legends; Literature Appreciation; *Medieval Literature; Notetaking; Units of Study IDENTIFIERS *; Response to Literature

ABSTRACT Discouraged and dissatisfied with their students' responses to a compilation of Arthurian legends, two ninth-grade teachers developed an approach to teaching the legends that exposes students to numerous versions (including those written and illustrated for children) of the legends and allows them to pick their own Arthurian legend for reading and study. Activities include reading and summarizing the stories in small groups; two-column notetaking; journal writing; creation of coats of arms; production of a poster on a medieval period topic; viewing the film "Ladyhawke "; discussion of discrepancies among the retellings of the Arthurian legends; and a summary discussion. (Appendixes present numerous lists of books, reading materials, activity sheets, instructions for various activities, and a vocabulary list.) (RS)

******************************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ******************************************************************************** ARTHURIAN LEGENDS AND THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD FOR GRADE 9 STUDY KELLY BUDD JAYNE_ ALEXANDER KEENE HIGH SCHOOL KEENE, NH

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BEV COPY AVAILABLE 2 For several years we have been discouraged and dissatisfied with the student's response to Ma lory's compilation of the Arthurian legends. It seemed to us that the spontaneity, adventure uniqueness of the_ charanters, depth of relationships:_and the majesty of the quest were lost in the shadows of difficult language and religious allusions_ from which students seem removed_We_ halte_de_velopet an_approach to teaching the legends that exposes students to numerous versions (including those beautifully written and illustrated for children) of the legends and allows them to pick their awn Arthurian legend_far reading_ and study.

I. Spend two full days in small groups reading children's Arthurian stories (see Appendix A). For each story the group will summarize the plot in one paragraph and develop a list of the values conveyed. The group will also develop a list of characteristics common to. all_of the_ stories_ (The_teacher should guide them in discovering the characteristics of a medieval romance.)

II.Present students with the criteria for a medieval romance: narration,spontaneous fighting, supreme love, quest, aimless adventure/wandering, lighthearted tone, chivalric code, courtly love, fantasy and mystery. Medieval romances are tales of adventure. in which knights, kings, or distressed ladies, acting_ under the_ impulse of love, religious faith or the mere desire for adventure, are the chief figures. Structurally the medieval romance follows the loose pattern of the quest. Usually the protagonist sets auton a_j_aurne_y to accomplish some goal - rescue a_maiden, meet a_challenge, obey a kingly command, seek the holy grail. On this journey he encounters numerous adventures,, many of them unrelated to his_ original_ quest_except that .they. impe_de_him.

III.Distribute Appendix B (Who was Arthur) for 2 column note taking ( Encourage students to highlight main ideas for the main idea column.) From their notes (in their own words) students will write a one page summary - practice for research writing. Students_ wilt Ilse this information far selecting_ .and understanding_the novels_ they choose to read and report on.(See appendix C and D for suggestions.)

IV. In their journals students will develop a list of rules that they believe an honorable person follows.Distribute Appendices E & F Code of Chivalry and Rules. In their foumaLs_students will create a_Venn Diagram_ that_ c_ampares_ and contrast_their rules with those of Medieval times.In small groups students will share their modern day code of chivalry and will develop a group list of 10 rules. Each group receives a large piece of paper on which they write and post their rules.

V._In the same_ groups_sturients_will write comments_ on each other's_lists__(c_alled "carousel brainstorming" activity).

VI. At the end of this activity, explain to the students that knights had to follow and enforce the rules that governed knightly behavior. Their coat of arms was a visual representational_ their faith., family lo_y_alty,_ achievemerits,and personal_ character.

3 To prepare students for creating their own coat of arms, have students outlineeach other.

Each sturient_will decorate his/her awn bady in &manner thatdistinguishes each student as an individual. This may include objects, background, and clothing choices. The purpose of this activity is to show how clothing and accessories can be e.xpressions_of individuality as.a.coat of arms was ta_a knight_Distribute coat of arms activity - Appendix G.

VII. From the following list of medieval period topics ( musics and dance, daily life of women, home, children, food, work, clothing, amusements, punishments,church and faith, weapons). students, will work in pairs_ to research one topic and create an informative poster. (See Appendix H for brief information on topics - appropriate for students who need research assistance.)

VIII. Class will view movie Ladyhawke. and complete activity Appendix I.

DC_ Teacher distributes_ &5X5. grid, each gridcantaining_questions_based an facts from the research posters. Students find answers by questioning their peers. Each grid will be filled in with- the answer and-the-name- of-the-student- who knows-the-answer. Names cannot appear more than twice. Each pair will briefly present their poster to the class. Each presentation will include the reason for the topic choice, how the topic was researched, and The most interesting facts_ found.. Display coats_of arms and posters for gallery viewing.

X. In their journals students will fill in with examples from their individual reading a 2 column list with the headings - "Medieval Rules" and "Examples." This activity will serve to keep_ students facused on the values_of knightly behavior demonstrated in the actions of the characters in their books.

Xl. Collect book reports and games. In small groups students will read a one page summary of their novel and as a group create a list of discrepancies among the novels in the retelling of the IegencL Class discussion follawata respond ta these questions: What is the purpose of a legend? (imparting cultural values and building national pride) Why are there differences in the stories? What does this convey about the legend of King Arthur? (If appropriate, reflect on study of heroes and Odysseus.)

Mk "Here lies Arthur - king_ once and king that will be" - As &summary discussion - class will consider what problems Arthur would face should he return today and how he would deal with these situations. To prepare for this discussion have students collect data from the news media for 5 days. For each entry students will record who, what, where, when, why and how.If time permits, these stories can be placed in categories_to make. the dismiRRion more focused and practical.

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BEST COPY AVAIIABLE 4 Depending on what unit will follow, the class is now prepared to develop a list of characteristics. that_describe_ the_ ideal leader. atm -aiNEVUE.,, : sae tu.taTur

Carrick, Donald. Harald and theGiant Knight. Clarion, 1982. Grades 2-4.

Another side to the usual picture ofchivalry and gallant deeds isseen in this story about a peasant family whose land is nearly rainedby some marauding knights until outwit them. they find an ingenious to a Fradon, Dana. Harold the Herald: ABook about Heraldry. Dutton, 1990. Grades 2-7.

Once aoam, the author of Sir Dana--A Ketitt: As 17:L,7v uumor and fact: this time a talking suit ofarmor tells about the life and dunes ofa herald. a Gerrard. Roy. Sir Cedric. Farm-, 1984. Grades 1-5.

Althoueh Sir Cedric is not one of King Arthur's men, he ni ghthave been. This amusing balladofr ins good deeds and rescue of the fair Matildathe Pure is extended.1 rich in pageantry. impugn exquisiti). detailed illustrations. a Hastings, Selina. illustrated by Juan Wijrigaard.Sir GaWalil and the Loathlv Lothrop, 1985. Grades 4-6. Lady.

The honor of King Arthur is preserved in this lavishly illustrated tale:the same author and artist fashioned an elegant rendition of Sir and the Green Knight. a Hodges, Margaret dust -ated by Tina Scharr A rthur. Hyman. The Kitchen Knioht:.4 Tale of King' Holiday, 1990. Grades 3-6.

A retelling of the Arthurian legend in which Sir Garth rescuesa lady imprisoned in a high fortressby the dreaded Knight of the RedPlain. Hyman's exquisite illustrations disguise, bravery, and derring-do. dramatically portray this tale of a Hodges. Margaret. Illustrated by Trina SchartHyman. Saint George andthe Dragon.'

BEST COPY AVAILABLE 6 Little,-:BrOwn, 194::GiradeS3.6. In this 1985 Caldecott Medal,Winner, Hodges ..ticrH);iiialicreate a splendid adaptation George. the'Red CrossKnight. and hiS questto slay the dreadful dragon of the story of countryside. that has been terroiizingthe a Hunt, Jonathan. Illuminations. Bradbury-, 1989. Grades1-5.

Students doing researchon the Middle Ages will Find will make it useful for this alphabet bookinformative. and its large introducingyounger children to the subject. size a King Arthur and theMagic Sword. Designed by Keith Morseley,illustrated by John James. Dial, 1990. Grades1-4.

This three-dimensionaladaptation of Howard reveals the pageantry Pyle's The Story of KingArthur and His Knights of a tournament,'s setting of the forth. and three otherexciting scenes. sword into the anvil.Arthur's drawing it e Lister, Robin. Illustrated by Alan Baker. TheLegend of King Arthur. Doubleday, 1990. Grades3-5. Beginning with N,Ierlin's reminiscing, in hiscave and CIOSiii.9, With Arthur's Lister relates 14stones of the legendary king departure for Avalon. evocatively illustrates. and the Knights ofthe Round Table.which Baker a McCaughrean. Geraldine. Illustrated byh NickiPaliA:Saint George Doubleday/Zephyr. 1989.Grades 3-5. and the Dragon. A slightly differentversion of Hodges story of the same title. thiscould stimulate discussion as to the differencesin story and illustration. a worthwhile a Mitgutsch. Al1..4 Knight's. Book. Translated fromthe German by Chu-ion. 1991. Grades2-6. Elizabeth D. Crawford.

Young Squire Woifliebnarrates the adventures of his combination of lively knight,light, Sir Frankvon Fidelstein. The storytelling, bright illustrations,and informative m learning aboutmedieval times. endpapers will interestchildren a San Souci. Robert D. Illustrated by DanielHome. Young Merlin. Doubleday, 1990. Grades2-4. San Souci creates a childhood for Merlin ina story that follows the Pendragon and magicallycreates the circle at Stonehenge. young man until he meets Tither Also by Robert D. SanSolid and illustrated Doubieday, 1993. by lamicliae l 11enterlyis Young . a, Service. Pamela F. Illustrated by LauraMarshall. Wizard of Atheneum. 1990. Grades1-4. Wind and Rock.

Merlin is born andcomes into his powers in this child; contrast this picture story that ends book with San Soucfs,above. when the maOcian is stilla a Talbott. Hudson. King Arthur: TheSword in theStone. 6 PCLre'r BaCt aicen.30-1. The Historical Arthur

We can be fairly certain that, sometime around the late fifth to early sixth centuries,a powerful man named Arthur lived in what is now England. He was not, however, a king, much less a king of all Britain. The historical Arthur, a Romanized Briton named Artorius, was a war general (dux bellorum) who lived around 500 AD.

When the Roman troops pulled out of the British Isles in 449, they left behinda culture which had been, to a significant degree, Romanized. Since the prominent power in the region wasgone. the fate of Britain was up in the air--free for the taking.

The Danes began harrying the British countryside and the eastern shores. The native Britons invited the Saxons, a group from what is now northern France and Germany, touse the eastern shores for part of the year for fishing, etc. The Britons had hoped that an alliance with the Saxons, whowere much stronger militarily. would protect them.

The first Saxons to enter Britain were lIorst and Ilengist in the 450-460's. They brought warriorsto defend the coast, and soon began to settle permanently. This brought about tensions between the Britons and the Saxons, and many small skirmishes were fought as the Saxons began spreadingover the eastern part of Britain.

The Britons and the Saxons sent their leaders to resolve the situation. They met ina large tent, and staggered themselves around the table so that every other person was a Briton,or a Saxon. On a signal, each Saxon pulled a dagger and killed the Briton to his left. With this slaughter of their leaders, the Britonswere thown into turmoil. The Saxons, on the other hand, continued togrow more powerful.

Then, sometime around 480, a cavalry leader named Artorius began to make raidson the Saxon villages.

At this time, neither the Britons nor the Saxons had a long bow, andarmor, steel, and horses were scarce. For the first time, though, the cavalry of Artorius made use ofa new invention- -the stirrup. Before the stirrup was invented, mounted soldiers were unable to brace themselves except by the force of their legs.Once a mounted man could brace his feet, he could put much more power and accuracy behind a blow. Mounted cavalrywere now able to rout far larger armies of foot soldiers. There is historical evidence of a battle. fought in Gaul, in which six mounted men with stirrups routed an army of two thousand foot soldiers.

Artorius' cavalry began to raid Saxon villages, campinga few miles from the village, then charging in without warning in a lightning raid. They burned the Saxons'crops and houses, easily handled the defenders, and then returned to camp, safely out of reach of Saxon foot pursuit. These raidswere unequivocably successful, and greatly diminished Saxon power, although they were never driven off the island. Atwenty-year peace followed, probably from about 500-520, which was knownas the "Pax Arthuriana"--the Peace of Arthur. This peace led to the later conception of this period as a Golden Age, and gave rise to the legend of "King Arthur, king of all Britain."

One final bit of trivia: How can we be sure Arthur actually existed in this period? Sometimesanswers come from the most common sources--before 520, according to baptismal records, hardlyanyone was named Arthur, or a derivative of Arthur. After 520,a very large number of boys named Arthur suddenly appear in the baptismal records. Circumstantial, you say? Certainly. But also convincing. EMEMEMEEMEMEMEMEMENREKii-.::-..

BEST COPY AVAILABLE 8 There is an introduction to current theories aboutthe Holy Grail written by Chris Thornborrow. This is the abstract:

This article is a collection of theories concerning the Holy Grail and what it could be. The confusion arises because the word Grail is derived from the word graal which first appeared in turn of the first millenium (A.D.) prose and poetry. There is no confusion over the meaning of the word Graal, which was adish or platter brought to the table at various stages during a meal. However, the things that the graal or grail has come to represent has changed from story to story throughout the words history. The first story in which the word appears was written by Chretien de Troyes - "Le Conte del Graal". Chretiens story was almost certainly based on an earlier one, but it is unknownwhat his actual source was or

his meaning of the word Graal. Chretien did notfinish his story and continuations and rewrites of the story arethen free to embellish and invent as much as the authors sawfit. Now the Grail represents many different things to manydifferent people. No one meaning seems to explain all the strange eventsin the Grail stories. The reader will not find a definiti -ve answer.Nor will he read all theories as some are obscure and not yetencountered in rlatail by the author_ 'Whowas Arthur ?

I This is a very complicatedquestion. There is noknown answer. The O historical Arthur is shrouded inthe mists of the Dark Ages.The best description of what we knowand do not know aboutArthur is to be found in 'the introduction to:

The Encyclopaedia of ArthurianLegend,Ronan Coghlan (91)

What is certain is that Arthur wasNOT a medieval King.The modern images of Iknights in plate armour and agrand castle called Camelot arenot historical at all. We know verylittle historically speakingbut Arthur was probably a 5th century warrior cheiftainwho protected his peoplesfrom invaders for a time. The battle of Camlanis probably connected toArthur. More than this is pure conjecture, thoughthere is an awful lot ofconjecture.

A more modern approach tothe question "Who wasArthur ?" might say that history is irrelevant and that themythology surrounding thelegend is more important. Even mythology iscomplex though and Arthurchanges in stories from a God-like Celtic King, through to adeflated early medieval monarch and finally in modern times, to anordinary man with anextra-ordinarily

#4;ffi,..II+i.,h I 9 Camelot itself is, by some,believed to be at the site ofCadbury castle. ,This isa small villagein Somerset some 15 or somiles south of Glastonbury. All that remainstoday is a ringed hillfortwith evidence of a ilarge castle inside the outerwalls. There have been someextensive Illexcavations of the site, and there aredetailed reports of the archaeological dig available. This dig wasundertaken by the Pendragon 'Society. From Cadbury you can see, on a clear day,the Glastonbury Tor. Once again though, there is no definitive answerto this.

,Whatis Avalon ?

'Avalon is the place Arthur is said to have been taken towhen he was dieing, to be healed. There are lotsof theories as to where Avalonmight actually have been. Some say it was not ageographical place, but a euphemismfor the 111 otherworld. Of those that claim Avalon tohave a modern geographical equivalent, the most usual claim isGlastonbury.

Is the Grave at Glastonbury Genuine?

In recent years the Arthurianlegends have become very popular. One of the more intriguing aspectsof the Arthurian legends deals with the disappearance or death of KingArthur. In many accounts of the Arthurian legends, KingArthur was taken to the Isle of Avalon to be healed, but what happened to him after reachingthe island remains a mystery. Some people say he lies in a cave awaiting the day he is once again needed. Others say KingArthur was taken to Avalon and he died there.If this is true, surely his remains were buried in or around the island of Avalon. Some scholars believe that Arthur was indeed buried at Avalon, which, according to these scholars, is now known as Glastonbury. In1190 monks at the Glastonbury abbey produced a tomb and a crossthat they claimed belong to the late King Arthur. Since that time some doubt has arisen about the validity of this claim.

Who was the Fisher King ?

IThe Fisher King is generally seen asthe keeper of the Grail. He is sometimes called the Rich Fisher/Angler.He might be an avatar of theWelsh I hero/god Bran the Blessed. The Fisher kingis the wounded occupant of the II Grail Castle in Chretien de Troyes's Perceval aswell as in other works. The nature of the Fisher King's woundvaries, but is generally seen as someform I of castration or other loss of fertility. In thevarious versions of the Perceval Saga, Perceval sees a processionwhile at the Grail Castle, but I fails to ask questions despite his curiosity.P. later discovers that if he II had asked his questions, he would have discoveredthat the Fisher King was 10 rievi kMt /La1.-tamett, frIrrarl trtnnnn the Grail Ouest. There may be one near contemporary Reference to Arthur in the poem Gododdin (AL. 600) which tells of a hero who although valiant was not as valiant as Arthur. This may be a case of interpolation. The earliest undisputed reference to Arthur occurs in the Historia Brittonum by Nennius (A.D. 800) which left enough time for fact to mix with fancy.

Who are the main Characters and when Did they First Appear ?

Arthur Gododdin epic, Attributed to Anerin (there is evidence of later additions), C. AD600 explicitly mentions Arthur. sets his reign at AD455 - 470. Guinevere Life of Gildas, Caradoc, AD1130 mentions her simply as "Arthur's Wife...", The Mabinogion names her ( and three other queens) as Gwenhwyfar. Merlin History of the Kings of Britain, Geoffrey of Monmouth AD1136. Called "Myrddin" Geoffrey introduces Arthur's birth at Merlin's contrivance at Tintagel. He also attributes Merlin with the feat of moving Stonehenge. first called "Medraut" in the Anna les Cambriae attributed to Nenius (10th C.) Morgan le Fey History of the Kings of Britain, Geoffrey of Monmouth AD1136. She is a benign healer who looks after Arthur. Mentioned only as "the sword in the stone" by de Boron c1200 Round Table Mentioned by Wace in "Romance of Brutis" in 1155 in his Old French "translation" of Geoffrey of Monmouth. Camelot Chretien, 1160 - 80 first names Camelot. The site was thought to be Cadbury Castle by Leyland 1542, modern thought has it at South Cadbury where an archeological dig was held in 196667. See Alcock, L. "Arthur's Britain" or "By South Cadbury, is that Camelot?" by the same author. Avalon Celtic myth in the 1st C AD has a banished god asleep in a cave on a

western isle. The Bretons introduced the concept of Arthur's immortality and may be responsible for the name Avalon. Galahad, , etc (who named them all) Taliesin names the older companions in the 10th C. He forshadows the Grail Quest in "The Spoils of Annwfn". The Company of the Round Table in snmathinn cInse to thenrpspnt form is fni Ind inHIPwritinnc of rla Append/ a King Arthur BookTitles Idylls of the_ King_ Tennyson Camelot Tennyson The Crystal Cave Mary Stewart The_ Hollow. Hills_ Mary_ Stewart The Last Enchantment Mary Stewart The Wicked Day Mary Stewart A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court Mark Twain Merlin- Dreams Peter Dickinson Child of the Northern Spring Persia Wooley OliAen of the_Summer Stars Persia Wooley Guinevere: The Legend in Autumn Persia Wooley The Acts of King Arthur and his Knights John Steinbeck Taliesin_ Stephen. I awhead Arthur Stephen Lawhead Stephen I awhead Pendragon Stephen Lawhead

Camelot. Jane-Yolen Merlin and the Dragons Jane Yolen Black Horses for the King Anne McCaffrey A Broken Sword: A Novel of-the Return of King Arthur Molly Cochran The Forever King Molly Cochran The Child Queen: The Tale of Guenever and King Arthur Nancy McKenzie Excalibur Carol Heyer Le Morte D' Arthur Thomas Mallory The_ Road_to_Camlann Rosemary St4cliff The Light Beyond the Forest Rosemary Sutcliff Rosemary Sutcliff The Lantern Bearers Rosemary Sutcliff The Road to Avalon Joan Wolf The -Sword in the -Stone T.R_White The Book of Merlin T. H. White The_Hawk:s_Grey_Feather Patricia_ Kennealy Guinevere Sharan Newman The Chessboard Queen- Shama Newman Guinevere Evermore Sharan Newman The_ Flixer Robert Nathan The Book of Brendan Ann Curry Excalibur Sanders_ Anne_ Laubenthal The Last Pendragon Robert Rice Winter of Magic's Return Pamela F. Service Tomorrow's Magic Pamela F. Service Firelord Parke_ Godwin Beloved Exile Parke Godwin The_ ast Rainbow Parke Godwin Invitation to Camelot ( an anthology of stories) Parke Godwin Hawk of May Kingdom of Summer Gillian Bradshaw In. Winter's Shadow Gillian Bradshaw Arther Rex Thomas Berger 12 Kin4Di Arthur novels Final Assignment Complete both activities

1._ in a_ well de_velnped_five_ paragraph essay with specific examples_ancL referen ces, please prove that your novel is a medieval romance. Begin with a shortened version of your summary and_state your focus Then, with weldeveloped paragjaphs_and good transitions between these paragraphs, describe three of the categories of a medieval romance_withexarnples_from_th.e_naveLthat illustrate these three categnries,The categories are supreme love, chivalry, spontaneous fighting, aimless adventure, quest, hierarchy, magic_ andfantasy,narrali ion.

2.Create a board game which reflects the novel's plot. This board game needs to have the_title_of your book on it, must provide clear instructions for the game_along.with the appropriate age level of those playing the game, and be housed in a board game box sa that =ad_ tlae_ pieces_ will laecome_ Be_creative_and colorful!! We_wi I l spend time_ in class playing. these_ games_

13 Summary of King Arthur Novel

Please complete_ awe_ page_summary of your navel's plot For all general statements, provide a specific referenceor example from the novel. These summaries will be used twice.

I _You_ will use_the_ summary. for a_smail grcuip_antivity.in. class as_welao,k for discrepencies and differences among all of the novelsread.

2Yau_ will use_the_ summaryas_ partat your final essay on the navel that_you_read._ * Thou- shalt believe- all the-church- tcaches- and observe- allits directions * Thou- shalt defend thechurch * Thou shalt respect allweaknesses and shalt constitutethyself the defender of them * Thou shalt love thecountry in which thou wast born * Thou shalt not recoil beforethine enemy * Thou shalt makewar against the Infidel withoutcessation and without mercy * Thou shalt performscrupulosuly the feudal duties,if they be not contrary to the laws of God * Thou shaltnever lie and remain faithfulto thy pledged word * Thou shalt begenerous and give largesse (?)to everyone * Thou shalt be everywhere and always the championof the Right and Good and the foe of Injusticeand Evil

Apperrvx 15 PP )(- 1107011 II, 0 IN 401070ill OM 11111414 44,144 4,1111111111111 Honor and loyalty were the ideals, and so- Codes of Honor called courtly love the presiding genius Courtly love required its disciple to be in a chronically amorous condition, and largesse Legends of Arthur ( ,,,,, I,,, was the necessary accompaniment. Prowess was not mere talk, for the function of physical violence required real stamina. To SHumanities fight on horseback or foot wearing 55 pounds various legends.of*, of plate armor, to give and receive blows with King Arthur and;his court became, sword or battle-ax that could cleave a skull or connectedcps Frith* new concept ofh slice off a limb at a stroke, to spend half of life c1*wary...Different in the saddle through all weathers and for A.veisions),dgieloPeiediffeielit=N4''' days at a time, was not a weakling's work. narcanKtoliffittilVditliiltai Loyalty, meaning the pledged word, was 4ahAtlAtf101fitVr:eitclkii"liff, chivalry's fulcrum. The extreme emphasis ,.highl given to it derived from the time when a pledge between lord and vassal was the only form of government. A knight who broke his IVAI, /41 oath was charged with "treason" for betraying the order of knighthood. The concept of loy- fJ alty did not preclude treachery or the most egregious trickery as long as no knightly oath was broken. Chivalry was regarded as a universal order by Barbara Tuchman of all Christian knights, a trans-national class moved by a single ideal, much as Marxism Chivalry was a moral system governing later regarded all workers of the world. It was the whole of noble life. It developed a military guild in which at the same time as the great cru- all knights were sades of the 12th century as a code intended theoretically brothers. to fuse the religious and martial spirits and ,17;A somehow bring the fighting man into accord 7 I' with Christian theory. A moral gloss was need- ed that would allow the Church to tolerate the warriors in good conscience and the war- riors to pursue their own values in spiritual rl comfort. A code evolved that put the knight's sword arm in the service of justice, right, piety, the Church, the widow, the orphan, and the oppressed.

Chivalry developed its own principles. *1. *

Prowess, that combination of courage, .1. strength, and skill, was the prime essential. Itntl;:eirg

88 UNIT ONE: MEDIEVAL LITERATURE

16 BEST COPY AVAILABLE HE REGAL KING ARTHUR IS PORTRAYED IN THIS DETAIL FROM A FRENCH TAPESTRY. ABOUT 1385.

In the performance of his function, the knightmust be prepared, as John of Salisbury wrote, "to shed your blood for your brethren and, if needs must, to lay down your life." Fighting filled the noble's need of something to do,a way to exert himself. It was his substi- tute for work. His leisure time was spent chiefly in hunting, otherwise in games of chess, backgammon, and dice, in songs, dances, pageants, and other entertainments. Long winter evenings were occupied listening to the recital of inter- minable verse epics. The sword offered the As its justification, courtly lovewas con- workless noble an activity witha purpose, one sidered to ennoble aman, to improve him in that could bring him honor, status, and, if he every way. It would make him concernedto was lucky, gain. If no real conflict was at hand, show an example of goodness,to do his he sought tournaments, themost exciting, utmost to preserve honor, never letting dis- expensive, ruinous, and delightfulactivity of honor touch himselfor the lady he loved. the noble class. If the fiction of chivalry moldedoutward Tournaments started without rulesor lists behavior to some extent, it didnot, any more as an agreed-upon clash of opposing units. than other models thatman has made for Though justified as training exercises, the himself, transform humannature. Yet, if the impulse was the love of fighting. code was but a veneer If tournaments over violence, greed, were an acting-out of and sensuality, it was neverthelessan ideal, as chivalry, courtly love was its dreamland. Courtly Christianity was an ideal, toward whichman's love was understood by its contemporaries to reach, as usual, exceeded hisgrasp. be love for its own sake, romanticlove, true love, physical love, unassociatedwith property or family, and consequently focusedon anoth- er man's wife, since only such an illicit liaison could have no other aim but lovealone.

Interdisciplinary Study89

1 EST COPYAVAIIIABILF. 17 Coat of Arms Protect

Nlaw that_you have_had_timeta view the. examples of coats of arms_from the_meciieval time period, you are going to create your own. Please follow these steps to complete this-task.

Remember,_that themedieval knight_prouriof. his_heritage_hia ancLhis_cievation to duty, displayed his personal heraldic shield, a colorful coat of arms. This carefully constructed design immediately indicated taany_obsetver those elements_o_f his life that wer most important to him.

'I_ In class you_will trace yourself ancLcreate &visual thaLaccurately depicts who_you are and how you want to be viewed by others. To do this, make sure that the clothing you_draw_for yourself and_the_ohjects and hackground_alLcontribute to_thapersona of who you are and how you want to be presented to others.

We will spend tim e_ discus.sing these_ vi suals_ and the purpose of a_co_at_of arms in class.

3__Ta create your coat of arms,_ you may. use poster hoard, cloth_ material cardboard, hand drawn artwork, computer generated artwork, or cutouts from magazines. Please makethecnat of_ arms_AT LEASt_tt x_11 in_si7p and divide itinto_three categories. Your coat of arms should reflect the following criteria: three_words_that_descrihe your psrsonaLcharacter your accomplishments/achievements future_ goal or dream

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N .HA fourteenth-centurylatercruck addition. structure. The cottage little shed in Hagbourne, under the eave Berkshire. at the leftwith is a a much The frame at each end of the cottage is made of two very 1. ' Thisthisstrong shape pattern thick is are calledbranches known a `cruck' asof `cruelbak and propped cottages'. ,so the in cottages Thea triangle-shape. base built of each in betweenTwostonesthebranch of two arcthese them, is endpacked fixed 'cruck' sowalls tightly that tight frames of the theroundinto building cottageareholes them set inis farand andmadethe enough bangedgroundtwo up more of apart andthreedown are earthto `bays'hard. formput and up usedalong(4 ormetres) spacesto the make top long. between tothe form Long,side the theframes. straight mainWhen crucks. rafter the trimmed Each frameworkand spacethen branches other isof aboutthe branches are cottage 12 laid feet was ready, Alice and cantionworthythey bethem. send punishedand Theyfor sensible the havefor lord, lyingtenants to the swearor parishfor from concealingsolemnly eachpriest village andto useful tell the in the itinformation.most and truth ques-trust- and thatchedmudpliablewiththe two `wattleor twigs boysclay by and(like tothefilled keep thatcher,daub'willow), in theout gapsreedsthe who wind. between andcut Thereedsgrass, the whole fromand posts plastered buildingthe and riverside beams waswith thinner branches interwoven with hives.inJohn's John'sa large Alicecottage garden has homeis oneawith small of fruit the flower trees, biggest agarden, vegetable in the village,where patch sheand and standsgrows bee- ticularly-strongfirmlyand mixed to the them roof. or_weather with strawIn spite roaand before of all d-eism1,1santAaripegging the family's and tyingefforts, them er the cottage is not par- 21 forsweet-smellingHow cooking it was and flowers,preserving.built like lavender, and herbs to be used bayInsideof and athe the loft cottage cottageabove. are It. istwo used rooms. for a The storeroom smaller andhas stable,only one 22 trunksoutAstheJohn stone villageof built ofmaterials treesis thecarpenter, expensive cottageon availablethe assart;and tohimself, quarry, the locallytwigs thatcher with cut and -theand strong thinnerfrom helptransport, theofbranches branches his next itkinsman, is village. made fromand smallfishOnsionallywhere woodenthe(for Johnground Lent)his barrelspigs.keeps and floor Hesalted his orhe stores 'tuns' oxen,keeps meat, and hay,his barrels a all wife'sfew grain, his leatherof farm-tools,chickens, beer,and buckets,fruit tubs and inas of the well saltedocca-some loft. I11 8nearthe nearby the village. Woods-and-common land, and clay from a claypit MI =I whenas some he thickis out leather on the gloves land. and the horn he wears in his belt MN BEST COPY AVAILABLE NM AS

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Their protein comes from 26 MI are10 made of wood, andJohn her great and stewpothis family or catcauldron very simpleis iron. food. They cannot MI MI OM commontendsgarden there round means very the ofcarefully cottage sweetening forand they hefood. alsoare valuable; keeps bees honey there. is the lie MI BEST COPY AVAILABLE I= fruit-treehivesareThis'bestiary' dome-shaped picture and blossom is orofvery bookbees proud and aboutand inmade of hivesthe them.animals, heatherof was plaited The paintedbirds beesand straw. and gorsefind in insects.Johnabout their on hasthe pollen1200. The commonfive inhivesin or thea six Inland. the bitterly cold winter, this man is glad to come home to his Anhang iron cauldronover the andfire withearthenware a chain throughjugs (below). its handles The cauldron or stand would on its as hethewarmwe killed canhearth-stones cottage see. to smoke and andoverthaw his thehis wife fire.toes has She by hungthe has fire. alsoup Thethe made carcassiron sausages, pot ofstands the pig on centuryinbyusedlegs thescratching on infor wet Eastthe milk, clay. hearth Anglia. beerpatterns All stone.theseor water. on utensilsThe with The jugs, a sticksimple were probably or made decorationsby making home-made, in the thumb-prints thirteenthwere weremade 27 28 MO I= MN MN MN MIBEST COPY AVAILABLE MO Ell Ell 11 OM t The peasants' strips are still clearly visible in this photograph of fields at South Newington, Oxfordshire. NearlyDaily all workthe men, onboth freethe and land unfree, spend most of their of inghis toneighbours. the seasons. The work follows a regular pattern accord- at horses,bread,timeall,Every but working anotheriswhile year, given inthe one athewith thirdyear's ofcommon barley thelies rest; fieldsfallow. for fieldsthe beeris Thevillage sowngrowing.. andfallow animalswith some field crops-for-food:'wheat oatsisgraze not or for sownonrye the for severaltheJohn'sThehas field autumn beenworking timeswhich carted alreadyhasyear been home.begins in lyingthe Iin lis summer,the fallow.first autumn, job He isto has toafterget plough ploughedthem all the hiswell harvest stripsthem cul- in 29 it andplougha furlong fertilise before in itlength withresting), their(forThe but thatmanure. fields they is theare are distancedivided usually intoonly an longox about team narrow 20-24 can strips. Each one is thatwinterthesowstivated young it them falls setsand corninto toin.with kill theplants wheat the furrows weeds. will or conicrye which Now for up nextthehe and ploughsplough year's get well hasharvest,them rooted made. again, sobefore Then thatand I le sows the seed corn by hand, throwing it so oats,dividedseparatethemfeet and (7 growingbetween oranda third8 metres)scattered wheat of the them wide.threeor over fallowrye, Eachfields, thea thirdeach fields. tenant so of year. themthat His has he stripsgrowing his has own are a barley thirdstrips,equally ofand all areandhe slower. harrows tough The andthe oxen landcost are flatlessJohn yokedto to cover ploughsfeed together up than the with horses,withseed. a team wooden though of oxen they because they are strong yokes 30 MO 12and is generally very busyAs because a freeman, he hasJohn more works land almost than most entirely on his own strips, OM NM OM MO OM coulter,and harnessed like a big to aknife heavy sticking plough. down The intoplough the has soil, an to iron cut BEST COPY AVAILABLE MI MIN Ore; el thirteenth-centuryThis model of a very drawing. simple kindAnother of plough plough, is basedmore likeon athe one r clodsthe hard will soilcrumble around down it, and into asa soft soon level as seedthe thaw bed comesfor sowing the andabovedescribed a beaterright: below, Threshing joined can in be the with seen middle a 'flair,on thewith which front a thong. hasof the a woodenbook. handle allcultivatingwith through corn. the Inthe autumnthis soil way for and him.JohnRut winter, makesJohn he does thethreshes not frost spend doout the allsome hiswork timeof of ploughing. Every week, theangularit; furrow share,and knife,then awaywhich awhich curved at turns the cuts wooden side;it it away then mould-board from an iron the share,soil or underneathbreast like abehind tri- right over so that it lies upside of"skinanda corn heavyhis 2to grainonor an wooden 3the even feetfrom wooden (80-100longer laststriking year's floor handle. centimetres)piece ofharvest. the 2He inches barn, spreads He long, (5anduses centimetres) outhinged whacks a theflail, sheaveswith which them thick eel- has 31 hasborrowsometimesdown. two some or threehe from needs himself. his as neighboursJohn many sometimes as sixor from or eight. ploughsthe lord,Then withfor he he hasa onlyteam to of two beasts, but yard.barncars.as hardAfter toThen let as that the he he windcanforks opens withblow up the through. nail,strawbig doors to Heand knock gathers onspreads boththe upgrain sides it the in out the cornof theofcattle and the theclods,butand frost he asrye doescanthe last ploughfreeze notyear. sow hasitThis rightit yet.leftNext will through. Instead,it, growJohn all through barleyploughs Thenhe lets the andeach ithis winter,lie oatsstrips rough,intiny next dropso in thatthe greatyear, of field which grew wheat WinnowingThiscorn,it uphits is inbecause of howthe husk airheis in quitegetsitso a thatbig ridlight shallow ofthe work,the bits rubbish basket, ofbut husk threshing mixed and blow winnows up away,is with terribly theit, and throwing corn. hard the is heavier, falls hack on to the barn floor. 32 OM MO water inside it will turn into ice and swell, so that it cracks up I= and exhausting, and it takes a strong man to do it. BEST COPY AVAILABLE OM MI 13 he shepherd carries a strong Some of the tools John uses and stores in his stable. Most of theNoticeoutsideclotheswooden neck the suitableduring staffof bell one and theworn offor wearscoldthe staying round sheep. nights. warm fatherthem were but the passed scythe on is from newly his made by the village smith. The winter done. John hates the cold, because \vork outside becomes thewinter.commonIn undergrowth. November, Pigs land love and acorns theMost into villagers theandof them woodsenjoy turn are rooting to killed theirfatten around pigsoff them in out Decemberfor up onthem for to the inthe at alwaysAliceSometimesarduousall. Then with plenty and he the in staysmiserabk, Januaryofbrewing threshing at home andand and to Februaryand weaving;he be is mendsdone always he andin his cannotthe wet of tools barn.course and work and shivering. thereoutsidehelps is saltedcottageantAliceand task salted,joints finds fire so incutting Johnto though barrelsmake helps and smokedsome and saltingher hang arewhen hams. the kept some hecarcasses A hasfor few of breeding time. thecows alegs Theymost are nextover killed storeunpleas- year.the and the abreadcially had if one,and all thecheeseeven salt bread meat toTowards eat. may has Besides, be been theshort, usedend if andlast ofup, John year'swinter and thereharvest life can is onlywas be very hard, espe- and his family need.stored,spring.salted, too,and,By Christmasbut apart some from have mostthe saltto of be -fish,the kept winter they alive should foodfor breeding is have ready all in andthey the Thenexttheinust spring wheat harvest be careful and conies. rye not to to make bake it andfrom cat should too much run out of beforeit in case the aat lotingtimethe of tobottom, inthe the repairing hedge-wood, hedges so that the which animalsfences Afterand have round layChristmas,can grownthe get the rest through. assarttoo Johnflat, high, butland andThey and andhis cut tooelder attend- out thin son spend a lot of their still joined cold.layersweatherJohn Now, beginsof too, getsextra there warmer,to clothes feel is more happier and food hea sheepskin can whenfor thego springoutcattle cape in tothe arrives toeat, fieldskeep because and withoutout the andWithhavebutto brushwoodits much thebeenroots, lord's thicker; laid fixing which permission,flat and itsend havewith in theout stakes,been John spring,new cut canshoots, so outwhen takethat to ittheuseaway will branches hedge forbe the firewood.thicker branches is whichlower still. Fromgetewesfoodthe morefresh for thisand John grassfoodtimegoats, and on.and begins which hisall grow throughfamily haveto stronger, grow; as had the well, and aspring givinghard because by andApril much early thethere more cows summer, is more and time all the winter, milk. 33 withlord'sand the brought sheepfold.lambing, back when For with Athis, the little their Iambsof later course,mothers areon, Johnborn to be ingetssometimes keptthe paid. grasslields warm helps in the the lord's shepherd andonfamily.Alice oats with can he more makeploughs ploughing. large his supplies Asstrips Insoon the again, asof field butterthe and frost andthen goes cheese in and March the for or landher dries a bit, John gets which is to grow barley whenandbegindoes oats aftertothe plough lastfrost Christmas, summer and his stripssnowSo ploughingand long inset willthe as in, bethird theno can fallow moremild field, go weathernexton, ploughingwhich and summer. was Johncontinues, canbarley mayBut he as it sometimes inwheatsowsApril, this according themfieldand rye.with and Perhaps, peastoharrows whether and too, thebeans. spring heseed sows hasin one conic or earlytwo of or his late, strips lie just as he did with his 34 14 NM OM I111 EST COPY AITA MI !J A flail for threshing corn. centuryfromJohn'sThese acalendar. picturesfourteenth- tools come This showscs the joint clearly. --De likeland,wastehookThe thistles. or andweeding nastyare overgrown forJohn weeds clearing crotch holds and 1.4,1 trimbillJohn hook hedges. uses to a toaround makeandThe has spadethe digging anblade isiron wooden part rim all needsFor astrong job like leather weeding he cutsorthe 'crotched' plant it with with the stick the other. forkedand ./1 A sickle.Tohe cut the corn alsoputsideeasier. his page footfor It 18).the hason digger(see only one to gloves. ( () The wooden bucket a scythe.For hay or long grass, chaff.siftingA 'riddle' grain forand aroundandhas anpossibly it asiron well. handle, iron bands andscytheThe wooden bill all hook, havehandles. sickle iron bladesand tr whoOftenneckThe swoop man on he a takescarriesdown cloth aandor the boy a tryleatherseed with to ineathim strap, the and and a straw or wicker basket round his a dog to scarecorn. away the birds, scatters the seed by hand. theAllThe through fields. summer While the summer the corn there is still is younga lot of John work spends to he donea great in 35 beweedsploughingWheneverdeal rid of ofand all his killingthe timeheof weeds.hiscan inthem. stripsweeding find By the in the it,thetime, endand fallow he ofAlice gets on with the summerthe summerfield, andhe ploughing hopes Lambert to in help the him. sharp.bemeadowhay careful,Thecause When harvest. the by grass theJohn river has mowshe keepswithbeenJune the beginsthe long the busiest a scytheseason (see of the above). year. FirstHe has comes to cut, John gets Alice andjuicy all grassblade in of his the strips scythe of very 36 MINNIMENIIIIMIIIIIIIIM1111111111== EST COPY AVAILOILE .. ingthe thefamily haycocks to help. They fork it over two or three times a day, so that the up into little haycocks, turn- 15 nourishmentgrass dries quickly for cattle in the is stillsun inand it. turns into Then they load it on to hay while the abarley curvedalla cart through and and steel oats, takenext blade and itwinter home wheaton itIn shortto Julyand make andwooden into August handle. conies the as the cattle need it. rye with acorn sickle, harvest. which John has cuts his a haystack, to be used curvedtogether.muchhas a blade saw-toothedstanding In his round right corn the handedge. as stems hehe John has of the his can manage and squeezes it up puts his left arm around as corn, and thensickle, draws and it he puts its The blade themofand bysharplystraw. hinds onetogether tillAftertowardsit upthey in intothat stooks, are him athe allsheaf, so boyscut that through.with stand the saw teetha hand cut thewhich stems sheThen one twists Alice out takes the thecorn sheaves up, leaning A man is harvesting with a sickle (you can see the teeth on the keepbetheto drymade corn out in istheinto all windrain.a dry stack, and Laterand and ripe sun the the and stack sheaves finish their on, Johnor 'shocks' will take as thesome sheaves people out call of them, is thatched with straw to are carted home to ripening. When overblade), them while to makehis wife sure gathers they are the workingcut properly. corn. The lord's bailiff stands dry,throughthe or stack, it will the ago nextfew bad atwinter ina time,theThe as stack. andhecorn did must through not he carted home gradually thresh out his If the weather is line and before it is thoroughly the last one. corn enoughgoodcartedtheand harvest,fields tocartedhome eatlate and atnexthomein all. September,a bad winter.The for harvest sowhole longIt and lifeis that sometimes of the village may mean real famine, andsometimessure it to mean not getting much never gets dependsis still on outa in andlasts.orworksunny ineven Alice thevery at earlier, evening willharvest hard bring in all forthetime, out through themfields, bread John thefrom andand day six all his family will to eat in the harvest field, so cheese and asbeer longaso'clock at noon the in daylightthe morning have to atdie perhapshaytime of hunger famineand and two disease. sickness or threeWhat withdays John it, at particularly harvest he dislikes and is that so that many people will on two or three days all his isbecausegood thatgot condition. inthey quicklythey can know get itBut is all that goingthey the if cornwillthe weatherharvested to be a good one and there will he not mind how hard they work, isquickly fine and and the stacked harvest in theitfor lordbitterly.helpfamily, every like Lord exceptItfamily a is Robertcommon had inAlice, enough theto getserf. village,have in having Ithis tois serf haystop and work his to doworse compulsory having work orto free,do for it andjust John resents on their own landcorn. to It is the same MN OM NM plenty16harvest, to cat when all theythrough can't the get winter.the IIIII corn cut and shocked, ripened 37What they hate is a wet MO MI MI OM- I= NMBEST COPY AVAILABLE inwhen a year you when are busiest the weather on your is had, because own land, and it is worst or all Lord Robert has MI= 38 Ahandle woman to holdmilking it steady. a cow whichThe cow is tethered is licking by its a calf. rope to a wooden post. The milk goes into a wooden bucket which has sweep the floor to clear away the bones and hits of food from a areupherWhile shortWomen and time John andgoes working the is to atfamily bed work hard according sleep onherself. the longer, land, to Like the because his hersun. wife husband, In itspends winteris expensive shethe most daysgets of theygenerallyandtothe feedskeepare night shut scratchitthe beforeclean awaybirds andaboutand within the dry.put grainin storeroom, downShethe and garden looks rushes household afterto by protector day, thestraw scraps. chickens,but them on at the Theynightfrom floortoo, afterandto sewburn warmer, sunrise, or lamps mend theand or tools whole candles,they by. restAlice family In andsummer,at gives midday. gets they John up whendo much notand the give her earlier, days sonsenough arc nota longerbreakfast longlight of bread and ale lord'sWhenBakingfoxes two John and mills,and fromhas brewinghe takenthieves. brings his hack grain the to hebarrels ground or sacks at one of of flour the MN MN 22littletheand hayloft, then'housework', tidies or piled away as on thethe top inatfresses,cottage of the biggest is so which small, chest. can butShe he she storedhas must very in 9 BEST COPY AVAIIABLE sheownto can hiscottage %vilemake is andIlat not cakes shebig enoughhakes on a hotit tointo baking-stonehave coarse, a bread dark by oven ryethe bread.lire)(though and I ler MN MOM= 40 chivesmill.mulegrindt-k 111011 where carriesat by IJthe t0R019the the lord'sthe swift-flowing grinding 0heavy JaL.n. water vt sack 1.pt1111wheelmill. stream. to A isthe bannedorboththereto takebad products are stuffguestsfrom 'assizes areselling. are or 'punished, openoftested Bread her and and house usually people Ale' as at withwho anthe inn.daremanora fine Every to orcourt, sell by so inferior being whereoften geniis afrivith)dIctilf.g1 die andwashwithare quite oftenthem. clothes. fun cold She because Washing andalso unpleasant, sees Alice Tripsis veryIlictu can to difficultwhensee thebecause herbakery they for neighbours thego and toordinaryonly the hrewhouse, wayand stream women gossipto get to though hard work, surecarefullyso,villageup like thatbehind all watchedwomen eachher the neighbours, woman manor take by one turns house,pays sheof tothethe mustwhere bake lord'sproper use therelarge servants the fee is hatcheslord's a huge who bakehouse ofoven. makes loaves, The Lord Robert SpinningAlicedryhavethings them have to cleanover gettheirand allbushesis ownweaving totheir hang small andwater them well,low from branches.on a greatstonethe stream, blessing slabs Some bytoo, ofand the thebut privilege.stream womenJohn and havedemandsbutoven tothey isdo sixused. knowas loaves the Aliceit lordis orimpossible andtells Oncea small herthem. every friendssum to maketwo of grumblemoneyor bread three every atweeksabout home time thisAlice so (hea they brewslot, beer. She used spendsmakingWhenApart mostfrom she the thischeesehasof her workfinished time and where atbutter, tidying home she there meetsand is ispreparing always hervery neighbours, busy plenty meals, all ofday. spin-Alice and issometo RobertBecauseroomhave new forto still brew aleJohnit asks as it anda at forfee, the Alicea butgallon manor tonow brew or housethe so and newat eachand store cottage give brewing, their Lordis ownbuilt andRobert beer.there more is well known for its flavour and quality, Lord Alice,toJohn family'sningthe has whoabbot, and a clothespreparesfew weaving but sheep some herself it andof and comes his sewing frommakesown straight andtheir toit mostintodo. home-produced from roughAlice of the makes 'homespun'woolshearing is allsold wool. toher muchpepperinat cash,Christmas else or or, spice. exceptif sheand Most praers;harvest water people exchangesand time, drink milk. but a Sometimesnow lotit for of he beera payssmall as women Aliceamountthere forisn't are ofit shapeof clothes.leather and sizt_stuck with thornsFirst or of bits all, of she wire, cleans about the the raw same wool with a 'card' a handle-less hair brush. She combs it over a piece itthethey isfactallowed lord'sreally are by given tyingreeve,goodto sell permission a enough. orthebranch perhaps beer orThey tothey hush sell,the havealso abbot'sthe outside decidealebrewed has bailiff, their onto and he ahouses.to fair announce sampledmake price. 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MN / MN I= 44 andloom.andis iskept quiteput She in close complicatedthe shares storeroomto the it with bigger to herrepair.and window. sister-in-law, brought After Alice it out has becauseintois been part-owner the woven,t mainit cost roomof ahe thelot priest,_eitherandYoungpriest's their John,houseparents in nearly nearby. the can church, grown afford Both upJohn's it,or now, canwhen sons havelearned it have lessons to had read that from and chance. thewrite, is too cold, in the tablehugeitcloth warm. dyes ismetal trampled inThen a shears large it in pot. and water The then to most Aliceshrink common dyes it and it with thickencolours water arcit and rather vege-make is flattened with a hot iron and trimmed with ploughsheland.notin can English Johnreally learn and is interested and willingallharrows aboutvery to easy and lethisfarming him muchfather'sLatin, help from prefersand asstrips, experience. tomuch doto helpshelpaccounts, as hehis to Alreadycan fatherweed but so he onthatthe he wasthe cloakshardwearingwhichredssludgy and have andgreens purples blankets, to and be and boughtquite come brownsbut good when infrom the andenough John thetown. yellows. expensivehas forAlice's had everyday Really acloth really imported bright isclothes goodwarm blues, dyesyear, and ingespeciallyfields new and crops shearenthusiastic there. and stack Youngabout the clearing Johnhay and will, the corn he assart hopes,at harvest. and inherit cultivat- He hisis father's lands one timegownextraand thefrom linefor wheat herselfcloth,looking has professionally and after sold tunics Aliceher well, own isafor he made,kind Johnfamily can and and afford andshe helpful the Alicevisits to boys.woman, buy cansome pieces make andof the whenofa she can spare the duestheingofday, his sometenant, but andown, he services,of directly when wouldhis father's he preferresponsibleor is by older. lands acceptingLord This andRobert to the could lettinghim lord to as be grantyoung andthe done heir payinghim John either of some his hisbecome by child- ownland tak- fulneighboursworkoldRoger, stories tenants and whoof who to inhis stay foughtthe adventureshave alive.village, in to the Onerely people Crusadesin ofonthe thei;--e-WOPILTk theI whololy giftsand Land, are tellsof no whiletheir Lambertlonger Allitcd, Alicegenerous able wonder- tidies on toof Johnambitions.wished.less is uncle. content But He Lord all toenjoys this workRobert is his inwithLambert, the couldlessons his future dofather John's with eitherand andthe for younger of priestlearnthe these moment farall son, things hemore doescan. young if and he not share his brother's friendlyvillagesickup his neighbours tiny everyone and cottage helpful and knows and helps to makes thoseeveryone out him whenin need someelse she andorbroth. can. trouble. most In She such people also a smallvisits arc ordinarygrowssometimesI I ugh, up. parishcome Thisthinks from wouldclergy, that peasant he not including would be families impossible like their andto he ownbegan a as priest priest, manytheir when educationFather of thehe TheChildren children arc busy most of the time, too. There is no famouswouldborn.ingin the the Thensame study churchChristian heway. Latin, hewould authorsIfwould LambertTheology, go first liketo were thehave St the cathedralAugustine, really toBible prove serious and school thatand the aboutheall writings whereaboutwas enter- free- the heof MO - ianall,village thoughbeliefs school bythey theand are parish most taught childrenpriest. their Some, prayers have noif andthey formal thearc basiceducationreally Christ- keen, at MO 45 BEST COPY AVAILABLE chanting.ceremonies Then and he services would be OMof carefullythe church, examined including by singing the bishop and MN MO 2F 46 aenough,and priest. if he heThen reached would a lord be a or allowedsatisfactory bishop to or take abbot standard, holy who orders was and and were become patron of a old weeksdiedoften young. of there birth It isbecause veryjust totcommon there.enough ztrefor to babies so'cat many and to diechildren epidemics within arc a andfew born thethatvillage rest he church wouldof his life,probablywould for present there haveLambert is himtonot stay knowstomuch itin as thechance thatits same priest. all forthis parish a would boy he very hard work and Still, for of openonlynaturallyfollowsweak to to be alland a aboutkinds sadhard sickly. to fourofwinter lose diseases, Many or theirorlive achildren years timeother especially of old,two famine.who againchildren, when do John survivebecause a greatbut and theyinfancy Alicethey accep- arewere live sickness duties.sickabouthehumble spends and his Ilebirth poor life has a toandlot in notrise ofthe sometimes make histo village, important time up hisaskingto goes sec positionsmind with allFather definitely, aspects the in priestHughthe ofchurch. as thetoquestions he visit the priest's is still ted it as quite a normal thing. theherfathervery river.to young. andcarry Ile brother thesometimes flour and to Whenruns thehas errandsbakehouse tohe help is not forwith with his and the motherFather thehens, washing andHugh, helps Lambertto works with his which he wouldblacksmith,hates. Lambertlike tobecause be far a prefers blacksmith he loves Bothto work horses. youngrather with SometimesJohnhisthan father's anda priest. Lambert hekinsman thinks love the he animals and they have orphaned lamb. John'swingsandInall springkinds they andtwo haveofthey trieddogs Eels, likebrought toand includinglookto thehunt homeafter other for athem. several birds'animals,puppy The nests, youngand andboys anto sometimes birds helpcollect to the eggs, with broken look after they go aredownhuntthe going speciallyto for the hunting,themselves, manor trained to house look huntingbut at whenthey the hawks. can Lord trap Robert They birds are andin not beautiful horses and dogs and large nets and allowedhis friends to extrafishrabbits in food the is villagefor a thefavourite stream, family.John pastime, with and the Alice too,lord's and had permission. a two useful other source children, a boy and a girl Snaring of Theleather lord's gloveswife is tohunting protect duck her handswith a hawk.and wrists. She wearsThe man strong and the I= MIN 26who came between young John and Lambert in age, 47 BEST COPY AVM but they boy carry small drums. LE ow Ns mi48 'Clothes madeJohn's limn clothes woollen are mostly cloth. covershairAlice in wears plaits it with herand a long indownI lis winter. hood over polls Iris ears coif or veil. madeHis ofshirt wool may or be ofgown wool.She or wears kirtle a wool.shiftUnder of it linen is a or working.beltintobe Histucked whenhis tunic leather heup can is pulledhis Histunic, tightbreeches, are by a under hisdraw waist. cord at garters.areHer held woollen by stockings knee.beHis gartered stockings at maythe She weals leather heIn themay fields wear shoes. MI MI MI 49 hoots. BEST COPYMN AVAILABLE In MI all I= INE 27 50 wilder.becauseThe villawas The there meat have is notwill to enoughkillhe mostsalted to and of their cattlefeed in the the late cattle autumn, all through stored in barrels at home. the blaze.fire.Thelessen Onelord's Whenever turnsthe cooks danger the awpossible spit roastingof whilesetting such the a cmium.uriti duck and awooden pig on abuilding spitcooking before on fire. was doneother out-of-doors piles more towood on the tiUll the AmusementsonlyApartat Christmasreal from entertainment church and_harvest and Johnchurch time, when the lord gives them anand.Aliceand the children getfestivals is and processions the tiredandfavourites singers and quieter, and.Which sometimes theytheyWhen all know the feasting is over tell stories. Most of them bytheare mummers,people are amusedand-when by and love stories of the saints theyjugglers are old atedalwaysentertainmentmistletoe. with interesting. branches The and fire At of ain feast. Christmas evergreenthe central A visit to the high rafters before going out hearth is piledtime high the with great logs hall is decor- fir, yew, holly, ivy and the manor house is attentiveheroes;andHugh their Frenchknows andmiracles; spellbound somelegends Saxon wonderful and for and Norsethe stories stories of of.King.Arthur. thestorieshours and willat a keeptime. his The older men their fathers audiencegods and Father andandof the inthe the iron smoke great hall holders isround swirls also onlithole round bytheOn side the raised platform at in woodenthe roof. torches, The lire very gives carefully some the far end ofbeams the hall of thesit the walls.special guests. The rest of the fixedlord,light whogetaboutarein tiredoften wentSpain the of Crusadeswillingall hearingand the was way to or tothe wars shipwreckedthe adventures on the waytell of tales oldand they heard from the shrine of St James at in France and the people never Thomas the pilgrim, Compostellacaptured by householdhismeats,therehall. family, Christmas are and and themeat plenty thepriest stews,food. villagers of andale. is haiii alwaysany sit at The atmosphere is warm, and bacon and cheese and sweet- better than at other mealslong trestle tables down the cheerful and for singing,killedpirates. increases No(oo, one and atminds everyone every Sometimesif can at Christmas telling;the number itplayed. is still of a Atdesperate good harvest story.and time harvest the there is join in when the pipes (like our dancing and pirates he feast is childrenchaotic28 with and dogseveryone running eating about and shouting to servants,everywhere. and usuallyrecorders) outside and drumsin the are courtyard on the village green. BEST COPY AVAILABLE On other MIN IIIIIII IMO IIIIII 51 MN ON MI INS 1111111 1111111 52 elaboratelyThe lord at highdecorated table. jugNotice and the drinking boar's bowl. head He and uses the importantA Christmas guests feast. sit at The the lord table sits at at his the left high and table, the villagers the more sit eveningsa sharp(From knife a therecalendar to cut hismade meat, about but 1370.)eats with his fingers. is little entertainment, apart from story- crammed together at the other 'low' table. and,Whenskilltelling toif theyandplay playing arcdochess getallowed, timeanddice, The draughtsoff,hide for childrenthey theand people areseeklike play gladthe in haven't the alllordjust kindswoods. andto therest. ofhis time Althoughrunning family. and and chasing games themostmuch stories.feasts of themfree at thetime never manor and go work tohouse, school, hard too, forthey and their do are parents,not part really icularly so have they fond very enjoy of Dancing at the Christmas feast. I !:; 54 I= MOB MO 53 BEST COPYMI AVI= LE IMO MI IINN 29 mil sems 2 CHURCH AND PEOPLE The parish priest and his duties andabbey'speasantpersonNext then in toestates appointed Lord Robert him priestthe most (he hasimportant the right and stock himsell7-lirs father was iifiZeman and thec islast the abbot parish paid priest, for Fatherhis education Hugh. He is of to chooseon one the of thewell-known abbottopriest the that forvillage, heall wouldthe Father parishes live I I inugh oldie the had villageabbey's to promise permanently estates). the Beforebishop and and do all he came the V Ai ti lems.familyenoughhis duties himself, to personally.teach he his can people. He understand is notBecause the he village a scholarly man, but he knows comes from a farming people's prob- NS;; priest'swithhas his several dailyservant food rooms, and comes a a housekeeper, loft, from Fathera garden the Hugh hisand lives widowed outbuildings. in a large cottage, worth 4 marks common fields, for, like the sister. The a year. HeIt lives servantisthemother mainly sometimeshimself.villagers, occupied Instead he helps has with he out his hires thein strips the priest'smen fields although to atdoanimals harvest the he work does time, for but he and bees and not workhim. The rye,Thiswoolpoultry. barley-is- is called used Theaiid'Oat:Ceggs., asheepfor 'lithe' Father areand Hugh's pennedis poultry, generally clothes. with flour, offered Lord fruit, Robert's breadin kind: and ale.righascan take one tenth of all the villagers' produce. and their wheat, 3don,certain_days;priest'sIt at is Christmas, stored house..tle in a forId alsospecial forexample, keepseach barn, burial, thehe calledmay. I d keepfor each 2d at All Saints, money collected in church a 'tithe-barn', near the christening, i r 30Confession.and whatcver the people care to give when they 111111111111 IN1111.11111111101111=1=1111155 BEST COPY comeANAHABLE to houses.Beaulieti.lhehaveA tithe been barn much (Great wooden smaller Coxwell. It amewotk than Berkshire.) this is one, very builtFather like for that Hugh'sthe of monks barn of would some manor 56 ) , , to, , 6E-11,.....ft'..-.7..!'1,..x.""=1&---11,k 7-7(= "7 ttf..": ...-. /... A . f-,i II 0 __r...._.--,...... ,...._. r:-...24p,....11,- -. 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You in strange Herefordshire, canKilpeck see beasts isthat one itcarved washasof the builtround allmost aboutaround Norman richly the the decorated samearches doorway. time and churches as some that in in I thepatternscarvings. life of Christand The the woodenand plastered the ceilingmiracles walls is are paintedof paintedthe saints. in withbright Thescenes geometric most from John's family and the church sittingofchancelinteresting the inLast arch, the Judgementand centre; where impressive allon thehis or peopleright'Doom'. painting hand can It showsangelsseeof all it is leadJesus over the theas souls judge, main of a representation goeslikestage.TheGoing allchurch to Ashis Mass a toneighbours, child andchurch on theSundayshe was parish he taught andwas priest feast confirmedhis ialfect religion days, John's byto by Confessionthe t le-pr lifebishop. atest every and, andHe domeaningwickedthe not good livedown ofup a this Christianladdersto thepicture flamesThere to life. and ofarc the I loll.many fate The that gilded villagers awaits and themallpainted know if they statuesthe in the church, leaven; on his left, devils push the baptisedhisheHoly haswedding Communionbeen at the Mass taught. font was andonce He sung hewas a yearknows inmarried the at thatleast,chancel; in he theand will hischurch says be two buried his sonsporch prayers in were and the as patronspecialGenerallyandtoo; Childthe saint, occasions,most whichthe thereservices beautiful stands arclike in onprocessions (andChristmasthe the parish Alice's Lady churchandaltar andfavourite) thein more are one feastday simple, ofcandlesis the aisles.butofVirgin andthe on alsoa cleric,monotonousofchurchyard givesthe hechurch him will nearby.entertainment, hewhenand punished blasphemes, Ilethere knows, is nowas his too, and commits life that hereafter. can if hehesacrilege ratherbreaks The dull church orthe harmsand laws little amusement, especially in Fq 32theflowers cathedral and hymns. or the For abbey a real church. spectacle, the people must go to BEST COPY AVAILABLE drabnesswinter. Johnof his finds own thesurroundings. colour and beauty an escape from the so Lady Hawke Assign ent

You are_ ta complete the following_assignment_to ga along_ with_ themovi_e_I adyElawke.

1. Divide a large piece of poster board into five sections. (six ifyou want the visual to be_ a. se parate_ section, five_ if th_e_visiial will be_ a_backgrauncL pictureaver which_ yo_u will be writing the information for the five sections)

afor thafirstsection, summarize_ thamovieS_plot.

3. For the second section, identify the main characters by creatinga five line diamond paem (simply center the_ lines_if_ creating_ this_ona_computer) - the first line includes the character's name the second line includes-an-event-or_ action- associated -with -the character - the third line tells when the action or event from line two occurred - the fourth - line tells-where the-action-or-event-from-line two occurred -the fifth line explains why the action or event from line two occurred

Examples: Demeter weeps for her child during the_dark of winter in lonely Olympus waiting_for spring_to_return

Brutus killed his_ best friend on the Ides of March thastatue of_Pampey for honor's sake

4_ Far the third, fourth, and fifth sections,_ define_ ane_categary of a_medieval_romance found in the movie and explain this category fully with examples from themovie. Be sure_ to title_ each section.Lave_ is_ supreme, chivalry evidence. of hierarchy, aimless adventure and wandering, etc.)

S._ The poster must be colorful, attractive+ neat, and have_avisualeither hand drawn, a_cutaut from &magazine or computer generated artwork_

BEST COPY AMIABLE 61 Mixed Message unscramble these words from Arthurian legend. When you are done, take all of the numbered letters, and arrange them in the order of the numbers. Those words will spell the answer to this riddle: When King Arthur subdues the Saxons, what does he avoid?

.LOMECAT I.

2.NEVERIGLJE

3.MRODDEZ 3

4.1.TNDOR BLEAT (2 words) 4

5.CRABLEXIIT 5

6.IRS COLLETAN (2 words)

7.(_)V ALAS 7

8.NOGRAD

9.NIILERN 9

I 0. V ALICERP 10

11 .EURTI I PENDRAGON (2 words)

11

12.Y OLI I GIRLA (2 words)

12

13. R SI I LADAG AL (2 words) 13

I 4.ENGER TIGNKII (2 words)

14

15.ISR WAGANI (2 words) 15

A _1 2 _34 _56 _78 _9 10 11_12 _13 _14 15 Answer

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.13AASLIV

Knight. Black the and , Sir Lancelot, Sir Galahad, Sir Arthur, King Kay, Sir order: this in sitting are knights the Kay, Sir from Clockwise grog. poisoned the has Kay Sir er: Anse`

gc 41, Cfircullar

E9 King Arthur Vocab List

1.The following words are found in the readingselections of the King Arthur story. 2Please_ [oak_ up. each word and find its part ofspeech and definition. 3.Create vocab cards on 3 x 5 index cards. Onone side of the card write the vocab wordmith itapart_d_ speech and definition_ On theother side of the card write the_ vocab word and create a visual sketch/ clue to helpyou remember the vocab word's meaning. 4. When we go to the Pleading_ Lab,you are to cies tf a crossword puzzle on the macintosh using these words in sentences and withdefinitions for the clues to the puzzle. Later this week in class,you will be given someone else's crossword to take as a vocab quiz.

I-. cessation 2. errant 3-. enchantress 4. deft 5. foe 6. dissuade 7. recoil 8. infidel 9_ scrupulous 10. largesse 1-1.fractricide 12. succor 12.. slay 14. chivalry 1-5. sorceress 16. suitor 47. formidable 18. paramor 19. languish 20_ fidelity

Programs Used:

1. Creator, version_ 20, @ 4994 Central Software,inc.

2Worthearch Creator, @ 1993, CentronSoftware, Inc_ 64 E!IC FACILITYcs),/(4, 1D:301-953-0263 NOV 14'97' 9:43 No.001P.0')

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