DOCSLIB.ORG

Design and Development of a Robot Manipulator for Citrus Harvesting

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Design and Development of a Robot Manipulator for Citrus Harvesting DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF A ROBOT MANIPULATOR FOR CITRUS HARVESTING By BABU SIVARAMAN A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2006 Copyright 2006 by Babu Sivaraman To my mother, for showing me the importance of hard work and persistence in all aspects of life ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank my advisor, Dr. Thomas Burks, for providing me an opportunity to explore my interests in the design and development of a robotic system. His constant encouragement and thoughtful suggestions helped me to accomplish the multiple tasks set forth for my dissertation. Needless-to-say, the get-togethers Dr. Burks and his family kindly hosted served as a respite from my regular schedule. I thank all the committee members for showing great interest in my research work. I am thankful to Dr. Carl Crane III for introducing me to the subject of robotics through his course offerings and Dr. John Schueller for his continued support throughout my academic pursuit at the University of Florida. I also thank them for providing the hydraulic power unit for the test set-up. I express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Sencer Yeralan for sharing interesting discussions on a multitude of topics and Dr. John Harris for serving as the external committee member as well as for being the graduate advisor for my minor in electrical engineering. I thankfully acknowledge the support of the Florida Department of Citrus (FDOC) and the Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) for the research work on robotic manipulator development for citrus harvesting. I also offer my sincere appreciation to Mr. Michael Zingaro and Mr. Gregory Pugh for their tremendous support in the lab. Thanks are due to Mr.Steve Feagle for his timely completion of the joint parts and for his help in assembling the manipulator. The prototype would not have come to fruition without their support. iv My appreciation goes to Dr. Haridas Nayar of Ophirtech for his RobotectPro software support and to Dr. Peter Corke of Australian Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) for making available the Matlab Robotics Toolbox free of cost over the web. I offer many thanks to Dr. Michael Hannan, Samuel Flood, Rajesh Pydipathi, Paulo Younse, Aaron Franzen, Siddhartha Mehta, Vijay Subramanian, Satnam Singh, Duke Bulanon, Sanghoon Han, and Xu Zhao of the ARM group for their interaction both in and out of the laboratory. Sam also provided me with data from tests he conducted on fruit properties. I owe much to Madhavan Esayanur, Sudarsan Srinivasan, Xavier George, Shiva Ariyakula, Subramanian Arcot, Sharath Cugati, Inka Hublitz, Luis Nogueira, Noble Thomas, Min Min, and Bernard Cardenas for making my stay in Gainesville delightful. Finally, I am most thankful to my brother Raja for his eternal support and my loving wife Raji for her constant encouragement and patience, and for proof-reading the entire document. v TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................. iv LIST OF TABLES...............................................................................................................x LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... xi ABSTRACT.......................................................................................................................xv CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................1 Overview.......................................................................................................................1 Citrus Industry Economics ...........................................................................................1 Robotic Harvesting Economics ....................................................................................3 Dissertation Organization .............................................................................................4 2 OBJECTIVES...............................................................................................................7 Problem Statement........................................................................................................7 Scope.............................................................................................................................7 Limiting Assumptions ..................................................................................................8 3 LITERATURE REVIEW ...........................................................................................10 Robotic Harvesting Manipulators – Related Work ....................................................10 Manipulator Kinematics .............................................................................................15 Kinematic Performance Indices..................................................................................21 Workspace ...........................................................................................................22 Dexterity Indices .................................................................................................23 Robot manipulability....................................................................................24 Manipulability ellipsoid ...............................................................................26 Posture diversity...........................................................................................26 4 METHODS AND PROCEDURES ............................................................................35 Robot Manipulator Configuration Selection for Citrus Harvesting Task...................35 vi Mechanical Design of the Four DOF Manipulator Comprising the Distal Joints of the Selected Configuration......................................................................................36 Hydraulic Test Circuit and Joint Level Control System.............................................37 Manipulator Performance Tests..................................................................................38 5 ROBOT MANIPULATOR SYNTHESIS: MODELING TOOLS.............................40 Introduction.................................................................................................................40 Manipulator Synthesis ................................................................................................41 Kinematic Synthesis Tool Requirements ............................................................42 Matlab Robotics Toolbox and RobotectPro ........................................................44 Application example ....................................................................................44 Robot definition............................................................................................45 Forward and inverse kinematics...................................................................47 Trajectory generation ...................................................................................48 Performance measures..................................................................................49 Additional features .......................................................................................50 Robot synthesis tools comparison................................................................52 Summary and Conclusions .........................................................................................52 6 KINEMATIC DEXTERITY INDICES FOR CITRUS HARVESTING ROBOT CONFIGURATION SELECTION.............................................................................57 Introduction.................................................................................................................57 Robot Kinematic Performance Indices.......................................................................58 Proposed Indices for Agricultural Robot Design and Analysis...........................58 Translational and rotational manipulability .................................................58 Directional invariance of dexterity...............................................................61 Application Example ...........................................................................................62 Citrus tree layout and fruit distribution ........................................................62 Basic robotic system layout..........................................................................62 Analysis of citrus harvesting robot configurations ......................................63 Results and discussion..................................................................................64 Conclusions.................................................................................................................66 7 MANIPULATOR CONFIGURATION SELECTION FOR CITRUS HARVESTING...........................................................................................................75 Introduction.................................................................................................................75 Robotic Citrus Harvesting Task Description..............................................................76 Robot Configuration Selection ...................................................................................76 Kinematic Structures for Evaluation ...................................................................77
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Improved Design of a Three-Degree of Freedom Hip Exoskeleton Based on Biomimetic Parallel Structure
    Improved Design of a Three-degree of Freedom Hip Exoskeleton Based on Biomimetic Parallel Structure by Min Pan A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Applied Science in The Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science Mechanical Engineering Program University of Ontario Institute of Technology July, 2011 © Min Pan, 2011 Abstract The external skeletons, Exoskeletons, are not a new research area in this highly developed world. They are widely used in helping the wearer to enhance human strength, endurance, and speed while walking with them. Most exoskeletons are designed for the whole body and are powered due to their applications and high performance needs. This thesis introduces a novel design of a three-degree of freedom parallel robotic structured hip exoskeleton, which is quite different from these existing exoskeletons. An exoskeleton unit for walking typically is designed as a serial mechanism which is used for the entire leg or entire body. This thesis presents a design as a partial manipulator which is only for the hip. This has better advantages when it comes to marketing the product, these include: light weight, easy to wear, and low cost. Furthermore, most exoskeletons are designed for lower body are serial manipulators, which have large workspace because of their own volume and occupied space. This design introduced in this thesis is a parallel mechanism, which is more stable, stronger and more accurate. These advantages benefit the wearers who choose this product. This thesis focused on the analysis of the structure of this design, and verifies if the design has a reasonable and reliable structure.
    [Show full text]
  • Robot Control for Remote Ophthalmology and Pediatric Physical Rehabilitation Melissa Morris Florida International University, [email protected]
    Florida International University FIU Digital Commons FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations University Graduate School 4-21-2017 Robot Control for Remote Ophthalmology and Pediatric Physical Rehabilitation Melissa Morris Florida International University, [email protected] DOI: 10.25148/etd.FIDC001981 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd Part of the Acoustics, Dynamics, and Controls Commons, Biomechanical Engineering Commons, and the Electro-Mechanical Systems Commons Recommended Citation Morris, Melissa, "Robot Control for Remote Ophthalmology and Pediatric Physical Rehabilitation" (2017). FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 3350. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3350 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University Graduate School at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Miami, Florida ROBOT CONTROL FOR REMOTE OPHTHALMOLOGY AND PEDIATRIC PHYSICAL REHABILITATION A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in MECHANICAL ENGINEERING by Melissa Morris 2017 To: Interim Dean Ranu Jung, College of Engineering and Computing This dissertation, written by Melissa Morris, and entitled Robot Control for Remote Ophthalmology and Pediatric Physical Rehabilitation, having been approved in respect to style and intellectual content, is referred to you for judgment. We have read this dissertation and recommend that it be approved. ______________________________ Benjamin Boesl ______________________________ Yiding Cao ______________________________ Leonard Elbaum ______________________________ Oren Masory ______________________________ Ibrahim Tansel ______________________________ Sabri Tosunoglu, Major Professor Date of Defense: April 21, 2017 The dissertation of Melissa Morris is approved.
    [Show full text]
  • Robotic Manipulators Mechanical Project for the Domestic Robot HERA
    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333931156 Robotic Manipulators Mechanical Project For The Domestic Robot HERA Conference Paper · April 2019 CITATIONS READS 0 197 3 authors: Marina Gonbata Fabrizio Leonardi University Center of FEI University Center of FEI 3 PUBLICATIONS 0 CITATIONS 97 PUBLICATIONS 86 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Plinio Thomaz Aquino Junior University Center of FEI 58 PUBLICATIONS 237 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Vehicle Coordination View project HERA: Home Environment Robot Assistant View project All content following this page was uploaded by Plinio Thomaz Aquino Junior on 21 June 2019. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. BRAHUR-BRASERO 2019 II Brazilian Humanoid Robot Workshop and III Brazilian Workshop on Service Robotics Robotic Manipulators Mechanical Project For The Domestic Robot HERA Marina Yukari Gonbata1, Fabrizio Leonardi1 and Plinio Thomaz Aquino Junior1 Abstract— Robotics can ease peoples life, in the industrial that can ”read” the environment where it acts), ability to act and home environment. When talking about homes, robot may actuators and motors capable of producing actions, such as assist people in some domestic and tasks, done in repeat. To the displacement of the robot in the environment), robustness accomplish those tasks, a robot must have a robotic arm, so it can interact with the environment physically, therefore, a robot and intelligence (ability to handle the most diverse situations, must use its arm to do the tasks that are required by its user. in order to solve and perform tasks as complex as they are) [2].
    [Show full text]
  • History of Robotics: Timeline
    History of Robotics: Timeline This history of robotics is intertwined with the histories of technology, science and the basic principle of progress. Technology used in computing, electricity, even pneumatics and hydraulics can all be considered a part of the history of robotics. The timeline presented is therefore far from complete. Robotics currently represents one of mankind’s greatest accomplishments and is the single greatest attempt of mankind to produce an artificial, sentient being. It is only in recent years that manufacturers are making robotics increasingly available and attainable to the general public. The focus of this timeline is to provide the reader with a general overview of robotics (with a focus more on mobile robots) and to give an appreciation for the inventors and innovators in this field who have helped robotics to become what it is today. RobotShop Distribution Inc., 2008 www.robotshop.ca www.robotshop.us Greek Times Some historians affirm that Talos, a giant creature written about in ancient greek literature, was a creature (either a man or a bull) made of bronze, given by Zeus to Europa. [6] According to one version of the myths he was created in Sardinia by Hephaestus on Zeus' command, who gave him to the Cretan king Minos. In another version Talos came to Crete with Zeus to watch over his love Europa, and Minos received him as a gift from her. There are suppositions that his name Talos in the old Cretan language meant the "Sun" and that Zeus was known in Crete by the similar name of Zeus Tallaios.
    [Show full text]
  • Modeling, Simulation, and Vision-/MPC-Based Control of a Powercube Serial Robot
    applied sciences Article Modeling, Simulation, and Vision-/MPC-Based Control of a PowerCube Serial Robot Jörg Fehr * , Patrick Schmid , Georg Schneider and Peter Eberhard Institute of Engineering and Computational Mechanics, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 9, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; [email protected] (P.S.); [email protected] (G.S.); [email protected] (P.E.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 21 September 2020; Accepted: 12 October 2020; Published: 17 October 2020 Featured Application: The vision-based measurement of a robot’s pose investigated in this contribution is especially applicable for multi-link flexible robotic manipulators, where joint angles measured by encoders are not sufficient to describe the system’s state because of the elastic deformation of the links. The proposed MPC control scheme reveals advantages compared to common decentralized approaches concerning parameter tuning, constraint handling, and compensation of model uncertainties. Abstract: A model predictive control (MPC) scheme for a Schunk PowerCube robot is derived in a structured step-by-step procedure. Neweul-M2 provides the necessary nonlinear model in symbolical and numerical form. To handle the heavy online computational burden concerning the derived nonlinear model, a linear time-varying MPC scheme is developed based on linearizing the nonlinear system concerning the desired trajectory and the a priori known corresponding feed-forward controller. Camera-based systems allow sensing of the robot on the one hand and monitoring the environments on the other hand. Therefore, a vision-based MPC is realized to show the effects of vision-based control feedback on control performance.
    [Show full text]
  • Robot Control and Programming: Class Notes Dr
    NAVARRA UNIVERSITY UPPER ENGINEERING SCHOOL San Sebastian´ Robot Control and Programming: Class notes Dr. Emilio Jose´ Sanchez´ Tapia August, 2010 Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Navarra 987‐84‐8081‐293‐1 ii Viaje a ’Agra de Cimientos’ Era yo todav´ıa un estudiante de doctorado cuando cayo´ en mis manos una tesis de la cual me llamo´ especialmente la atencion´ su cap´ıtulo de agradecimientos. Bueno, realmente la tesis no contaba con un cap´ıtulo de ’agradecimientos’ sino mas´ bien con un cap´ıtulo alternativo titulado ’viaje a Agra de Cimientos’. En dicho capitulo, el ahora ya doctor redacto´ un pequeno˜ cuento epico´ inventado por el´ mismo. Esta pequena˜ historia relataba las aventuras de un caballero, al mas´ puro estilo ’Tolkiano’, que cabalgaba en busca de un pueblo recondito.´ Ya os podeis´ imaginar que dicho caballero, no era otro sino el´ mismo, y que su viaje era mas´ bien una odisea en la cual tuvo que superar mil y una pruebas hasta conseguir su objetivo, llegar a Agra de Cimientos (terminar su tesis). Solo´ deciros que para cada una de esas pruebas tuvo la suerte de encontrar a una mano amiga que le ayudara. En mi caso, no voy a presentarte una tesis, sino los apuntes de la asignatura ”Robot Control and Programming´´ que se imparte en ingles.´ Aunque yo no tengo tanta imaginacion´ como la de aquel doctorando para poder contaros una historia, s´ı que he tenido la suerte de encontrar a muchas personas que me han ayudado en mi viaje hacia ’Agra de Cimientos’. Y eso es, amigo lector, al abrir estas notas de clase vas a ser testigo del final de un viaje que he realizado de la mano de mucha gente que de alguna forma u otra han contribuido en su mejora.
    [Show full text]
  • Industrial Robot
    1 Introduction 25 1.2 Industrial robots - definition and classification 1.2.1 Definition (ISO 8373:2012) and delimitation The annual surveys carried out by IFR focus on the collection of yearly statistics on the production, imports, exports and domestic installations/shipments of industrial robots (at least three or more axes) as described in the ISO definition given below. Figures 1.1 shows examples of robot types which are covered by this definition and hence included in the surveys. A robot which has its own control system and is not controlled by the machine should be included in the statistics, although it may be dedicated for a special machine. Other dedicated industrial robots should not be included in the statistics. If countries declare that they included dedicated industrial robots, or are suspected of doing so, this will be clearly indicated in the statistical tables. It will imply that data for those countries is not directly comparable with those of countries that strictly adhere to the definition of multipurpose industrial robots. Wafer handlers have their own control system and should be included in the statistics of industrial robots. Wafers handlers can be articulated, cartesian, cylindrical or SCARA robots. Irrespective from the type of robots they are reported in the application “cleanroom for semiconductors”. Flat panel handlers also should be included. Mainly they are articulated robots. Irrespective from the type of robots they are reported in the application “cleanroom for FPD”. Examples of dedicated industrial robots that should not be included in the international survey are: Equipment dedicated for loading/unloading of machine tools (see figure 1.3).
    [Show full text]
  • Coordinated Control of a Mobile Manipulator
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Technical Reports (CIS) Department of Computer & Information Science March 1994 Coordinated Control of a Mobile Manipulator Yoshio Yamamoto University of Pennsylvania Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/cis_reports Recommended Citation Yoshio Yamamoto, "Coordinated Control of a Mobile Manipulator", . March 1994. University of Pennsylvania Department of Computer and Information Science Technical Report No. MS-CIS-94-12. This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/cis_reports/240 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Coordinated Control of a Mobile Manipulator Abstract In this technical report, we investigate modeling, control, and coordination of mobile manipulators. A mobile manipulator in this study consists of a robotic manipulator and a mobile platform, with the manipulator being mounted atop the mobile platform. A mobile manipulator combines the dextrous manipulation capability offered by fixed-base manipulators and the mobility offered by mobile platforms. While mobile manipulators offer a tremendous potential for flexible material handling and other tasks, at the same time they bring about a number of challenging issues rather than simply increasing the structural complexity. First, combining a manipulator and a platform creates redundancy. Second, a wheeled mobile platform is subject to nonholonomic constraints. Third, there exists dynamic interaction between the manipulator and the mobile platform. Fourth,
    [Show full text]
  • Motion Planning for a Mobile Humanoid Manipulator Working in an Industrial Environment
    applied sciences Article Motion Planning for a Mobile Humanoid Manipulator Working in an Industrial Environment Iwona Pajak † and Grzegorz Pajak *,† Institute of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zielona Gora, 65-516 Zielona Gora, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] † These authors contributed equally to this work. Abstract: This paper presents the usage of holonomic mobile humanoid manipulators to carry out autonomous tasks in industrial environments, according to the smart factory concept and the Industry 4.0 philosophy. The problem of transporting lengthy objects, taking into account mechanical limitations, the conditions for avoiding collisions, as well as the dexterity of the manipulator arms was considered. The primary problem was divided into three phases, leading to three different types of robotic tasks. In the proposed approach, the pseudoinverse Jacobian method at the acceleration level to solve each of the tasks was used. The redundant degrees of freedom were used to satisfy secondary objectives such as robot kinetic energy, the maximization of the manipulability measure, and the fulfillment mechanical and collision-avoidance limitations. A computer example involving a mobile humanoid manipulator, operating in an industrial environment, illustrated the effectiveness of the proposed method. Keywords: humanoid manipulator; mobile robot; motion planning; transportation task Citation: Pajak, I.; Pajak, G. Motion Planning for a Mobile Humanoid Manipulator Working in an Industrial Environment. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 1. Introduction 6209. https://doi.org/10.3390/ The history of industrial robotics dates back to the 1950s. At that time, the first designs app11136209 of numerically controlled machine tools and programmable manipulators for industrial applications were created.
    [Show full text]
  • An Engineer's Guide to Industrial Robot Designs
    e-book An Engineer’s Guide to Industrial Robot Designs A compendium of technical documentation on robotic system designs ti.com/robotics Q2 | 2020 Table of Contents/Overview 1. Introduction 3. Robot arm and driving system (manipulator) 1.1 An introduction to an industrial robot system. 3 3.1.1 How to protect battery power management systems from thermal damage. 45 2. Robot system controller 3.1.2 Protecting your battery isn’t as hard as 2.1 Control panel you think.....................................46 2.1.1 Using Sitara™ processors for Industry 3.1.3 Position feedback-related reference designs 4.0 servo drives.......................9 for robotic systems............................47 2.2 Servo drives for robotic systems 4. Sensing and vision technologies 2.2.1 The impact of an isolated gate driver. 13 4.1 TI mmWave radar sensors in robotics 2.2.2 Understanding peak source and applications..................................48 sink current parameters . 17 4.2 Intelligence at the edge powers autonomous 2.2.3 Low-side gate drivers with UVLO versus factories .....................................53 BJT totem poles ......................19 4.3 Use ultrasonic sensing for graceful robots. 55 2.2.4 An external gate-resistor design guide for 4.4 How sensor data is powering AI in robotics. 57 gate drivers.......................... 20 4.5 Bringing machine learning to embedded 2.2.5 High-side motor current monitoring for systems .....................................61 overcurrent protection. 22 4.6 Robots get wheels to address new 2.2.6 Five benefits of enhanced PWM rejection for challenges and functions. 65 in-line motor control. 24 4.7 Vision and sensing-technology reference 2.2.7 How to protect control systems from thermal designs for robotic systems.
    [Show full text]
  • A Low-Cost Compliant 7-DOF Robotic Manipulator
    A Low-cost Compliant 7-DOF Robotic Manipulator Morgan Quigley, Alan Asbeck, and Andrew Y. Ng Abstract— We present the design of a new low-cost series- elastic robotic arm. The arm is unique in that it achieves reasonable performance for the envisioned tasks (backlash-free, sub-3mm repeatability, moves at 1.5m/s, 2kg payload) but with a significantly lower parts cost than comparable manipulators. The paper explores the design decisions and tradeoffs made in achieving this combination of price and performance. A new, human-safe design is also described: the arm uses stepper motors with a series-elastic transmission for the proximal four degrees of freedom (DOF), and non-series-elastic robotics servos for the distal three DOF. Tradeoffs of the design are discussed, especially in the areas of human safety and control bandwidth. The arm is used to demonstrate pancake cooking (pouring batter, flipping pancakes), using the intrinsic compliance of the arm to aid in interaction with objects. I. INTRODUCTION Fig. 1. The low-cost compliant manipulator described in this paper. Many robotic manipulators are very expensive, due to A spatula was used as the end effector in the demonstration application high-precision actuators and custom machining of compo- described in this paper. For ease of prototyping, lasercut plywood was used nents. We propose that robotic manipulation research can as the primary structural material. advance more rapidly if robotic arms of reasonable perfor- mance were greatly reduced in price. Increased affordability can lead to wider adoption, which in turn can lead to arms but at a drastically lower single-unit parts cost of $4135.
    [Show full text]
  • Unit 8 : ROBOTICS INTRODUCTION
    www.getmyuni.com Unit 8 : ROBOTICS INTRODUCTION Robots are devices that are programmed to move parts, or to do work with a tool. Robotics is a multidisciplinary engineering field dedicated to the development of autonomous devices, including manipulators and mobile vehicles. The Origins of Robots Year 1250 Bishop Albertus Magnus holds banquet at which guests were served by metal attendants. Upon seeing this, Saint Thomas Aquinas smashed the attendants to bits and called the bishop a sorcerer. Year 1640 Descartes builds a female automaton which he calls “Ma fille Francine.” She accompanied Descartes on a voyage and was thrown overboard by the captain, who thought she was the work of Satan. Year 1738 Jacques de Vaucanson builds a mechanical duck quack, bathe, drink water, eat grain, digest it and void it. Whereabouts of the duck are unknown today. Year 1805 Doll, made by Maillardet, that wrote in either French or English and could draw landscapes Year 1923 Karel Capek coins the term robot in his play Rossum’s Universal Robots (R.U.R). Robot comes from the Czech word robota , which means “servitude, forced labor.” Year 1940 Sparko, the Westinghouse dog, was developed which used both mechanical and electrical components. 1 www.getmyuni.com Year 1950’s to 1960’s Computer technology advances and control machinery is developed. Questions Arise: Is the computer an immobile robot? Industrial Robots created. Robotic Industries Association states that an “industrial robot is a re-programmable, multifunctional manipulator designed to move materials, parts, tools, or specialized devices through variable programmed motions to perform a variety of tasks” Year 1956 Researchers aim to combine “perceptual and problem-solving capabilities,” using computers, cameras, and touch sensors.
    [Show full text]