DOCSLIB.ORG

The Robot's Knowledge Lecture 1

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Robot's Knowledge Lecture 1 Logic, Ontology and Planning: the Robot’s Knowledge Lecture 1 Stefano Borgo Laboratory for Applied Ontology (LOA), ISTC-CNR, Trento (IT) ESSLLI course 2018 Sofia, Bulgaria Scope of the course Robotics: traditional, yet rapidly expanding, research area. It design and develops intelligent autonomous agents like self-driving cars and drones, industrial robots for production, and humanoids for the elderly. This course focuses on the knowledge a robot needs to act in the environment and to understand what it can possibly do. It introduces and discusses the notions and relationships that are needed to understand a generic scenario and shows how to structure an ontology to organize such knowledge. In particular, it focuses on how to understand and model capacities, actions, contexts and environments. The flow of information between the knowledge module and the planning module in a generic artificial agent is presented. S. Borgo (LOA ISTC-CNR Trento) The Robot’s Knowledge - Lecture 1 ESSLLI – Sofia, 2018 2 / 55 Organization of the lectures (roughly) Lecture 1: Introduction to robotics – what is robotics about? what is an agent? what are the robot’s components? Lecture 2: Introduction to ontology – what is an ontology? what is the purpose of ontology? how is an ontology structured? S. Borgo (LOA ISTC-CNR Trento) The Robot’s Knowledge - Lecture 1 ESSLLI – Sofia, 2018 3 / 55 Organization of the lectures (roughly) Lecture 3: Basic cognition, image schemas and affordance – what is concept creation? what is concept blending? what are image schemas? why do we need them? Lecture 4: Scenario interpretation, context and knowledge integration – how should one interpret a scenario? how should one distinguish ontological and contextual information? how is heterogeneous information integrated? S. Borgo (LOA ISTC-CNR Trento) The Robot’s Knowledge - Lecture 1 ESSLLI – Sofia, 2018 4 / 55 Organization of the lectures (roughly) Lecture 5: From knowledge to plans – how to use ontology and knowledge to plan? how to distinguish behavior and function? how to extract new functional information? S. Borgo (LOA ISTC-CNR Trento) The Robot’s Knowledge - Lecture 1 ESSLLI – Sofia, 2018 5 / 55 Course Overview 1 An introduction to Robotics S. Borgo (LOA ISTC-CNR Trento) The Robot’s Knowledge - Lecture 1 ESSLLI – Sofia, 2018 6 / 55 Today’s Lecture 1 An introduction to Robotics Robotics: a bit of history Typical scenarios Defining agents and robots Classifying robots Important topics and trends in robotics S. Borgo (LOA ISTC-CNR Trento) The Robot’s Knowledge - Lecture 1 ESSLLI – Sofia, 2018 7 / 55 First steps – 1 Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519) sketched many designs. One of them, drawn around 1495, was about a robot in the form of a medieval knight that could move its arms, head and open its jaws. With the improvement of mechanics in 1700, a number of automatons ad automatic mechanisms started to appear. These automatons could draw, move, play music and even fly. The term automaton was the standard one until the publication of “Rossum’s Universal Robots” by Karel Capek (an influent book about replicants, not mechanical devices as we understand robots today) introduced the term robot. Robot comes from the Czech word “robota” which roughly means slave, forced labour. S. Borgo (LOA ISTC-CNR Trento) The Robot’s Knowledge - Lecture 1 ESSLLI – Sofia, 2018 8 / 55 First steps – 2 In 1956 business investor Joseph Engelberger and inventor George Devol started working together leading to the construciton of the Unimate, the very first industrial robot (a robotic arm). Devol’s patent says: The present invention relates to the automatic operation of machinery, particularly the handling apparatus, and to automatic control apparatus suited for such machinery. [wikipedia] General Motors used Unimate in a die-casting plant. Unimate undertook the job of transporting die castings from an assembly line and welding these parts on auto bodies, a dangerous task for workers, who might be poisoned by toxic fumes or injuried. S. Borgo (LOA ISTC-CNR Trento) The Robot’s Knowledge - Lecture 1 ESSLLI – Sofia, 2018 9 / 55 First steps – 3 In those years, William Grey Walter constructed some of the first electronic autonomous robots. He wanted to prove that rich connections between a small number of brain cells could give rise to very complex behaviors. A significant moment in robotics is when robots moved from the factory area to our everyday spaces. Between 1966 and 1972 in Stanford a general-purpose mobile robot, called Shakey, was developed. Shakey is the first robot able to reason about its own actions. It was the first project that integrated logical reasoning and physical action. S. Borgo (LOA ISTC-CNR Trento) The Robot’s Knowledge - Lecture 1 ESSLLI – Sofia, 2018 10 / 55 Today’s Lecture 1 An introduction to Robotics Robotics: a bit of history Typical scenarios Defining agents and robots Classifying robots Important topics and trends in robotics S. Borgo (LOA ISTC-CNR Trento) The Robot’s Knowledge - Lecture 1 ESSLLI – Sofia, 2018 11 / 55 Scenario: Robot + Worker http://www.all-electronics.de S. Borgo (LOA ISTC-CNR Trento) The Robot’s Knowledge - Lecture 1 ESSLLI – Sofia, 2018 12 / 55 Scenario: Robot + Human http://www.riken.jp S. Borgo (LOA ISTC-CNR Trento) The Robot’s Knowledge - Lecture 1 ESSLLI – Sofia, 2018 13 / 55 Scenario: Robot + Environment https://i.ytimg.com/vi/jC-AmPfInwU/maxresdefault.jpg S. Borgo (LOA ISTC-CNR Trento) The Robot’s Knowledge - Lecture 1 ESSLLI – Sofia, 2018 14 / 55 Scenario: Robot + Controlled environment M6 M5 M7 M6 M1 M4 M5 S1 M4 M2 S2 M3 M2 S. Borgo (LOA ISTC-CNR Trento) The Robot’s Knowledge - Lecture 1 ESSLLI – Sofia, 2018 15 / 55 Scenario: Robot + Controlled environment /2 S. Borgo (LOA ISTC-CNR Trento) The Robot’s Knowledge - Lecture 1 RC1 RC1 RC1 F RC1 B B F RC1 B F B CONFIGURATION CONFIGURATION 1 F LC1 B CONFIGURATION CONFIGURATION 1 CONFIGURATION CONFIGURATION 1 LC1 LC1 CONFIGURATION CONFIGURATION 1 LC1 RC2 RC1 CONFIGURATION CONFIGURATION 1 LC1 RC2 RC1 RC2 RC1 RC2 F RC1 B RC2 ! F RC1 B CONFIGURATION CONFIGURATION 2 ESSLLI – Sofia, 2018 16 / 55 LC1 LC2 F B LC2 LC1 CONFIGURATION CONFIGURATION 2 F B ! B F LC2 LC1 LC2 CONFIGURATION CONFIGURATION 2 LC1 CONFIGURATION CONFIGURATION 2 ! LC2 LC1 CONFIGURATION CONFIGURATION 2 RC1 RC2 ! LC2 LC1 CONFIGURATION CONFIGURATION 2 ! LC1 CONFIGURATION CONFIGURATION 1 F B RC1 Today’s Lecture 1 An introduction to Robotics Robotics: a bit of history Typical scenarios Defining agents and robots Classifying robots Important topics and trends in robotics S. Borgo (LOA ISTC-CNR Trento) The Robot’s Knowledge - Lecture 1 ESSLLI – Sofia, 2018 17 / 55 Agents There are three prototypical types of (embodied) agents: human animal artificial and then there are the mix-up, e.g., cyborg centaur and weaker candidates (e.g. lower biological systems). S. Borgo (LOA ISTC-CNR Trento) The Robot’s Knowledge - Lecture 1 ESSLLI – Sofia, 2018 18 / 55 What is an agent? For human and animal agents (strong biological systems), the answer is simple: An agent is the offspring of an agent. This is like to say: A Bulgarian is the offspring of a Bulgarian. Nothing wrong with this, only that it is not telling us much and, even worse, it is not general: it does not apply to artificial agents in general. S. Borgo (LOA ISTC-CNR Trento) The Robot’s Knowledge - Lecture 1 ESSLLI – Sofia, 2018 19 / 55 What is an agent? We need to separate three problems: How can one identify agents? Dennett’s stances (physical, design, intentional) What can an agent do? It discriminates, has preferences, decides, makes changes. What is an agent? A perspectival physical entity that persists in time, discriminates, has preferences, decides and acts accordingly in the environment. S. Borgo (LOA ISTC-CNR Trento) The Robot’s Knowledge - Lecture 1 ESSLLI – Sofia, 2018 20 / 55 Definitions of agent /1 1 anything that is seen as “perceiving its environment through sensors and acting upon that environment through effectors.” (Russell and Norvig, 2010, p. 33) 2 “a system that tries to fulfill a set of goals in a complex, dynamic environment” (Maes, 1994, p. 136) 3 “any embodied system [that pursues] internal or external goals by its own actions while in continuous long-term interaction with the environment in which it is situated” (Beer, 1995, p. 173) S. Borgo (LOA ISTC-CNR Trento) The Robot’s Knowledge - Lecture 1 ESSLLI – Sofia, 2018 21 / 55 Definitions of agent /2 Some definitions of embodied agent from the literature. (4) “entities which engage in normatively constrained, goal-directed, interaction with their environment” (Christensen and Hooker, 2000, p. 133) (5) (autonomous agent) “a system situated within and apart of an environment that senses that environment and acts on it, over time, in pursuit of its own agenda and so as to effect what it senses in the future.” (Franklin and Graesser, 1996, p. 25). Commonalities: there is a system, distinguishable from the environment, able to sense and/or perceive that environment, able to act in pursuit of a goal. Note: the definitions do not refer to intentionality. Why? S. Borgo (LOA ISTC-CNR Trento) The Robot’s Knowledge - Lecture 1 ESSLLI – Sofia, 2018 22 / 55 A more interesting definition of agent Recall that our interest is on the notion of embodied agent. an agent is “a system doing something by itself according to certain goals or norms within a specific environment.” Conditions: 1 the system is an individual; 2 the system is the active source of interaction; and 3 the interaction norm is generated by the system (Barandiaran, Di Paolo and Rohde, 2009, p. 374) Basics: system, distinguishable (the rest is environment), interactive, regulating. (Again, intentionality is not an issue.) S. Borgo (LOA ISTC-CNR Trento) The Robot’s Knowledge - Lecture 1 ESSLLI – Sofia, 2018 23 / 55 Discussion Is the distinction agent/environment really acceptable? Is it important? We can identify the typical agents and we know precisely what they do or could do, but isn’t this a limitation of the types of agent we traditionally consider, say in biology and in robotics? Think in terms of cyborgs or agents connected to the cloud..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Improved Design of a Three-Degree of Freedom Hip Exoskeleton Based on Biomimetic Parallel Structure
    Improved Design of a Three-degree of Freedom Hip Exoskeleton Based on Biomimetic Parallel Structure by Min Pan A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Applied Science in The Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science Mechanical Engineering Program University of Ontario Institute of Technology July, 2011 © Min Pan, 2011 Abstract The external skeletons, Exoskeletons, are not a new research area in this highly developed world. They are widely used in helping the wearer to enhance human strength, endurance, and speed while walking with them. Most exoskeletons are designed for the whole body and are powered due to their applications and high performance needs. This thesis introduces a novel design of a three-degree of freedom parallel robotic structured hip exoskeleton, which is quite different from these existing exoskeletons. An exoskeleton unit for walking typically is designed as a serial mechanism which is used for the entire leg or entire body. This thesis presents a design as a partial manipulator which is only for the hip. This has better advantages when it comes to marketing the product, these include: light weight, easy to wear, and low cost. Furthermore, most exoskeletons are designed for lower body are serial manipulators, which have large workspace because of their own volume and occupied space. This design introduced in this thesis is a parallel mechanism, which is more stable, stronger and more accurate. These advantages benefit the wearers who choose this product. This thesis focused on the analysis of the structure of this design, and verifies if the design has a reasonable and reliable structure.
    [Show full text]
  • Robot Control for Remote Ophthalmology and Pediatric Physical Rehabilitation Melissa Morris Florida International University, [email protected]
    Florida International University FIU Digital Commons FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations University Graduate School 4-21-2017 Robot Control for Remote Ophthalmology and Pediatric Physical Rehabilitation Melissa Morris Florida International University, [email protected] DOI: 10.25148/etd.FIDC001981 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd Part of the Acoustics, Dynamics, and Controls Commons, Biomechanical Engineering Commons, and the Electro-Mechanical Systems Commons Recommended Citation Morris, Melissa, "Robot Control for Remote Ophthalmology and Pediatric Physical Rehabilitation" (2017). FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 3350. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3350 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University Graduate School at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Miami, Florida ROBOT CONTROL FOR REMOTE OPHTHALMOLOGY AND PEDIATRIC PHYSICAL REHABILITATION A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in MECHANICAL ENGINEERING by Melissa Morris 2017 To: Interim Dean Ranu Jung, College of Engineering and Computing This dissertation, written by Melissa Morris, and entitled Robot Control for Remote Ophthalmology and Pediatric Physical Rehabilitation, having been approved in respect to style and intellectual content, is referred to you for judgment. We have read this dissertation and recommend that it be approved. ______________________________ Benjamin Boesl ______________________________ Yiding Cao ______________________________ Leonard Elbaum ______________________________ Oren Masory ______________________________ Ibrahim Tansel ______________________________ Sabri Tosunoglu, Major Professor Date of Defense: April 21, 2017 The dissertation of Melissa Morris is approved.
    [Show full text]
  • Modeling, Simulation, and Vision-/MPC-Based Control of a Powercube Serial Robot
    applied sciences Article Modeling, Simulation, and Vision-/MPC-Based Control of a PowerCube Serial Robot Jörg Fehr * , Patrick Schmid , Georg Schneider and Peter Eberhard Institute of Engineering and Computational Mechanics, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 9, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; [email protected] (P.S.); [email protected] (G.S.); [email protected] (P.E.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 21 September 2020; Accepted: 12 October 2020; Published: 17 October 2020 Featured Application: The vision-based measurement of a robot’s pose investigated in this contribution is especially applicable for multi-link flexible robotic manipulators, where joint angles measured by encoders are not sufficient to describe the system’s state because of the elastic deformation of the links. The proposed MPC control scheme reveals advantages compared to common decentralized approaches concerning parameter tuning, constraint handling, and compensation of model uncertainties. Abstract: A model predictive control (MPC) scheme for a Schunk PowerCube robot is derived in a structured step-by-step procedure. Neweul-M2 provides the necessary nonlinear model in symbolical and numerical form. To handle the heavy online computational burden concerning the derived nonlinear model, a linear time-varying MPC scheme is developed based on linearizing the nonlinear system concerning the desired trajectory and the a priori known corresponding feed-forward controller. Camera-based systems allow sensing of the robot on the one hand and monitoring the environments on the other hand. Therefore, a vision-based MPC is realized to show the effects of vision-based control feedback on control performance.
    [Show full text]
  • Robot Control and Programming: Class Notes Dr
    NAVARRA UNIVERSITY UPPER ENGINEERING SCHOOL San Sebastian´ Robot Control and Programming: Class notes Dr. Emilio Jose´ Sanchez´ Tapia August, 2010 Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Navarra 987‐84‐8081‐293‐1 ii Viaje a ’Agra de Cimientos’ Era yo todav´ıa un estudiante de doctorado cuando cayo´ en mis manos una tesis de la cual me llamo´ especialmente la atencion´ su cap´ıtulo de agradecimientos. Bueno, realmente la tesis no contaba con un cap´ıtulo de ’agradecimientos’ sino mas´ bien con un cap´ıtulo alternativo titulado ’viaje a Agra de Cimientos’. En dicho capitulo, el ahora ya doctor redacto´ un pequeno˜ cuento epico´ inventado por el´ mismo. Esta pequena˜ historia relataba las aventuras de un caballero, al mas´ puro estilo ’Tolkiano’, que cabalgaba en busca de un pueblo recondito.´ Ya os podeis´ imaginar que dicho caballero, no era otro sino el´ mismo, y que su viaje era mas´ bien una odisea en la cual tuvo que superar mil y una pruebas hasta conseguir su objetivo, llegar a Agra de Cimientos (terminar su tesis). Solo´ deciros que para cada una de esas pruebas tuvo la suerte de encontrar a una mano amiga que le ayudara. En mi caso, no voy a presentarte una tesis, sino los apuntes de la asignatura ”Robot Control and Programming´´ que se imparte en ingles.´ Aunque yo no tengo tanta imaginacion´ como la de aquel doctorando para poder contaros una historia, s´ı que he tenido la suerte de encontrar a muchas personas que me han ayudado en mi viaje hacia ’Agra de Cimientos’. Y eso es, amigo lector, al abrir estas notas de clase vas a ser testigo del final de un viaje que he realizado de la mano de mucha gente que de alguna forma u otra han contribuido en su mejora.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparison of the Characteristics Between Serial and Parallel Robots
    ACTA TEHNICA CORVINIENSIS – Bulletin of Engineering Tome VII [2014] Fascicule 1 [January – March] ISSN: 2067 – 3809 1. Zoran PANDILOV, 2. Vladimir DUKOVSKI COMPARISON OF THE CHARACTERISTICS BETWEEN SERIAL AND PARALLEL ROBOTS University “Sv. Kiriil I Metodij”, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering-Skopje, Karpos Ii B.B., P.O.Box 464, Mk-1000, Skopje, Republic of MACEDONIA Abstract: This paper gives survey of the position analysis, jacobian and singularity analysis, stiffness analysis, dynamics and applications of serial and parallel robots. Also a detailed comparison of the characteristics of serial and parallel robots and their advantages and disadvantages are presented. Keywords: serial robots, parallel robots, comparison INTRODUCTION - Introduction to robotics manufacturing implements through variable Robotics is a field of modern technology that programmed motions for the performance of crosses traditional engineering boundaries. specific manufacturing tasks. Understanding the complexity of robots and their The definition of a robot used by the Japanese applications requires knowledge of mechanical Industrial Robot Association widens these engineering, electrical engineering, systems and definitions in order to include arms controlled industrial engineering, computer science, directly by humans and also fixed sequence economics, and mathematics. manipulators which are not re-programmable. The term robot was first introduced into The key element in the above definitions is the re- vocabulary by the Czech playwright Karel Capek in programmability of robots. It is the computer his 1920 play Rossum’s Universal Robots, the brain that gives the robot its utility and word “robota” being the Czech word for work. adaptability. The so-called robotics revolution is, in Since then the term has been applied to a great fact, part of the larger computer revolution.
    [Show full text]
  • Detailed Analysis of SCARA-Type Serial Manipulator on a Moving Base with Labview
    ARTICLE International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems Detailed Analysis of SCARA-Type Serial Manipulator on a Moving Base with LabView Regular Paper Alirıza Kaleli1,*, Ahmet Dumlu1, M. Fatih Çorapsız1 and Köksal Erentürk1 1 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of Ataturk, Turkey * Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected] Received 24 Sep 2012; Accepted 19 Feb 2013 DOI: 10.5772/56178 © 2013 Kaleli et al.; licensee InTech. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Robotic manipulators on a moving base are used vehicles, space vehicles and surface ships, can be attached in many industrial and transportation applications. In this to moving bases. These manipulators are affected by study, the modelling of a RRP SCARA‐type serial disturbances of the moving base. For example, manipulator on a moving base is presented. A Lagrange‐ manipulators attached to the surface of a ship are affected Euler approach is used to obtain the complete dynamic by the motion of the sea. Underwater vehicles are placed model of the moving‐base manipulator. Hence, the under additional forces produced by flow dynamics and dynamic model of the manipulator and the mobile base are frictional effects. The manipulators used in space research are affected by variable gravitational forces. These expressed separately. In addition, Virtual Instrumentation undesirable disturbances have an important effect on (VI) is developed for kinematics, dynamics simulation and motion and make it difficult to control the manipulator [1, animation of the manipulator combined with the moving‐ 2].
    [Show full text]
  • Design and Implementation of a Graphic Simulator for Calculating the Inverse Kinematics of a Redundant Planar Manipulator Robot
    applied sciences Article Design and Implementation of a Graphic Simulator for Calculating the Inverse Kinematics of a Redundant Planar Manipulator Robot Claudio Urrea * and Daniel Saa Department of Electrical Engineering, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. Ecuador 3519, Estación Central, Santiago 9170124, Chile; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +56-2-27180324 Received: 2 August 2020; Accepted: 24 September 2020; Published: 27 September 2020 Abstract: In this paper, a graphics simulator that allows for characterizing the kinematic and dynamic behavior of redundant planar manipulator robots is presented. This graphics simulator is implemented using the Solidworks software and the SimMechanics Toolbox of MATLAB/Simulink. To calculate the inverse kinematics of this type of robot, an algorithm based on the probabilistic method called Simulated Annealing is proposed. By means of this method, it is possible to obtain, among many possibilities, the best solution for inverse kinematics. Without losing generality, the performance of metaheuristic algorithm is tested in a 6-DoF (Degrees of Freedom) virtual robot. The Cartesian coordinates (x,y) of the end effector of the robot under study can be accessed through a graphic interface, thereby automatically calculating its inverse kinematics, and yielding the solution set with the position adopted by each joint for each coordinate entered. Dynamic equations are obtained from the Lagrange–Euler formulation. To generate the joint trajectories, an interpolation method with a third order polynomial is used. The effectiveness of the developed methodologies is verified through computational simulations of a virtual robot. Keywords: simulation; redundant manipulator robots; kinematics; dynamics; simulated annealing; solidworks 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Self-Reconfigurable Robots
    Self-Reconfigurable Robots An Introduction Kasper Stoy David Brandt David J. Christensen The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England 6 2010 Massachusetts Institute of Technology All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher. For information about special quantity discounts, please email [email protected] This book was set in Times New Roman on 3B2 by Asco Typesetters, Hong Kong. Printed and bound in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Stoy, Kasper, 1973– Self-reconfigurable robots : an introduction / Kasper Stoy, David Brandt, and David J. Christensen. p. cm. — (Intelligent robotics and autonomous agents series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-262-01371-0 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Robotics. 2. Robots. I. Brandt, David, 1979– II. Christensen, David J. III. Title. TJ211.S794 2010 629.8092—dc22 2009021060 10987654321 Index 3D-Unit, 15, 18, 78, 79, 84 Chain-type, 4, 42 Cheapness, 8, 33–35 AÃ, 121 Chobie, 20, 48, 61, 78, 79, 84 Active robustness, 32 ckBot, 2, 34 Actuators, 55–64 Claytronics, 24 strength, 62 Cluster-flow locomotion, 47, 146–147 types, 63 Collective actuation, 169 Adaptability, 32 Communication Infrastructure, 83–84 Alignment of connectors, 47, 49, 65–66 Computing Infrastructure, 83–84 Applications, potential, 22 Complexity, 36–37 Asimov, Isaac, 11 Configuration
    [Show full text]
  • Quasi-Serial Manipulator for Advanced Manufacturing Systems
    Quasi-serial Manipulator for Advanced Manufacturing Systems Bryan Kelly a, J. Padayachee b and G. Bright Discipline of Mechanical Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, King George V Avenue, Durban, South Africa Keywords: Serial, Open Chain, Closed Chain, Parallel, Hybrid, Palletizing, Quasi-serial, Rapid Prototyping, 3D Printing, Kinematics, Closed Loop Parallelogram. Abstract: Industrial automation has revolutionised manufacturing and the manufacturing environment. Advanced manufacturing requires a variety of different robotic manipulators for industrial applications, each with their defining characteristics. This research paper describes the differences between current industrial manipulators; it then proposes an open chain hybrid kinematic platform, consisting of closed loop parallelograms. The application of such a hybrid mechanism is apparent with material handling operations such as providing solutions for palletizing. A quasi-serial architecture was selected and its corresponding components were 3D printed. The forward kinematic equations were derived via a geometric approach. The outputs of these kinematic equations are then validated against empirical results obtained through an equivalent SolidWorks model of the robot. 1 INTRODUCTION on their defining geometric characteristics. (Pandremenos et al., 2011) Modern manufacturing is highly dependent on There are currently two major classifications of industrial automation, specifically for menial tasks industrial robotic manipulator geometries, namely such as repetitive assembly
    [Show full text]
  • Increasing the Precision of the Biopsy with Robots: Two Case Studies
    Increasing the precision of the biopsy with robots: two case studies 1st Bogdan Maris 2th Paolo Fiorini 3nd Andrea Calanca Department of Computer Science Department of Computer Science Department of Computer Science University of Verona University of Verona University of Verona Verona,Italy Verona,Italy Verona,Italy [email protected] paolo.fi[email protected] [email protected] 4rd Chiara Tenga 5th Franc¸oise J. Siepel 6th Vincent Groenhuis 7th Stefano Stramigioli Department of Computer Science Robotics and Mechatronics Robotics and Mechatronics Robotics and Mechatronics University of Verona University of Twente University of Twente University of Twente Verona,Italy Enschede, The Netherlands Enschede, The Netherlands Enschede, The Netherlands [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Abstract—Robotics is a rapidly advancing field and its intro- cancer is the second most common cancer and is affecting duction in healthcare can have a multitude of benefits for clinical men [2]. Early and reliable detection of breast and prostate practice. Especially applications depending on the radiologist’s cancer has a huge impact for optimal treatment of high-risk accuracy and precision, such as percutaneous interventions, may profit. Percutaneous interventions are relatively simple and patient or to avoid overtreatment in low risk patients. The the quality of the procedure increases a lot by introducing most reliable technique to detect breast and prostate cancer robotics due to the improved accuracy and precision. This paper and to estimate of the aggressiveness is the needle biopsy. provides the description of two robotic systems for percutaneous The prostate and breast biopsy share some common aspects: interventions: breast biopsy and prostate biopsy.
    [Show full text]
  • The Juggling Robot Project - Jurp
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology MF2058 Mechatronics, Advanced Course The Juggling Robot Project - JuRP Yared Efrem Afework, Dennis Lioubartsev, Ahmed Moustafa, Ludwig Nyberg, Nilas Osterman, Aditya Pal, Fredrik Schalling, Max Thiel supervised by Pouya Mahdavipour Abstract Toss juggling, a skill long since mastered by humans, presents an interesting challenge in the field of robotics. Designing, constructing and implement- ing a robotic system capable of object manipulation requires the successful integration of a number of fields, including but not limited to mechanical and electronic design, computer vision, control theory and kinematics. This report details the work done by the Juggling Robot Project HK (JuRP-HK) team in their efforts to build a robot capable of throwing and catching a single ball using a single arm. The team based their design choices on a pre- vious State-of-the-Art analysis, and in accordance with a set of requirements set by the stakeholder. The arm built was a serial mechanism arm with five degrees of freedom, in- cluding a two degrees of freedom cup-stabilizing system as the end-effector and a three degrees of freedom robotic arm. The actuators were locally con- trolled using manually tuned Proportional-Integral-Derivative controllers, working under the command of a high level controller. The high level con- troller uses ball positional data collected by a proprietary motion capture system. The positions captured are used to estimate the ball trajectory of the ball, and the inverse-kinematics joint angles are using the Levenberg- Marquardt algorithm. A Linear Quadratic Regulator is used to calculate the optimal path joint-wise necessary to get the robot's end-effector into position to catch the ball.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Robotics 2
    An Introduction to Robotics Dr. Bob Williams, [email protected] Mechanical Engineering, Ohio University Table of Contents PHOTO GALLERY .................................................................................................................................. 2 HISTORY ................................................................................................................................................... 9 DEFINITIONS ......................................................................................................................................... 10 APPLICATIONS ..................................................................................................................................... 12 COMMON ROBOT DESIGNS ............................................................................................................. 13 ROBOT PARTS ..................................................................................................................................... 17 TECHNICAL ROBOTICS TERMS ...................................................................................................... 18 ROBOT POWER SOURCES/ ACTUATORS .................................................................................... 20 END EFFECTORS ................................................................................................................................. 21 ROBOT CONTROL METHODS .......................................................................................................... 22 ROBOT SENSORS ..............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]