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University Archives of Virginia Tech a History of Plant University Archives of Virginia Tech A History of Plant Pathology in Virginia (1888-1997) By Curtis W. Roane Introduction The Pre-Alwood Era The Alwood Era (1888-1904) The Moncure Era (1904-1908) The Reed Era (1908-1915) The Fromme Era (1915-1928) The Wingard Era (1928-1964) I - 1928-1935 II - 1935-1949 III - 1949-1964 The Couch Era (1965-1974) The Foy Era (1974-1980) The Hooper Era (1980-1984) The Moore Era (1984-1997) Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science's History Page Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science's Chronology Page Electronic version by Scott Spyrison & Tamara Kennelly Back Next VT History | Digital Library and Archives | Special Collections | University Archives Send questions or comments to: Tamara Kennelly, University Archivist University Libraries Virginia Tech P.O. Box 90001 Blacksburg, VA, 24062-9001 URL: http://spec.lib.vt.edu/archives/ppws/plant.htm Last Modified on: Thursday, 23-Sep-2004 15:41:47 EDT University Archives of Virginia Tech A History of Plant Pathology in Virginia: Introduction On August 20, 1926, Erwin F. Smith, the pioneer plant bacteriologist, addressed the International Congress of Plant Sciences at Ithaca, New York, under the title, "Fifty Years of Pathology." Strict adherence to the title would include an era back to 1876. At that time, Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College was four years old and had just graduated its first students. The Agricultural Experiment Station, was to be created by an act of the Virginia General Assembly on March 1, 1886 but was not organized until 1888. Smith's opening statement could be made today with as much veracity as it reflected in 1926: "In many ways the last 50 years is a remarkable period in the history of the world. Among its striking characteristics, the most impressive perhaps have been the enormous advances in scientific discovery. This period has seen an entire change in our views as to the constitution of matter, the development of living things, and the extent of the cosmos. Outward in various directions the visible universe has been extended thousands of light years, downward it has been extended into the minutest subdivisions of matter far beyond the "atoms" of the old Greeks, or the wildest dreams of Victorian physicists and chemists. In pathology the advances have been no less wonderful." For the period 1872 to 1888, there was no Plant Pathology at Va. A. & M., and after 1891 until 1908, it was as taught and studied by mycologists. Plant Pathology in Virginia had its start soon after William B. Alwood was appointed Vice-Director of the Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station in 1888. He was also designated Horticulturist and Entomologist. In 1891, Alwood was appointed Professor and Head of Horticulture, Entomology, and Mycology, whereupon he was for the first time assigned teaching duties in these three disciplines. A vignette of agriculture as Alwood took up the reins might be helpful. Home Table of Contents Next VT History | Digital Library and Archives | Special Collections | University Archives Send questions or comments to: Tamara Kennelly, University Archivist University Libraries Virginia Tech P.O. Box 90001 Blacksburg, VA, 24062-9001 URL: http://spec.lib.vt.edu/archives/ppws/intro.htm Last Modified on: Thursday, 21-Oct-2004 12:54:00 EDT University Archives of Virginia Tech A History of Plant Pathology in Virginia: The Pre-Alwood Era It is difficult for one to look back over 100 years and portray the world as it really was before 1888. Fungi had been demonstrated to cause some plant diseases, but there was much skepticism and mystery about most, and there were virtually no remedies for any. Sulphur was useful for the powdery mildews, and copper salts had been found useful for controlling grain smuts and downy mildews. Many plant diseases had been recognized, even named, but their parasitic instigators were not yet recognized. Bacteria were known from the time of Leeuwenhoek in 1683; Koch (1867) and Pasteur (1877) had demonstrated them to be animal pathogens, and Burrill (1877) demonstrated that bacteria caused fire blight of apple and pear. Many fungus diseases were known from the efforts of Berkeley, DeBary, Kühn, and Farlow; viruses were unknown but diseases later attributed to viruses were recognized; the wheat gall nematode was known since Needham found it in 1743 but was not known as a cause of a plant malady until Roffredi's work in 1775-6. Cabbage club root had been studied by Woronin (1876). In 1882, Robert Koch invented the poured plate method, an assistant substituted agar-agar for Koch's gelatin and a second assistant named Petri devised the culture dishes that bear his name. Thus, four simple innovations, cotton plugs, poured-plates, agar-agar, and Petri dishes became the greatest contributions of all time to the advancement of bacteriology and mycology. Also in 1882, Robert Hartig's textbook of tree diseases appeared. DeBary published his magnificent book whose title translates to "Comparative Morphology and Biology of the Fungi, Mycetozoa, and Bacteria." Although Millardet realized the possibilities of copper sulphate and lime for control of grape downy mildew in 1882, he experimented with various mixtures until 1884, and in 1885 published his discovery. Thereafter it was "demonstrated everywhere to be a sovereign remedy not only for the ravages of grape Peronospora (= Plasmopara) but also for many other diseases of cultivated plants, including black rot of grape and the devastating mildew (Phytophthora) of the potato. This was the first great advance in plant therapeutics" (Smith, 1926). In 1885, the Section of Mycology was established in the U.S. Department of Agriculture with F. L. Scribner as Chief. Smith was appointed his first assistant in 1886, and in the same year Mayer demonstrated that tobacco mosaic was an infectious disease. Spray equipment was being developed and the world's grape, orchard, and potato crops were being blued with Bordeaux mixture. In 1887, the U. S. Department of Agriculture renamed its Section of Mycology the Section of Vegetable Pathology; essentially, that was the birth of Plant Pathology in the United States, although Burrill had included plant pathogenic fungi in a botany course at the University of Illinois beginning in 1873, and Farlow at Harvard in 1875 had emphasized fungi causing diseases of plants. However, through 1890, American Plant Pathology, as Smith (1926) said, "was little more than sublimated mycology." In 1887, the Hatch Act was passed by Congress; this paved the way for establishment of state agricultural experiment stations. Oscar Rierson of Glendover, Virginia, first used Bordeaux mixture for grape black rot (Wingard, 1951). In 1888, Jensen described the hot-water treatment for control of barley and wheat loose smuts, but most significantly for Virginia, the Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station was organized and staffed with funds entirely of federal origin in consequence of the Hatch Act. William B. Alwood, Botanist and Entomologist; Walker Bowman, Chemist; and D. O. Nourse, Agriculturist (Young, 1975) were the first staff members appointed to get research programs under way. The Alwood era had begun. Previous Table of Contents Next VT History | Digital Library and Archives | Special Collections | University Archives Send questions or comments to: Tamara Kennelly, University Archivist University Libraries Virginia Tech P.O. Box 90001 Blacksburg, VA, 24062-9001 URL: http://spec.lib.vt.edu/archives/ppws/prealwood.htm Last Modified on: Thursday, 21-Oct-2004 12:52:45 EDT University Archives of Virginia Tech A History of Plant Pathology in Virginia: The Alwood Era (1888- 1904) When William B. Alwood was appointed Vice-Director of the Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, the grape industry in Virginia had been virtually destroyed; apple scab, bitter rot and fire blight were exacting large tolls from fruit growers' pockets. Wingard (1951) wrote that fire blight had destroyed a promising pear orchard industry in the James River Valley. From colonial days, tobacco and corn had been major crops. History textbooks record how tobacco and flax soon wore out the land and farmers were constantly clearing new land for these crops. We can speculate that in addition to nutrient depletion, increases of soil-borne pathogens endemic to Virginia may have contributed to soils becoming "worn out." Fusarium wilts are sometimes seed-borne and may have been introduced; thus, they may also have contributed to "worn out" soils. Perhaps root knot was a factor. Crop rotation was probably an established but haphazardly practiced procedure. By the late 19th century, the major area of tobacco production was centered in Southside Virginia, i.e., the southern piedmont counties; the orchard industry was widely scattered, with apples mostly in the piedmont and mountains; and grains were produced mostly in the Valley of Virginia and southwestern counties although most farmers were obligated to produce feed grains to power their horse-drawn implements. No doubt potatoes, beans, and cole crops were the remaining staple crops. Cotton and peanuts were established in the southeastern counties. Alwood had received training at the Royal Pomology School in Germany and the Pasteur Institute in France; therefore, his initial interests were in fruit production and utilization. Prior to his appointment to the Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, he had been the superintendant of the Ohio Experiment Station Farm for 4 years and a special agent for the U.S.D.A. In addition to being Station Vice-Director, he was designated Professor of Botany and Entomology from 1888 to 1891; in 1891, he was named Professor of Horticulture, Entomology, and Mycology and Head of the Department of Horticulture, Entomology, and Mycology with teaching assignments in the College added. As the Station staff was very small, administrative duties were light, red tape and empire building had not yet become the way of life for administrators, and the 40 hour week was far in the future, Alwood could devote most of his time to research, publication, and teaching.
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