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Arc Deformation and Marginal Basin Opening: Japan Sea As Arc Deformation and Marginal Basin Opening: Japan Sea as a Case Study Laurent Jolivet, Philippe Huchon, Xavier Le Pichon, Nicolas Chamot-Rooke, Jean-Charles Thomas, Jean-Pierre Brun To cite this version: Laurent Jolivet, Philippe Huchon, Xavier Le Pichon, Nicolas Chamot-Rooke, Jean-Charles Thomas, et al.. Arc Deformation and Marginal Basin Opening: Japan Sea as a Case Study. Journal of Geophysical Research : Solid Earth, American Geophysical Union, 1991, 96 (B3), pp.4367-4384. 10.1029/90JB02455. insu-00726512 HAL Id: insu-00726512 https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00726512 Submitted on 30 Aug 2012 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 96, NO. B3, PAGES 4367-4384, MARCH 10, 1991 Arc Deformationand Marginal Basin Opening' JapanSea as a CaseStudy LAURENT JOL1VET AND PHlI2PPE HUCHON Ddpartementde Gd,ologie, Ecole normale supdrieure, JEAN PIERRE BRUN Laboratoire de Tectonique,Universitd, de RennesI, XAVIER LE PICHON, NICOLAS CHAMOT-ROOKE AND JEAN CHARLES THOMAS Ddpartementde Gdologie,Ecole normalesupdrieure, We discussthe openingmechanism of the JapanSea in Miocenetime using (1) tectonicand published palcomagneticdata along the eastemmargin from the north of Hokkaido Island to Sado Island, (2) a mechanical model which is tested by small-scale physical modeling, and (3) crustal structureand bathymetric features in the Japan Sea which constrain our kinematic model and preopening reconstructions.Our main conclusionsare the following. The easternmargin of the JapanSea was, as a whole, a dextralshear zone about 100 km wide. This conclusionis supportedby the existenceof a ductile dextral shear zone in Central Hokkaido (Hidaka Mountains) and associatedbrittle deformation in western Hokkaidoand northeastemHonshu. The stressfield duringthe opening(which endedabout 12 Ma ago at the end of the middle Miocene) changesfrom right-lateral transpressionin the north to right-lateral transtensionin the south.The westernmargin, along the Korean peninsula,during the sameperiod, also was an active dextral shear zone. Palcomagneticresults indicate that clockwise rotations occurredin the southduring the openingand counterclockwiserotations in the north. We proposea model of right-lateral pull-apart deformationwith dockwise rotationsof rigid blocks in the southerntranstensional domain and counterclockwiserotations in the transpressionalone. Small-scale physical models show that the clockwiserotation in transtensionis possibleprovided that the easternboundary (Pacific side) is free of stress.The openingstopped and compressionsubsequently began about 12 Ma ago. Finally, we showthat the dextral shear,which is distributedover the whole JapanSea area, is accommodatedby N-S trending fight4ateral faults and rotation of blocks locatedbetween these right-lateral faults. INTRODUCTION we propose for the opening is tested with small-scale experiments.Finally, this model is quantified in terms of Whether marginal basin opening occurs by slabretreat kinematicreconstructions. We do not discuss forces which led [Matsuda and Uyeda, 1971; Hilde et al., 1977; Chase, 1978; to the opening.We addressthe questionof how the JapanSea Uyeda and Kanamori, 1979; Taylor and Karner, 1983; Uyeda, openedand leave asidethe questionof why it opened. 1986] or by extension induced along transform faults [Hamburger and Isacks, 1988] or by intracontinental deformation [Tapponnier et al., 1982; 1986; Kimura and BACKGROUND Tamaki, 1986], it is assumedthat the adjacent arc does not behave as a rigid body during the openingbut, instead,suffers Two principalmethods have been used to study deformation extensive deformation [Otofuji et al., 1985, Tamaki, 1985]. at the scaleof the Japanarc. The first methodcharacterizes the We proposein this paper a model for the Miocene openingof deformationwhere it is localized,i.e., along the major faults, theJapan Sea (Figures 1and 2) which isbased on our study of anddescribes thestress and strain regime. This method does the deformationover the wholearc andpublished not usually give an estimateof themagnitude of the palcomagneticdata.Earlier Otofuji etal. [1985] proposed that displacementsalongthe faults because clear offset markers are the Japan Sea openedby rotation without significant north- usuallymissing on both sidesof the fault zone (it is indeed the soum translation of SOBLIIWC•...... tgIll •11L• 11UI casefor the Japanarc). The secondmethod uses palcomagnetic based on paleomagnetic data (see Figure 2, model 1). We measurements within the relatively less strained blocks bounded by the major faults to obtain the amount of rotation opposethis "bar door" opening model for a right-lateral pull- apartmodel which involvesrotations about a nearby pole. The and of latitudinalmotion. These two approachesare obviously complementary. geometryof a typical pull-apart supposesno "spinning"of the displaced blocks [see McKenzie, 1990]. In our model a Based on a palcomagneticstudy, Kawai et a/.[1971] first concluded that Japan had been bent. All the following componentof rotation about a nearbypole is addedto the N-S translationalong the major strike-slip faults. The mechanism paleomagnetic workshave confirmed thisearly conclusion althoughsignificant discrepancies exist. For example,Otofuji et al. [1985] concludedthat SW Japanhas rotated clockwise Copyright1991 by the AmericanGeophysical Union between15 and 13 Ma by 56ø about a pole locatedin the Tsushimastrait (between Kyushu and the Koreapeninsula), and Papernumber 90JB02455. that NE Japan (the northern part of Japan, north of the .....n 148-n'•'•'•/t•, /•,,/90JB02455505.00 Tanakura Tectonic line) has rotated rigidlv..... by 47 ø 4367 4368 JOIXVKF ET AL.: ARC DEFORMATION AND MARGINAL BASIN OPENING Sea was describedas a major right-lateralshear zone for two reasons. First, the offshore structure shows a successionof N-S trendingridges and troughsbounded by vertical faults in the Tartary Strait, and right-lateralen 6chelontroughs along the westerncoast of Hokkaido and northernHonshu [Antipov et al., 1980; CCOP-IOC, 1980]. Second, a right-lateralshear zone, on land, the Hidaka ShearZone, was activeduring the opening.A similarargument was used for the westernmargin alongthe easterncoast of Korea [Kang, 1981;Reedman and Um, 1975;Schluter and Chun, 1974]. To testthis proposal we analyzedthe brittle deformationalong the easternmargin from Hokkaido and Rebun islands in the Tartary Strait to SW Hokkaido [Jolivet and Huchon, 1989], Oga Peninsula, Nihonkokuregion and Sadoisland (the data collectedon Sado Islandare herepresented for the fLrsttime) usingAngelier's [1984] methods.We alsoconsidered structural data concerning the bending of Mesozoic belts in Kyushu [Murata, 1987; Fabbri eta/., 1987]. These data, togetherwith thosepreviously discussed show that (1) the easternmargin of the JapanSea is a right-lateral shearzone which was activefrom the Oligocene(?) to Middle Miocene, (2) the stressfield evolvedin spacefrom a NE-SW horizontalcompression in Hokkaidowith simultaneousright- lateral and reversedisplacements (right-lateral transpression) to a NW-SE extensionin the southwith coexistenceof right- '130• 150"E lateral and extensional displacements (right-lateral transtension)in agreementwith the initial pull-apartmodel, and (3) this deformationis contemporaneouswith the bending Fig. 1. Simplified structuralmap of the JapanSea and Okhotsk of SW Japanin the Middle Miocene. These results,considered Sea area. Key shows (1) oceaniccrust, (2) thinned continental togetherwith the palcomagneticdata, lead to a pull-apart crust, (3) outcrops of basement in the Okhotsk Sea. TF is model with mostly clockwise rotation to the south and counterclockwise rotations to the north. Tartary fault, HSZ is Hidaka ShearZone, KLZ is Kashevarov Linear Zone, YF is Yangsanfault, TF is Tsushimafault, YBk is Small-scalephysical experiments were undertakento see (1) Yamato Bank, YBs is Yamato Basin, OM is Oki-Monbetsu under which conditionsrotations are allowed and (2) what Tectonic Line, and EKF is East Korean Fault. senseof rotationcan be expectedin a right-lateralshear zone with a pull-apartbasin opening. We testedthe influence on the openingmechanism of the "free boundary"on the Pacific side: as suggestedby Tapponnier and Molnar [1976] and counterclockwiseabout a pole located north of Hokkaido Peltzer and Tapponnier [1988], the horizontalstress induced duringthe openingof the JapanSea (Figure2). Accordingto by subductionof the Pacificplate eastof Asia is weak and the Otofuji et a/.[1985], these large rotations were completed subduction does not resist to the eastward extrusion of within less than 1 Ma about 15 Ma ago. Faure and Lalevde continental blocks. We show that rotations are always [1987] usedcorrelations of preopeningstructures to proposea clockwise, e.g., right-lateral. Rotations of small dominolike similar model. blocks between major faults and rotation of large blocks On the other hand, on the basis of observations of the leading to basins opening are both observed. All these deformationin northern
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