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Notes Introduction 1. Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia, trans. Robert Hurley, Mark Seem, and Helen R. Lane (New York: Viking, 1977), p. 240. 2. Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia, trans. Brian Massumi. (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1987), p. 3. 3. Gilles Deleuze, Negotiations, trans. Martin Joughin. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995), pp. 88–89. 4. Gilles Deleuze, Empiricism and Subjectivity: An Essay on Hume’s Theory of Human Nature, trans. Constantine Boundas (New York: Columbia University Press, 1991), p. 107. 5. Ibid., p. 106. 6. Henri Bergson, The Creative Mind, trans. Mabelle L. Andison (New York: Philosophical Library, 1946), pp. 21–28. 7. Gilles Deleuze, Difference and Repetition, trans. Paul Patton (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994), p. 8. Part I Deleuze and Systematic Philosophy 1. Gilles Deleuze, Negotiations (1972–1990), trans. Martin Joughin (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995), p. 31. 2. Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia, trans. Brian Massumi (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1987), p. 18. 3. Gilles Deleuze, Difference and Repetition, trans. Paul Patton (New York: Columbia University Press), pp. 170–6. 4. Gilles Deleuze, Expressionism in Philosophy: Spinoza, trans. Martin Joughin (New York: Zone Books, 1992). This logic of expression is developed in chapters 1–2 and 6–8. 5. Spinoza brings together the notion of substance and expression in Part 1 of the Ethics: definitions 4 and 6, Proposition 10, and the Scholium following Proposition 10. The treatment of modifications and individuals first appears in Part 2, Proposition 7 along with its Corollary and Scholium. On the difference between a modification and individual see Deleuze, Expressionism in Philosophy, pp. 126–7. 6. Deleuze, Difference and Repetition, pp. 178–9. 7. Gilles Deleuze, Bergsonism, trans. Hugh Tomlinson and Barbara Habberjam (New York: Zone Books), pp. 37–47. 8. Chapter 2 of Henri Bergson, Time and Free Will: an essay on the immediate data of consciousness, trans. F.L. Pogson (New York: Dover Publications, 2001). 9. Bergson, Time and Free Will, pp. 128–34. 10. Henri Bergson, The Creative Mind, trans. Mabelle L. Andison (New York: Philosophical Library, 1946), p. 57. 227 228 Notes 11. Bergson, Time and Free Will, pp. 11–12. 12. Bergson, The Creative Mind, pp. 16, 41, 58. 13. Deleuze and Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus, p. 25. 14. Gilles Deleuze and Claire Parnet, Dialogues, trans. Janis Tomlinson and Barbara Habberjam (New York: Columbia University Press, 1987), p. 13. 15. Ibid., p. 17. 16. Deleuze and Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus, p. 83. 17. Ibid., p. 25. 18. This quote comes from Deleuze’s January 14, 1974 lecture on Anti-Oedipus and A Thousand Plateaus. The average is embodied by the argument that being is analogical rather than equivocal or univocal. This lecture and oth- ers can be accessed online at “Web Deleuze” where various seminars by Deleuze have been collected. See http://www.webdeleuze.com/php/som- maire.html 19. Deleuze and Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus, p. 293. 20. See, for example, the abundance of examples in “Becoming-Intense, Becoming-Animal, Becoming-Imperceptible” from A Thousand Plateaus. 21. Gilles Deleuze, Two Regimes of Madness, Revised Edition: Texts and Interviews 1975–1995, ed. David Lapoujade, trans. Ames Hodges and Mike Taormina (Brooklyn: Semiotext(e), 2006), p. 127. 22. Deleuze and Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus, p. 279. 23. Deleuze, Negotiations, p. 102. See also pp. 135–6. 24. Deleuze, Difference and Repetition, p. xxi. 25. Deleuze, Negotiations, p. 6. 26. Ibid., 102. 27. Ibid., p.6. 28. For an earlier treatment of Deleuze’s work on Hume see Jay Conway, “Deleuze’s Hume and Creative History of Philosophy,” in Current Continental Theory and Modern Philosophy, ed. Stephen Daniel (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 2004). 29. This phrase is the title of section 5 of Hume’s An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. 30. See the opening paragraph of Hume’s Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals, for a clear illustration of this refusal. 31. Gilles Deleuze, Pure Immanence: Essays on a Life, trans. Anne Boyman (New York: Zone Books, 2001), p. 35. 32. Bergson, The Creative Mind, pp. 58–9. 33. Gilles Deleuze and Leopold von Sacher-Masoch, Masochism: Coldness and Cruelty & Venus and Furs, trans. Jean McNeil (New York: Zone Books, 1991), p. 45. 34. Deleuze, Difference and Repetition, p. 59. 35. Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, Kafka: For a Minor Literature, trans. Dana Polan (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1986), p. 27. 36. Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia, trans. Robert Hurley, Mark Seem, and Helen Lane (New York: Viking Press, 1977), p. 8. 37. Deleuze and Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus, p. 18. 38. Deleuze, Negotiations, p. 5. 39. Deleuze and Guattari, Anti-Oedipus, pp 78–9. 40. Ibid., pp. 70–1, 100–1, 127. Notes 229 41. Deleuze, Negotiations, p. 5. Deleuze and Parnet, Dialogues, p. 13. 42. Deleuze and Guattari, What is Philosophy? (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994), pp. 7–8. 43. Deleuze and Guattari, Anti-Oedipus, p. 115. 44. Deleuze and Guattari, What Is Philosophy? p. 7. 45. See Gilles Deleuze, Empiricism and Subjectivity: An Essay on Hume’s Theory of Human Nature. Translated by Constantine Baundas (New York: Columbia University Press, 1991), pp. 46–8, as well as Gilles Deleuze, Desert Islands and Other Texts (1953–1974), ed. David Lapoujade, trans. Mike Taormina (Brooklyn: Semiotext(e), 2004), p. 19. 46. This is the conclusion of section 161 of the Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals. 47. Deleuze, Empiricism and Subjectivity, p. 47. 48. Ibid., pp. 44–7. 49. Deleuze and Guattari, Anti-Oedipus, p. 8, 33. 50. Deleuze, Desert Islands and Other Texts, p. 20. 51. See section 154 of Hume’s Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals. 52. Deleuze, Desert Islands and Other Texts, p. 20. 53. Ibid., 21. Part II Theatre of Operations 1. Commentaries on Deleuze by Constantin Boundas, Paul Patton, Todd May, Rosi Braidotti, and the special attention afforded Deleuze and Guattari’s work by Sylvére Lotringer and Semiotext(e), are notable and indispensable exceptions. 2. The most succinct and forceful discussion of our responsibility to acknowl- edge dominant interpretations is chapter 2 of Jean-Paul Sartre, Anti-Semite and Jew, trans. George J. Becker (New York: Schocken Books, 1948). 3. Gilles Deleuze, Proust and Signs: The Complete Text, trans. Richard Howard (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2000), p. 4. 4. For a discussion of the philosopher as atopos see Pierre Hadot, Philosophy as a Way of Life, trans. Michael Chase (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1995), pp. 158–9. 5. Deleuze, Proust and Signs, p. 95. 6. Ibid. 7. I bid., p. 7. 8. Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, What Is Philosophy?, trans. Hugh Tomlinson and Graham Burchell (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994), pp. 2–3, 61–83. 9. Gilles Deleuze, The Logic of Sense, trans. Mark Lester and Charles Stivale (New York: Columbia University Press, 1990), pp. 150, 157–8. 10. Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia, trans. by Robert Hurley, Mark Seem, and Helen R. Lane (New York: Viking, 1977), p. 15. 11. Ibid., p. 76. 12. Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia, trans. Brian Massumi (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1987), p. 177. 230 Notes 13. Deleuze and Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus, p. 178. 14. Ibid. 15. This statement is from Foucault’s 1973 lectures in Rio de Janeiro in Power: Essential Works of Foucault, 1954–1984, Vol. III, ed. James D. Faubion, trans. Robert Hurley, Paul Rainbow, and Colin Gordon (New York: New Press, 2000), p. 17. 16. Louis Althusser, The Future Lasts Forever: A Memoir, trans. Richard Veasey (New York: The New Press, 1993), pp. 182, 220, 223. 17. Sylvére Lotringer, “Doing Theory,” in French Theory in America, eds. Sylvére Lotringer and Sande Cohen (New York: Routledge, 2001), p. 152. Guattari’s critique of postmodernism is advanced in “The Postmodern Impasse” and in the interview “Postmodernism and Ethical Abdication,” in Soft Subversions, trans. Sylvére Lotringer (Brooklyn, NY: Semiotext(e), 1996), pp. 109–17. 18. See Andreas Huyssen, “Mapping the Postmodern,” in Feminism/Postmodernism, ed. Linda Nicholson (New York: Routledge, 1990), pp. 234–77. 19. Rudolf Carnap, “The Elimination of Metaphysics through Logical Analysis of Language,” in Logical Positivism, ed. Alfred J. Ayer (Glencoe, IL: The Free Press of Glencoe, 1959), pp. 78–80. 20. Alfred J. Ayer, “Reflections on ‘Language, Truth, and Logic’,” in Logical Positivism in Perspective, ed. Barry Gower, pp. 23–34 (London: Croom Helm, 1987), p. 33. 21. A second Rorty exists alongside of the one I have just presented. In the essay “Deconstruction and Circumvention,” Rorty argues against what he perceives as the Heidegerrian and Derridean inflation of foundationalism into a ubiquitous, inescapable center “radiating evil outwards,” and sug- gests that the notion of overcoming philosophy be replaced by a vision of “lots of little pragmatic questions about which bits of that tradition might be used for some current purpose,” Richard Rorty, “Deconstruction and Circumvention,” in Essays on Heidegger and Others: Philosophical Papers Vol. 2, pp. 85–106 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991), p. 104. 22. Jacques Derrida, “Différance,” in Margins of Philosophy, trans. Alan Bass, pp. 1–27 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982), p. 3. 23. Ibid., p. 7. 24. The critique of the picture theory of ideas is contained in definition 3 and the scholium following proposition 43 in Part 2 of Baruch Spinoza’s Ethics. 25. See, for example, Spinoza’s Ethics: Part 2, proposition 15. 26. Deleuze and Guattari, What Is Philosophy, pp. 15–34. 27.
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  • Frege and the Logic of Sense and Reference

    Frege and the Logic of Sense and Reference

    FREGE AND THE LOGIC OF SENSE AND REFERENCE Kevin C. Klement Routledge New York & London Published in 2002 by Routledge 29 West 35th Street New York, NY 10001 Published in Great Britain by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane London EC4P 4EE Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper. Copyright © 2002 by Kevin C. Klement All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any infomration storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Klement, Kevin C., 1974– Frege and the logic of sense and reference / by Kevin Klement. p. cm — (Studies in philosophy) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-415-93790-6 1. Frege, Gottlob, 1848–1925. 2. Sense (Philosophy) 3. Reference (Philosophy) I. Title II. Studies in philosophy (New York, N. Y.) B3245.F24 K54 2001 12'.68'092—dc21 2001048169 Contents Page Preface ix Abbreviations xiii 1. The Need for a Logical Calculus for the Theory of Sinn and Bedeutung 3 Introduction 3 Frege’s Project: Logicism and the Notion of Begriffsschrift 4 The Theory of Sinn and Bedeutung 8 The Limitations of the Begriffsschrift 14 Filling the Gap 21 2. The Logic of the Grundgesetze 25 Logical Language and the Content of Logic 25 Functionality and Predication 28 Quantifiers and Gothic Letters 32 Roman Letters: An Alternative Notation for Generality 38 Value-Ranges and Extensions of Concepts 42 The Syntactic Rules of the Begriffsschrift 44 The Axiomatization of Frege’s System 49 Responses to the Paradox 56 v vi Contents 3.