SKA-LTIUM Altium Live Summit 2017 PRESENTER: Omer Mahgoub WHAT IS SKA?

● Global non-profit Organisation

● Headquarters in Manchester, United Kingdom

● Ten member countries WHAT ARE THEY DOING?

● SKA - Square Kilometre Array

● One of the largest scientific endeavours in history to build the world’s largest radio telescope, with eventually over a square kilometre (one million square metres) of collecting area

Fun Fact* - Why is the USA not a member country?

Because they’d insist it be called the 0,386102 Square Mile Array

*These are not facts at all HOW ARE THEY DOING IT?

Radio Telescopes

● Detect radio waves emitted by objects in space.

● Unlike optical telescopes, aren’t hampered by cloud or poor weather conditions on Earth HOW ARE THEY DOING IT? HOW ARE THEY DOING IT? Single Dish Telescopes The numbers 1 -10 (white)

The atomic numbers of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus, which make up DNA

The formulas for the sugars and bases in the nucleotides of DNA (Green)

The number of nucleotides in DNA, and a graphic of the double helix structure of DNA (white & blue)

A graphic figure of a human, the dimension (physical height) of an average man, and the human population of Earth (red, blue/white, & white respectively)

A graphic of the Solar System indicating which of the planets the message is coming from (yellow)

A graphic of the Arecibo radio telescope and the dimension (the physical diameter) of the transmitting antenna dish (purple, white, & blue)

HOW ARE THEY DOING IT? Single Dish Telescopes HOW ARE THEY DOING IT? Inferometery

● Link individual telescopes together to create a telescope array known as an interferometer.

● The resolution of an interferometer depends not only on the diameter of individual radio telescopes, but on the maximum separation between them HOW ARE THEY DOING IT? HOW ARE THEY DOING IT? WHY ARE THEY DOING IT?

● How stars and galaxies form and evolve

● Cosmic Magnetism

● What is Dark Energy? WHY ARE THEY DOING IT? WHEN ARE THEY DOING IT? WHERE ARE THEY DOING IT?

● South African Karoo Region - High and Mid Frequency Dishes

● Western Australia’s Murchison Shire - Low Frequency Antennas WHERE ARE THEY DOING IT?

South Africa WHERE ARE THEY DOING IT?

South African Karoo Region WHERE ARE THEY DOING IT?

Australia WHERE ARE THEY DOING IT?

Western Australia’s Murchison Shire SKA PHASE 1 SKA PHASE 1 WHAT HAS BEEN DONE?

Precursors

● Australian SKA Pathfinder (ASKAP)

● MeerKAT

● Murchison Widefield Array

● Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization (HERA) WHAT HAS BEEN DONE?

ASKAP WHAT HAS BEEN DONE?

MeerKAT WHAT HAS BEEN DONE?

Murchison Widefield Array WHAT HAS BEEN DONE?

HERA WHO AM I?

● Omer Mahgoub

● Hardware Engineer at SKA Africa

● Working on MeerKAT

● Digital Back End (DBE) Team based in Cape Town, South Africa DIGITAL BACK WHAT? Telescope Front End

● Pre-amplifies radio waves and extracts signals from required frequency bands. DIGITAL BACK WHAT? Telescope Back End

● Responsible for digital conversion, manipulation and storage of the analog signals coming from the front end. BACK TO MEERKAT!

KAT - Karoo Array Telescope BACK TO MEERKAT! MEER...BUT...ALSO = MORE = MORE OF KAT

MEERKAT Antenna MEERKAT IMAGES MEERKAT IMAGES

MeerKat CSIRO’s ATCA Telescope MEERKAT IMAGES MEERKAT RECEIVER MEERKAT DIGITISER

RADIO FREQUENCY CONDITIONING UNIT (RFCU)

● Receives the RF signal from the receivers and amplifies it to the correct signal level required by the ADC

● Performs anti-aliasing filtering of the incoming signal. SAMPLE CLOCK GENERATOR

● This module is responsible for generating the sample clock required by the ADCs as well as a highly accurate precision synchronization pulse. SAMPLER (ADC)

● Performs Analog to Digital conversion using a 10 bit monolithic ADC at a rate of 1712Mbps Backplane

● Provides power to the digitiser component boards. D-Engine

● Packetises the raw ADC data on four 10 Gb fibre optic interfaces to transmit for processing. D-Engine D-Engine D-Engine Layer Stack D-Engine Routing D-Engine Routing D-Engine Routing PIN SWAPPING AFTER THE DIGITISER?

● Data transmitted via buried fibre optic cables to the Karoo Array Processing Building (KAPB)

● At the KAPB, the signals undergo various digital signal processing techniques

● Correlation - combines all the signals from all the receptors to form image of the area of the sky that is being surveyed

● Beamforming - forming narrow, high sensitive beams from the received signals essentially allowing array to function as single antenna KAPB

ROACH 1

FEATURES

- Virtex-5 LX110T or SX95T (Logic or DSP Intensive)

- PowerPC 440EPx stand-alone processor to provide control functions

- 4 CX4 10gbps high speed connectors

- 2 x 2M 18 bit QDR II+ SRAMs

-1 x DDR2 DRAM DIMM slot

-2 x ZDOK 40 Differential pair connectors

- USB 2.0 , MMC/SD Slot, 10/100/1000 RJ45 ROACH ROACH ROACH 2

FEATURES

-Virtex-6 SX475T FPGA (XC6VSX475T-1FFG1759C)

-PowerPC 440EPx stand-alone processor to provide control functions

-2 x Multi-gigabit transceiver breakout card slots, supporting up to 8x10Ge links

which may be CX4 or SFP+

-4 x 36 bit QDR II+ SRAMs connected to the FPGA

-A single 72-bit DDR3 RDIMM slot connected to the FPGA (up to 16GB)

-2 x ZDOKs (ADC/DAC interface)

-An FTDI FT4232H USB to JTAG, serial and IIC ROACH 2 ROACH 2 ROACH 2 ROACH 2 ROACH 2 ROACH 2 ROACH 2 ROUTING ROACH 2 ROUTING ROACH 2 ROUTING ROACH 2 ROUTING ROACH 3 aka SKARAB ● 1 x Virtex-7 XC7VX690T FPGA (XC7VX690T-2FFG1927C) for running the user DSP algorithms SKARAB ● Microblaze softcore processor running on the Virtex 7 FPGA to provide control FEATURESfunctions

● 4 x MegaArray transceiver Mezzanine card slots, supporting up to 16x10Gb/s links which may be utilised for HMC and QSFP+

● 1 x QSFP+ Mezzanine Card with 4 x 40GbE full duplex ports

● Optional: 1-3 x HMC Mezzanine Cards capable of operating at 32Gbps, 256bit data transfers, full duplex operation

● Optional: 1 x ADC Mezzanine Card, 4 channel, 14 bits, 3.0 GSPS

● 1GbE Ethernet RJ45 interface

● 1 x 256Mb SDRAM for dynamic FPGA configuration connected to the Virtex 7 FPGA and SPARTAN device

● 1 x 1Gb NOR Flash, MT28GU01GAAA1EGC-0SIT for the Virtex 7 FPGA golden and multi-boot image storage

● A single COM Express mezzanine site that can be connected to an external processor via single lane PCIe

● 1 x SPARTAN 3AN FPGA (XC3S700AN-4FGG484C) to handle the Virtex 7 FPGA SKARAB QSFP+ Mezzanine Card

● Quad Small Form Pluggable (QSFP+) Mezzanine Card provides the SKARAB with 40GbE functionality

● Consists of 4 x 40GbE QSFP+ ports ADC Mezzanine Card

● Four channel, 3.0 GSPS, 14 bit analog to digital converter

● The ADC is capable of digitizing signals from near DC to 3.2/4.0 GHz, at a bandwidth of up to 1.5GHz Hybrid Memory Cube Mezzanine Card (HMC)

● Hybrid Memory Cube Mezzanine Card

● Data storage for SKARAB

● 4 GB serial memory using 16 x 10gbps SERDES lanes HMC HMC

● Due to the unavailability of the 4-link devices, had to redesign for 2- Link

● More technically challenging due to the reduced 0.65mm BGA pitch

● Need to incorporate blind micro-vias and narrow traces (3mil) HMC HMC HMC HMC HMC Layer Stack HMC Layer Stack HMC Routing Blind Vias BGA Fanout HMC Decoupling Removing unused pads Feature

Very narrow copper width due to polygon clearance Removing unused Pads Feature

Tools - Remove unused pad Select vias in BGA area shapes 90 SKA South Africa, a Business Unit of the National Research Foundation. We are building the Square Kilometre Array radio telescope (SKA), located in South Africa and eight other African countries, with part in Australia. The SKA will be the largest radio telescope ever built and will produce science that changes our understanding of the universe

Omer Mahgoub Electronic Engineer Email: [email protected]