ISSN 2617-2909 (print) ISSN 2617-2119 (online) Journal of Geology,

Geography and Geoecology Journ.Geol.Geograph. Geoecology, Journal home page: geology-dnu-dp.ua 28(1), 159-172 doi:10.15421/111917 N.Ye. Pankiv, O.R. Roik Journ.Geol.Geograph.Geoecology, 28(1), 159-172 ______Greenways as a form of sustainable tourism development in region (on the example of district)

N.Ye. Pankiv, O.R. Roik

Lviv Polytechnic National University, Lviv, , e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract. The article analyzes the concept of green routes and the peculiarities of their Received 01.12.2018; distribution and development in the countries of Western Europe. The activity of initiators Received in revised form 12.12.2018; of green ways in Ukraine is explored. The basic principles of the concept of sustainable Accepted 03.02.2019 development are set forth. The main components of the Green Way are described, in particular: the main axis “backbone trail” is marked, the network of various thematic trails and local routes is marked, the tourism product is consistent with the principles of sustainable tourism, there is regional partnership and a route coordinator, local initiatives are aimed at protecting the natural and cultural heritage The specified stages of the creation of the Green Way: Stage I: “Organization”, Stage II: “Visualization”, Stage III: Promotion and Distribution of the Tourist Product, Stage IV: “Support for Local Initiatives”, Stage V: “Creating Infrastructure on the Itinerary”. Three Greenways created in Ukraine are analyzed in detail. The first of them – “Valley of Two Years” was designed in 2016 in Kiev-Svyatoshinsky district of Kiev region. The peculiarity of this Green Way is primarily the activity of local residents. Thanks to their efforts, traditional activitiesnow include fairs, artistic and other events, triathlon and horse riding competitions, cycling routes. The River Irpin, which, despite over- regulation, has preserved many features of the “wild” river, is now a venue for rafting. “Honey Circle” – the basis of the way is formed by theHoryn and Sluchabasins , passes along or near the river valleys. That is why the honey circle is the key to hiking in thecountryside – green, ecological, active, sports and other niche activities, as well as health and recreation. “PradavniiVelet – the basis of the route is formed by the valley of the Dniester River (almost 300 km) and its left-hand tributaries the Koropets, Strypa, Dzhurin, Seret, Tupa, Nichlava and Zbruch. The main tourist resources of the region are concentrated in the river valleys. That is why green (including ecological) tourism is the basis of the concept of development of tourism in the Dniester area. A new green way project has been proposed on the territory of the Lviv region, namely in Yavoriv district. Travelling inRoztochya, tourists, besides many nature reserve objects, can explore many architectural and archaeological sites, sacred buildings, and visit their museums and galleries to see their history.

Keywords: “Greenway”, sustainable tourism, tourist resources, Lviv region, Yavoriv district.

“Зелені шляхи” (Greenways) як форма розвитку сталого туризму у Львівській області (на прикладі Яворівського р-ну)

Паньків Н.Є., Роїк О.Р.

Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”, Львів, Україна, e-mail: [email protected]

Анотація. В статті проаналізовано концепцію зелених маршрутів та особливості їх поширення і розвитку в країнах Західної Європи. Досліджено діяльність ініціаторів зелених шляхів в Україні. Описані основні складові Зеленого шляху, зокрема: позначена головна вісь “backbonetrail”, позначена мережа різноманітних тематичних стежок і локальних маршрутів, турпродукт, що відповідає принципам сталого туризму, партнерство в регіоні і координатор маршруту, місцеві ініціативи, метою яких є охорона природної і культурної спадщини. Зазначені етапи створення Зеленого шляху:I етап: “організація”, II етап: “візуалізація”, III етап: “просування і поширення туристичного продукту”, IV етап: “підтримка місцевих ініціатив”, V етап: “створення інфраструктури на маршруті”. Детально проаналізовані три Зелені шляхи, створені в Україні. Перший з них – “Долина двох рік” запроектований у 2016 році в Києво-Святошинському районі Київської області. Особливістю цього Зеленого шляху є насамперед активність місцевих мешканців. Завдяки їх зусиллям, вже традиційними тут стали ярмарки, мистецькі та інші події, змагання з тріатлону і кінного туризму, велосипедні прогулянки. Освоююється для сплавів річка Ірпінь яка, попри зарегульованість, зберегла багато рис “дикої” річки. Наступний, “Медове коло” – основу шляху формують басейни Горині і Случа, він проходить вздовж або поряд з річковими долинами. Саме тому ключовим для Медового Кола є туризм на природі – зелений, екологічний, активний, спортивний та інші нішеві види, а також оздоровлення та відпочинок.

159 N.Ye. Pankiv, O.R. Roik Journ.Geol.Geograph.Geoecology, 28(1), 159-172 ______“Прадавній велет” – основу шляху формує долина річки Дністер (майже 300 км) та його лівосторонні притоки Коропець, Стрипа, Джурин, Серет, Тупа, Нічлава та Збруч. Основні туристичні ресурси регіону найбільше концентруються в їх долинах. Саме тому зелений (в т.ч. екологічний) туризм є основою концепції розвитку туризму Придністер’я. Запропоновано проект нового зеленого шляху на території Львівської області, а саме в Яворівському районі. Мандруючи Розточчям, туристи також, окрім численних об'єктів природно-заповідного фонду, можуть оглянути багато архітектурних та археологічних пам'яток, сакральних споруд і, ознайомитись з їх історією, відвідати численні музеї та галереї.

Ключові слова: “Зелені шляхи”, сталий туризм, туристичні ресурси, Львівська області, Яворівський район.

Introduction. Greenways are multifunctional territories by close co-working with the sites and routes for traveling using engineless vehicles or with local authorities and local communities hiking, which are arranged along natural (Greenways, http://www.greenways.com.ua). corridors, historical trade routes, rivers and Management of the touristic sphere in terms abandoned railways. These routes coordinate with of sustainable tourism is based on two local enterprises for realising the concept of fundamental approaches: careful usage of natural sustainable tourism and promoting the benefits of resources and minimizing harm to the a healthy lifestyle. Greenways are the basis for environment, provision of balanced social- realizing the local initiatives of a social character economic development of touristic regions. and projects related to protection of nature, The fundamentals of the concept of landscapes, cultural heritage, ecological tourism sustainable tourism were announced for the first and related to transport which does not pollutes time in the programme document “Agenda XXI” the environment. Greenways correspond to all approved in 1992 atthe UN conference in Rio de needs of the local population and tourists, Janeiro. On the basis of this document, in 1996, contributing to intensification of the local the World Tourism Organization, the World economy (information from Travel & Tourism Council and the Earth Council http://www.greenways.com.ua). developed their own “Agenda 21 for the Travel The initiator of “ theGreen routes” and Tourism Industry”. It for the first time movement is considered to be the United States of determined the notion “sustainable tourism”, i.e. America: the notion “Greenways” appeared there tourism based on sustainable development. The for the first time in the 1950s in the context of notion of tourist activity is “envisaged as leading recreation routes (hiking and cycling routes), to management of all resources in such a way that which was a promotion of healthy lifestyle and economic, social, and aesthetic needs can be engineless vehicles. fulfilled while maintaining cultural integrity, In Western European Countries, the idea of essential ecological processes, biological green routes began to be disseminatedin the late diversity, and life support systems. XX century. Greenways in countries of the Therefore, the sustainable tourism is a European Union are touristic recreation corridors process which can fulfill the needs of visitors, created for traveling using engineless vehicles. tourists and the sites they are visiting, and at the They are independent routes unrelated to same time, maintains and develops the highways, along old historic roads, natural opportunities for the future (WTO, 1996). ecological corridors or forgotten, unused lines of Criteria of sustainable tourism should be communication (for example abandoned arranged in harmony with the criteria of railways). The goal is promoting a healthy sustainable development of society in general – lifestyle, improving people’s health of and provision of high quality of life. In this context, conditions of the environment, reduction of one can state that tourism and the opportunity to pollution, creating ecologically clean roads for participate in the touristic movement are criteria daily operation. of sustainable development of society (Pankiv The European Greenways Association, N.E., Lushchyk M. V., Roik O.R.,2018). EGWA, was established in 1997 in Belgium. Its Materials and methods. For achieving the goal most active members are Belgium, Spain, Great and solving the tasks, in this work we used Britain, France, Ireland, and the Czech Republic. various methods of scientific research: The initiator of Greenways in Ukraine is generalization, comparison, analogues, the Ukrainian Association of Active and concretization, and analysis – for elaboration of Ecological Tourism, a public organization the essence and the content of notions involved in the systematic development and “sustainable development”, “ecological tourism”, popularization of nature-friendly active forms of study of conceptual bases of the impact of tourism recreation and ecological tourism. One of the on changes in social and economic spheres of orientations of their activity is the support of activity nature conservation territory. We also sustainable tourism in natural and historic-cultural used other methods of study such as: 160 N.Ye. Pankiv, O.R. Roik Journ.Geol.Geograph.Geoecology, 28(1), 159-172 ______questionnaire, factor analysis, analysis of Selecting a coordinator of the route and structural elements of tourism infrastructure and local coordinators (for sections of the route in case development of touristic routes. it is long) Main components of a greenway Choosing a name of the route and 1. Distinct main axis, backbonetrail. The developing a logo main axis connects places attractive from the Preparing the conception of the route perspective of area study, natural, cultural and development historic heritage. Along the route, a small Processing of the touristic audit with infrastructure should be arranged – places for rest, consulting help of the partners (inventory information boards with displays of one standard, checking of nature and cultural relics, objects of geographical maps and the logo of the route. scenic and educational value, touristic base, Cycling routes should be arranged along roads products of folk handicraft and public initiatives). with a solid surface and low-intensity of II stage: “visualization” autotransport movement. According to West Development of technical project of European standards, along such greenways, designating the route, special cycling infrastructure should be Involving local authorities in the established in parallel to the highways, and where partnership, including representatives of traffic would be safe for cyclists. authorities in the towns located along the route, in 2. Network of different thematic trails and particular: urban settlement Ivano-Frankove, town local routes. Local routes and trails included in the of Yavoriv, and Starychi villages and main branch of the greenway are hiking trails, Stradach urban settlement. water routes, ski routes, horse-riding and britzka- Search of financial resources for riding routes, etc. They have an ecological- designating the route educational character and function for recreation, Designating the main axis of the route and nature study and cultural heritage. thematic local routes (pointing the directions and 3. Touristic product which corresponds to also displaying the information with use of logo of the principles of sustainable tourism. On the the greenway). greenway, it is suggested to provide a special III stage “progression and distribution of touristic product for individuals and touristic the product” groups. An important component of each Assessing the idea of creating commercial proposition is printed production – maps and propositions/touristic product on the route with guides. division of the market into segments 4. Partnership in the region and coordinator Search for partners in the tourist sphere – of the route. Each green route is realized by a creating and offering to the market the touristic group of partners composed of public product Preparation, publishing and distribution of organizations, local authorities and firms. The informational-advertisement materials (maps, partners sign a declaration about participation in guides, informationmaterial, web-sites) – at the the project and choose a main coordinator of the initial stage the main elements are the map of the route and local coordinators (if the green route is route and the web-site. long). IV stage “support of local initiatives” 5. Local initiatives aimed at protection of Provision of financing of local projects nature and cultural heritage. On a green route, orientated towards the protection of nature and local initiatives and public projects emerge, cultural heritage.Greenroutes should be saturated implemented by creative people devoted to their with local initiatives implemented by local work: leaders of public organizations, artists, organizations (this is one of its main peculiarities). craftsmen, children and youth, teachers and The most popular local initiatives on the entrepreneurs, etc (Greenways, greenways are: cultural and artistic festivals, ,http://www.greenways.com.ua). galleries and stores, where folk handicraft works Stages of creating a Greenway are sold, master-classes of craftmen, ecomuseums, I stage: “organization” nature corners in schools, centers of ecological Determining the idea of the route (theme, education, etc. leitmotif,geographic area) V stage: creating infrastructure along the Search of partners from three sectors: route public, social, and economic Creating small infrastructure along the Issuance and signing of the co-working route – places for rest, information centers, declaration on the development of the project boards, etc.

161 N.Ye. Pankiv, O.R. Roik Journ.Geol.Geograph.Geoecology, 28(1), 159-172 ______Involving owners of hotel and gastronomic all, ancient Rus towns through development of facilities along the route in the initiatives. experimental archeology on the basis of Appeal to the representatives of the tourist Pohorynnia hillfort, organization of historic sphere to receive green certificates and improving reconstructions, master-classes, specialized the quality of services. thematic events), popularization of healthy eating Purposeful search for financial (first of all honey products (MedoveKolo, opportunities for stage-by-stage building of https://www.facebook.com/groups/medovekolo). pathswhich form the main axis of the route ,which PradavniiVelet (Lit. Ancient Giant) – the should not intersect the main roads .. First of all, basis of the route is formed by the valley of the one should take care of the branches ofthe routes Dnister (almost 300 km) and its left-bank which go through large cities (Greenways, tributaries theKoropets, Dzhuryn, Seret, Tupa, http://www.greenways.com.ua). Nichlava and Zbruch. The main tourist resources Results and discussion. Currently in Ukraine, of the region are concentrated in the river valleys. there are three greenways, the first of them – Also, the Dniester, and itstributaries upstream, “Valley of Two Rivers” projected in 2016 in forming meanders, flow into canyon-like valleys. -Sviatoshynsk district of Kyiv Oblast. Its This forms characteristic and unique landscapes main features are the valleys of the Irpin and and a climate, rich in natural objects and Bobrutsia rivers, and also the coniferous forests territories. First of all, this is the Dnistrovsky located near-by. On the basis of them, a National Canyon National Natural Park and the Regional Nature Park “Pryirpinnia and ChernechyForest” is Landscape Park of the same name. The projected planned to be created. The length of the main territory is literally “surrounded” by other branch of the route is about 50 km. At the same significant territories such as the Halytsky time, several more dozens of kilometers of tourist National Nature Park, the Dnistrovsky Regional routes are being planned in the territory. The Landscape Park, theKhotyn National Nature Park, peculiarity of this greenway is first of all, the the PodilskiTovtry National Nature Park and activity of the locals. Due to their efforts, Medobory Reserve. That is why green (including festivals, artistic and other events, competitions in ecological) tourism is the fundamental conception triathlon and equestrian sport, and cycling of the development of tourism in Prydnisteria promenades already have become traditional (Greenways, http://www.greenways.com.ua). there. Rafting is to be organized in the Irpinriver. We suggest developing and implementation Despite its regulation, it has maintained many of a green way in the Ukrainian in Lviv features of “a wild” river. The territory of the Oblast (Yavoriv district). The basis of the route “Valley of Two Rivers” greenway is an should be formed by the valley of the interesting place of recreation for inhabitants Vereshchitsia River. The main tourist resources of ofKyiv , because is located near the capital the region are concentrated in its valleys. (Valley of Two Rivers, http://rivervalley.org.ua). The place has old traditions of active Medove Kolo (Lit. Honey circle) - the basis tourism, first of all, water tourism and hiking. The of the route is formed by the basins of the Horyn site is rich in protected territories (Roztocze and Slucharivers, it is arranged along or near to Nature Reserve,Yavorivsky National Nature Park the river valleys. Therefore, essential for the (NNP), etc); Domazhyr Bear Shelter; a variety of Medove Kolo is outdoor tourism – green, mineral waters with healing properties. The area is ecological, active, sport and other niche types, and characterized by a high number of (around 70) also health improvement and recreation. First of relics of architecture (the Vereshchytsia (river), all, the most suitable types for the territory are https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/),and also peculiar considered – agrotourism, cycling tourism, water ethnographic features which also determine the tourism, equestrian tourism and hiking, etc. The touristic attractiveness of the proposed greenway. main route of the Medove Kolo is about 250 km Also, Yavoriv district has a quite developed and includes another several hundred kilometers touristic infrastructure and is provided with of local routes. Supplementing tourist products of stationary zones for rest. Particularly, the the territory are: honey hunting (despite the fact Vereshchytsia recreation base (11.6 km from the that this ancient activity is only partly Ivano-Frankove urban settlement) is located in characteristic of the destination, workers of the territory of the Yavoriv National Nature Park. The Rivne local museum are studying it), ecological place is visited mostly for fishing in the lake, education (use of opportunities of the Tsunamska where carp,northern pike, crucian carp Pushcha Kivertsivsk National Natural Park, the andEuropean perch live. The services provide Nadsluchansky Regional Landscape Park, and mangals(barbecues) for making shashlik or also local forestries), archeological relics (first of preparing caught fish, and gazebos, where one can 162 N.Ye. Pankiv, O.R. Roik Journ.Geol.Geograph.Geoecology, 28(1), 159-172 ______gather with friends or family. There is also a adrenalin-na-lvivshhyni-startuye-sezon- children’s playground with sandbox and slides. ekstremalnyh-richkovyh-splaviv-foto). River- Apart from fishing, the visitors can ride on rafting has recently become a popular sport , catamarans or rent bicycles. particularly for inhabitants of Lviv and other “Kryve Ozera” (Lit. Curved Lake) is a guests of the Skolivsky Rafting Centre, recreation complex with large territory on the whichoffers rafting in the Carpathians both in shore of a picturesque lake. The services include a Skolivsky district and in all West Ukraine. In hotel with rooms of standard class, standard plus, Skolivsky district, rafting down the Opir and ecostandard plus, semi-lux for two or four people. has been organised. Also rafting tours are The complex has a restaurant of Ukrainian and organized in other rivers of the Carpathians, such European cuisine, sauna andbanya on fire woods. as the Chorny Cheremosh and theTysa. These There is possibility of recreation in summer rafting trips are more complicated (4th category). houses, preparing shashlik in special gazebos and An example is a tour called Rafting Cheremosh, fishing inpleasant surroundings. which is organized on the following route: turning Yavoriv district, or, as it is often called at Dzembronia village – end of the Krasnyk according to physical-geographical zoning, village. On this route, interesting areas are rapids Roztoczehas for over 100 years been a center of and complicated stretches of the river: recreation for the inhabitants of Lviv and visitors rapidsBerdy, Dzembronia, Bilakobyla, MalyiHuk to of the city. The natural attractions of this and VelykyiHuk (the most difficult). upland have encouraged the development first of For fans of light rafting, multi-day rafting all of recreation centers, and also of winter trips organized on the rivers (and their tributaries) tourism. Dnister, Stryi, Svicha, Mizunka, which begin in In general, Lviv оblast is characterized by a the towns of and Rozvadiv, and ends in variety of natural conditions and richness of the Halych or Khotyn. natural environment, which allows development Of particular interest is rafting downstream of practically all types of active tourism, the Dnister with continuation in the Vereshchytsia particularly: hiking (both highland and lowland River, which flows acrossLviv Oblast and is a left hiking are possible), skiing, some water sports, tributary of the Dnister. Earlier, the cycling, auto-tourism, equestrian, and air Vereshchytsiariver was full-flowing and tourisms. The exception is only sailing due to the appropriate for sailing. The river has a slow flow. absence of access to sea in the territory, and the This river earlier provided the connection of the insufficient flow of the Oblast’s rivers. basins of the Dnister and Vislavia the Sian and For fans of active recreation,57 routes for Buh. The Vereshytsia begins in the Roztocze, in active tourism have been developedin Lviv the north-west from Vereshchytsia village. It Oblast, a large part of which requires restoration flows towards the north east across the territory of and signage. Out of them, 21 are ecological trails, Siansk-Dnister water-divide plain (only north of 19 – for hiking and 16 for cycling. the Horodovka town, it flows 10 km from the east Also, as was mentioned in the Department to west). It flows into the Dnister in the west from of Tourism and Resorts of Poverhova village. Upstream, it flows across the Administration, propositions were received for territory of the RoztoczeNature Reserve and designating over 80 tourist routes. Therefore, Yavorivsky National Nature Park. together with the expertson active tourism, The name of the river derives from the national and regional nature parks, district heather (Ukrainian – veres) which forms heather administrations and united territorial thickets (Ukrainian – vereshchatnyky). Its length communities, in 2018 it was planned to create a is 92 km, the area of the basin equals 955 km². network of routes of active tourism. Also, Stream gradient is 0.9 m/km. The valley is of significant attention was paid to the aspect of trapezoidshape, V-like in some places, its width is popularizing the oblast as an area for active 2-4 km. The floodplain is wide (1-1.5 km), with recreation using modern digital technologies lake-like enlargement, swamped in many places. (Pankiv N.E., Lushchyk M. V., Roik O.R.,2018). The stream bed is moderately curved, canalized in Lviv Oblast is incredibly rich in rivers, some places. Its width is 3-4 m to 10-20 m, depth lakes ad waterfalls, the most famous of which are – 3-4 m. In the valley of the Vereshchytsia, there the rivers Dnister, Stryi, West Buh, Opir and are many fisheries and ponds of different size and waterfalls Kamianka and Hurkalo (Where to purpose. Their number is over a hundred, and the search for adrenalin: a season of extreme river area reaches 1600 ha. Some of them are quite rafting starts in Lviv Oblast /dyvys.info, large, for example near Ivano-Frankove urban https://dyvys.info/2018/03/15/de-shukaty- settlement (Yanivsky Pond), and the towns

163 N.Ye. Pankiv, O.R. Roik Journ.Geol.Geograph.Geoecology, 28(1), 159-172 ______Horodok, Velyky Liubin and Komarno, The natural complexes or their important components Vereshchytsia river is used for commercial and (Pankiv N., 2016). practical purposes, irrigation and fishing In particular, Yavorivsky district has: (https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki). Yavoriv National Nature Park (NNP) – Apart from water tourism, hiking in the established in 1998 on the basis of the Nature Carpathians is organized (Parashka, Pikui, Velyky Landscape Park of the same name and adjacent Verh, Khomiak, Hoverla, Pip Ivan mountains, territories of Starychivske and Maherivske Chornohirskyrange, Horhany and Borzhava military forestries. The purpose of creating the mountains, etc.), and also hiking in rocks and park was preservation, recreation and rational use caves (Kliuch-Skole Cave, Mlynky-Chorkiv Cave, of type and unique forest-steppe landscapes and Optymistychna-KorolivkaCave, Dzhurynska- other natural complexes within the Main NahorianyCave, Kryshtaleva-KryvcheCave, European water-divide, which have nature Ozerna-StrilkivtsiCave, Verteba-BilcheCave, and protection, esthetic and recreational significance. Stradchnska-Stradch Cave). Near the rocks and The Yavoriv NNP is located in the territory rivers, rope walks are set up .There is a pendulum of Yavoriv district of Lviv Oblast and covers an , a tarzan rope on the bridge, hanging tree tents, area of 7078.6 ha. Its territory is a part of the and rock climbing. One can also rent kayaks Ukrainian Roztocze, a narrow upland chain 75 km (Aleutian kayaks, boats) (Skolivsky center, long. These territories have the features of three official website of Skolivsk Town geographic regions – the Carpathians, Polesie and Hall,http://www.skole.com.ua/uk/karpaty-rest/62- Podillia. skole-rest/227-splav.html). The south-east part of the Yavoriv NNP In Lviv Oblast, there are favorable social- crosses the Main European water-divide. The economic preconditions for organizing and rivers which flow across this territory belong to development of rural tourism on the basis of the basins of the Black and Baltic Seas. These are, village yards and farms (a number of public in particular, the rivers Stavchanka and Stara Rika organizations and homeowners contribute to the (left tributaries of the Vereshchytsia), Derevianka development of tourism, particularly, the public and Svynia (basin of the Western Buh); the organization Association Skolivsky Resort Lviv Vereshchytsia flows across the area, flowing into Oblast Center forContributing to the Development the Dnister. of Rural Green Tourism, Association of Six ecological routes have been organised Contribution to the Development of RuralGreen in the territory of the park, the most popular of Tourism in Ukraine, the “Rovin”Association of which are “Vereshchytsia”, “Stezhka Ivana Mountain Guides, and others.) Analysis of the Franka” (Ivan Franko`s trail), “Holuby” and recreational infrastructure allows one to make a “Lelehivka”. In this part of the park, fishing for high evaluation of the promise and economic commercial purposes and hunting are prohibited. practicability of the development of rural tourism Four autobus-hiking routes are proposed for and transforming Lviv Oblast into a tourist- tourists: “Stradch-Chori Ozera”, “From Yaniv to recreation region of West European significance. Krehov”, “Confession of time” (family residence Yavoriv district in particular has material- of Sheptytski), “Yavorivsky polygon – past and technical resources of the RoztoczeNature present”. Also interesting are thematic excursions, Reserve and Yavoriv National Nature Park, which for example, scientific-educational” “World of allow use ofphytotherapeutic forms of heath orchids of the Yavoriv NNP”, “Rare plants of the improvement and treatment in the rural area. Roztocze”, “Medical plants of the Roztocze”, “To Richness in mineral waters with healing properties bees for heath” and others. such as Naftusia, Myrhorodska (Anna), which are There are also located stationary zones of concentrated in the area of and Nemyriv rest: villages and natural medical substances (peloids) Lelehivka: Places for mass recreation are contributed to creating there centers of green prepared, summer recreation awnings and bridges tourism in the district. for fishing are constructed. The places of Lviv Oblast is characterized by a diversity recreation have mangals. Children’s playgrounds of conditions and richness of ecological- are constructed. Visitors have opportunity to recreational resources. Protected territories in explore the literary-nature route “Ivan Franko`s Lviv Oblast have Important recreational touristic trail”. significance, though their main purpose is Vereshchytsia has summer recreation preserving objects unique for this zone, and also awnings, mangals for making fires. There are two preservation and recreation of valuable and unique water bodies: one is suitable for swimming and the other has bridges – for amateur sport fishing.

164 N.Ye. Pankiv, O.R. Roik Journ.Geol.Geograph.Geoecology, 28(1), 159-172 ______A beach and mooring places are organized on the Ravske Roztocze Regional Landscape Park water body for swimming, with a rescue point and is an object of the nature-reserve fund of Lviv opportunity to rent a boat. Children have a Oblast, located in its western part, on north-east separate place for swimming, and a children’s slopes of theRoztocze uplands. The Landscape playground. One can ride on britzka and explore Park was created within two administrative other routes. A recreation house is located here. districts – and Yavoriv, it stretches over SeredniiHorb: 15 km from Lviv. It is a 30 km from west to east, its maximum width – town, where old farmsteads and forest lodges around 10 km. were located in the Poliana tract. The place has In the west, the park is adjacent to the attractive buttes. A 2 ha lake was created, around border with , on the south it borders with which some centennial trees are preserved. The the territory of the Yavoriv polygon, on the south- area is attractive for hiking, picnics, and utilitarian east – with the Yavoriv National Nature Park. The recreation (collecting berries and mushrooms). RavskeRoztocze Landscape parkis also a part of Kozulka: weekend recreation base. It is a the International Ukrainian-Polish Roztocze comfortable, mostly dry area with good Biosphere Reserve established in 2011 by the microclimate. Two water bodies are located on the Decree of UNESCO “On including the Ukrainian Kyslianka river. Inthisarea, a number of historical part of the International Biosphere Reserve relics are concentrated, the historical settlements “Roztocze” in the Global network of biosphere of monastery. Yavorivsky NNP has two reserves”. The main purpose of the Roztozce interesting establishments: Residences of Biosphere Reserve is preservation of biodiversity, Roztocze Museum of antiquities and private conducting scientific studies, development of collection of the Historical Museum of Yaniv. local communities, restoration of traditional There also master-classes of painting the Yavoriv crafts, folk artistic crafts, sustainable usage of toys or weaving bulrushes(Yavoriv NNP. nature reserves, support of growing ecologically Carpatnians info, clean agricultural production, preservation of http://www.karpaty.info/ua/uk/lv/jv/ivano.frankov historical-cultural heritage, conducting ecologic- e/sights/yavorivsky.npp). educational activity, development of green Roztocze Nature Reserve was established tourism (Ravkske Roztocze Regional Landscape by the decree N 403 of the Council of Ministers of Park, Ukrainian SSR of October 5, 1984 on the basis of https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Регіональний_ланд two objects of the nature-reserve fund: шафтний_парк_”Равське_Розточчя”). Stradchansky Forest State Reserve of Another interesting object for tourists is the LocalSignificance, Koroleva Hora Protected Tract Domazhyr Bear Shelter located in Zhornytska and parts of the forest fund of the Stradchansky village (Yavoriv district). It is a unique Educational-Industrial Lumber Mill. The reserve rehabilitation center, where brown bears live in comprises two forestries (Vereshchytske and conditions close to natural. By attending the Stravchanske), the length of the territory from the center, all visitors can not only see the animals, north to the south is 8 km, from west to east – 12 but take part in educational events, excursions, km, and the area equals 2,084.5 ha. master-classes, volunteer actions and other The reserve was established with the interesting events. Apart from standard purpose of preserving the territories with unique excursions, a theatrical tour is organized, where combination of natural complexes of West the main hero is a kind wood goblin Chubaister. Ukraine forest-steppe physical-geographic For the visitors, a corresponding infrastructure has province in natural condition and provision for been built, including a parking lot, café with open their scientific study. terraces, where one can taste aromatic coffee and On the basis of the Roztocze reserve, an medicinal tea (Domazhyr Bear Shelter. educational ecological center has been Carpathians info established. In its structure, the Nature Museum https://www.karpaty.info/ua/uk/lv/jv/domazhyr/en and Green School circle operate. For visitors, tertainment/rehabilitation). thematic excursions on educational routes are Also, in the Yavoriv district, there is an organized. Events such as “Let`s help birds in ornithological reserve Yaniv Herons; Nemyriv winter”, “Alternative spruce”, “ Save the Reserve Tract; a number of botanical nature primroses”, “Day of trees”, “Day of the relics: ‘Centennial Oak”, “Centennial Maple”, environment” (Roztocze Nature Reserve. “Centennial Plane Tree”, “Group of Centennial Carpathians, info Lime Trees”, “Two Centennial Oaks”, “Red https://www.karpaty.info/ua/uk/lv/jv/ivano.franko Beech”, “Yew” and others, and also a number of ve/sights/roztochchyа). hydrological natural monuments: “Springs N 1-6

165 N.Ye. Pankiv, O.R. Roik Journ.Geol.Geograph.Geoecology, 28(1), 159-172 ______of the Nemyriv resort, the spring of drinking green, ecological, active, sport and other types of water Naftusia and the complex of natural tourism, and also health improvement and monuments: “Complex of picturesque rocks recreation. First of all, this concerns the most among woodlands near the Lelehivka village”, suitable types for the territory – water, rural, “Stradchanska” and parks of garden design: cycling, equestrian and hiking types of tourism. Nemyriv Resort Park, Shklo Resort Park and two The length of the “Ukrainian Roztocze” “Parks of the XIX century” (Nature reserve fund Greenway would equal 20 to 50 km depending on ofLviv Oblast, the number of days (on the wish of the tourists, https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Природно- the route can be a short-duration (2-3 days) – заповідний_фонд_Львівської_області)). variant 1; average duration (3-5 days) – variant 2 Traveling in Lviv Oblast and the Roztocze, and long (5-7 days) – variant 3 and, can include in particular, tourists, apart from numerous objects another several hundreds of kilometers of local of the nature-reserve fund, can also see many routes: particularly, Roztozce reserve and Yavoriv architectural and archeological relics, religious National Nature Park. The protected trails lead buildings, and after getting to know their history, also to the dendrological park – Stradch visit numerous museums and galleries. Arboretum, Cholhunsky, Yanivski Herons, The largest centers of educational tourism Zavadivsky reserves, Nemyriv Preserved Tract, of Yavoriv region, which would be practical to the natural monuments Stradetska Cave, include in the route of Ukrainian Roztocze monuments of garden design (Fig. 1). Yavoriv greenway, are the Ivano-Frankove urban region is blessed by the healing springs of the settlement and Yavoriv district center. Shklo and Nemyriv sanatoriums. Evidence of the Particularly, in Yavoriv, there is located a Shkla’s healing water dates back to 1456. In the residence museum of Osyp Makovii; such relics XV century, thermal baths were built, and of architecture as: the wooden Church of the treatment and recreation was organized. The Dormition of the Mother of God (1568), wooden modern resort has medical buildings and buildings Church of the Nativity of Mary (1572), the for accommodation, the Naftusia drinking monastic cells of the Vasyliansky Monastery waterculvert, a picturesque urban forest of 125 ha (1621), Church of the Intercession of the with a scenic lake, lime trees and birch alleys. Theotokos (1862), the Town Hall Building (XI Nemyriv sanatorium is one of the Ukraine`s oldest century), Community House (1908), Ratusz (early resorts and the only specialized sanatorium for XX century) and others. treating skin diseases. Located in the old forest Interesting objects for tourists are relics in park with access to the springs of hydrogen Ivano-Frankovo: in 1614 the walls of the Trinity sulfide mineral water known since XVI century, Churchin Yanivwere erectedwith the Dominicans. the resort was officially established in 1814. In 1831, the Church of the Resurrection was built. Today, “Bronislava”,” Anna”, “Maria”hydrogen Also, there were three synagogues: two wooden sulfide mineral water and peloids are usedfor and one built of stone. The wooden ones burnt and treatment.The surrounding countryside also offers the one of stone remains to this day. In the opportunities for improvement of health – mixed dungeons of the Trinity Church, the mortal forest dominated by of pine, a large picturesque remains of the mother of the last Polish King are lake with a flow of water, and clean air with a kept – Princess Constance Poniatkovska from the high content of phytoncides. house of Chartoryiskyi. In the center of modern Preservation of historical-cultural heritage day Yanivis the Church of Saint Volodymyr, built and development of tourism and recreation is also in 1992. The Museum of Wood Art was contributed by the development of ecotourism transferred there; it was created on the basis of the which develops on the basis of a rational regime artistic professional technical school (Bordun, of natural territories and objects, and also 2012). historical and cultural heritage. It more and more In view of the diversity and saturation of often becomes a significant component of village the region with tourist resources, it is practical to budgets and an important source of income for the create a Ukrainian Roztocze greenway, the basis local population. If it is necessary to adapt to new of which can be formed by left tributaries of the conditions, non-exhaustive forms of nature use, Dnister, particularly the Vereshchytsiariver. The ecological and green tourism can be one of the main tourist resources of the region are main economic encouragements and important concentrated in its valleys, therefore the key components of sustainable development of the greenway is tourism in the natural environment – local community (Horban I. et al., 2016).

166 N.Ye. Pankiv, O.R. Roik Journ.Geol.Geograph.Geoecology, 28(1), 159-172 ______

Fig. 1. Branch of the Ukrainian Roztozce Greenway

Therefore, Yavoriv district can be an Thus, the types of tourism which have the example for creation of greenways in Lviv Oblast. highest total positive effect from the perspective Accordingly, the following peculiarities of of ecology, economic and social development are ecotourism could be designated for establishing more stable (Table 1). Current understanding of greenways in Lviv Oblast, formulated as a set of ecotourism determines the purpose of creating principles (Bochkariova T. V., Samartsev S. Y., greenways in Lviv Oblast, and also orientation Hlystova Y. H., 2002): towards achieving sustainability as a final result to Stimulation and fulfillment of willingness a large extent make us reconsider the traditional to communicate with nature; ideas about which types of trips constitute Trips outdoors, and the main content of ecological tourism. However, the traditional such trips is encountering the wildlife, and also criteria - the motivation of tourists and extent of local customs and culture. flow of tourists – are certainly important, but have Preventing negative impact on nature and no essential role themselves. The main question culture; which the organizers of ecotripsshould ask Minimizing negative effects of an themselves is what impact on the natural and ecological and social-cultural character, cultural environment is caused by these trips, and maintaining ecological stability of the what are their consequences. environment; Therefore, to determine the efficiency of Assisting the protection of nature and the creating “Greenways” in Lviv Oblast according to local socio-cultural environment; the principles of ecotourism, we developed a Assisting the protection of nature and questionnaire for expert assessment (Table 1). The natural resources; main instrument of social questioning (in which Ecological education; the staff of the Department of Tourism of the V. Participation of the locals who can draw an ChornovolInstitute of Sustainable Development of income from the touristic activity, which creates the Lviv Polytechnic National University) was the economic stimuli for them to promote nature questionnaire we developed, which contained 32 protection; criteria of ecological tours which related to the Economic efficiency and provision of principles of sustainable development of tourism social-economic development of the territories; in protected objects ofnature. Assisting the sustainable development of The study we conducted was orientated the areas visited. towards the analysis of the process of the formation, development and further approval of

167 N.Ye. Pankiv, O.R. Roik Journ.Geol.Geograph.Geoecology, 28(1), 159-172 ______project of establishing ‘Greenways’ in Lviv the touristic routes at current conditions of Oblast according to the principles of sustainable ecotourism in the area equals 0.43, which tourism, and also performing a comparative indicates presence of many problems, and also no assessment of the correspondence of these clear decisions for their solution, particularly: principles in current conditions of tourism in the Economic crisis and political instability area and in conditions of establishing ‘the negatively affect the image of Ukraine in the Ukrainian Roztozce Greenway’. The questioning global tourist market; was based on such blocks of questions as: Imperfection of the legislation in tax, Minimizing negative impacts of ecological cadastre and other bases cause problems to and social-cultural character, maintaining the investment in the development of ecological ecological stability of the environment; tourism; Contributing to the protection of nature and Absence of strategies and plans of local socio-cultural environment; development of ecological tourism in the territory Ecological education; of protected nature fund; Participation of the locals and their ability Absence of mechanisms of regulating the to draw income from the touristic activity, which number of tourists in the territory of nature creates economic stimuli for them to promote reserve fund; nature protection Absence or discomfort of the infrastructure Economic efficiency and contribution to the (accomodation, transport, touristic routes, etc) in sustainable development of the regions visited. the territory of the nature reserve fund; The results of the questioning are the No possibility of providing tourists with comparative assessment of the principles of sufficient information on paid services and sustainable tourism in the conditions of current production; tourism in the area in the conditions of Absence or inappropriateness of the establishing “the Ukrainian Roztozce Greenway” existing ecological routes to the interest or level of with etalon assessment. Etalon comparison is an preparation of tourists; actual object which has the best indicators and The ecoroutes do not correspond to the covers all principles of sustainable development, existing international standards; mentioned in Table 1. Insufficient level of education of personnel Because the study consisted of a necessary for successful organization of comparative analysis of the correspondence of the ecological tourism; principles of sustainable tourism in current Absence of high-quality advertisement- conditions of tourism in the area and in conditions informational materials on the ecological tourism of establishing ‘the Ukrainian Roztozce’ in the territory of nature reserve fund; greenway with etalon assessment, we used the Absence of mechanism of co-working with coefficient of ratio (Іcpsd): the local population. This research proves the effectiveness of implementation of “the Ukrainian Roztozce” І і Іcpsd  (1) Greenway (value of correspondence of which to І е the principles and criteria of sustainable tourism equals 0.87) and provides a positive general where Іcpsd – index of correspondence to the balance of ecological, socio-cultural and principles of sustainable development of the economic impacts of ecotourism, and also should studied territory; meet the criteria of social, cultural, ecological and Іі – number of points obtained as a result of economic compatibility (Table 1). The main expert questioning on the corresponding to the purposes of implementation of “the Ukrainian principles of sustainable development of the Roztozce” Greenway project in the territory of the studied territory; National Nature Parks are as follows: Іе – corresponding to the principles of -preservation of flora and fauna, and also sustainable development of the studied territory in natural resources, for obtaining economic profit the etalon system (i.e. correspondence to all from their rational use; principles of sustainable development of the - use of the advantages from studied territory, mentioned in Table 1). The implementation of ecological tourism for closer the value of the routes` index is to one, the development of infrastructure and improvement of more they correspond to the principles of the level of life of the local population; ecotourism (Table 1). According to the expert questioning, the value of the correspondence of

168 N.Ye. Pankiv, O.R. Roik Journ.Geol.Geograph.Geoecology, 28(1), 159-172 ______Table 1. Questionnaire on the efficiency of implementation of the project “Ukrainian Roztozce” greenway Number of points Current conditions Ukrainian Roztozce Principles of ecotourism Criteria of sustainability of the touristic routes of implementations Green way of ecotourism in the territory - Do not exceed the threshold limit recreational loads - + -Development of tourism is thoroughly planned, controlled and managed + + -Following the rules of conduct, developed for the corresponding nature territories - + - Ecological transport used by tourists - - - Garbage is not disposed into container or dump, but is collected in a specific way, and further removed from the territory and sent forecotechnical + + Minimizing the negative impacts recycling of ecological and social-cultural - Camps, bivouacs, and fires are organized only in specially adapted places + + character, maintaining ecological - Buying souvenirs made of objects of wildlife is unaccepted - + stability of the environment - Mushrooms, berries, flowers, medical plants, any natural souvenirs are collected only at allowed time and places - + -Hotels, campsites borders, houses, where tourists stay, are located in such way that do not damage the normal, ecologically sustainable development of the + + surrounding landscape and spoil its scenery - These hotels and campsites are built with ecologically safe materials, their inhabitants do not overuse the energy and water, at the same time the drains - - and discharges are cleaned, other wastes are utilized

- Tourism provides additional source of finances for protected nature territories or nature-protection measures - Contribution to the protection of + - Participants of the tours take part in nature-protection (volunteers, ecocamps for children, etc) + nature and local socio-cultural + - Tourists respect the local cultural traditions, customs, way of life, and are willing to study and understand them + environment + - Development of tourism contributes to development of cooperation with local authorities + + - Tourists in advance, before the trip, receive information about nature and the rules of conduct at the place of the tour + + - Tourists clearly understand their responsibility for maintaining nature, and follow the rules of conduct - + - Tours and excursions necessarily contain an educational component - + - Tours are guided by qualified guides-ecologists + + Ecological education - Objects of attendance are interesting and ecologically favourable natural and cultural landscapes - + - The programme includes visiting educational ecological trails, museums of nature and museums of local history, etc + + - Tourists become familiar with the local ecological problems and ways of solving them, implementation of nature-protection projects + + - Tourists participate in solving the local ecological problems by available means - + Participation of the locals and their profit from the touristic - Mostly the local products and labour is used + + activity, which creates economic - The locals participate in the tourist business and receive an opportunity to develop their traditional forms of management - + stimuli for them to promote nature - The income from the tourism is received by different social layers and groups (principle of extending the impact), at the same time, the maintenance of - + protection the natural environment becomes ecologically profitable for the local population

- Complex approach to the development of tourism + + Economic efficiency and - Detailed planning, monitoring and management - + contribution to the sustainable - Integration of ecotourism into local plans of regional development - + development of regions visited - Close co-working with organizations of different profile - + - Profits from tourism are not completely taken out of the local budget, but contribute to its renewal, and support of the local economy - + Assessment of the correspondence of the touristic routes to the principles and criteria of sustainable tourism 0.43 0.87 Note: developed by the author on the basis of (Panov I. M., 1998), (Bochkariova T. V.,Samartsev S. Y., Hlystova Y. H., 2002).

169 N.Ye. Pankiv, O.R. Roik Journ.Geol.Geograph.Geoecology, 28(1), 159-172 ______- increase in the level of ecological education the needs of the population in tourist-recreational and general culture of the local population; services, partial solving of unemployment by - educating the local population about the employing workers in institutions of touristic- importance of preserving natural resources, and also recreational spheres, as well as in the related about the basics of touristic business for active services; improvement of the quality of touristic- participation in recreational services, enlarging the range of - realization of touristic services of ecological services, increase in the annual flow of domestic tourism; and foreign tourists and investments. - improvement of social and economic Great attention should be paid to the conditions in local communities, including by ecological situation, i.e. improvement of the creating employment; conditions of natural environment, rational use of - creating additional sources of financial natural tourist-recreation potential, which would support of the territories of the nature reserve fund; allow full use and maintenance of the existing - development of international partnership treasures of the Roztozce Nature Reserve. between the Ukrainian andinternational nature Promising development of the touristic sphere in the reserve systems, and also integration into the system region depends on the number of objective and of international ecological tourism. subjective factors which affect the actual policy in For efficient organization and work of the the sphere. Therefore, it is necessary to decentralize relations between the administration of nature the duties which at this stage are concentrated in the reserve fund and the local population, the following central institution of executive power in sphere of economic measures should be used: tourism. Progress in this field will depend also on - theoretically substantiate the organization the economic situation in the country and in the and development of the nature reserve fund on the world. basis of the principles and criteria of sustainable Conclusions. Adoption of the Greenways project in tourism, provided in Table 1; Lviv Oblast in accordance with the principles of - implement economic assessment of the sustainable tourism can fulfill not only the needs of territories of the nature reserve fund regarding the tourists and social-economic interests of the region, development of ecological tourism; but provide preservation and renewal of the - conducting ecological auditing; ecological condition of the environment, cultural - provide the enterprises which underwent the and national identity of the region`s population. certificationof ecological services with additional Stable development of tourism in the region is and other benefits. determined by the factors of external (ecological Implementation of “the Ukrainian Roztozce” policy, tendency of functioning of the market of Greenway project allows the administrations of the recreational-touristic services, state policy of social- National Nature parksto significantly correlate their economic development, investment and financial strategic purposes, tasks regarding financial needs. policy) and internal impact (strategy of Moreover, there is a guarantee that natural resources development of tourism in the region, natural- are orientated towards their optimum ecological, resource potential, sectoral and territorial structures social and economic benefits. Also, it would allow of the economic complex of the territory) which creating an optimum system of assessment of the should be taken into account during development of correspondence of the enterprises to the ecological the conception of stable development of tourism in legislation of Ukraine, and also to the principles of the region. sustainable tourism. Despite the richness in the resources in Lviv Implementation of this project in the long- Oblast, and Yavoriv region in particular, local term, i.e. in the projection on the present and future ecotourism is not developing at full capacity. generations, can be adjusted to particular ethnic and Among the factors which prevent its development, cultural peculiarities, this meeting the requirements the main are economic and organizational. The of social justice, is ecologically compatible, and economic factors include: absence of required initial also practical and beneficial in economic aspect. If capital for financing works of creating scientific these tasks of improvement and development of the nature centers, formation of orientated programmes existing situation in the sector of tourism in the of ecological tourism; insignificant investments in studied territory are implemented, the results should the touristic infrastructure and, particularly, to the manifest themselves in several aspects, in particular, implementation of ecological programmes, which social, economic and ecological spheres. affects the condition of hotel, transport services, Successful implementation of the level of services; absence of instruments of propositions would lead to an increase in management and marketing of ecotourism for quantitative and qualitative indicators of fulfilling involving potential tourists in visiting at least

170 N.Ye. Pankiv, O.R. Roik Journ.Geol.Geograph.Geoecology, 28(1), 159-172 ______territories with a certain infrastructure for reception, richkovyh-splaviv-foto/ (accessed 29 November accommodation and provision of services to 2018). visitors; absence of goal-orientated scientific studies dvokh rik [Valley of two rivers] URL: and preparation of the required staff. http://rivervalley.org.ua/ (accessed 29 November The obstructing organizationalfactors are: 2018). Gorban Igor and others. (2016).The plan of adaptation of limited extent of the touristic routes in places of local communities of Yavorivshchyna ecological tourism and their unsatisfactory (Roztochya, Lviv oblast) to the effects of climate establishment; absence of specialized touristic change in a territory with high conservation status organizations in the sphere of ecotourism; // Materials prepared in the framework of the bureaucratic prohibitions and limitations on access project “How to adapt to climate change for the to places attractive in natural aspect toecotourists sake of sustainable development of local mostly due to the lack of development of the communities in conditions of high conservation mechanism of interaction of the administration of status”, which is being carried out within the nature-economic and nature protection framework of the project “Climate East East II” organizations with the organizers of ecotouristic with the financial support of the European Commission, the Austrian Development Agency trips and excursions; limited set of touristic- (AAR) and the Austrian Red Cross. Ivano- recreational services for tourists; absence of socially Frankovo, Lviv. (in Ukrainian) orientated informational management and PR for Kadchinskaya M., (2008). Features of the development ecotourism, of fashion for ecotourism; lack of of ecotourism in the national natural parks of Lviv specialists both in the sphere of ecotourism and region. Visnyk of Lviv National University. corresponding state institutions, ministries and Series of international relations. Volume24, 101- departments; absence of necessary legislative base. 105. (in Ukrainian) Ecological benefits of ecoroutes consist of Medovekolo [Honeycircle] URL: preservation of the environment by concentration of https://www.facebook.com/groups/medovekolo/(a tourists on the route and use of the didactic ccessed 29 November 2018). 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