AMERICAN COMMITTEE ON THE HISTORY OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR

Donald S. Detwiler, Chairman D. Clayton James, Secretary Department of History Department of History NEWSLETTER and Politics Southern Illinois University at Carbondale Virginia Military Institute Carbondale, Illinois 62901 Lexington. Virginia 24450 ISSN 0885-5668 Permanent Directors Anne S. Wells. Newsletter Editor ISBN 0-89126-060-9 Department of History Charles F. Delzell No. 45 -._-- Spring 1991 and Politics Vanderbilt University -----­ Virginia Military Institute Arthur L. Funk CONTENTS Lexington. Virginia 24450 University of Florida Robin Higham, Archivist H. Stuart Hughes Department of History University of California, ACHSWW Kansas State University San Diego General Information 2 Manhattan, Kansas 66506 Forrest C. Pogue The ACHSWW is affiliated with: Smithsonian Institution (ret.) The Newsletter 2 American Historical Association Terms expiring 1991 Annual Membership Dues 3 400 A Street, S.E. Washington, D.C. 20003 Brig. Gen. James L. Collins, Jr. Business Meeting, by Donald S. Detwiler 3 Center of Military History (ret.) Comite International d'Histoire de la Deuxi~me John Lewis Gaddis Guerre Mondiale Ohio University FORTHCOMING CONFERENCES A. Harry Paape, President Robin Higham Henry Rousso. Secretary General Kansas State University Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations 6 Institut d'Histoire du Temps Present D. Clayton James National Archives Conference on the Office of Strategic 44, rue dp. I'Amiral Mouchez Virginia Military Institule Services in World War II, by George C. Chalou 6 75014 Paris, France Robert O. Paxton Columbia University American Historical Association 7 Agnes F. Peterson Hoover Institution Conference on the Battle of the Coral Sea, by John David F. Trask ~~ 7 Center of Military History (ret.) World War II, 1942: A 50-Year Perspective 8 Russell F. Weigley Temple University Other Conferences 8 Terms expiring 1992 A Message from the Archivist of the United States, Martin Blumenson Washington, D.C. by Don w: Wilson 9 William H. Cunliffe National Archives RECENT PROGRAMS Stanley L. Falk Office of Air Force History (ret.) A CHSWW-AHA Session on Eisenhower 11 Maurice Matloff Other AHA Sessions 14 Center of Military History (ret.) Ernest R. May American Military Institute 14 Harvard University Organization of American Historians 15 Ronald H. Spector George Washington UniverRity Conference on the War in the Pacific 15 Gerhard L. Weinberg Symposium on December 7-8, 1941 16 University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Conference on Barbarossa 16 Earl F. Ziemke Conference on World War II in 1941 17 University of Georgia

Terms expiring 1993 Dean C. Allard OTHER NEWS Naval Historical Center Charles B. MacDonald 19 Stephen E. Ambrose University of New Orleans Computer Network for Military Historians, by Robert Dallek John F. Sloan 19 University of California, Los Angeles An American Federation of World War II Round Harold C. Deutsch Army War College (ret.) Tables, by Harold C. Deutsch 21 Brig. Gen. Roy K. Flint U.S. Air Force Historical Research Center Research U.S. Military Academy (ret.) Grants 24 David Kahn Great Neck, N.Y. Researcher's Query about "Red Slick" 24 Richard H. Kohn University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (Continued on following page) Carol M. Petillo Boston College Robert Wolfe National Archives 2

RESEARCH MATERIALS An Insider's View, Number 1: World War II Holdings of the George C. Marshall Research Library, by Glenn S. Cook 25 Research Resources at the National Archives 35 Research Resources at the Library of Congress Manuscript Division 37 Select Bibliography of Books and Articles in English Relating to the World War II Era 37

ACHSWW

GENERAL INFORMATION

Established in 1967 "to promote historical research in the period of World War II in all its aspects," the American Committee on the History of the Second World War is a private orgariization supported by the dues and donations of its members. It is affiliated with the American Historical Association, with the International Committee for the History of the Second World War, and with corresponding national committees in other countries, including Austria, Bdgium, Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Israel, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Romania, the Soviet Union, Spain, the United Kingdom, and Yugoslavia. The ACHSWW meets annually with the American Historical Association. The 1991 annual meeting will be held in the last week of December in Chicago.

TIlE NEWSLETfER

The ACHSWW issues a semiannual newsletter, which is assigned International Standard Serial Number [ISSN] 0885-5668 by the National Serial Data Program of the Library of Congress. Back issues of the Newsletter are available from Prof. Robin Higham, the ACHSWW Archivist, through Sunflower University Press, 1531 Yuma (or Box 1009), Manhattan, KS 66502-4228. The first eighteen issues (1968-1978) are available as a spiral­ bound, 360-page xerox paperback (ISBN 0-89126-060-9) for $36.00. Subsequent back numbers are available as single, unbound issues for $3.00 each. There is no postal charge for prepaid orders to addresses in the United States, but there is a shipping charge of $4.00 for orders sent to addresses in Canada and other foreign countries. Please send data and suggestions for the Newsletter to: Anne S. Wells Editor, ACHSWW Newsletter Department of History and Politics Virginia Military Institute Lexington, VA 24450 3 ANNUAL MEMBERSHIP DUES

Membership in the ACHSWW is open to all who are interested in the era of the Second World War. Annual membership dues of $10.00 are payable at the beginning of each calendar year. Students with U.S. addresses may, if their circumstances require it, pay annual dues of $2.00 for up to six years. There is no surcharge for members abroad, but it is requested that dues be remitted directly to the secretary of the committee (not through an agency or a subscription service) in U.S. dollars. The Newsletter, which is mailed at bulk rates within the United States, will be sent by surface mail to foreign addresses unless special arrangements are made to cover the cost of airmail postage. Please send dues to: D. Clayton James Secretary, ACHSWW Department of History and Politics Virginia Military Institute Lexington, VA 24450

BUSINESS MEETING

by Donald S. Detwiler

The annual business meeting was convened at 5:05 P.M., Friday, December 28, 1990, in Suite 513 of the New York Hilton at Rockefeller Center, by the committee chairman, Prof. Arthur L. Funk of the University of Florida. As ACHSWW treasurer, the committee secretary, Prof. Donald S. Detwiler of Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, reported on the committee's income and expenses during the past budget year, from December 1, 1989, to November 30, 1990. The committee began the year with a bank balance of $113.57, received a total of $1,570.51 during the year, and spent $1,594.41 during the same period, resulting in a balance, as of November 30, 1990, of $89.67. In additicn, donations totalling $277.00 were received, from nineteen members, to a dedicated grant-in-aid account at Southern Illinois University to defray expenses not covered by membership dues. Prof. Detwiler noted that the membership form enclosed with the fall 1990 newsletter called for dues for 1991 to be sent to Prof. D. Clayton James, the secretary-elect, at Virginia Military Institute, and added that the balance of $89.67 remaining in the committee account in Carbondale would be used for printing committee stationery and for any other committee-related expenses incurred before the secretariat is fully established at Lexington. At the suggestion of the chairman, the treasury report was accepted without objection. Prof. Funk then announced the joint session with the AHA being held the following afternoon, Saturday, December 29, on the occasion of the centenary of Eisenhower's birth. He noted that the original program had provided for a paper by Prof. Stephen E. Ambrose of the University of New Orleans on Eisenhower and Churchill, but that in view of recently published allegations regarding the death of hundreds of thousands of German captives held by the Americans and French at the end of the war, Prof. Ambrose had changed the topic of his paper to "Eisenhower and German Prisoners of War." Prof. Ambrose had recently held a conference at New Orleans, Prof. Funk added, on the controversy triggered by the work of the Canadian journalist James Bacque. [A review of Bacque's book, Other 4

Losses (Toronto: Stoddart, 1989), by Prof. Detwiler, was included in the fall 1990 issue of this newsletter (No. 44), pp. 16-19.] The chairman then reported on the quinquennial meeting of the International Committee for the History of the Second World War, which had been held in Madrid, August 26-September 2, 1990, concurrently with the meeting of the International Congress of Historical Sciences. The International Committee's seventeen-paper session on August 31 was entitled "The Road to War: Public Opinion, Attitudes, and Mentalities in Relation to the Future War." The American Committee was represented by two directors: Robert Wolfe of the National Archives gave a paper on public opinion in the United States regarding Europe; D. Clayton James of Virginia Military Institute gave a paper on American public opinion and East Asia, 1931-1941. Prof. Funk said that he understood that the International Committee planned to have the papers published, but that he had been given no specific information regarding arrangements. The Bureau, which is the executive body of the International Committee, held a number of meetings in Madrid. The Americans who participated in the Bureau's meetings were Prof. Funk, a vice president of the International Committee, and Prof. James, at the Bureau's invitation representing Prof. Detwiler. At the business meeting of the International Committee on September 1, Prof. Funk reported that the retired director of the Netherlands State Institute for War Documentation, A. Harry Paape, who for many years had been secretary general and treasurer of th~ International Committee, was elected president of the International Committee for a five-year term, or until the 1995 meeting of the International Committee, which is to be held in Montreal, concurrently with the next quinquennial meeting of the International Congress of Historical Sciences. The new president will continue to serve as treasurer but will be succeeded by Henry Rousso of the Institut d'Histoire du Temps Present, Paris, as secretary general of the International Committee. Dusan Biber of Yugoslavia and Czeslaw Madajczk of Poland were reelected to serve as vice presidents and members on the executive board. New vice presidents (with board membership) were elected from the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States: the Soviet historian Oleg A. Rzheshevsky succeeded General Dmitri Volkogonov of the U.S.S.R.; Prof. David Dilks of the University of Leeds succeeded Sir W. Francis Deakin; and the chairman-elect of the American Committee, Prof. Donald S. Detwiler, was nominated by Prof. Funk and elected to succeed him. The Norwegian historian Ole Kristian Grimnes was elected to one of the three remaining positions on the board, and it was anticipated, Prof. Funk added, that the other two board positions would be filled by a representative of the Hungarian Committee and by a German representative, following the consolidation of the two German committees after unification. Prof. Detwiler reported on plans for the annual meeting to be held at the end of December 1991 at the Chicago Hilton. The ACHSWW-AHA joint session proposal is being organized and submitted to the AHA Program Committee by Dr. Dean Allard, director of naval history. In December 1991, the fiftieth anniversary of the attack on Pearl Harbor, there may well be something approaching saturation coverage of the Japanese assault on the U.S. fleet at Oahu, so the committee's joint session is to be focused on the attack and subsequent invasion of the Philippines, for which Japanese success against the American Navy in the Central Pacific was a precondition. Dr. Allard is proposing that Lt. Col. John W. Whitman, an Army officer serving in the Pentagon, give a paper on the Japanese military campaign in the Philippines; Whitman 5 was recommended to him by Stanley Falk, who had been impressed by his work on the Bataan campaign. Prof. David Evans of the University of Richmond, whose extensive research on the Pacific War is based in large part on Japanese sources, is to give an account of the role and strategy of the Imperial Japanese Navy; and Prof. Carol Petillo of Boston College will provide the perspective from the Philippine viewpoint. Dr. Allard himself would probably serve as chairman and commentator. Dr. Falk strongly endorsed the proposal, noting that he had been invited to participate but would not be at the meeting in Chicago next year. Prof. Detwiler mentioned that Ms. Sharon Tune, the AHA convention coordinator, had told him that the 1992 meeting is to be held December 27-30 at the Shoreham and Sheraton Hotels in Washington; the AHA will not meet in 1993; thereafter, in accordance with the wish of the majority of the membership expressed in a poll a few years ago, the AHA will meet in the first week in January; in 1994, the meeting will be held in San Francisco. The chairman briefly reported on plans, still in the preliminary stage, for two conferences in Washington, to be conducted in 1992 and 1994 at the National Archives, in cooperation with the American Committee. In addition, Prof. Funk mentioned, the National Archives was holding a conference on the ass in July 1991, commemorating the fiftieth anniversary of the appointment of William J. Donovan as coordinator of information, leading to the establishment of ass. Prof. Detwiler observed that the ACHSWW had not been formally involved in planning the conference, but a number of ACHSWW members were tentatively scheduled to participate, including Stephen E. Ambrose, Martin Blumenson, Harold C. Deutsch, Arthur L. Funk, John L. Gaddis, H. Stuart Hughes, David Kahn, J. Kenneth McDonald, Lawrence H. McDonald, Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., and Waldo Heinrichs. [Information about registration is included on page 6 herein.] When the chairman asked if there was any other business, Prof. Gerhard L. Weinberg of the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, said that, to his regret, the National Archives has adopted a new policy stating that guides to its records will be in microfiche form. No distinction is to be made between guides in microfiche to records which are still held in paper, and guides in microfiche to records held only on microfilm. Prof. Weinberg added that he had attempted in vain to dissuade the National Archives from this course, which represents one more step in a process of removal of records from what most scholars consider serious historical research. Observing that he himself had not been a candidate for the ACHSWW chairmanship in the election for committee officers held earlier in the year, Prof. Funk noted that Prof. Donald S. Detwiler had been elected chairman and Prof. D. Clayton James secretary, and he offered his congratulations. On his own behalf and on that of Prof. James, Prof. Detwiler thanked Prof. Funk for his congratulations, and on behalf of the committee as a whole, he thanked him for having served for fifteen years as chairman (after having been committee secretary since its establishment in 1967). Prof. Detwiler then thanked the committee for its support during his fifteen years as secretary and newsletter editor and for its confidence in electing him chairman. He also acknowledged the cooperation, during the transition, of Prof. James and of his associate at Virginia Military Institute, Ms. Anne S. Wells, and he introduced Ms. Wells, who will edit the newsletter. There being no further business, Prof. Funk adjourned the meeting at about 6:30 P.M. 6 FORTHCOMING CONFERENCES

SOCIETY FOR HISTORIANS OF AMERICAN FOREIGN RElATIONS

The Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations will hold its summer conference on June 19-22, 1991, at George Washington University. There are a number of sessions relating to World War II: "Pearl Harbor After Fifty Years"; "From War to Peace: German-American Relations, 1944-46"; "Wartime Diplomacy in Europe"; "Churchill, Stalin, and Kennan: A New Look at Familiar Players"; "Round Table: Hiroshima and the End of World War II"; and "United States--Latin American Relations During World War II." For registration information, contact Sandra C. Taylor, Department of History, University of Utah, 211 Carlson Hall, Salt Lake City, UT 84112. For housing information, contact William H. Becker, Department of History, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052.

NATIONAL ARCHIVES CONFERENCE ON THE OFFICE OF STRATEGIC SERVICES IN WORLD WAR IT

by George C. Chalou

On July 11-12, 1991, the National Archives will host the first major scholarly conference on the role of the World War II intelligence agency, the Office of Strategic Services. It was on July 11, 1941, that President Franklin Roosevelt appointed New York attorney William J. Donovan as the coordinator of information. This office became the Office of Strategic Services in 1942 with Donovan remaining at the helm during the entire war. This two-day meeting will be held at the National Archives in Washington, D.C., and will feature prominent historians, members of Donovan's organization, and students of military and intelligence policy. Participants will include Walt Rostow, Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., the Countess of Romanones, Robin Winks, and William Colby as well as several foreign scholars. In conjunction with the conference the National Archives will feature a film series on intelligence and an exhibit illustrating the OSS. Plans are underway to publish the conference proceedings. Registration for the two-day conference and reception will be $150 with special rates for full-time students. Registration will open on April 1 and be on a first-come basis. For further information contact Conference Director George C. Chalou at the National Archives (202-501-6000). 7

AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION

The American Historical Association will hold its annual meeting on December 27­ 30, 1991, in Chicago. ACHSWW is sponsoring a session entitled "New Research on the Philippines Campaign, 1941-1942: A Multi-National Perspective." Chaired by Dean C. Allard, the session will include papers by John W. Whitman on "MacArthur's Generalship: A Bad Decision Unredeemed" and David C. Evans on ''The Japanese Navy in the Invasion of the Philippines." Commentators will be Carol M. Petillo and Allard.

CONFERENCE ON TIlE BATI1.E OF TIlE CORAL SEA

by John Wade

The Australian National Maritime Museum will hold its first major conference on May 7-10, 1992, to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of the Battle of the Coral Sea. The conference and a temporary exhibition, to be held in the newly opened museum in Sydney's Darling Harbour, will be part of an Australia-wide series of Coral Sea commemorative events during the first ten days of May 1992. Both museum events are being sponsored through the USA Bicentennial Gift and form part of the public programs of the USA Gallery, which commemorates Australian­ American maritime relations. Only five months after the opening of the Pacific War, the Battle of the Coral Sea was fought between ships of the Japanese and Allied navies, May 4-8, 1942. The battle took place in the Coral Sea, off the coasts of Queensland and New Guinea. Historically, it was the first naval battle fought entirely by aircraft, without the ships ever sighting each other. Strategically, it was the first check to the Japanese advance in World War II. Following Japanese air raids on Darwin, it was the first time since Brithh colonization that Australians lived in real fear of imminent enemy invasion. Conference sessions will focus on the battle itself, its strategic significance, its effect on Australians, and its symbolic meaning for US-Australian bilateral relations then and since. Speakers are being sought from Australia, the USA, and elsewhere. The full conference program will be available later this year. For further details, intending speakers and participants can contact: John Wade Senior Curator, USA Gallery Australian National Maritime Museum GPO Box 5131 Sydney, NSW 2000 Australia (Telephone: 011 612 522 7777; fax: 011 612 660 0729) 8

WORLD WAR IT, 1942: A 50-YEAR PERSPECTIVE

Siena College's seventh multidisciplinary conference on the fiftieth anniversary of World War II will focus on the year 1942 and will be held on June 4-5, 1992. Papers are requested on the following subjects: Fascism and Naziism, Midway, New Guinea, GuadalcanaI, North Mrica, the North Atlantic, literature, art, film, diplomatic, political and military history, popular culture, women's and Jewish studies, and relevant topics on Asia, Mrica, Latin America, and the Near East. The deadline for submissions is December 15, 1991. For further information, contact: Thomas O. Kelly, II Department of History Siena College Loudonvill~ NY 12211

OTHER CONFERENCES

Aug. 11-13, 1991 "The Atlantic Charter: Its Making and Its Consequences." Contact Atlantic Charter Conference, Department of History, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, A1C 5S7, Canada.

Sept. 11-13, 1991 'Tenth Naval History Symposium." Contact Jack Sweetman, Department of History, U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD 21402­ 5044.

Oct. 1991 "Teaching of the Holocaust." Contact Mary Noel Kernan, director, National Catholic Center for Holocaust Education, Seton Hill College, Greensburg, PA 15601-1599; (412) 834-2200, ext. 344; fax (412) 838­ 4203.

Oct. 18-20, 1991 "American Homefront during World War II." Contact James H. Madison, DepartmenJ of History, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405.

Nov. 7-8, 1991 "The Grass Roots: Eighth Symposium on the Occupation of Japan." Sponsored by the MacArthur Memorial, the General Douglas MacArthur Foundation, and Old Dominion University. Contact Director, MacArthur Memorial, MacArthur Square, Norfolk, VA 23510; (804) 441-2965.

Dec. 1991 "The Pacific War and Modern Memory: War; Culture, and Society." Contact Theodore F. Cook, Jr., Pacific War co-director, Department of History, William Paterson College of New Jersey, Wayne, NJ 07470; (201) 595-2319. 9

Dec. 3-6, 1991 "Prelude to Pearl Harbor--The Interwar Years," Midland, Tex. Sponsored by the American Airpower Heritage Museum and Hardin­ Simmons University. Contact Barbara Breier, assistant to the provost and director of continuing education, Hardin-Simmons University, Box 657 HSU Station, Abilene, TX 79698; (915) 670-1501.

Dec. 5-7, 1991 "The United States and Japan in World War II." Contact Laura J. Labenberg, Conference Coordinator, Hofstra Cultural Center, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY 11550.

Dec. 6-11, 1991 "December 7, 1941--A Retrospective, Part Two: 'The Storm Unleashed,'" Honolulu, Hawaii. Sponsored by the Admiral Chester Nimitz Museum and Foundation, U.S. Naval Institute, USS Arizona Memorial Museum Association, and Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum. Contact the Admiral Nimitz Foundation, P.O. Box 777, Fredricksburg, TX 78624.

Apr. 2-5, 1992 Organization of American Historians annual meeting, Chicago.

Apr. 6-11,1992 "Main Street, USA at War: 1939-1946." Call for papers by September 1, 1991. Contact Jere Jackson, Department of History, Stephen F. Austin State University, Box 13013, SFA Station, Nacogdoches, TX 75962.

[The following column is reprinted from the Society of American Archivists' SAA Newsletter, March 1991.]

A MESSAGE FROM THE ARClllVIST OF THE UNITED STATES by Don W. Wilson

On July 11 and 12 of this year, the National Archives will be sponsoring a conference on the Office of Strategic Services, the agency that directed American intelligence operations during the Second World War and was the forerunner of the Central Intelligence Agency. [Information about registration is included on page 6 herein.] This conference is important for several reasons. First, it represents part of the National Archives' efforts to help this country to remember and reflect upon the participation of the United States, fifty years ago, in World War II. American involvement in this worldwide conflict brought tremendous changes to our society, to our political and economic systems, and to virtually every other aspect of modern life. (The Second World War also brought great changes to the then-new National Archives--a significant increase in holdings, for example--but that is another story.) I have established two groups to work with the National Archives in commemorating the 50th anniversary of American involvement in World War II. One is a Congressional Committee, composed of more than eighty Senators and Representatives who are veterans 10 of the war. Chaired by Senators Bob Dole of Kansas and Daniel Inouye of Hawaii and Representatives Robert Michel of Illinois and Charles Bennett of Florida, this Committee is providing advice and assistance to us as we look back on the war. The other committee is the World War II Executive Branch Steering Committee, comprised of senior-level representatives of the Departments of State, Defense, and Veterans Affairs; the National Endowment for the Humanities; the Central Intelligence Agency; the Federal Bureau of Investigation; and the Office of the President. This Committee will also furnish advice to NARA [National Archives and Records Administration] but in addition will help to coordinate--and stimulate--World War II commemorative activities throughout the Executive Branch of the Federal government. The two-day conference on the OSS--held fifty years to the day after the creation of the Coordinator of Information, the predecessor of the OSS--will be one of the initial events in this commemoration. This is fitting because the OSS was intimately involved in the prosecution of the war, and the records of this organization can tell us so much about the conflict. Some other commemorative activities will include a film series and a traveling exhibit featuring personal accounts of participants. With the help of the World War II Executive Branch Steering Committee, the National Archives will publish a calendar of major events. The OSS conference will include nine plenary or concurrent sessions devoted to the creation and development of the OSS; records, research, and literature related to the OSS; the role of the OSS in various sectors of the globe; reflections by several OSS agents on their "careers" as spies; the tools of spying; and the legacy of the OSS. A number of leading scholars are scheduled to take part in the conference. By calling attention to the records of the OSS, which the National Archives now holds, the conference will perform a second major function. Over the past ten years or so, the CIA has already transferred more than 3,000 cubic feet of OSS records to NARA. More continue to be transferred, and the total (including about 1,000 cubic feet that the State Department transferred soon after World War II) may well exceed 5,000 cubic feet. These records are divided about evenly between intelligence operations and covert actions, and so they give a broad picture of the OSS during the war. We believe this to be the first instance anywhere in the world where the records of a major intelligence agency are now available for research. They are already heavily consulted by researchers, and we expect increasing use of them. Processing the OSS records was a mammoth undertaking. NARA could not have completed this task without the assistance of more than twenty volunteers, led by our own staff member Larry McDonald. These volunteers--some of them veterans of the CIA and the OSS, incidentally--have spent at least 10,000 hours over more than five years carefully preparing the records for research use. This has involved reestablishing the original intellectual control of the materials, preparing sophisticated finding aids, and performing holdings maintenance. Archivists elsewhere, who often rely so heavily upon committed volunteers, will understand just how indebted the National Archives is to the volunteers who processed the OSS records. Most of the OSS material is open, having been declassified. There is, however, still a large (but undetermined) quantity of World War II era Federal records that remain in the custody of agencies--and have yet to be declassified. The World War II Executive Branch Steering Committee has taken an interest in this situation, and we hope that one legacy that the 50th anniversary commemoration can leave is the declassification of most 11

of what remains so that these records, like those of the ass, can help researchers to understand the full import of the Second World War. A third way the ass conference is important is as evidence of the National Archives' commitment to expand (really, to revive) its involvement in scholarly activities. Conferences like the one on the ass bring professional archivists and professional historians, and others with collateral interests, together to discuss records and the meanings to be gleaned from these records. Conferences and other scholarly meetings call attention to the value of records, and to the value the information in them has for interpreting or reinterpreting policies and events. Conferences also help archivists and researchers to understand each other's perspectives better and to develop a community of inter~st. The exchanges of information and insights that take place at such gatherings are valuable to all who attend. I want the National Archives to sponsor additional scholarly conferences, not only as part of the World War II commemoration, but others as well. We plan to work, for example, with the American Committee on the History of the Second World War and with the American Military Institute on at least three such conferences. The National Archives will continue to look for ways where it can join with organizations or institutions in undertaking conferences and symposia. If you, or a historian you know, would like to have additional information about the ass conference, please contact me. And if you and your institution are helping your community to commemorate the 50th anniversary of American involvement in World War II, won't you also tell me what you are doing? After all, sharing information and insights among individuals and repositories is an important tradition within the archival profession.

RECENT PROGRAMS

ACHSWW-AHA SESSION ON EISENHOWER

The ACHSWW joint session at the American Historical Association annual meeting, entitled "Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1890-1969: A Centenary Retrospect," was held on December 29, 1990. The audience numbered approximately 150 people in an overflowing room. Present also was a camera crew of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, which is producing a documentary on the fate of German paws in Germany at the end of the European war. The session was chaired by Forrest C. Pogue, with papers presented by Stephen E. Ambrose, Arthur L. Funk, and Blanche Wiesen Cook and comments by Martin Blumenson and John E. Wickman. The Ambrose and Funk papers are summarized below; the Cook paper was not available for summary.

The title of Stephen E. Ambrose's paper was "Eisenhower and the German Prisoners of War," in which he discussed accusations made by James Bacque in his book Other Losses. [A slightly different version of the Ambrose paper appears in The New York Times Book Review, Feb. 24, 1991. See also letters to the editor in the April 14, 1991, issue of the same publication.] The Bacque book has been a bestseller in other countries 12 and is scheduled for publication this year in this country. [The U.S. edition is being published by Prima and distributed by St. Martin's Press.] One of Bacque's major charges is that General of the Army Dwight D. Eisenhower, while heading the American occupation in Germany after World War II, was responsible for the deliberate deaths by starvation of a million German prisoners of war. In order to circumvent the Geneva Convention's requirement that the prisoners receive the same level of rations as the Allied soldiers, the official designation of "Prisoners of War" (POWs) was changed to "Disarmed Enemy Forces" (DEFs). According to Bacque, many of the DEFs subsequently died from insufficient food, and their deaths were listed in U.S. Army records as "Other Losses" in order to conceal the facts. Ambrose reported on the conclusions of a conference held on the subject by the Eisenhower Center for Leadership Studies at the University of New Orleans on December 7-8, 1990. Participants included Ambrose; Neil Cameron, producer of the BBC documentary on the issue of the German POW deaths; Brian L. Villa, University of Ottawa; Albert E. Cowdrey, U.S. Army Center of Military History; Thomas M. Barker, State University of New York, Albany; James F. Tent, University of Alabama, Birmingham; Ruediger Overmans, Office of Military History, Freiburg; Axel Frohn, German Historical Institute, Washington; Rolf Steininger, University of Innsbruck; and Gunter Bischof, University of New Orleans. Plans call for the conference papers to be published in book form. The conference concluded that Bacque had made a contribution in forcing confrontation of the fact that there was widespread mistreatment of German POWs in 1945, but that scholars would find his work to be "worse than worseless." Ambrose asserted that Bacque "put full responsibility on Eisenhower for every policy decision," ignoring the fact that Eisenhower operated under directives issued by his superiors. Among these was the decision, in view of inadequate food supplies, not to feed the German prisoners at a level higher than civilians, hence the change in designation from POW to DEF in order to comply with the Geneva Convention. Regarding Bacque's contention that there was no widespread lack of food in Europe in 1945, Ambrose stated that a food shortage definitely existed and that Eisenhower was very worried about insufficient food supplies even before he learned that the number of Germans surrendering to the Western Allies and the number of civilians and slave laborers in the Western zones were much greater than anticipated. Allied governments were so concerned about a famine in the upcoming winter of 1945-1946 that they tried to stockpile food. Red Cross food parcels intended for prisoners were used instead, on orders of Eisenhower's superiors, to feed Displaced Persons (DPs). On the issue of one million deaths, Ambrose asked, "Where are the bodies?" In calculating his totals, Bacque used as his basis the figure of a 30% death rate in one camp, where the actual rate of 3% could be deduced when taking into account an obvious typographical error. Ambrose contended that the figures showed that perhaps a maximum of 56,000 prisoners died, instead of one million. Ambrose stated that the majority of the "Other Losses," as indicated in monthly reports in the Eisenhower Library and the National Archives (reports not cited by Bacque), were in actuality members of the Volkssturm (People's Militia) released without formal discharges.

Arthur L. Funk spoke on "De Gaulle and Eisenhower: Concerns for the Resistance, 1944." He noted that 1990 was the centenary not only of Eisenhower's birth, but also of 13 de Gaulle's. The two men's relationship intensified in June 1943 when the Comite Franc;ais de la Liberation Nationale (CFLN) was formed. De Gaulle then shared the headship of the CFLN but would soon become its sole president; Eisenhower then was leader of Allied forces in the Mediterranean and subsequently would command Operation OVERLORD and Allied forces in the European theater. By the time Eisenhower left for London in December 1943, the men mutually admired each other The focus of Funk's remarks was the CAIMAN Plan, or Plan "C," which de Gaulle and his staff developed by May 1944 to coordinate actions of the armed resistance in France with what they surmised to be Allied invasion plans of the continent. Plan "C" involved sabotage of railways and roads where the Maquis was strongest, especially southwest France and the Sisteron-Grenoble-Besanc;on corridor along the Alps. "C" also stressed cutting rail lines in the Rhone Valley and the Massif Central. The emphasis was to be on South France, though FFI (Forces Franc;aises de l'Interieur) action was also planned against Brittany port facilities and, if circumstances permitted, the "agglomeration parisienne." According to Funk, "In May [1944], Eisenhower was indeed giving thought to Resistance help, but in no way had he been persuaded that a country-wide insurrection or strong points within France would help the Normandy landings." A SHAEF directive of May 21 set forth a plan for cutting roads and rail lines only south of the Loire in order to give no hint of the impending Normandy landing sites. In the weeks prior to D-Day, Eisenhower endeavored to persuade President Roosevelt to alter his decree that de Gaulle and the CFLN were not to be accorded political/diplomatic recognition and that Eisenhower was to deal with de Gaulle on military affairs only. As late as three days before the OVERLORD invasion, Eisenhower found "the whole thing a rather sorry mess" because FDR adamantly refused to acknowledge that de Gaulle and the CFLN had the strong support of many powerful resistance groups. After the Normandy landings, de Gaulle was no longer excluded from operational planning, with French forces scheduled to be used in the ANVIL (DRAGOON) landings. Plan "c" was revised to use up to 90,000 men in an area between the OVERLORD and ANVIL operations. The provision of arms and air support would be essential to the plan. The plan was seriously considered by Eisenhower, General George C. Marshall, and General Henry Maitland Wilson, who was in charge of the Mediterranean theater, but the Allies decided not to allocate the extra aircraft needed for the operation and the plan was rejected as an integral part of ANVIL. After an appeal to General Alexander M. Patch, the Alpine aspect of CAIMAN did take place to some degree with the Allied advance to Grenoble, Bourg, and Lons-Ie-Saulnier. Plan CAIMAN foundered not only because of the aircraft requirement but also on larger operational grounds, including the distrust of guerrilla warfare, and on political grounds, such as President Roosevelt's nonrecognition of de Gaulle and the exclusion of the French in the planning of OVERLORD. Nevertheless, as Funk concludes, "Eisenhower's and de Gaulle's mutual objectives became reality with the liberation of Paris." Their agreement on economic and civil arrangements amounted to de facto recognition of a self-governing, nearly freed, and CFLN-Ied France. 14

OTHER AHA SESSIONS

The session entitled "Understanding the Japanese-American Internment Experience" was held on December 30, 1990, and chaired by Mikiso Hane. Three approaches to the internment were considered: oral history, presented by Joan Loveridge-Sanbonmatsu and Akira Sanbonmatsu; material culture, by Tom D. Crouch; and film, by Lise Yasui. Also on December 30 the session on "The Alliance Diplomacy of the French General Staff: Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Belgiom, 1933-1940," was held under the chairmanship of Michael Geyer, with Philip Bankwitz and Geyer as commentators. The two papers were "The French General Staff, the Rhineland, and Czechoslovakia," by Nicole Jordan; and "In Lieu of Alliance: General Gamelin's Secret Cooperation with Neutral Belgium, 1936-1940," by Martin S. Alexander. In the session on "Americans in China in the 1940s," held on December 28 with Michael Schaller as chair and commentator, one of the three papers was of special interest to students of World War II: "Rescue Operation: Cooperation between the American Military and the Chinese Communists to Rescue Downed Fliers," by Carolle J. Carter.

AMERICAN MILITARY INSTITUTE

The program of the AMI meeting in Durham included several sessions on the Second World War. On March 22, 1991, the session on "Operations in World War II" was made up of four papers: "The Combined Chiefs of Staff in the Second World War," by Alex Danchev; "ULTRA, MAGIC, and the Mediterranean, 1943: The Role of Strategic Intelligence in Coalition Strategy," by Alexander S. Cochran; "Hitler, the V-2, and the Battle for Priority: Weapons Procurement and the German War Economy," by Michael J. Neufeld; and "Disaster at Utweiler (15 March 1945): A Historical Reconstruction of a Battalion Action in World War II," by E. A Reitan. Also that day the session called "World War II: Social Issues" was held. There were three papers: "Recipe for Failure: Major General Edward M. Almond and the Preparation of the 92d Infantry Division for Combat in World War II," by Dale E. Wilson; "Sergeant Henry O. Hansen and the Flag­ raising on Iwo Jima," by Parker B. Albee, Jr.; and "Mobilizing the American Home Front in World War II: The Advertising Industry and the Motif of Sacrifice," by Mark H. Leff. (The program did not identify the chairs and commentators of the above two sessions.) On March 23 there were also two sessions on World War II. Williamson Murray served as chair and discussant on the session on "The Nazi Party and the German War Effort." The following papers were presented: "The German Christian Movement's Impact on the Wehrmacht Chaplaincy," by Doris Bergen; "Ideology, Indoctrination, and ''Ie Volkssturm Leadership Corps," by David Yelton; and "The Threat of Air War as a Form of Political Mobilization in Germany, 1920-1939," by Peter Fritzche. The other session was entitled "American Women in the Military: The World War II Experience"; it was chaired by Glenn H. Elder, Jr., with M. C. Devilbiss as commentator. The two papers were "The Other Enemy: Army Attitudes toward Black WACs during World War II," by Rita Gomez; and "WACs in Combat? The World War II Experiment," by D'Ann Campbell. Another session on the 23rd also dealt significantly with World War II: "The Social History of Enlisted Personnel," with Harold D. Langley as chair and discussant. It consisted of three papers: '''Everything in the Air Corps Has Been Planned to Make the Enlisted Man Feel 15

Inferior': The Air Corps Enlisted Experience, 1914-1945," by Mark Grandstaff; ''The Fifth Canadian Infantry Brigade, 1944-1945: A Profile of 'Other Ranks' Based on Personnel Records," by Terry Copp; and "Fifty Years of Noncommissioned Officer Policy in the U.S. Army and Leadership in the Post-Cold War Era," by Faris R. Kirkland. Another paper of relevance was Edward M. Coffman's "The U.S. Army 15th Infantry in China, 1912-1938," presented in the session on March 23 on "Western Military Experience in China, 1900­ 1938."

ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN mSTORIANS

At the annual OAR meeting in Louisville, Lee Kennett presided at the session on ''The Good War--Fifty Years Later," held on April 13, 1991, with comments by Susan M. Hartmann and Kennett. "Understanding the Home Front: The World War II Letters of American Women," was the paper, presented by Judy Barrett Litoff and David C. Smith. At another session that day, "New Directions in Asian-American History," with Yuji Ichioka presiding and commenting, one paper was relevant to the World War II era: Christopher Friday's "A Fragile Alliance: Asian-Americans and Organized Labor in the Pacific Coast Canned-Salmon Industry, 1938-1942." In the session on April 12 on "American Relations with Germany after Two World Wars: The Role of John J. McCloy," Lawrence S. Kaplan presided, while he and Melvyn P. Leffler provided commentary on the following two papers: "John J. McCloy and Allegations of Sabotage: German-American Relations during the Interwar Period," by Russel Van Wyk; and "Dual Containment: John J. McCloy and the Federal Republic of Germany," by Thomas A. Schwartz.

CONFERENCE ON THE WAR IN THE PACIFIC

The Eisenhower Center for Leadership Studies of the University of New Orleans sponsored a conference on April 12-13, 1991, called "The War in the Pacific." The opening address was by Ronald H. Spector on "Japanese Naval Strategy in World War II." The session on "Assessing MacArthur's Role" was chaired by Gunter Bischof and consisted of these papers: "MacArthur's Strategies: War and Politics in the Southwest Pacific," by Michael Schaller; and "MacArthur, King, and the Luzon-versus-Formosa Debate," by D. Clayton James. Raymond G. O'Connor was chair of the next session, "The Grand Strategy of the Pacific War," which consisted of three papers: "American Submarine Warfare in the Pacific," by Kenneth J. Hagan; ''The Army Air Forces, the A-Bomb, and the Surrender of Japan," by Herman S. Wolk; and "The Historians and the Bomb: The Alperovitz Thesis 25 Years Later,.' by Brian L. Villa. The session on ''The New Orleans Dimension: The Higgins Boat Yard" was chaired by Philip S. Coulter and included three papers: "Higgins Boat Yard in World War II," by Jerry Strahan; "A Personal Perspective on Operating Higgins Boats in the Pacific Island Invasions," by Marvin Perrett; and "Higgins and the Atomic Bomb," by W. A. Phelps. The panel on "The Pearl Harbor and Clark Field Raids," which followed the banquet on the 12th, was made up of Stephen E. Ambrose (the Eisenhower Center's director), Kenneth J. Hagan, D. Clayton James, and Ronald E. Spector. -I

16

The second day of sessions began with one on "Small Theater Actions," chaired by Ollie D. Brown, Jr., and was composed of three papers: "Tested in Combat and Prison Camp: The Defenders of Wake Island and Their Two Wars, 1941-1945," by Gregory J. W. Urwin; "The Doolittle Tokyo Raid: A Personal Memoir," by Maj. Gen. David M. Jones; and "Witnessing the Battle of Midway," by George Gay. The subsequent session was called "New Directions in Pacific War History" and was chaired by Arnold Hirsch. The papers were "Designing Camouflage for the Pacific War," by Arthur Davis; "Nurses in the South Pacific, Unsung Hero'ines," by Kathleen Warnes; and "Fuel and U.S. Naval Operations in the Pacific, 1942," by Daniel Blewett. The closing address, "Assessing the Pacific War," was delivered by Stephen E. Ambrose.

SYMPOSIUM ON DECEMBER 7-8, 1941

At the University of Texas on May 9-10, 1991, a symposium was held on "December 7, 1941: A Retrospective," which covered the opening day of war in Hawaii and the Philippines. The program, which attracted over 2,000 people, was sponsored by the University of Texas, Admiral Nimitz Museum and Foundation, U.S.S Arizona Memorial Museum Association, U.S. Naval Institute, Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum, USAA, and Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. The keynote addresses were delivered by Brig. Gen. Robert F. McDermott the first day and by Gov. John Connally the second day. The first session was entitled "Writing the Book" and was led by Walter Lord. Next came a panel of the following veterans of the Pearl Harbor, Kaneohe, and Clark attacks, moderated by Paul Stillwell: Col. Zenji Abe, Col. Eugene Camp, Col. Sam Grashio, Lt. Col. R. S. D. Lockwood, Capt. Jim D. Miller, Lt. Gen Joseph Moore, Lt. Saburo Sakai, Brig. Gen. Kenneth M. Taylor, and Capt. Joseph K. Taussig. Rear Adm. Charles D. Grojean spoke next on the projects of the Admiral Nimitz Museum and Foundation, followed by Walt W. Rostow's address on "America Prepares for War," Masataka Chihaya's paper on "Planning the Hawaii Operation," and Capt. Roger Pineau's and Capt. Raymond Schmidt's papers on "Communications Intelligence." Both days' sessions were moderated by Walter Cronkite. The second day's program included a session called "The Commanders," with papers by Charles Anderson on "General Short" and Paul Stillwell on "Admiral Kimmel." The next session was "The Other Pearl Harbor: The Philippines." The papers were "MacArthur and His Commanders," by John Costello; and ''The Clark and Iba Disasters," by D. Clayton James. Next came a slide presentation by Daniel Martinez on "Hidden Images of Pearl Harbor." The concluding session was a panel of the following historians on issues of the Oahu and Clark attacks, moderated by Hodding Carter, III: Dean C. Allard, Charles Anderson, Capt. Masataka Chihaya, John Costello, D. Clayton James, Walter Lord, Capt. Roger Pineau, Capt. Raymond Schmidt, and Paul Stillwell.

CONFERENCE ON BARBAROSSA

On May 17-19, 1991, the Waterloo-Laurier Centre for Soviet Studies of the University of Waterloo, Ontario, sponsored a conference on "Operation Barbarossa: Diplomacy, Intelligence, and the Nationalities." There were five major themes: German 17 and Soviet readiness for war; German and Allied military intelligence; alliance formation and inter-Allied relations; Baltic, Balkan, Jewish, Polish, and Ukranian issues; and social, religious, and economic impacts. Speakers from institutions in the United States were Gerhard Weinberg, Timothy Mulligan, Stephen Miner, Susan Linz, David Kahn, David Glantz, M. K. Dziewanowski, and Richard Breitman. Speakers from Canadian institutions were Wesley Wark, Denis Smyth, Michael Marrus, Dov B. Lungu, Erick Haberer, N. F. Dreisziger, and Alan Cassels. Soviet speakers were D. A. Volkogonov, O. A. Rzheshevsky, Yuri Polyakov, Alexander Orlov, G. A Kuamnev, and Juri Ant. Other speakers were Martin van Creveld of Israel; Gerd Ueberschar, Rolf-Dieter Mueller, and Bernd Martin of Germany; Voirica Moisuc of Romania; and P. M. H. Bell of the United Kingdom. The conference director was George Urbaniak, University of Waterloo.

CONFERENCE ON WORLD WAR II IN 1941

Siena College, Loudonville, N.Y., sponsored its sixth multidisciplinary conference on the fiftieth anniversary of World War II on May 30-31, 1991. It was entitled "World War II, 1941: A 50-Year Perspective." The conference co-directors were Thomas O. Kelly, II, and Douglas A. Lonnstrom. The session on "Levels of Literate Remembrance: Freedom and Guilt" had two papers: "Lost in Collusion: An Adult Daughter's View," by Elisabeth 1. Kalau; and "Outside the Wire: Feminine Internment Journals as Documents of Freedom," by Mary Anne Schofield. The concurrent session on the first day was called "Interesting But Unrelated" and consisted of these papers: "The Impact of World War II on Mentally Retarded Americans," by Linda Ann Moore; and "Bishop Rodhe's Mission to England in March 1940," by Birgit Rodhe. The session on "Hitler Conducts the War: Nazi Decision Making" had the following two papers, with commentary by Albert Dorley, Jf.: "Hitler's Declaration of War on the United States: An Historical Riddle," by Stanley Antosik; and ''The Fateful Decision: Hitler Chooses Russia Over Closing the Mediterranean," by Harold C. Deutsch. The session conducted at the same time as tr.e preceding was on "British Policy and Asian Reality." It had two papers: "Pearl Harbor: The View from London, December 1-10, 1941," by Richard D. Grace; and "The 1943 Craigie Report on the Origins of the War with Japan," by John J. Sbrega. Following these morning sessions of the first day, Judy Barrett Litoff delivered the luncheon address, "Women and Letter Writing During World War Ir." The first concurrent afternoon sessions on May 30 were entitled "First Barborossa Panel" and "History Viewed Through the Prism of Art." The former session's papers were "Operational War Plans and Preparations of the Red Army General Staff," by Otto Chaney; ''The Siege of Leningrad," by Daniel Goure; and "Operation Barbarossa: The German Invasion of the USSR, 1941," by Howard M. Hensel. The latter session also had three papers: "Childhood Under Siege: Second World War Memoir Films of the 1980s," by Neil E. Brooks; "Fiction as Historical Critique: British Women Novelists Looking Back at World War II," by Phyllis Lassner; and "December 7: Film Myth Masquerading as Historical Fact," by James M. Skinner. Thomas O. Kelly, II, chaired and commented on this session. (The program does not identify some chairs and commentators.) The second group of concurrent afternoon sessions on May 30 were "Second Barbarossa Panel," with John Vallely as chair and commentator; "Nazi Racial Doctrine: Policy v. Practice, Racial Purity, and Nazi Needs"; and "The Eastern Mediterranean Adventures," with commentary by 18

Jeffrey J. Roberts. The two papers of this Barbarossa panel were "German Occupation Policies in the USSR," by Peter K. Briet; and "The Luftwaffe and Barbarossa, 1941," by Richard R. Muller. The papers of the session on Nazi racial doctrine were "Toward a Brotherhood of Arms: Waffen SS Recruitment of Germanic Volunteers in the Pre­ Barbarossa Period," by Mark P. Gingerich; and ''The German-Japanese Association as an Instrument of War Propaganda, 1940-42," by Harold Kleinschmidt. The third of these concurrent sessions, on the Eastern Mediterranean, was made up of the following papers: "Italy's Balkan Invasion: Italian Propaganda and the Greek Debacle," by W. Vincent Arnold; and "Egypt and the German Presence in the Western Desert," by Abdal-wahhab Bakr. The dinner address on the 30th was entitled "Pearl Harbor: A Fifty-Year Perspective" and was delivered by Donald Goldstein. The second day's program began with concurrent sessions on "August 1939-1941: The Nazi-Soviet Pact: Opportunity and Dilemma," with Donald D. McKale as commentator; and "Hungary Enters the War: Disparate Views," with commentary by Ray Stokes. The former session's papers were "Feeding the German Eagle: The Extent and Effect of the Nazi-Soviet Partnership, 1939-1941," by Edward E. Ericson, III; "The New Order in Theory and Practice: Hitler and the German Economy at the Height of Nazi Power," by Milton Goldin; and "Accommodation, Neutralization, Resistance? The German Communist Party from the Hitler-Stalin Pact to the German Attack on the Soviet Union," by James J. Ward. The latter session was composed of three papers: "Entrance of Hungary into the War Against the Soviet Union, 1941," by Istvan Dioszegi; "Hungary in 1941," by N. F. Dreisziger; and ''The Fate of Small Nations: Hungary's Entry into World War II," by Mario D. Fenyo. The late-morning concurrent sessions were entitled "Creating the Allied War Effort," with Warren F. Kimball as commentator; and "Literature Examines Contemporary Reality." The papers of the former session were "The Formulation of Allied Strategy, 1941," by Gabriel Gorodetsky; "U.S. Strategic Planning for a Coalition War, 1940­ 1941," by Mark A. Stoler; and ''The 'Arsenal of Democracy': Myth or Reality? The Battle Over Allocation of Resources in 1941," by Theodore A. Wilson. The latter session, on literature, consisted of papers on "Wyndham Lewis: The Vulgar Streak," by Anne Blott; "Resistance Literature and the Exilic Imagination: Medieval Poetry Under Vichy," by Roy Rosenstein; and "Corrupt Pearl: James Jones' Damning Portrait of the U.S. Army in From Here to Eternity," by Regis T. Sabol. The afternoon session of May 31 on "Accommodating Japanese Conquest" was composed of papers on ''The Iron Cherry Blossom: Japan's Capture of Guam and the Beginning of World War II," by Dirk A. Ballendorf; and "Chinese Collaboration with Japan: The Efforts of the Wan Jingwei Government to Secure Greater Autonomy, 1940-1942," by David P. Barrett. The concurrent session was entitled "Sidelights on U.S. History, 1941" and consisted of two papers: "The Record U.S. Economic Boom of 1941: How Business Communicated with and Satisfied American Consumers on the Eve of Pearl Harbor," by Alfred C. Holden and Lorianne N. Holden; and "1941: Universities Address the Challenge of the Submarine Threat with New Navy Underwater Sound Research," by John Merrill. The two concurrent sessions later that afternoon were "Policy and Knowledge: Naval Intelligence, Congress, and Japan," with commentary by Harvey Strum; and "Strategic Industries and Government Policy." The former session's papers were "The Work of U.S. Naval Intelligence in the Far East During the 1930s: A Preliminary Report," by Eugene J. Corcoran; and "Congress and American-Japanese Relations, 1931-1941," by Justin H. Libby. The two papers of the latter session were "In the Shadow of War: Japan's 19

Maritime Industries in the 1930s," by Mark Parillo; and "Strategic Industries and Government Policy: British and Japanese Responses to Maritime Transport Needs to 1941," by Kevin Smith.

OTHER NEWS

CHARlES B. MACDONAlD

A longtime member of the ACHSWW and former member of the Board of Directors, Charles B. MacDonald died on December 4, 1990, after a lengthy illness. He joined the Office of the Chief of Military History in Washington in 1948, rose to deputy chief historian in 1966, and retired in 1980, by which time the organization had become the U.S. Army Center of Military History. During World War II he won distinction leading a rifle company in the Battle of the Bulge in the winter of 1944-1945; he earned the Silver Star and the Purple Heart in that engagement. After the war he attained the rank of colonel in the Army Reserve. He is best remembered for his classic small-unit study of his Ardennes experience, Company Commander (1947). He wrote two volumes of the European Theater of Operations series of the U.S. Army in World War II: The Siegfried Line (1963) and The Last Offensive (1973). He also authored The Battle of the Huertgen Forest (1963); The Mighty Endeavor: American Armed Forces in the European Theater in World War II (1969); Airborne (1970); On a Field of Red: The Communist International and the Coming of World War II, coauthored with Anthony Cave Brown (1981); and A Time for Trumpets: The Untold Story of the Battle of the Bulge (1984). He was born in Little Rock, S.c., November 23, 1922. Upon graduating frem Presbyterian College, Clinton, S.c., in 1942, he entered the U.S. Army and subsequently saw extensive combat in the war against Germany. For those who had the privilege of knowing him, he was a rare blend of gentleman, scholar, and warrior. [DCJ]

COMPUTER NETWORK FOR MILITARY HISTORIANS

by John F. Sloan

[Below is a "concept paper" by John F. Sloan for establishing a "computer network user group/forum for professional military historians." Also, he writes, "Among my current projects is to reprint and publish the U.S. Army's General Board Reports on WWII, at least the most interesting ones such as Armor, Air, Artillery, etc. There are some 132 of them total, but many probably are of little interest." If you are interested in his plans for a computer network or the reprinting of the Army General Board Reports, contact him at 5218 Landgrave Ln., Springfield, VA 22151.] 20

This is an outline of several related projects that are intended to support research performed by military historians. The concept consists of the following components: an informal organization of military historians who desire to share information and participate in developing a database of military history reference material; an expanding database of military history available on computers to the general public both directly and via distributed disks; a newsletter of professional information for the participating group; a military history research journal in which certain of the entries in the computer database may be published in expanded form; a research service for those of the public who desire expanded levels of information about topics in the database and are willing to pay for it; a service to provide source material to professors at the many smaller colleges that may not want to subscribe to a multitude of periodicals and may like assistance in preparing books of readings for their courses. The first step is to organize the computer user group of military historians as a forum with a typical computer "bulletin board network." This a potentially valuable enterprise in itself, since it will enable the participants to discuss topics of mutual interest and exchange information. Development of the information database will only be one activity of the network participants. One item on the network bulletin board will be the status list of the topics for entries in the database. The list will grow as individuals suggest new subjects. It will also indicate who is working on which topics and how they are progressing. Perhaps it will be useful to provide a bibliography and short identification paragraph for an entry relatively quickly and then prepare the full entry later. To insure consistency there will be established a comprehensive but flexible standard format for the content of each type of article. The value of this method for developing the historical database in contrast to the conventional encyclopedia approach is that the articles can be added in any order throughout the alphabet and can be expanded and elaborated on as time permits later. Such an approach is not constrained by the tyranny of the strict alphabetical approach and the rigid word limits established by print media publishers. The information will be available only to the participants initially, during the first phase of development. It is estimated that in a year, or certainly less than two, a sufficiently comprehensive database will be developed to enable the program to offer specific information on line commercially via computer. Initial commercial customers would possibly be libraries. Then the service could be offered to subscribers, possibly through some of the existing standard services such as COMPUSERVE, INTELLIGATE, or GENIE. Once on line the database will continue to expand. It would have the added benefit to general historical studies in revealing areas which are weak in information, based on statistical monitoring of the questions being asked. This would then identify those areas that should be expanded. At a later date the computer database should have expanded sufficiently that it also can be made available to the participants and marketed to the general public on media such as the CDROM-I or other optical disks. At this point the text articles will be augmented with graphics (pictures, maps, tables) and sound. In this form it should serve as a great stimulus to increasing the interest of students and nonstudents alike in the study 21 of history. While the low cost of CDROM and the vast storage capability of the disks will allow storage of a large amount of information on a single disk along with the software for easy retrieval, professors might also like to have extracted from the total information base just the information relevant to a specific course and have it placed on a special disk for their students to read. A related product could be a book of readings of the material in the database specifically tailored to a course and printed on demand. One of the most important applications of the database will be the extensive bibliography that will be a key part of each entry. By accessing such bibliographies students will be able to focus their research more quickly than by using only typical library card catalogues. If this concept proves as popular and useful, then the service could be expanded and, by obtaining the reproduction rights to any number of articles published in the scholarly press, offer such for reprinting as desired by the participating instructors. The concept for this service is to scan the desired articles into a central computer and build an extensive selection. Then the instructor makes his selections for each course and the school bookstore can print the desired number of copies from their computer printer rather than taking the articles to a copy shop. The information for the database will be collected (1) directly via computer modem transmissions, or (2) from exchange of "floppy" disks from those participants who have access to such computer equipment, or (3) via legibly typed manuscripts that can be scanned by a scanner. The "input" side of adding information will be kept strictly separate from the "output" side of the on-line database. In other words, to preserve the integrity of the information, individuals will not be able to alter the database while accessing it. In addition, a supporting newsletter will be published which contains information submitted from participants. The newsletter will be disseminated both via the computer network and in print, for those not having direct access to a computer modem. A significant aspect of this effort and of the participating group is the international scope. Initially, there are known interested parties in over twenty-five countries. The search is continuing for possible participants in many more countries. One plan is to send a complete computer, with word processing software, to some places where they are not) et readily available. This should generate some lively exchanges when military historians in various countries are tied together and are able to discuss freely some past conflicts that separated their ancestors.

AN AMERICAN FEDERATION OF WORLD WAR IT ROUND TABLES

by Harold C. Deutsch

Though five decades will soon have passed since the conclusion of the Second World War, the response to succeeding anniversaries has indicated a growing national interest. It evidences itself in an outpouring of books, in the popUlarity of television programs of many types, and in the innumerable symposia and conferences that are marking one or another fiftieth anniversary. There is also the founding of a periodical devoted to that era and the ready attention of the press to newly released data and the comments of historians. Student enrollment of up to a thousand in college-level history courses featuring World War II testify to the interest of the rising generation. 22

Mter a very late start (they should have been established in the sixties at the latest), discussion and study groups at last appear to be proliferating. Among these is the Minnesota Twin Cities Round Table which has made steady progress since its organization in 1987. Commencing at that time with an attendance of 35 to 50, it can now count on an average of 100 and has gone as high as 200. A particularly satisfying feature is its appeal to a broad public from high school and college students to retired persons. Particularly welcome are the interest and active participation of veterans who have much to contribute in the way of personal insights and experience. Announcement~ at various professional meetings have led to an encouraging response from existing organizations and from individuals and groups interested in the formation of round tables in their own communities. The time now appears ripe for a more extensive canvassing of groups interested in the formation of a national federation of World War II round tables. There is no thought of an elaborate organization or of a single type of chapter. What we should like is something like a clearing house for ideas and activities, a sharing of experience and anticipations that may be useful as models or provide a stimulus to the establishment of new chapters. For the time being, the Minnesota Twin City "chapter" is ready to serve as a temporary headquarters for such a federation. We append a form that can be filled out by interested parties indicating readiness to consider affiliation with such a federation. The response and suggestions for our next steps will be discussed at the coming meeting of the American Committee on. the History of the Second World War at the Chicago 1991 convention of the American Historical Association. In 1990 the Committee endorsed the formation of World War II round tables as well as the proposal for a national federation.

For the Minnesota Twin Cities World War II Round Table: Donald Patton, Executive Secretary and Program Director* 7600 Parklawn Avenue, Suite 200 Edina, MN 55435 (612) 835-7600

Harold C. Deutsch, Adviser** May to October: Star Route Garrison, MN 56450 (612) 692-4608 November to April: 4318 Pond View Drive St. Paul, MN 55110 (612) 653-9518

*Donald Patton, Colonel in the U.S. Army Reserve, studied World War II at the University of Minnesota and the U.S. Army War College. **Harold C. Deutsch specializes in the history of the two World Wars. In 1938 he interviewed nearly a hundred leaders of the former conflict. During World War II he served with the Office of Strategic Services and was lent in 1945 to the Department of State for its special interrogation mission. In 1947 he offered the first American college course on World War II history and in 1963, at the Free University of Berlin, the first German course on that epoch. Retiring from the University of Minnesota in 1963, he served 13 years on the faculties of the National and Army War Colleges. 23

Please return this form to Donald Patton or Harold C. Deutsch, at the addresses listed on the previous page.

AN AMERICAN FEDERATION OF WORLD WAR II ROUND TABLES

Narne and address of respondent:

Are you currently associated with a World War II round table or kindred organization?

If so, please describe:

If not, are you interested in forming one? Would you welcome information on form and activities of the Minnesota Twin Cities Round Table and of others elsewhere? Please elucidate.

Would you welcome association with an American Federation of World War II Round Tables?

Would you be willing to contribute a small fee to defray expenses for postage, duplication, stationery, telephone, etc., of a national federation?

Would you welcome a packet of information on the organization and programs of the Minnesota Twin Cities Round Table? 24

U.S. AIR FORCE HISTORICAL RESEARCH CENTER RESEARCH GRANTS

The U.S. Air Force Historical Research Center (USAFHRC) announces research grants to encourage scholars to study the history of air power through the use of the USAF historical document collection at the Center. The Center will make several awards up to $2500 each to individuals who meet the criteria in this announcement and are willing to visit the Center for research during Fiscal Year 1992 (ending 30 September 1992). Recipients will be designated "Research Associates of the USAF Historical Research Center." Criteria: Applicants must have a graduate degree in history or related fields, or equivalent scholarly accomplishments. Their specialty of professional experience must be in aeronautics, astronautics, or military related subjects. They must not be in residence at Maxwell AFB, Alabama, and must be willing to visit the USAF Historical Research Center for a sufficient time to use the research materials for their proposed projects. Active duty military personnel are also eligible to receive a grant. Topics of Research: Proposed topics of research may include, but are not restricted to, Air Force history, military operations, education, training, administration, strategy, tactics, logistics, weaponry, technology, organization, policy, activities, and institutions. Broader subjects suitable for a grant include military history, civil-military relations, history of aeronautics or astronautics, relations among U.S. branches of service, military biographies, and international military relations. Preference will be given to those proposals that involve the use of primary sources held at the Center. Proposals for research of classified subjects can not be considered for research grants. As a general rule, records before 1955 are largely unclassified, while many later records remain classified. Examples of classified subjects include nuclear weapons and war planning, weapons systems presently in the Air Force inventory, and Air Force operations during the Vietnam War. Application Deadline: Applicants can request an application from the Commander, USAF Historical Research Center, Maxwell AFB AL 36112-6678. The completed application must be returned by 31 October 1991.

RESEARCHER'S QUERY ABOUT "RED SLICK"

Lorinda T. Butler is interviewing veterans of World War II from the Youngstown, Ohio, area. She is especially interested in a Special Forces unit called "Red Slick," which allegedly undertook assassination missions behind German lines. Anyone with information about "Red Slick" is requested to contact her at P.O. Box 5305, Poland, OH 44514. 25 RESEARCH MATERIALS

[The article below marks the first in a series entitled "An Insider's View," which hopefully will prove useful and interesting to the ACHSWW membership. The series will consist of essays by professional archivists, historians, and administrators at the foremost research repositories and centers of military studies in the United States (and possibly elsewhere.)]

AN INSIDER'S VIEW, Number 1

WORLD WAR IT HOLDINGS OF THE GEORGE C. MARSHAIL RESEARCH LffiRARY

by Glenn S. Cook

The George C. Marshall Research Library is located near the heart of Virginia's Shenandoah Valley in the historic town of Lexington, Virginia. The library is situated on land previously part of the Virginia Military Institute post. The property was donated to the George C. Marshall Foundation by the state of Virginia, and is surrounded by VMI on three sides and Washington and Lee University on the fourth. At the suggestion of President Harry S. Truman, the concept evolved to create a research facility to honor General of the Army George C. Marshall. The model for the research facility developed along the lines of the presidential libraries, with the exception of its being under private ownership rather than under direct supervision of the National Archives. Planning and research for the library began in a small office that was made available on the campus of Marshall's alma mater, VMI. Dedication of the building took place in 1964, with President Lyndon B. Johnson presenting the keynote address. Numerous dignitaries, both military and political, were in attendance to honor the memory of General Marshall, who had passed away five years prior to the dedication. Marshall tirelessly served this country as a soldier through both world wars, as presidential representative to China with the rank of ambassador, as secretary of state, and as secretary of defense. Marshall's advancement through the military ranks was slow following his graduation from VMI in 1901. He served in France during World War I, and following the war he became aide-de-camp to General Pershing. By the dawn of World War II, Marshall had become known as one of the leading military minds in the United States. In 1939 he became chief of staff of the U.S. Army simultaneously with the beginning of the war in Europe. He retained this position throughout the war years. Following the war, Marshall was finally ready to retire from actively serving this country. However, President Truman asked him to become his special representative to China with the rank of ambassador. This assignment turned out to be not only a great disappointment but also the only major failure of Marshall's illustrious career. Even he could not save China from the Communist threat that was engulfing much of Europe and 26

Asia. Following his China assignment, Marshall again attempted to retire from active service to his country. Times were precarious, and again Marshall was called out of retirement to serve, in the capacity of secretary of state. It was during this period that he developed and implemented the concept of aid to help restore the European economy. The Economic Recovery Program, more commonly known as the Marshall Plan, became a reality primarily due to his constant lobbying in Congress. Marshall won the Nobel Peace Prize for his contribution to the program that helped to rebuild Europe. He remains the only career military person ever to be awarded that prize. Again Marshall attempted to retire from actively serving his country, and once again he was asked to return, in the capacity of secretary of defense during the Korean War. All during Marshall's public service career he never had a desire to hold public office. In fact, he never voted in an election or belonged to a political party because he believed that a military person should never feel obligated to those who held political power. Marshall never complained about being called out of retirement in order to serve his country. He has left an exemplary legacy for future generations of American citizens.

ARCHlYAL HOWINGS

It is only logical that the most extensive collection in the Marshall Library is the papers of George C. Marshall. In addition to Marshall's papers, the holdings consist of 125 manuscript collections, 35,000 photographs, 180 oral histories, 120 films, 700 posters, a number of maps, journals and newspapers, and a library collection in excess of 20,000 volumes. This multimedia collection has been developed to lend support to the life and times of Marshall. The time period of the holdings span the years 1900 to 1960. They document World War I, World War II, the Korean War, the Cold War, and the Marshall Plan years. There are two published guides available upon request: John N. Jacob, George C. Marshall Papers, 1932-1960: A Guide (Lexington, Va.: George C. Marshall Foundation, 1987); Anita M. Weber, comp., Manuscript Collections of the George C. Marshall Library: A Guide (Lexington, Va.: George C. Marshall Foundation, 1986.) The Susanna P. Turner, Otto L. Nelson, and James Van Fleet papers, which are listed below, are not included in the two guides. The following description of relevant manuscript collections has been arranged as much as possible by topic. The number in parentheses following the size of the collection is the collection number.

George C. Marshall Papers 1932-1960 130 linear feet (1)

The papers of George C. Marshall are divided into the following categories: Fort Benning, 1932; Fort Screven, 1932-1933; Fort Moultrie, 1933; Illinois National Guard, 1933-1936; Vancouver Barracks, 1936-1938; Pentagon Office, 1938-1951; China Mission, 1945-1947; Secretary of State, 1947-1948; American Battle Monuments Commission, 1949­ 1950; American Red Cross, 1949-1950; Secretary of Defense, 1950-1952; and Retirement, 1951-1960. The papers in this collection consist of correspondence, shorthand notebooks, engagement books, speeches, and scrapbooks. Within each division the papers are 27 arranged chronologically, with the exception of correspondence which is alphabetical by name of correspondent.

George C. Marshall Collection 1914-1959 1.25 linear feet (108)

This collection consists of outgoing correspondence from Marshall. Included are letters to Harry S. Truman, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Henry Cabot Lodge, Omar N. Bradley, Claude M. Adams, J. Clifford Miller, C. J. George, and Rose Page Wilson. Most of the letters in this collection are personal in nature.

Marshall Foundation National Archives Project 1916-1959 96 linear feet and 736 microfilm reels (2)

During the early years of the Marshall Foundation an office was set up at the National Archives to copy documents relevant to the life and times of George C. Marshall. This collection consists of approximately 1,000,000 documents copied from such record groups as the Army files, War Department files, State Department files, and Defense Department files. An extensive index to this collection allows easy access to the variety of topics covered within the documents.

THE WILLIAM AND ELIZEBETH FRIEDMAN RESEARCH ROOM

William F. and Elizebeth S. Friedman are considered to be two of the leading cryptologists in American history. The collection (1831-1982) consists of their private library, correspondence, patents, codes and ciphers of ancient peoples, the Voynich manuscripts, and research on the question of who authored the writings of Shakespeare. Material is also included on the topics of MAGIC and ULTRA communications intelligence during World War II. Both William and Elizebeth Friedman were involved in the decoding and deciphering of messages on such topics as bootlegging, war codes and ciphers, and treasure maps. The total collection exceeds 165 linear feet of material. In addition, the museum has a display of cipher machines and wheels that were used by the Friedmans. The Marshall Library has a number of Riverbank publications that were donated along with the collection. The Riverbank publications were written by William Friedman covering a variety of topics related to cryptanalysis. Extra publications are for sale to help with the cost of maintaining the collection. 28

WOMEN'S ARMY CORPS (WOMEN'S ARMY AUXILIARY CORPS) [The Women's Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC), established in May 1942, became the Women's Army Corps (WAC) in July 1943.]

Lelia Cocke Bagbey Papers 1942-1945 6 file folders (61)

Bagbey, a native of Roanoke, Virginia, joined the WAAC in 1942. The collection includes correspondence, telegrams, clippings, photographs, and a scrapbook.

Rebecca L Brockenbrough Papers 1942-1945 .5 linear foot (64)

The documents in this collection include correspondence, telegrams, and photographs. The correspondence is written by Rebecca to her sister Elizabeth. Documented are early training in the WAAC, her experiences in Europe, and V-E Day in France. Some of the correspondence has been blacked out for personal reasons.

Mary Fourqurean Fry Collection 1942-1946 .5 linear foot (63)

The collection contains material on WAAC enlistment procedures; the WAAC Officer Training Program at Des Moines, Iowa, where she was a member of the first group trained; WAACs' life at home and abroad; and V-E Day celebrations in Italy. The collection consists of correspondence, clippings, and photographs.

Martha Rector McGee Collection 1942-1943 2 file folders (62)

The collection consists of correspondence, clippings, and magazine articles documenting McGee's service as a WAAC recruiting staff member.

Susanna P. Turner Papers 1942-1946 .25 linear foot (125)

Turner was a member of the first Officers Candidate School for the WAAC, was one of ten selected for the Command and General Staff School, taught new enlistees in Iowa, and was assigned to the Signal Corps where she worked at the Pentagon. The papers consist of correspondence from Turner to her mother from various locations where she was stationed.

Margaret C. Wotherspoon Collection 1943-1947 3 file folders (66)

Wotherspoon was the first woman admitted to the WAAC and the first woman doctor to be promoted to the rank of major in the Army Medical Corps. The collection consists of a copy of a report she completed entitled "History of Psychiatric Aspects of Women Serving in the Army." 29

WORlD WAR IT COLLECTIONS

Robert Alexander Collection 1945 .25 linear foot (51)

The Alexander Collection consists of military reports, articles, a journal, and photographs regarding the return of American forces to Corregidor, the Philippines, February 16 to March 8, 1945.

William R. Arnold Papers 1937-1945 2 linear feet (3)

Arnold was chief of chaplains, U.S. Army, 1937-1945. The collection consists of correspondence and articles written for publication.

Hanson W. Baldwin Papers 1917-1977 5.75 linear feet (49)

This collection is divided into two periods of service, World War I and World War II. The World War II papers consist of military operations reports, press releases, Nuremberg Trial documents, and war plans sessions reports.

Haydon L Boatner Papers 1941-1945 .25 linear foot (90)

Boatner was Joseph W. Stilwell's chief of staff. This collection is his account of events in China during the years 1941-1945. Boatner's marginal notes are included on copies of dispatches and memoranda contained in these papers.

Leon T. David Diary 1939-1943 1 file folder (79)

This is a copy of the diary kept by David while he served as commander of the School for Special Services during the first four months of operation in Lexington, Virginia.

Harvey A DeWeerd Papers 1914-1979 4.5 linear feet (89)

The papers include correspondence and documents related to DeWeerd's military career. He was contributing editor for the Infantry Journal.

Handy B. Fant Papers 1931-1932; 1940 .5 linear foot (88)

This collection consists of War Department bulletins and lesson plans used by the Infantry School. The bulletins include such topics as French artillery, German air and army signals, Fifth Column activity, and German army rationing. 30

Harold S. From Manuscripts 1943-1945 3 file folders (101)

The collection contains manuscripts of edited letters detailing Frum's war experiences.

Leslie R. Groves Collection 1942-1945 2 linear feetl1 volume and 5 reels of microfilm (48)

Groves was the military commander of the Manhattan Engineering District, in which role he was responsible for the development and testing of the atomic bomb. This collection consists of 21 documents he put into a scrapbook related to this position. The microfilm documents the Army's role in developing the bomb. This material was previously classified ''Top Secret" but has since been declassified and made available for research use.

Franz Halder Diaries 1939-1942 1 linear foot (59)

This collection is a typescript translation of the diary written by Halder, who was chief of the General Staff of the Supreme Command of the General Army of Germany. Evolution of both the French and Russian campaigns is discussed.

Thomas T. Handy Papers 1935-1981 2 linear feet (102)

This collection consists mainly of correspondence covering various aspects of Handy's career. He served as assistant chief of staff for operations and later as deputy chief of staff under George C. Marshall during World War II. A small portion of the correspondence concerns battle plans during the war.

Frank L Holland Papers 1924-1957 6 linear feet (83)

Holland became a Japanese prisoner of war in 1942. The collection consists of a diary he kept, correspondence between him and his wife, and five scrapbooks kept by his wife. Holland was killed when his prison ship was sunk by U.S. air strikes.

George F. Howe Collection 1942-1957 .25 linear foot (84)

The collection consists of correspondence regarding the invasion of French North Mrica by Allied troops in 1942. 31

D. M. King Collection 1945 4 file folders (51)

King was commanding officer of the Wehrmacht Proving Grounds at Hillersleben, Germany, in 1945. This collection consists of Ninth Army operation orders, daily bulletins, and maps.

John P. Lucas Diary 1943 1 file folder (38)

The collection consists of his diary of events kept during the Sicilian campaign in 1943. Included are troop movements and campaign progress.

Frank McCarthy Papers 1941-1949; 1972-1977 31 linear feet (16)

The majority of this collection documents McCarthy's Hollywood career. The portion pertaining to World War II consists of correspondence and other material dealing with inspection trips and arrangements for Allied conferences when he served on General Marshall's staff.

Reginald N. MacDonald-Buchanan Papers 1942-1962 1 file folder (68)

Included are notes and correspondence regarding the relationship between George C. Marshall and Sir John Dill. MacDonald-Buchanan was Dill's aide-de-camp during the years 1941-1942.

Francis P. Miller Papers 1917-1976 5.5 linear feet (15)

The World War II material concerns Miller's service overseas with the Office of Strategic Services and SHAEF. Included are correspondence, clippings, status reports, and intelligence gathering.

Otto L Nelson Papers 1937-1985 6 linear feet (126)

Nelson's papers document the reorganization of the Army and War Department during World War II. Included in this collection are the minutes of the General War Council between the years 1942 and 1944.

Jim Scow Papers 1944-1954 .25 linear foot (58)

These papers document Scow's career as a member of the U.S. Army Medical Corps in the Philippines and Korea. 32

William T. Sexton Papers 1939-1944 1.5 linear feet (4)

This collection consists of correspondence and memoranda regarding Sexton's service as assistant secretary and secretary in the Office of the Chief of Staff under George C. Marshall.

William T. Stokes, Jr. Papers 1942-1968 .5 linear foot (67)

The military portion of this collection contains eight handwritten notebooks documenting his service in North Mrica and England and papers concerning the Normandy landing.

Royce L Thompson Collection 1944-1958 1 linear foot (44)

The collection consists of two unpublished manuscripts dealing with invasion casualties in the European Theater of Operations and American intelligence about German operations of November 1-December 15, 1944.

Lucian K. Truscott, Jr. Papers 1938-1964 12 linear feet (20)

The World War II papers deal with his assignments with the European Theater of Operations headquarters and his commands of the Third Division, VI Corps, Fifth Army, and Third Army. The papers consist of correspondence, diaries, clippings, operations plans, and transcripts of telephone conversations.

James A Van Fleet Papers 1892- Ca. 85 linear feet

This collection is being processed and will be available to researchers in July 1992. [Van Fleet led the 90th Division and the III Corps in the war against Germany, 1944-1945, and the Eighth Army in the Korean War, 1951-1953.]

Mark Skinner Watson Notes 1942-1947 1 file folder (116)

Watson was an artillery officer in World War II, a war correspondent during World War II, and later author of a volume in the official Army history of the latter war. The collection consists of notes taken from War Department, Chief of Staff, Army, and Operations Division records. Topics of concern are TORCH, Army personnel needs, morale, and weapons development. 33

Reginald Winn Collection 1942-1944 2 file folders (78)

This collection contains the unpublished manuscript completed by Winn describing his experiences as aide-de-camp to Sir John Dill. Included in the collection are six speeches given by Dill and material regarding travel to various conferences during the war.

Tomoyuki Yamashita Trial Memorandum 1949-1950 1 file folder (114)

This collection documents the attempt by Courtney Whitney to refute the claim that the Japanese war crimes trials were unfair and unlawful.

John C. Young Collection 1947-1948 12 linear feet (55)

The collection contains material related to Case 12 of the Nuremberg War Crimes Trial. Also included are transcripts of the Tribunal and information on German organization and doctrine.

FOREIGN SERVICE AND MARSHAll PlAN

Foreign Economic Association Draft Report 1945-1946 1 file folder (86)

The collection consists of a staff paper for the Foreign Economic Association prior to its termination at the end of World War II. Included is an overview of the economic intelligence operations of BEW/FEA during the U.S. war involvement years.

Harry B. Price Papers 1951-1955 2.5 linear feet (12)

The collection contains correspondence, interviews, press reports, and reports of people directly involved in the Marshall Plan.

U.S. Embassy-Austria Collection 1951-1968 .5 linear foot (80)

The collection contains information on the implementation and functions of the Marshall Plan in Austria. Included are ledgers recording loans to industries and government decisions. 34 c. Tyler Wood Papers 1885-1983 27 linear feet (99)

Wood was a State Department official for three decades and a key figure in the implementation of the Marshall Plan. Most of these papers document his career as a diplomat and not his involvement in the Marshall Plan.

RESEARCH POLICIES

LIbrary Hours and Holidays

The research facilities at the Marshall Library are open Monday through Friday from 8:30 to 4:30. The library is closed on Labor Day, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Thanksgiving and the day following, Christmas and the week following, and New Year's Day.

Using the Facilities

The Marshall Research Library is a research archives and strict security measures are enforced. The materials in the collections are valuable resources that in most cases are not available elsewhere. It is possible to walk in to the library and receive assistance, but preference is given to researchers who contact the archivist ahead of time. Prior notification allows the staff to locate relevant material before the researcher arrives. Upon arrival, each researcher is required to fill out an application for research form and must present one form of identification with photograph. Once the researcher has completed the necessary forms he or she can begin using the necessary materials. The research room is separated from the library reading room to provide a quiet place to study. All materials with the exception of paper, pen or pencil, and laptop computers are to be locked in lockers away from the study area.

Reference Services

The reference staff provides the following services: Information and assistance with library material Interlibrary loan services Photocopying services Assistance with archives collections and finding aids Limited phone and mail-in research request assistance

The reference staff does not provide evaluative, extensive, or detailed research assistance. Appraisal of collections and documents cannot be done by the library staff, although they may be able to assist in finding a competent person to do an appraisal. 35

Photocopy Services

Photocopying of documents for researchers is done only when staff time allows. For this reason, if extensive copying is requested, it may be necessary for the staff to mail the copies once completed. The charge for photocopying is ten cents per page. It is the responsibility of the researcher not to violate copyright laws of the United States, Title 17, U.S. Code. Under no circumstances will entire books or extensive sections of other published materials be copied.

Research Grants

The George C. Marshall Research Foundation, a private, nonprofit organization, offers research grants for students currently working on research for completion of their Ph.D degrees. The grant amount varies depending on the amount of travel and the extent of related expenses incurred by the researcher. Persons interested in information about grants should contact the archivist at the library: Glenn S. Cook ArchivistlLibrarian George C. Marshall Research Library P.O. Box 1600 Lexington, VA 24450 (703) 463-7103

RESEARa-I RESOURCES AT THE NATIONAL ARClllVES

ACCESSIONS OR DECLASSIFICATIONS:

Records of the U.S. High Commission for Germany

Records of the Decartelization Division, 1949-1955 (1 cubic foot); the Extradition Board, Registers and Case Files, 1945-1952 (2 cubic feet); and Berlin Element, Security Segregated General Records, 1949-1955 (5 cubic feet) have been declassified and are available from the Reference Branch, Washington National Records Center, Suitland, Md.; telephone: (301) 763-7410.

Records of the National War Labor Board (World War II) (RG 202)

Field records of Region I, 1942-1946, have been transferred to the New England Region from Washington. 68 cubic feet. 36

Records of the Selective Service System (RG 147)

Applications by aliens for relief from military service and personal histories and statements by aliens, 1940-1947, have been accessioned by the Northeast Region. The records originated in Albany and Brooklyn, New York; Trenton, New Jersey; and St. Thomas, Virgin Islands. 104 cubic feet.

Records of the Selective Service System (RG 147)

Accessioned by the Pacific ~orthwest Region are applications by aliens and Japanese-Americans for relief from military service. The creating offices were located in Idaho, Oregon, and Washington. 6 cubic feet.

Anna Eleanor Roosevelt Papers

The Franklin D. Roosevelt Library has accessioned Anna Eleanor Roosevelt's "My Day" columns, ca. 1938, 1941, 1945. Ca. 1,000 pages.

C. Craig Cannon Papers

The Dwight D. Eisenhower Library has received an addition to the Cannon Papers. Cannon was an aide to General Eisenhower in 1945. Less than 1 cubic foot.

PUBLICATIONS:

A brochure listing publications, gifts, and audiovisual programs relating to World War II has been produced to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of U.S. entry into the war. The brochure is available from Publications Services (NEPS), National Archives, Washington, DC 20408.

The following microfilm publications are available for purchase at $23 per roll from Publications Services (NEPS), National Archives, Washington, DC 20408:

The Military Intelligence Division Regional File Relatin~ to China, 1922­ 1944. (M1512, 58 rolls.) Records of the War Department General and Special Staffs, RG 165.

History of the London Office of the OSS. (M1623, 10 rOlls.) Records of the Office of Strategic Services, RG 226.

Bush-Conant File Relating to the Development of the Atomic Bomb. 1940­ 1945. (M1392, 14 rolls.) Records of the Office of Scientific Research and Development, RG 227. Introduction by Marjorie Heins Ciarlante. 37

Stars and Stripes: Newspaper of the U.S. Armed Forces in the Pacific, 1945­ 1963. (M1624, 166 rolls.) Publications of the U.S. Government, RG 287.

RESEARCH RESOURCES AT TIlE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS MANUSCRIPT DIVISION

Among the recent accessions and openings are the personal papers of the following: Adm. John J. Ballentine; Vice Adm. George C. Dyer (including the papers of Adm. James O. Richardson); Stewart Hensley, journalist in India during World War II; Wallace Carroll, concerning propaganda and psychological tactics used during World War II; and Rayford W. Logan, acting chair in the early 1940s of the Committee on Participation of Negroes in the National Defense Program.

SELECf BffiUOGRAPHY OF BOOKS AND ARTICLES IN ENGLISH RElATING TO THE WORLD WAR n ERA

The following select bibliography includes works published from January 1, 1990, to May 1, 1991. The next issue will include more titles from that period as well as ones from May 1, 1991, to October 1, 1991. Installments appearing in future issues will continue to include titles published since January 1, 1990. The bibliography was compiled with the assistance of Erlene James.

BOOKS:

Baird, Jay W. To Die for Germany: Heroes in the Nazi Pantheon. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1990.

Baughman, Zygmunt. Modernity and the Holocaust. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1990.

Bennett, Edward M. Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Search for Victory: American-Soviet Relations. 1939-1945. Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly Resources, 1990.

Berube, Allan. Comin~ Out Under Fire: The History of Gay Men and Women in World War II. New York: Free Press, 1990.

Budzbon, Przemyslaw. Soviet Navy at War, 1941-1945. London: Arms and Armour Press, 1990.

Cole, C. Robert. Britain and the War of Words in Neutral Europe, 1939-45: The Art of the Possible. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1990. 38

Collier, Richard. Fighting Words: The War Correspondents of World War II. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1990.

Conroy, Hilary, and Harry Wray, eds. Pearl Harbor Reexamined: Prolo~e to the Pacific War. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1990.

Controvich, James T. The Central Pacific Campaign. 1943-1944: A Bibliography. Westport, Conn.: Meckler, 1990.

Cray, Ed. General of the Army: George C. Marshall: Soldier and Statesman. New York: Norton, 1990.

Culbert, David, ed. Film and Propaganda in America: A Documenta:ry Histo:ry. Vol. 2, World War II. Part 1; vol. 3, World War II. Part 2. New York: Greenwood Press, 1990.

De Jong, Louis. The Netherlands and Nazi Germany. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1990.

Delarue, Jacques. The Gestapo: A Histo:ry of Horror. New York: Paragon, 1990.

D'Este, Carlo. World War II in the Mediterranean. 1942-1945. Chapel Hill, N.C.: Algonquin Books, 1990.

Doenecke, Justus D., ed. In Danger Undaunted: The Anti-Interventionist Movement of 1940-41 as Revealed in the Papers of the America First Committee. Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution, 1990.

Doughty, Robert A. The Breaking Point: Sedan and the Fall of France. 1940. Hamden, Conn.: Archon Books, 1990.

Dykes, Vivian. Establishing the Anglo-American Alliance: The Second World War Diaries of Brigadier Vivian Dykes. Ed. by Alex Danchev. London: Brassey's, 1990.

Ellis, John. Brute Force: Allied Strategy and Tactics in the Second World War. New York: Viking, 1990.

Enser, A. G. A Subject Bibliography of the Second World War: Books in English. 1975­ 1987. Brookfield, Vt.: Gower, 1990.

Frank, Richard B. Guadalcanal. New York: Random House, 1990.

Funk, Arthur L., compo Fighting for Freedom. the United States in World War II: A Select Bibliography of Books in English on the Second World War [1985-1990]. Washington: U.S. Information Agency, 1990.

Gabel, Kurt. The Making of a Paratrooper: Airborne Training and Combat in World War II. Ed. by William C. Mitchell. Lawrence, Kans.: University Press of Kansas, 1990. 39

Gannon, Michael. Operation Drumbeat: The Dramatic True Story of Germany's First U-Boat Attacks alonlit the American Coast in World War II. New York: Harper and Row, 1990.

Gebhardt, James F. The Petsamo-Kirkenes Operation: Soviet Breakthrough and Pursuit in the Arctic, October 1944. Fort Leavenworth, Kans.: Combat Studies Institute, U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, 1990.

Gillcrist, Paul T. Feet Wet: Reflections of a Carrier Pilot. Novato, Calif.: Presidio Press, 1990.

Glantz, David M. From the Don to the Dnepr: A Study of Soviet Offensive Operations, December 1942-August 1943. London: Frank Cass, 1990.

Glantz, David M. Soviet Military Intelligence in War. London: Frank Cass, 1990.

Gooch, John, ed. Decisive Campaigns of the Second World War. London: Frank Cass, 1990.

Gromyko, Andrei A. Memoirs. Trans. by Harold Shukman. New York: Doubleday, 1990.

Gutman, Israel, ed. Encyclopedia of the Holocaust. 4 vols. New York: Macmillan, 1990.

Handel, Michael I., ed. Intelligence and Strategy in the Second World War. London: Frank Cass, 1990.

Hilderbrand, Robert C. Dumbarton Oaks: The Origins of the United Nations and the Search for Postwar Security. Chapel HilI, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1990.

Hilsman, Roger. American Guerrilla: My War Behind Japanese Lines. Washington: Brasseys, 1990.

Hoehling, A. A. The Fighting Liberty Ships: A Memoir. Kent,O.: Kent State University Press, 1990.

Hubbard, Preston J. Apocalypse Undone: My Survival of Japanese Imprisonment during World War II. Nashville, Tenn.: Vanderbilt University Press, 1990.

Iriye, Akira, and Warren Cohen, eds. American, Chinese, and Japanese Perspectives on Wartime Asia, 1931-1949. Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly Resources, 1990.

Jablonsky, David. Churchill: The Great Game and Total War. London: Frank Cass, 1990.

Keegan, John. The Second World War. New York: Viking, 1990. 40

Keyssar, Helene, and Vladimer Pozner. Rememberinfj War: A U.S.-Soviet Dialogue. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.

Kitchen, Martin. A World in Flames: A Short History of the Second World War in Europe and Asia. 1939-1945. New York: Longman, 1990.

Kurzman, Dan. Fatal Voyage: The Sinking of the U.S.S. Indianapolis. New York: Atheneum, 1990.

La Forte, Robert S., and Ronald E. Marcello, eds. Remembering Pearl Harbor: Eyewitness Accounts by U.S. Military Men and Women. Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly Resources, 1991.

Laloy, Jean. Yalta: Yesterday. Today, Tomorrow. Trans. by William R. Tyler. New York: Harper and Row, 1990.

Lang, Berel. Act and Idea in the Nazi Genocide. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990.

Lindstrom, Lamont, and Geoffrey M. White. Island Encounters: Black and White Memories of the Pacific War. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1990.

Litoff, Judy Barrett, et aI., eds. Miss You: The World War II Letters of Barbara Woodqall Taylor and Charles E. Taylor. Athens, Ga.: University of Georgia Press, 1990.

Lucas, Richard c., ed. Out of the Inferno: Poles Remember the Holocaust. Lexington, Ky.: University of Kentucky Press, 1990.

Lunt, James. The Retreat from Burma: 1941-1942. BruneI House, England: David and Charles, 1990.

McCormick, Ken, and H. Darby Perry. Images of War: The Artists' Vision of World War II. New York: CroWD, 1990.

Macksey, Kenneth. Invasion: The German Invasion of England, July 1940. Novato, Calif.: Presidio Press, 1990.

Markovna, Nina. Nina's Journey: A Memoir of Stalin's Russia and the Second World War. Washington: Regnery Gateway, 1990.

Marshall, George C. The Papers of George Catlett Marshall. Vol. 3, "The Right Man for the Job," December 7, 1941-May 31. 1943. Ed. by Larry 1. Bland and Sharon Ritenour Stevens, Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins Press, 1991.

Martin, David. The Web of Disinformation: Churchill's Yugoslav Blunder. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1990. 41

Mierzejewski, Alfred C. The Collapse of the German War Economy, 1944-1945. Chapel Hill, N,C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1990.

Minear, Richard H., ed. and trans. Hiroshima: Three Witnesses, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1990.

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Nash, Gerald D. World War II and the West: Reshaping the Economy. Lincoln, Nebr.: University of Nebraska Press, 1990.

Noggle, Anne. For God, Country and the Thrill of It: Women Airforce Service Pilots in World War II. College Station, Tex.: Texas A&M University Press, 1990.

Parker, R. A. C. Struggle for Survival: The History of the Second World War. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.

Parrish, Thomas. Roosevelt and Marshall. New York: Morrow, 1990.

Potter, E. B. Admiral Arleigh Burke: A Biography. New York: Random House, 1990.

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Rogers, Paul P. The Good Years: MacArthur and Sutherland. New York: Praeger, 1990.

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Rothbrust, Florian K. Guderian's XIXth Panzer Corps and the Battle of France: Breakthrough in the Ardennes, May 1940. New York: Praeger, 1990. 42

Sadkovich, James J., ed. Reevaluating Major Naval Combatants of World War II. New York: Greenwood Press, 1990.

Sbrega, John J. The War Against Japan. 1941-1945: An Annotated Bibliography. New York: Garland, 1990.

Seaton, Albert. The Russo-German War. 1941-45. Novato, Calif.: Presidio Press, 1990.

Sirgiovanni, George. An Undercurrent of Suspicion: Anti-Communism in America during World War II. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction, 1990.

Slackman, Michael. Target: Pearl Harbor. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1990.

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Wilt, Alan F. War From the Top: German and British Military Decision Making during World War II. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1990.

Woods, Randall Bennett. A Changing of the Guard: Anglo-American Relations, 1941­ 1946. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1990.

Zentner, Christian, and Friedemann Bediirftig, eds. Encyclopedia of the Third Reich. New York: Macmillan, 1990.

ARTICLES

Alexander, Martin S. "The Fall of France, 1940." Journal of Strategic Studies 13 (March 1990): 10-44.

Allen, Louis. "The Campaigns in Asia and the Pacific." Journal of Strategic Studies 13 (March 1990): 162-192.

Alperovitz, Gar. "Why the United States Dropped the Bomb." Technology Review 93 (August-September 1990): 22-34.

Ambrose, Stephen E. "Eisenhower's Generalship." Parameters 20 (June 1990): 2-12.

Bailey, Anthony. '''Bloody Marvelous'" [Dunkirk]. MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History 3 (Winter 1991): 36-43.

Barrow, P. deS. "The Anatomy of Encirclement" [Eastern Front]. British Army Review 95 (August 1990): 17-20.

Beaumont, Joan. "Starving for Democracy: Britain's Blockade of and Relief for Occupied Europe, 1939-1945." War and Society 8 (October 1990): 57-82.

Beaumont, Roger A. '''Wehrmacht Mystique' Revisited." Military Review 70 (February 1990): 64-75.

Berthoff, Rowland. "A Rejoinder on Wartime Anti-Semitism." Journal of American History 77 (September 1990): 590.

Campbell, D'Ann. "Servicewomen of World War II." Armed Forces & Society 16 (Winter 1990): 251-270.

Capecci, Dominic J., Jr., and Martha Wilkerson. "The Detroit Rioters of 1943: A Reinterpretation." Michigan Historical Review 16 (Spring 1990): 49-72.

Ceva, Lucio. "The North Mrican Campaign 1940-43: A Reconsideration." Journal of Strategic Studies 13 (March 1990): 84-104. 44

Cowdrey, Albert E. "German Prisoners of War in American Hands." Army History 14 (April 1990): 10-11.

Daniel, Pete. "Going Among Strangers: Southern Reactions to World War II." Journal of American History 77 (December 1990): 886-911.

Davis, David Brion. "World War II and Memory." Journal of American History 77 (September 1990): 580-587.

Davis, Richard G. "Carl A. Spaatz and the Development of the Royal Air Force-U.S. Army Air Corps Relationship, 1939-1940." Journal of Military History 54 (October 1990): 453-472.

De Normann, J. R. C. "The Use of the Strategic Bomber Forces over Normandy. Success or Failure?" British Army Review 96 (December 1990): 14-18.

Dick, Ron. "Battle of Britain." Air Power History 37 (Summer 1990): 11-25.

Doughty, Robert A. "'Almost a Miracle'" [Sedan, 1940]. MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History 2 (Spring 1990): 42-51.

Eldredge, H. Wentworth. "Biggest Hoax of the War: Operation Fortitude: The Allied Deception Plan that Fooled the Germans about Normandy." Air Power History 37 (Fall 1990): 15-22.

Farquharson, John. "After Sealion: A German Channel Tunnel?" Journal of Contemporary History 25 (October 1990): 409-430.

Faulkner, Richard S. "Learning the Hard Way: The Coordination Between Infantry Divisions and Separate Tank Battalions during the Breakout from Normandy." Armor 70 (July-August 1990): 24-29.

Feagin, Joe R., and Kelly Riddell. "The State, Capitalism, and World War II: The U.S. Case." Armed Forces & Society 17 (Fall 1990): 53-79.

Foot, M. R. D. "Stay-Behind Parties" [guerrilla warfare]. History Today 40 (August 1990): 35-38.

Fox, Richard W., et al. "A Round Table: The Living and Reliving of World War II." Journal of American History 77 (September 1990): 553-593.

Franklin, John Hope. 'Their War and Mine." Journal of American History 77 (September 1990): 576-579.

Gander, Terry. "From the Sudetenland to the Atlantic Wall." Fortress 4 (February 1990): 53-57. 45

Gooch, John. "Decisive Campaigns of the Second World War." Journal of Strate~ic Studies 13 (March 1990): 1-9.

Gordon, John, IV. "Battle in the Streets: Manila, 1945." Field Artillery 4 (August 1990): 24-29.

Haislip, Wade H. "Corps Command in World War II." Militaty Review 70 (May 1990): 22-32.

Hane, Mikiso. "Wartime Internment." Journal of American History 77 (September 1990): 569-575.

Harms, Richard H. "Grand Rapids during World War 11." Michigan History 74 (March/April 1990): 25-29.

Keegan, John. "Berlin." MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History 2 (Winter 1990): 72-83.

Keehn, Richard H., and Gene Smiley. "Small Business Reactions to World War II Government Controls." Essays in Economic and Business History 8 (1990): 303-316.

Kirkpatrick, Charles E. "Strategic Planning for World War II: The Victory Plan in Context." Army History 3 (Fall 1990): 17-21.

Klimow, Matthew S. "Lying to the Troops: American Leaders and the Defense of Bataan." Parameters 20 (December 1990): 48-60.

Krammer, Arnold. "American Treatment of German Generals during World War II." Journal of Military History 54 (January 1990): 27-46.

Lambert, Jack. "Pearl Harbor Revisited." Air Power History 37 (Summer 1990): 37-40.

Lebedeva, Nataliya. "The Katyn Tragedy." International Affairs 6 (June 1990): 98-115, 144.

Leff, Mark H. ''The Politics of Sacrifice on the American Home Front in World War II." Journal of American History 77 (March 1991): 1296-1318.

Lerner, Gerda. "Another View" [Anti-Semitism during World War II]. Journal of American HistoIY 77 (September 1990): 588-589.

Litoff, Judy Barrett, and David C. Smith. "Since You Went Away: The World War II Letters of Barbara Woodall Taylor." Women's Studies 17 (nos. 3-4, 1990): 249-276.

Litoff, Judy Barrett, and David C. Smith. '''Will He Get My Letter?' Popular Portrayals of Mail and Morale during World War II." Journal of Popular Culture 23 (Spring 1990): 21-43. 46

McCormick, Ken, and H. Darby Perry. "The Murmansk Run." MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History 3 (Autumn 1990): 96-103.

McGlasson, W. D. "National Guard Mobilized for World War II." National Guard 44 (September 1990): 26-34.

MacLean, French L. "German General Officer Casualties in World War II: Lessons for Future War." Military Review 70 (April 1990): 45-56.

Manley, Kathleen E. B. "Women of Los Alamos during World War II: Some of Their Views." New Mexico Historical Review 65 (April 1990): 251-266.

Merrill, Edson L. "Three Thousand Meals a Day." Marine Corps Gazette 74 (November 1990): 88-93.

Merson, Martin. "Were the Pearl Harbor Commanders Accorded 'Due Process' Under the 'Bill of Rights'?" Officer Review 29 (May 1990): 5-8.

Milner, Marc. "The Battle of the Atlantic." Journal of Strategic Studies 13 (March 1990): 45-66.

Morgan, Ted. "When the Maquis Stood and Fought." MHO: The Quarterly Journal of Military History 2 (Winter 1990): 104-111.

Muir, Malcolm, Jr. "Rearming in a Vacuum: United States Navy Intelligence and the Japanese Capital Ship Threat, 1936-1945." Journal of Military History 54 (October 1990): 473-485.

Munch, Paul G. "Patton's Staff and the Battle of the Bulge." Military Review 70 (May 1990): 46-54.

Murray, Williamson. "The Battle of Britain: How Did 'The Few' Win?" MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History 2 (Summer 1990): 8-21.

Pavalko, Eliza K., and Glen H. Elder, Jr. "World War II and Divorce: A Life-Course Perspective." American Journal of Sociology 95 (March 1990): 1213-1234.

Perkins, Bradford. "Impressions of Wartime." Journal of American History 77 (September 1990): 563-568.

Pitt, Barrie. "Italy's Pearl Harbor" [Taranto]. MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History 3 (Spring 1991): 50-57.

Porch, Douglas. "Why Did France Fall?" MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History 2 (Spring 1990): 30-41. 47

Portz, Matt. "Naval Aviation in World War II: Aviation Training and Expansion." Naval Aviation News 72 (July-August 1990): 22-27.

Rastelli, Achille, and Erminio Bagnasco. ''The Sinking of the Italian Aircraft Carrier Aquila: A Controversial Question." Warship International (no. 1, 1990): 55-70.

Reid, Brian H. "The Italian Campaign, 1943-45: A Reappraisal of Allied Generalship." Journal of Strategic Studies 13 (March 1990): 128-161.

Scott, Anne Firor. "One Woman's Experience of World War IL" Journal of American History 77 (September 1990): 553-562.

Smith, Malcolm. "The Allied Air Offensive." Journal of Strategic Studies 13 (March 1990): 67-83.

Sonnichsen, C. L. "Fat Man and Storytellers: Los Alamos in Fiction." New Mexico Historical Review 65 (January 1990): 49-71.

Syrett, David. "The Safe and Timely Arrival of Convoy SC 130, 15-25 May 1943." American Neptune 50 (Summer 1990): 219-227.

Thelen, David. "An Mterthought on Scale and History" [in World War II]. Journal of American History 77 (September 1990): 591-593.

Torigian, Michael. "National Unity on the Waterfront: Communist Politics and the ILWU during the Second World War." Labor History 30 (Summer 1990):. 409-432.

Villa, Brian L. "Mountbatten, the British Chiefs of Staff, and Approval of the Dieppe Raid." Journal of Military History 54 (April 1990): 201-226.

Walker, J. Samuel. ''The Decision to Use the Bomb: A Historiographical Update." Diplomatic History 14 (Winter 1990): 97-114.

Weigley, Russell F. "From the Normandy Beaches to the Falaise-Argentan Pocket." Military Review 70 (September 1990): 45-64.

Windrow, Martin, and Bruce Quarrie. "Bernard Montgomery and Erwin Rommel, 1940." Military Illustrated Past and Present 28 (September 1990): 65-67.

Woodruff, Nan E. "Pick or Fight: The Emergency Farm Labor Program in the Arkansas and Mississippi Deltas during World War II." Agricultural History 64 (Spring 1990): 74­ 85.

Worrall, Janet E. "Prisoners on the Home Front: Community Reactions to German and Italian POWs in Northern Colorado, 1943-1946." Colorado Heritage (no. 1, 1990): 32-47.