General Wetlands Information

14 General Wetlands Information

What is a Wetland?  Official Definition  Wetlands are "those areas that are inundated or saturated by surface or ground water at a frequency and duration sufficient to support and (that) under normal circumstances do support a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions." (Official Army Corp of Engineers definition of a wetland, according to the Clean Water Act)  Transitional lands between dry land and deep water where the water table is at or near the surface of the land, periodically covered by shallow water.  Has three specific attributes:  Hydrophytic vegetation – water-loving plants  Hydric soils – waterlogged soils . Soils having little to no oxygen because they are saturated with water . Soils are periodically or continually saturated.  Temporarily wet = one to four months a year  Seasonally wet = four to 11 months a year  Continually Wet > 11 months  Hydrology – high water table  In essence – a “wet land”  Water is the dominant factor controlling the nature of the soil, and thus the types of plants and animals living in and on the soil.

Why Are Wetlands Important? 1. Shoreline and Flood Protection  Shoreline Protection o Protect shoreline from erosion by acting as a buffer against wave actions. o Coastal wetlands are the frontline defense against incoming storms. They help minimize the impact of storms by reducing wind action, wave action and currents, while the roots of the plants help to hold the sediment in place.  Slow surging floodwater o Reduce flood damage by slowing down floodwaters and act as a buffer against storm surge. o Wetlands act as sponges by absorbing floodwater and then allowing that excess water to move gradually downstream (thus reducing damage to homes and property). o Store snow melt, rainfall and excess runoff.

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15 2. Water Purification  As water flow slows through a marsh, sediment and nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, etc.) settle to the wetland floor. Marsh plants can use excess nutrients for growth; otherwise, these nutrients would pollute surface waters.  The ability of wetlands to recycle nutrients and pollutants makes them critical in improving water quality. No other ecosystem is as productive or as unique in this conversion process.  Act as kidneys of the ecosystem because they are capable of filtering pollutants such as fecal coliforms from raw sewage, excess nutrients from fertilizer runoff (nitrogen and phosphorus) and heavy metals from industrial waste. 3. Groundwater Recharge  Serve as a link between surface water and underground drinking water.  Recharge groundwater aquifers – which supply half of the U.S. drinking water. 4. Wildlife Habitat and Nursery Area  More than 400 species of fish and birds are dependent on wetlands for their survival.  Up to 43 percent of endangered species use wetlands for habitat for part or all of their lives.  Provide habitat for 75 to 90 percent of the nation’s commercial fish and shellfish. 5. Recreation  Recreational fishing involves more than 45 million people in the United States, and they spend $24 billion annually on this hobby.  Wetlands also have great potential for tourism, since people enjoy hiking, boating, water sports, swimming, photography and bird watching in wetland landscapes and spend up to $98 million on their hobbies annually.  In Canada, Mexico and the United States, more than 60 million people watch migratory birds as a hobby, and 3.2 million people hunt ducks, geese and other game birds. Collectively they generate more than $20 billion annually in economic activity.

Types of Wetlands: There are many different types of wetlands and ways to classify them; these are some of the major classifications as defined by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

Marshes 1. Tidal Marshes . Fresh . Salt 2. Nontidal

Swamps 1. Bottomland Hardwood Swamps 2. Shrub Swamps 3. Mangrove Swamps

Northern Peat lands 1. Bogs 2. Fens

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16 Marshes Marshes are defined as wetlands frequently or continually inundated with water and are characterized by emergent soft-stemmed vegetation (grasses) that are adapted to saturated soil conditions. There are many different kinds of marshes, ranging from the prairie potholes of the Northern Great Plains to the Atchafalaya Swamp of southern Louisiana, coastal to inland, freshwater to saltwater. All types receive most of their water from surface water, and many marshes also are fed by groundwater. Nutrients are plentiful, and the pH usually is neutral, which leads to an abundance of plant and animal life. Marshes can be divided into two primary categories: tidal and nontidal.

Tidal Marshes – Salt Characterized, in part, by Salinity (or the amount of salt dissolved in the water). . Salinity is measured in parts per thousand (ppt) o For example: 12 ppt means for every thousand parts of water, there are 12 parts of salt. o The salinity of the ocean is approximately 32 ppt. o Salinity breaks salt marsh types into four distinct categories: fresh marsh, intermediate marsh, brackish marsh and salt marsh. The salinity chart below shows the distinctions:

. Tidal marshes are among the most productive ecosystems in the world because in most tidal salt marshes plants receive full sun, limitless water supplies and generally have very nutrient- rich sediments. . Tidal marshes have salinities that range from 2 to 32 ppt. These marshes can withstand periods of freshwater inundation, which is dependent upon rainfall events and tidal movement into marsh. . Plants have adapted to the stresses of salinity (often by excreting salt through their leaves), periodic flooding and extremes in temperature. . Found in mid and high latitudes along coastlines throughout the world. o In the United States, they are found primarily on the East Coast and Gulf of Mexico. . Salt Marsh Ecology o The grasses and rushes that grow in salt marshes often aren’t direct food but become a vital part of the food chain once they die and begin to decompose and the detritus (dead plant material) becomes food for bottom-dwelling scavengers like fish, worms, shrimp and crabs, who, in turn, become food for bigger predators.

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17 o Bacteria, fungi and algae also colonize the detritus and can break down portions of the detritus that are not digestible by animals. This process puts nutrients back into the system and allows for more plant growth. o These regularly flooded marshes serve as critical habitat for most juvenile fish and a variety of invertebrates, including shrimp, fiddler crabs, marsh crabs, the marsh periwinkle and the Atlantic ribbed mussel. o Many species use the salt marsh as a nursery. Approximately 50 percent of offshore game fish begin life in the salt marsh.

Tidal Marshes – Fresh . Inland from tidal salt marshes but still close enough to be affected by tides. . Have salinities that range between 0 and 2 ppt. . Vary in form and size from narrow fringing marshes of only a few square feet to vast point marshes that cover hundreds of acres. o Often develop along the interface between forests and rivers. . Freshwater Marsh Ecology o Rely on sediment brought from upstream runoff, natural bank erosion and storm tides to restore the marsh elevation and keep up with winter erosion within the marsh. o The diverse structure formed by the high number of plant species provides a good habitat for birds. At least 280 species of birds use these marshes as both migrating and nesting grounds. o More than 100 species of reptiles are found to inhabit these marshes.

Nontidal Marshes . Nontidal marshes are nonforested, nontidal wetlands dominated by grasses, sedges and other freshwater emergent plants. These marshes are far enough inland to not be affected by tidal fluctuations. . Nontidal marshes are mostly freshwater, but some can be brackish. . There are many different kinds of freshwater marshes, and they tend to be classified by depth and duration of flooding. They typically are found near streams in poorly drained depressions or near rivers, lakes and ponds. . Examples of nontidal freshwater marshes: o Prairie Potholes and Nebraska Sandhills – usually small marshes that originated in millions of depressions formed by glacial action. o The Everglades – largest single marsh system in the United States located in southern Florida. o Vernal Pools – found in the western United States (especially western California). Shallow, intermittently flooded, wet meadows. o Riverine Marshes – such as those found alongside the Atchafalaya River. o Playas – Found in the high plains of northern Texas and eastern New Mexico. Small basins that contain clay or fine, sandy-loam soils. . Have many of the same characteristics of tidal freshwater marshes but without the daily water fluctuations due to tidal changes. . Can be isolated basins, fringes around lakes or sluggish streams and rivers.

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18 Swamps A swamp in the United States is a wetland dominated by woody plants. There are many kinds of swamps, ranging from the forested red maple (Acer rubrum) swamps of the Northeast to the extensive cypress and tupelo swamps found along rivers of southeastern United States. Swamps are characterized by periodic inundation of water and saturated soils during the growing season. The highly organic soils of swamps form a thick, black, nutrient-rich environment for the growth of water- tolerant trees such as cypress (Taxodium spp.), Atlantic white cedar (Chamaecyparis thyoides) and tupelo (Nyssa spp.). Some swamps are dominated by shrubs such as buttonbush or smooth alder. Plants, birds, fish and invertebrates, such as freshwater shrimp, crayfish, and clams, require the habitats provided by swamps. Many rare species, such as the endangered American crocodile, depend on these ecosystems as well. Swamps may be divided into two major classes, depending on the type of vegetation present: “true” or forested swamps and “transitional” or shrub swamps. A third type of forested wetland found in North America is a mangrove forest or mangrove swamp.

Bottomland Hardwood Swamps (“True” or Forested Swamps) . The Atchafalaya Swamp located in southern Louisiana is the largest swamp in the United States! . Have standing water for most, if not all, of the growing season. The depth of flooding, and its duration, influences the types and density of trees in the swamp. The primary tree species in southern swamp forests are bald cypress and water tupelo. . Primary wildlife inhabitants of swamp forests are reptiles, amphibians, fish, birds, raccoons, opossums, wild pigs and invertebrates. . Found primarily in the coastal plain of the southeastern United States. . Cypress trees, a common swamp species, have "knees" that extend from the root system to well above the average water level. The functions of the knees have been an issue of speculation for the past century. Some scientists believe they anchor the tree, while others think they are a means of respiration for the tree. . Occur along rivers and streams. o Characterized by periodic overbank flooding from adjacent rivers or major streams. . Occasionally flooded but are often dry during various times of the growing season. . Also referred to as “riparian forested swamps.” . Bottomland hardwood forests have a diverse collection of tree species because of the complex topography and the occurrence of flooding during the growing season.

Shrub Swamps (“Transitional”) Shrub swamps occur in areas that are too wet to support the woody vegetation of forested swamps. They are similar to forested swamps in that they are freshwater and periodically inundated but differ in that shrubby vegetation such as buttonbush, willow, dogwood (Cornus sp.) and swamp rose (Rosa palustris) is predominant. Forested and shrub swamps often are found adjacent to one another. The soil often is waterlogged for much of the year and covered at times by as much as a few feet of water because this type of swamp is found along slow-moving streams and in floodplains.

Mangrove Swamps (Mangrove Forests) . Found in tropical and subtropical climates (between the latitudes of 25 degrees north and 25 degrees south) o In the United States, they are found primarily in the Gulf States but are moving north as the Earth’s temperatures increase.

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19 o In Louisiana, black mangrove swamps reach their northern limits and are found on the Chandeleur Island chain and along other areas of the coastline. . Name refers to both the wetland and the salt-tolerant trees that inhabit the area. These wetlands also have been called the “rainforests by the sea.” . Made up of diverse, salt-tolerant trees and other plant species, which thrive in intertidal zones of sheltered tropical shores, barrier islands and estuaries. . The forest detritus, consisting mainly of fallen leaves and branches from the mangroves, provides nutrients for the marine environment and supports immense varieties of sea life in intricate food webs associated directly through detritus or indirectly through the algae food chains. . The shallow, intertidal areas offer refuge and nursery grounds for juvenile fish, crabs, shrimp and mollusks. Mangroves also are prime nesting and migratory sites for hundreds of bird species. . Mangrove Trees o Dominate the ecosystem because they can survive in fresh and salt water o Adaptations ii. Lenticles – small pores on the roots of red mangroves. Roots grow above the waterline and pull in oxygen through the lenticles. iii. Pneumatophores – “air roots” found in black mangroves. Roots that protrude out of the mud and water around the main root of a mangrove tree and are exposed at low tide. Studded with lenticles that allow oxygen to enter the roots. o Mangrove trees have specially adapted aerial and salt-filtering roots and salt-excreting leaves that enable them to occupy the saline wetlands where other plant life cannot survive.

Northern Peatlands . Two major types: bogs and fens. . Found primarily in Wisconsin, Michigan, Minnesota and the glaciated Northeast. . Many were formed by the last glaciations. . They are characterized by spongy peat deposits, acidic waters and a floor covered by a thick carpet of sphagnum moss. . Receive all or most of their water from precipitation rather than from runoff, groundwater or streams. o As a result, they are low in the nutrients needed for plant growth, a condition that is enhanced by acid-forming peat mosses.

Bogs Bogs are a wetland characterized by acidic peat deposits from decaying plant material. Bogs receive all or most of their water from precipitation rather than from runoff, groundwater or streams. As a result, bogs are low in the nutrients needed for plant growth, a condition that is enhanced by acid- forming peat mosses. Bogs are sensitive environments with a high degree biodiversity, making this wetland habitat of great importance. Bogs generally develop when peat and sphagnum moss grow over a depression – such as a lake, pond or area where a glacier once receded – and slowly fill it (terrestrialization). Over time, many feet of acidic peat deposits build up in bogs of either origin. The unique and demanding physical and chemical characteristics of bogs result in the presence of plant and animal communities that

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20 demonstrate many special adaptations to low nutrient levels, waterlogged conditions and acidic waters. Among them are carnivorous plants. In Louisiana, hillside seepage bogs persist mostly in the Kisatchie National Forest and the Fort Polk Military Reservation. Relics also have been found in these parishes: Beauregard, Bienville, Calcasieu, Natchitoches, Sabine, St. Tammany, Vernon and Washington. Hillside seepage bogs usually are continually wet and support a unique group of plants, including orchids, pitcher plants and other rare plant species.

Fens Fens are peat-forming wetlands that receive nutrients from sources other than precipitation – usually from upslope sources through drainage from surrounding mineral soils and from groundwater movement. Fens differ from bogs because they are less acidic and have higher nutrient levels. They are therefore able to support a much more diverse plant and animal community. These systems often are dominated by grasses, sedges, rushes and wildflowers. Some fens are characterized by parallel ridges of vegetation separated by less productive hollows. The ridges of these patterned fens form perpendicular to the downslope direction of water movement. Over time, peat may build up and separate the fen from its groundwater supply. When this happens, the fen receives fewer nutrients and may become a bog. Like bogs, fens are mostly a northern hemisphere phenomenon – occurring in the northeastern United States, the Great Lakes region, the Rocky Mountains and much of Canada – and generally are associated with low temperatures and short growing seasons, where ample precipitation and high humidity cause excessive moisture to accumulate.

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21 Identifying Wetlands The table below summarizes the major wetland types that were outlined in the previous section. Wetland Type Location Water Source Common Plants Pitcher plants, sphagnum moss, Where glaciers have left a larch, black spruce, cotton grass, Bogs depression in the earth. Mostly Precipitation sedge, horsetails, peat, Labrador found in northern latitudes tea and bog rosemary Groundwater Similar to bogs but also have sedges, grasses, shrubs and Fens Northern latitudes. Similar to bogs (Less acidic than mosses which are different from bog water) those found in bogs Freshwater Depressions in the landscape which Emergent plants such as reeds, Ground or Marsh fill with open water. Central and rushes and sedges. These vary surface water southern Alberta depending upon location. Small wetlands in the rolling hills of the prairies in depressions left Surface water Shallow Waters behind by glaciers. Usually a such as rain, Grasses and emergent plants (Potholes) transition between marshes and snow, streams, nearby lakes but isolated from etc. other marshes. Variety of trees and shrubs. In Flooded by Florida, cypress and mangrove Forested areas that are flooded Swamp surface water swamps are examples. Alberta seasonally runoff trees do not do well in standing water. Tidal Saltwater Near ocean shores and other Cordgrass, black grass, sea Flooded by tides Marsh saltwater tides lavender and glasswort Near tidal saltwater marshes but further inland so there is little or no More varied plant life than Tidal Freshwater salt content in the water. Those Flooded by tides saltwater marshes; may include Marsh with salt content are called brightly colored flowering plants "brackish."

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22 Wetland Changes/Loss:

Figure source: Mitsch and Gosselink. Wetlands. 2nd Edition, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1993

 53 percent of the wetlands in the United States have been lost since the 1700s.  The United States loses about 60,000 acres of wetlands each year.  Major causes of wetland loss and degradation:

Human Actions Natural Threats - Drainage - Erosion - Dredging and stream channelization - Subsidence - Deposition of fill material - Sea level rise - Dike and damming - Droughts - Tilling for crop production - Hurricanes and other storms - Levees - Geologic disturbances (fault lines) - Logging - Mining - Construction - Runoff - Air and water pollutants - Changing nutrient levels - Releasing toxic chemicals - Introducing non-native species - Grazing by domestic animals

http://www.epa.gov/owow/wetlands/vital/epa_media/mining.jpg

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23 Ecology of Louisiana’s Wetlands

The wetlands of Louisiana span almost all the wetland types listed earlier in the General Wetlands Information section. There are tidal salt marshes along the coast that move inland to freshwater marshes and cypress swamps that extend all the way to the northern border of the state. All the wetlands found in Louisiana provide a unique and important habitat. But the wetlands of coastal Louisiana are disappearing at a rapid rate. Current estimates hold that Louisiana loses wetlands the size of a football field every hour. The following section will discuss how Louisiana’s coastal wetlands were formed and why they are disappearing at such a rapid rate.

Wetlands Loss Over Time:

Historically the average wetland loss was about 350 acres per year. . From 1930 to 1990, average wetland loss increased to about 11,500 acres per year. . Current wetland loss is estimated at about 16,000 to 22,000 acres each year. . In 2005, Hurricane Katrina transformed 198 square miles of marshland into open water.

Mississippi River Drainage

(http://www.lpb.org/education/tah/Workshop111905_files/slide0034_image009.jpg) . The Mississippi River drains 41 percent of the continental United States. . Includes 21 U.S. states and two Canadian provinces. . Drains 2.4 million square miles. . 55 percent of the total freshwater entering the Gulf of Mexico comes from the Mississippi River.

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24 Formation of Coastal Louisiana Historically, coastal Louisiana was formed as the Mississippi River flooded the land and deposited sediment as the floodwaters receded. Where the sediment flows out at the mouth of the Mississippi River, a delta is formed. The Mississippi River historically changed its course every 1,000 to 2,000 years, balancing land loss with land formation.

Mississippi River Delta . A delta is a lobe of land created by sediment deposits from a river. . The Louisiana coast began to take shape 5,000 years ago as this process caused the Mississippi River to change its course to follow the path of least resistance to the Gulf of Mexico. As the river shifted, it left a lobe of land behind, creating lakes, bays and other coastal wetlands. As this happened, the older delta lobe would lose its primary supply of fresh water and sediment and undergo compaction, subsidence and erosion. Seasonal flooding from the river replenished these coastal areas with fresh water and sediment. . The current Mississippi River Delta began to form 1,200 years ago and is made up of 521,000 acres of land and shallow estuaries. Unfortunately, the land-building process of delta formation has been altered by natural and human influences.

(http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Mississippi-River-Delta)

Until the industrial revolution (around the turn of the 20th century), land along the coast of Louisiana had consistently risen. Since the early 1900s, however, Louisiana has continually lost land.

Primary Causes of Land Loss in Coastal Louisiana A number of natural and human-induced effects have resulted in land loss for Louisiana. For example, natural disturbances such as tropical storms periodically degrade coastal wetlands and introduce salt water into otherwise freshwater habitats. In addition, subsidence, a natural process of land compaction, results in natural land loss for Louisiana. Subsidence was historically offset with sediment deposition from the flooding of major rivers.

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25 The following diagram shows the natural process of sediment deposition and subsidence that historically occurred in Louisiana.

1. Annual flooding of the Mississippi River deposits sediment and nutrients across the wetlands.

4. The weight of the soil layers begins 2. River sediments and nutrients settle to compact the sediment below. out across the coastal wetlands.

3. Plants rapidly grow in the nutrient-rich sediment. When the plants die, great quantities of detrital (dead organic) material is added to the sediment.

Once the levees were constructed, the first two processes were eliminated, and sediments could no longer flood across the wetlands. This drastically slowed the sediment input to the marshes, but subsidence rates remained the same. With only subsidence occurring on the coastal marshes, the land began to open up and erode. Sea level rise works in opposition of subsidence, resulting in a confounding problem of land sinking coupled with sea levels rising, leading to an overall greater estimate of land loss. Eustatic Sea Level Rise (defined as the rise in sea level worldwide) is currently estimated to be 1-2 millimeters per year. Relative Sea Level Rise (the estimate of sea level rise in Louisiana plus the loss of coastline from subsidence) is estimated to be 2.1-9.4 millimeters per year. Although these natural occurrences contribute to coastal land loss in Louisiana, human processes have exacerbated the degradation. Here, a few of the human-induced effects are discussed, including reduced sediment deposition due to manmade levees along the Mississippi River, saltwater intrusion due to manmade channels and canals and introduction and expansion of invasive species.

1. Reduced Sediment Deposition Due to Levees Levees are designed for protection, flood control, agriculture and to aid with shipping/navigation. But the levees also create walls on both sides of the Mississippi River that keep the sediment that once built up the land from being dispersed across coastal Louisiana. With no new sediment input, the coastline is only subject to forces that erode it away. More than 160 million tons of fresh water and sediment that could be used to help build up Louisiana’s coastline are discharged off the continental shelf each year.

2. Salt Water Intrusion and Marsh Degradation Due to Canal and Channel Development Canals are often dug in the wetlands to aid in oil and gas exploration, and shipping channels are designed to open up waterways for ship traffic. These all play an important role in the economy of Louisiana, but canals and channels also have devastating effects on our wetlands for two primary reasons: they alter the elevation of the surrounding marsh and they open up waterways that allow saltwater intrusion into freshwater marshes.

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26 Canals and channels bisect large areas of Louisiana and convert it to open water. In addition to the direct problem caused by the canals, the extra sediment that is extracted to form a canal is deposited on the sides of the canal (this is called a spoil bank). A spoil bank adjusts the elevation of the marsh, inhibiting the overland flow of water following rain or flooding events. If the water can’t flow from one area to another because of the spoil bank, it becomes trapped and converts the marshland to open water. Another negative aspect to the canals is that they cut direct lines between the Gulf of Mexico and the inland freshwater marshes. This allows salt water to flow freely into the marshes and leads to a problem known as saltwater intrusion. Saltwater intrusion is the movement of salt water into a non- saltwater habitat, such as a freshwater marsh. This intrusion may occur as the result of a natural process like a storm surge from a hurricane, but more often, it results from human activities such as construction of shipping channels or dredging oil field canals. These channels and canals provide conduits for salt water from the Gulf of Mexico to reach deep into interior marshes. Saltwater intrusion often results in plant death in freshwater marshes and other freshwater or upland habitats. Plants that are not adapted to live in salt water cannot survive. The root systems of wetland plants hold the sediment in place. Thus, with saltwater intrusion, the wetlands will then begin to erode away as the underground net system of plant roots disappears. When that happens, a once freshwater marsh has been converted into open water, losing its functions as fish nursery and habitat, food source for wetland animals, storm surge protection for residents and more.

3. Introduction and Expansion of Invasive Species Invasive species are plants and animals that have been introduced into an environment in which they are not native and can often have detrimental effects on the ecosystem. Invasive species often lack natural predators, which leads to rapid expansion that results in the invasive species out- competing the native species. Invasive species can be both plants and animals, and often have detrimental effects on wetland landscapes. Below are a few examples of invasive species that are doing damage to Louisiana’s wetlands:

1. Asian Carp (Cyprinus ssp., Ctenopharyngodon ssp., and Hypophthalmichthys) There are four Asian carp fish species that have been introduced into the United States and have established in Louisiana wetlands. Their introduction has resulted in reduced native fish health due to habitat destruction and consumption of food. Many landowners use sterile carp to help control vegetation in ponds and lakes, but these invasive fish still result in habitat degradation for the native fish. 2. Chinese Tallow Tree (Triadeca sebifera) This is a non-native tree that originated in China and was reportedly brought to the United States in 1772 by Benjamin Franklin. It was brought to the Gulf region during the early 1900s to help establish local sap industries. Chinese tallow trees grow aggressively, out-competing native wetland plants and degrading wetland habitats. 3. Nutria (Myocastor coypus) Nutria were first brought to Louisiana during the 1930s for fur farming and were later introduced (intentionally or accidentally) to the coastal marshes. Nutria are herbivores that feed on marsh grass. They not only eat the aboveground stem of the grass, but they dig into the sediment and eat the root system. When the roots of the plants are killed, there is nothing left to hold the land in place, and the wetlands erode away. A single nutria can eat up to 2.5 pounds of marsh grass in a day. Currently, nearly 50,000 acres of Louisiana marshes are affected by nutria.

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27 Hurricane Impacts on Wetlands A hurricane is a powerful storm that forms over the ocean and generates winds that blow more than 75 miles per hour. When hurricanes come ashore, they can do considerable damage to homes, cities, livestock and the environment. Wetlands are an important factor in helping reduce the impact hurricanes may have once they make landfall because wetlands act as a buffer against hurricane winds and storm surge. When a hurricane comes across a wetland, the vegetation will help slow down the storm surge and thus reduce the damage the hurricane can do when it reaches a populated area. Many researchers believe that for every 1 to 2.7 miles of vegetated wetland that a hurricane crosses, the wetlands reduce the storm surge of the hurricane by 1 foot. Nearly 50 percent of Louisiana’s population lives in coastal parishes and is subject to direct hits when hurricanes come ashore. As the wetlands continue to erode, the protection they offer to these residents when hurricanes hit the coast is continuously decreasing. It has been said that if Hurricane Katrina had struck in 1945, when there was a larger acreage of coastal wetlands, the storm surge that reached New Orleans would have been as much as 5-10 feet lower. In 2005, a record-breaking hurricane season resulted in two hurricanes that devastated the coast of Louisiana: hurricanes Katrina and Rita. Hurricane Katrina brought strong wind speeds, while hurricane Rita followed with great water surges and saltwater introduction into freshwater habitats.

Impact of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita in 2005 . Temporarily devastated habitat for brown pelicans, turtles, reptiles, fish and migratory bird species. . Caused closure of 16 National Wildlife Refuges. . Caused substantial beach erosion. . About 20 percent of the Louisiana marshes were overrun by water and have developed into open water habitats. . 90 percent of crude oil production in the continental United States was shut down for a time. This temporarily increased gas prices nationwide.

The chart below shows the hurricanes’ effects on Louisiana’s economy:

Hurricanes Katrina and Rita: Effects on Louisiana’s Economy Estimated Loss of Industry Revenue Forestry $839,933,224 Agronomic Crops $357,854,629 Fruits/Nuts/Vegetables $41,951,686 Livestock $75,580,644 Aquaculture $58,330,115 Fisheries $176,280,625 Wildlife/Recreational $40,803,977 TOTAL $1,590,734,900

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28 References:

Alberta Environmental Education: Wetlands – Webbed Feet Not Required: http://environment.gov.ab.ca/edu/posting.asp?assetid=6278&audience=Teachers&searchtype=asset&t xtsearch=wetland&head=ED

America’s WETLAND Foundation: www.americaswetland.com

Barataria-Terrebonne National Estuary Program (BTNEP): www.btnep.org

The Biodiversity Partnership (for info on LA invasive species): http://www.biodiversitypartners.org/state/la/invasive.shtml

Coastal Wetlands Planning, Protection and Restoration Act (CWPPRA) website – LA Coast: www.lacoast.gov

Entergy-Louisiana – Research Center: http://www.entergy-louisiana.com/economic_development/rc_market_access.aspx

Environmental Protection Agency: http://www.epa.gov/owow/wetlands/

Louisiana Department of Natural Resources: http://dnr.louisiana.gov/

Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries- Nutria website: http://www.nutria.com/site.php

Mitsch, W.J. and J.G. Gosselink. Wetlands. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2000.

Newton, G. (editor). “Water Marks. Louisiana Coastal Wetlands Planning, Protection, and Restoration News.” Various Volumes. www.lacoast.gov/watermarks

The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. “Wetlands Values and Functions.” http://www.ramsar.org/info/values_intro_e.htm

The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands: http://195.143.117.139/info/values_recreation_e.htm

United State Geological Survey (USGS) – “Chinese Tallow: Invading the Coastal Plain.” USGS FS- 154-00. October, 2000. http://www.nwrc.usgs.gov/factshts/154-00.pdf

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29 Additional Internet Resources

Additional Information About Louisiana’s Wetlands:

 America’s WETLAND: A Campaign to Save Coastal Louisiana o http://www.americaswetlandresources.com  LSU Agricultural Center and Louisiana Sea Grant o www.lsuagcenter.com/en/environment/conservation/wetlands o www.seagrantfish.lsu.edu/habitat/index.html  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency o http://water.epa.gov/type/wetlands/index.cfm  U.S. Geological Survey – Marine and Coastal Geology Program o marine.usgs.gov/fact-sheets/LAwetlands/lawetlands.html  U.S. Geological Survey – National Wetlands Research Center o http://www.nwrc.usgs.gov/wetlands/wetlandsInfo.htm

Large Scale Restoration and Conservation Projects:

 Coalition to Restore Coastal Louisiana o www.crcl.org  Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority of Louisiana o www.coastal.louisiana.gov  Coastal Wetlands Planning, Protection and Restoration Act o www.lacoast.gov

Outdoor Environmental Education Programs:

 Barataria-Terrebonne National Estuary Program – BTNEP has developed a wonderful field trip guide to some of the most interesting places in the estuary. You can download the guide and print each tour so you can take the information with you. o http://educators.btnep.org/btnep/resources/educators/lessons/11-01- 04/Field_Trip_Guide_Barataria-Terrebonne_Estuary.aspx  Coastal Roots – The Coastal Roots program is a Louisiana State University effort that provides schools with access to wetland plant nurseries to help students develop an attitude of stewardship toward our natural resources. o http://coastalroots.lsu.edu/

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30  Coastal Education Program – The Coastal Education Program is organized by the Pontchartrain Institute for Environmental Sciences to provide teachers and students opportunities to learn about coastal wetlands. o http://pies.uno.edu/education/index.htm  Louisiana Outdoors Outreach Program – The Louisiana Outdoors Outreach program seeks to bring outdoor education and skill building to Louisiana students. o http://www.crt.state.la.us/parks/iloop.aspx  Native Fish in the Classroom – Native Fish in the Classroom is a Louisiana Sea Grant and Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries partnership program providing schools with native fish nurseries and background information on fisheries management, fish biology, protected species and aquatic natural resources. o http://www.lamer.lsu.edu/nativefish/index.html

Other Wetland Lesson Plans and Resources:

 America’s WETLAND Foundation o http://www.americaswetland.com/custompage.cfm?pageid=28  Audubon Nature Institute o http://www.auduboninstitute.org/louisiana-wetlands  Barataria-Terrebonne National Estuary Program – Wetlands Webliography o http://educators.btnep.org/BTNEP/resources/educators/lessons/11-01- 03/Wetlands_Webliography.aspx  Coastal Wetlands Planning, Protection and Restoration Act o http://lacoast.gov/new/Ed/Default.aspx  National Park Service – Traveling Trunk o http://www.nps.gov/jela/forteachers/travellingtrunks.htm  Project WET o http://www.projectwet.org  Project WILD o http://www.projectwild.org  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency o http://water.epa.gov/type/wetlands/outreach/education_index.cfm#activities  Wonders of the Wetlands o http://www.wetland.org/education_wow.htm

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Louisiana Coastal Facts Provided by Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority of Louisiana

Louisiana

Length of Coastline: Tidal Shoreline: Coastal Zone Population: 397 miles 7,721 miles More than 2 million people (47 percent of the state’s population)

Coastal Area: Coastal Land Area: Length of Oil and Gas 14,587 square miles 5,663 square miles Pipelines: 125,000 miles

Coastal Land Loss

 Coastal Louisiana has experienced a net decrease of 1,883 square miles of land between 1932 and 2010.  Currently, Louisiana has 37 percent of the estuarine herbaceous marshes in the 48 contiguous United States but accounts for 90 percent of coastal wetland loss in the lower 48 states.  Over a four year period between 2004 and 2008, hurricanes Katrina, Rita, Gustav and Ike transformed approximately 328 square miles of marsh to open water – an amount that exceeded total land loss for the approximately 25-year period between 1978 and 2004.  The land loss rates on the Louisiana coast have slowed from an average of more than 30 square miles per year between 1956 and 1978 to an estimated 17 square miles per year from 1985 to 2010. If these recent losses were to occur at a constant rate, it would equate to losing an area the size of a football field every hour Energy

According to 2010 energy estimates of Louisiana’s primary energy production, including outer continental shelf production, Louisiana ranks first in crude oil production and second in natural gas production. Excluding outer continental shelf production, Louisiana still ranks fourth in natural gas and fifth in crude oil production among the 50 states.

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32 Waterborner Comme ce

 Louisiana’s coastal wetlands provide storm protection for ports that, according to 2009 data, carried 449 million tons of waterborne commerce. Louisiana ports account for 20 percent of all waterborne commerce in the United States.  Five of the 15 largest ports in the United Statesd are locate in Louisiana.

Fisheries

 Commercial Fishing – According to 2008 data, Louisiana commercial landings exceeded 916 million pounds, with a dockside value of $272.9 million. That means Louisiana accounts for approximate ly 26 percent of the total catch by weight in the lower 48 states.  Recreational Fishing – According to 2009 data, noncommercial fishing in Louisiana employs almost 20,000 people, and related annual expenditures amount to more than $1.7 billion.

Wildlife

 Hunting – Annual hunting-related expenditures in Louisiana amounted to $975 million in 2006.  Wildlife-Watching – Expenditures related to wildlife-watching in Louisiana during 2006 amounted to $517 million.  Fur Harvest – According to 2007-2008 data, fur harvest in Louisiana ’s coastal wetlands generated approximately $1.75 million.  Alligator Harvest – Louisiana’s alligator harvest was valued at approxi mately $109.2 million a year, according to 2006 data.  Waterfowl – Louisiana’s coastal wetlands annually provide habitat for more than 5 million migratory waterfowl.

Tourism

 Tourism provides $9.3 billion a year in revenue for Louisiana.

If current coastal losses were to occur at a constant rate, it would equate to losing an area the size of a football field every hour

References

Barras, J.A. 2009. Land Area Change and Overview of Hurricane Impacts in Coastal Louisiana, 2004-08: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3080, Scale 1:250,000, 6 p. Pamphlet, http://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3080/.

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33 Barras, J.A., J.C. Bernier, and R.A. Morton. 2008. Land Area Change in Coastal Louisiana- A Multidecadal Perspective (from 1956 to 2006): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3019, scale 1:250,000, 14p. Pamphlet, http://pubs.usg s.gov/sim/3019/.

Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority. 2011. Fiscal Year 2012 Annual Plan: Integrated Ecosystem aRestor tion and Hurricane Protection in Coastal Louisiana. Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority of Lo uisiana. Baton Rouge, LA. http://www.lacpra.org/assets/docs/2012%20ANNUAL%20PLAN/CPRA_Annual_Plan_4-28- 11_Web_Format.pdf

Couvillion, B.R., J. A. Barras, G. D. Steyer, W. Sleavin William, M. Fisher, H. Beck, N. Trahan, B. Griffin, and D. Heckman. 2011. Land Area Change in Coastal Louisiana from 1932 to 2010: U.S. Geological Survey Scient ific Investigations Map 3164, scale 1:265,000, 12 p. Pamphlet. http://pubs.usg s.gov/sim/3164/ downloads/SIM3164_Pamphlet.pdf.

Louisiana Department of Culture, Recreation and Tourism. n.d. Louisiana tourism by the numbers. http://www.crt.state.la.us/tourism/research/Documents/2010- 11/LouisianaTourismFactsUpdatedfullsheet.pdf.

Louisiana Department of Natural Resources, Technology Assessment Division. 2011. Selected Louisianna E ergy Statistics. Louisiana Energy Topic. Baton Rouge, LA. Internet URL: http://dnr.louisiana.gov/assets/TAD/newsletters/energy_facts_annual/LEF_2010.pdf.

Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries. 2008. The Economic Benefits of Fisheries, Wildlife and Boating Resources in the State of Louisiana. Baton Rouge, LA. http://www.wlf.louisiana.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/publication/32728-economic-benefits- fisheries-wildlife-and-boating-resources-state-louisiana- 2006/southwick_2006_final_final_report_5-27-08_0.pdf

Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries. 2008. 2007-2008 Annual Report. Baton Rouge, LA. http://www.wlf.louisiana. gov/sites/default/files/pdf/page_wildlife/32693- Alligator%20Program%20Annual%20Reports/2007-2008_annual_report.pdf

Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries. 2011. Waterfowl Population Estimates in Louisiana’s Coastal Zone Below U.S. Highway 90 and on Catahoula Lake. Baton Rouge, LA. Internet URL: http://www.wlf.louisiana.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/waterfowl_survey/33575- January%202011%20Survey/waterjan2011.pdf.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service. 2009. Fisheries of the United States, 2008. Silver Spring, MD. Internet URL: http://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service. 2010. Annual commercial landing statistics. http://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/st1/commercial/landings/annual_landings.html.

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34 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2011. Recreational Fishing Impacts. https://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/st1/recreational/index.html, July 20, 2011.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 1975. The Coastline of the United States. http://shoreline.noaa.gov/_pdf/Coastline_of_the_US_1975.pdf.

Scott, Loren. 2011. The Energy Sector: Still a Giant Economic Engine for the Louisiana Economy. Mid-Continent Oil and Gas Association. August 2011. http://thehayride.com/wp- content/uploads/2011/10/Executive-Summary-1.pdf.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 2010. Waterborne Commerce of the United Sta tes, Calendar Year 2009. Alexandria, VA: Institute for Water Resources, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers. Internet URL: http://www.ndc.iwr.usace.army.mil/wcsc/statenm09.htm. http://www.ndc.iwr.usace.army.mil/wcsc/portton09.htm.

U.S. Census Bureau. 2011. Census 2010. http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml. Includes watersheds that NOAA indicates have either 1) at least 15 percent of their land area within a coastal watershed, or 2) a portion of or an entire county accounts for at least 15 percent of a U.S. Geological Survey coastal cataloging unit.

For further information on Coastal Protection and Restoration Projects in Louisiana, please visit the CPRA home page www.coastal.la.gov, CRMS home page www.lacoast.gov/crms2/Home.aspx, CWPPRA home page www.lacoast.gov, the Coast 2050 home page www.coast2050.gov, the LCA home page www.lca.gov or the following governmental agencies:

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers U.S. Department of Interior Louisiana Department of Natural Planning Division U.S. Geological Survey Resources (504) 865-1121 National Wetlands Research Center Office of the Secretary www.cecer.army.mil (337) 266-8556 Technology Assessment Division www.nwrc.usgs.gov (225) 342-1399 www.dnr.louisiana.gov U.S. Department of Interior U.S. U.S. Department of Agriculture State of Louisiana Fish and Wildlife Service (337) 291- Natural Resources Conservation Governor's Office of Coastal 3100 Service Activities www.fws.gov (318) 437-7756 (225) 342-3968 www.la.nrcs.usda.gov www.coastal.la.gov U.S. Department of Commerce U.S. Department of Commerce State of Louisiana National Marine Fisheries Service Region 6 Coastal Protection and Restoration (225) 389-0508 (225) 389-0735 Authority www.nmfs.gov www.epa.gov (225) 342-7308 or 1-888-459-6107 www.coastal.la.gov

Note: Although this document is updated regularly, please contact the CPRA for the most current statistics. Last updated 12/07/2011.

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