COMMENTS DO CHINESE ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS WORK? A STUDY OF LITIGATION AS A RESPONSE TO THE PROBLEM OF FISHERY POLLUTION IN CHINA Joseph McMullinl Recipient of the 2009 Award for Outstanding Writing on China Law and Policy from the China Law Association at the UCLA School of Law TABLE OF CONTENTS Do Chinese Environmental Laws Work? A Study of Litigation as a Response to the Problem of Fishery Pollution in China ................................. 142 I. Introduction ....................................... 144 II. Water Pollution in China: Its Overall Effects on Fisheries, the Environment, and Chinese Society .. 146 a. National Statistics on Water Pollution ......... 146 b. Sources of Water Pollution .................... 149 c. Regional Impacts: The Bohai Gulf ............. 149 d. Social Implications of Water Pollution ......... 150 III. Chinese Laws Regulating Water Pollution: Strengths and Weaknesses ......................... 151 IV. The Difficulties of Enforcing Water Pollution Laws in C hina ........................................... 152 a. China's Difficulty of Detecting Polluters ....... 153 i. Industries Take Proactive Steps to Hide Pollution ................................... 153 1. The author would like to thank Donald Clarke, He Xin, Randall Peer- enboom, and Frank Upham for their encouragement and helpful comments. A copy of the paper with Chinese characters is available upon request to the author, reach- able at:
[email protected]. 2009] DO CHINESE ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS WORK? ii. The Difficulties of Connecting Pollutants to Polluters ................................... 154 b. Limited Government Funding, Limited Inspection M andate ............................ 155 i. The Problems of Government Agencies' Lack of Funding, Staff, and Qualified Inspection U nits ........................... 155 ii. The Limited Legal Mandate of the Department of Fishery Administration .... 156 iii. The Problem of the Department of Fishery Administration's Lack of Authority to Directly Enforce its Decisions ............