^^/ Pleurotomarioidean Gastropods M. G. Harasewych Department of Systematic Biology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560-0118, USA e-mail:
[email protected] 1. Introduction 238 2. Structure and Functional Morphology 243 2.1. Shell morphology and ultrastructure 243 2.2. External anatomy 249 2.3. Mantle cavity organs 252 2.4. Digestive system 252 2.5. Circulatory system 259 2.6. Excretory system 260 2.7. Reproductive system 260 2.8. Nervous system 261 3. Systematic Relationships 262 3.1. Morphology-based classifications 262 3.2. Classifications based on molecular data 269 4. Ecology 272 4.1. Geographic distribution 272 4.2. Bathymétrie distribution and zonation 274 4.3. Biogeography 277 4.4. Diet 279 4.5. Predators and chemical defenses 281 Acknowledgements 286 References 287 Pleurotomarioidean gastropods are continuously present in the fossil record since the Upper Cambrian and survive into the Recent fauna, thus providing rare insights into the evolutionary history of the class Gastropoda. Pleurotomarioidea achieved greatest numerical and morphological diversity dtiring the Paleozoic, and dominated global shallow water marine gastropod faunas during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic. Only a single family, the Pleurotomariidae, survived the end-Cretaceous Extinction, but was restricted to deep water through most of the Cenozoic. The first living ADVANCES IN MARINE BIOLOGY VOL. 42 Copyriglu ( 20U.2, Eiic\icT Science Lid (SBN0-I2-(1.26!42-1 A)) nghl.s of reproduclion in iiiiy fonn reserved Í y~i 238 M. G. HARASEWYCH pleuroíomariid was discovered during the mid-nineteenth century, along the bathyal zone of the western Atlantic.