Eight new species and 88 new records from Sri Lanka Author(s): Gothamie Weerakoon , Patricia A. Wolseley , Omal Arachchige , Marcela Eugenia da Silva Cáceres , Udeni Jayalal and André Aptroot Source: The Bryologist, 119(2):131-142. Published By: The American Bryological and Lichenological Society, Inc. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1639/0007-2745-119.2.131 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1639/0007-2745-119.2.131

BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder.

BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. Eight new lichen species and 88 new records from Sri Lanka

Gothamie Weerakoon1, Patricia A. Wolseley2, Omal Arachchige3, Marcela Eugenia da Silva Ca´ceres4, Udeni Jayalal5 and Andre´ Aptroot6,7

1 Integrative Research Centre, Department of Science & Education, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, U.S.A.; 2 Department of Botany, The Natural History Museum, London, UK; 3 D. S. Senanayake College, Colombo, Sri Lanka; 4 Departamento de Biociencias,ˆ Universidade Federal de Sergipe, CEP: 49500-000, Itabaiana, Sergipe, Brazil; 5 Department of Natural Resources, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Belihuloya, Sri Lanka; 6 ABL Herbarium, G. v. d. Veenstraat 107, NL-3762 XK Soest, The Netherlands

ABSTRACT. Preliminary results are presented of a project aiming to explore the lichen biodiversity in Sri Lanka. The following mostly corticolous (one saxicolous) new species are described: Arthonia karunaratnei with dark brown, round apothecia in groups that are surrounded by a bright orange area, with ascospores 2-septate, 9.0–10.5 3 3.5–4.5 lm; Enterographa wijesundarae with sessile, pruinose apothecia with thin margins that are higher than the disc, with ascospores 13–17-septate, 50–60 3 4.5–5.5 lm, without substances; Fellhanera stipitata with convex, brown apothecia, fusiform to clavate, 5–7- septate ascospores of 21–24.5 3 2.0–2.5 lm, and sessile to tubular pycnidia with conidia 4.5–5.5 3 1.5–2.0 lm; Malmidea plicata which is similar to M. vinosa but with folded thallus and smaller ascospores; Phlyctis lueckingii with ca. 0.2–0.3 mm large, grey-pruinose apothecia in dense groups and fusiform 7-septate ascospores of 27–29 3 5.5–6.5 lm; thallus with norstictic acid.; Porina viridipustulata with numerous pustules of ca. 0.2–0.7 mm diam. and ca. 0.1–0.3 mm high and ascospores 3–7-septate, 57–60 3 12–13 lm; Stirtonia isidiata with glossy white thallus with isidia, which are partly globose but mostly irregularly cylindrical, often with some constrictions or branching, usually gnarled and decumbent, generally ca. 0.2– 0.3 mm thick and up to ca. 2 mm long; ascigerous areas apothecium-like, sessile; ascus with 1 ascospore, ca. 250 3 150 lm; ascospores hyaline, broadly fusiform 7–9-septate, 210–225 3 105–115 lm.; and Trypetheliopsis hirsuta with black, ear-shaped, pointed, glossy campylidia of ca. 0.4–0.9 mm diam., ca. 0.5– 1.2 mm high, at the outside with black bristles. Furthermore, 88 lichen species are newly recorded from Sri Lanka, including 55 species new for the Indian subcontinent. Interestingly, eight of these are first reports from the whole of the Palaeotropics. These species were previously known only from either Costa Rica or the Amazonian and/or Atlantic rain forest of Brazil.

KEYWORDS. Corticolous, saxicolous, Indian Subcontinent, Arthonia, Enterographa, Fellhanera, Malmidea, Phlyctis, Porina, Stirtonia, Trypetheliopsis.

^^^

The combination of a topographically varied and 2008), 250 butterfly species (Jayasinghe 2015) and geologically ancient landscape and repeated influxes 100 snakes (Wickramasinghe 2014), including many of biota from spatially and temporally disparate endemics. At the moment, almost 1200 lichen biogeographic regions have resulted in the highly species are known from Sri Lanka (Weerakoon et diverse lichen flora of Sri Lanka, including species al. in prep.), almost half of which are in the that are absent from India (Weerakoon 2015; Graphidaceae. However, given the poor state of Weerakoon & Aptroot 2013, 2014; Weerakoon et knowledge of many Sri Lankan lichen groups, al. 2012a,b,c, 2014, 2015). More than 4000 flowering including the Graphidaceae (Lucking¨ et al. 2014), plants are known from Sri Lanka (de Vlas & de Vlas it is likely that 2000 or more lichen species could be found on the island. 7 Corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected] This paper documents a large number of new DOI: 10.1639/0007-2745-119.2.131 records for the country and is based on collections

The Bryologist 119(2), pp. 131–142 Published online: May 17 2016 0007-2745/16/$1.35/0 Copyright Ó2016 by The American Bryological and Lichenological Society, Inc. 132 The Bryologist 119(2): 2016

made during a lichen expedition carried out by the footprint of the Buddha (Ricci 2011). Over two authors during the first months of 2015, funded by hundred lichen specimens were collected during a theNationalGeographicSocietyandDilmah hike on Adam’s Peak by the first and fourth authors. Conservation. In these collections, there were eight Pidurutalagala (Straw Plateau Rock or Mount lichen species new to science that are described and Pedro) is the highest mountain in Sri Lanka, at 2524 illustrated here. The eight new species described here m (8282 ft, 7800N, 808460E; Pathirana 1980). Horton have distinctive morphological characters and differ Plains National Park is a protected area in the central from all the known species in their respective genera. highlands of Sri Lanka and is covered by montane were collected from pristine forests, grassland and cloud forest. This plateau at an wildlife reserves and secondary vegetation in wet and altitude of 2100–2300 m (6900–7500 ft, 684800000 N, dry lowlands, as well as submontane and montane 8084800000 E), is rich in biodiversity and many species areas of Sri Lanka. Crustose lichens are dominant in found here are endemic to the region (De Silva 2014; all habitats, and squamulose to microfoliose species Jayalal et al. 2012; Weerakoon et al. 2015). Galway’s 0 0 00 are generally more frequent than macrolichens. Land National Park (6858 N, 80846 38 E) is a small Fruticose and foliose lichens are mostly confined to national park situated within the city limits of submontane and montane habitats on the island. For Nuwara Eliya in Sri Lanka. This park is recognized as this paper, most of the crustose groups have been one the most significant birding sites in Sri Lanka. examined, with the exception of the Graphidaceae, Apart from the avifauna, the park has valuable floral which will be treated separately. species of both native and foreign origin (Kotagama 2006). Knuckles Mountain Range (knuckles of clenched STUDY AREA fist, Dumbara Kanduvetiya, 78270N, 808480E) exhib- For this study, lichens were collected more or its the conditions of all the climatic zones in the less extensively from Wilpattu National Park, country (Cooray 1984). This mountain range is Hakgala Botanical Garden, the Botanical Garden in home to a significant proportion of the country’s Peradeniya, Horton Plains, Victoria Park of Nuwar- biodiversity (De Silva 2014; Weerakoon 2013; aeliya, and Knuckles Mountain region. Short pros- Weerakoon et al. 2015). The first author has worked pecting expeditions were carried out to Adam’s Peak, on the lichens of this mountain range since 2008 Morningsite and Pitadeniya of Sinharaja, Kanneliya, (Weerakoon 2013; Weerakoon et al. 2012a,b), and Namunukula, Maragala, Lahugala, Dambakolapatu- an additional expedition was carried out to collect na and Nagadeepa in Jaffna. On earlier occasions lichens from unexplored locations. lichens were collected in forest patches in Nawala- Wilpattu National Park (Land of Lakes), one of pitiya, Pidurutalagala Mountain and Gallways land the oldest National Parks in Sri Lanka, is located in in Nuwaraeliya. the northwest coast lowland dry zone of Sri Lanka 0 0 Sinharaja Forest Reserve (6825 N, 80830 E) is a (88250N, 80800E). Wilpattu is among the top national national park and a biodiversity hotspot in Sri parks world-renowned for its leopard (Panthera Lanka. This hilly virgin rainforest, part of the Sri pardus kotiya) population (The National Red List Lanka lowland rain forests ecoregion, is a treasure 2012). Namunukula, Maragala and Lahugala are trove of endemic species, including trees, insects, situated in the dry zone of the country. The main amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals (De Silva Peak of Namunukula (Nine peaks) Mountain Range 2014). Kanneliya belongs to the Kanneliya-Dediya- is 2011 m (6600 feet, 68520N, 81870E). Maragalakan- gala-Nakiyadeniya Reserve (Bandaratillake 2003), a da (Geelong, 1111 m, 3382 feet, 68870N, 818380E) is forest complex in southern Sri Lanka. The forest one of the least visited mountains with four main complex is designated as a Biosphere Reserve and peaks, located in the dry zone of Sri Lanka, and World Heritage Site in 2004 by UNESCO since it is isolated from the central belt, yet having montane one of the floristically richest areas in South Asia. and submontane forests. Adam’s Peak (Butterfly Mountain) is a 2243 m (7359 Lahugala-Kitulana National Park (68530N, ft, 068480N and 808300E) tall conical mountain 818400E) is one of the smallest national parks in Sri located in central Sri Lanka. It is well known for Lanka. Despite its land area, the park is an important the sacred footprint, a rock formation near the habitat for the Sri Lankan elephant and endemic summit, which in Buddhist tradition is held to be the birds (Puvaneswaran & Smithson 1993). Weerakoon et al.: New lichens from Sri Lanka 133

Jaffna Peninsula (98400N, 80800E), is situated apothecia together with surrounding orange thallus very close to South India. The peninsula is mostly are ca. 1.0–2.0 mm diam. Epihymenium with dark surrounded by water, connected to the rest of the brown crystals. Hypothecium hyaline. Hamathecium island by a small strip of land, and has a very dry not inspersed, weakly amyloid, paraphysoids 1–1.5 climate (Jeyaruba & Thushyanthy 2009). The lichen lm wide, anastomosing and often somewhat curled. expedition to Jaffna Peninsula carried out in March Asci clavate, 22–25 3 10–12.5 lm, dextrinoid. 2015 was the first in history. Lichens were collected Ascospores 8/ascus, hyaline, consistently 2-septate, from a few places during a five day expedition. broadly clavate, 9.0–10.5 3 3.5–4.5 lm, lumina somewhat rounded, upper lumina largest. Pycnidia

MATERIALS AND METHODS not observed. Identification and descriptive work was carried Chemistry. Thallus and apothecia UV–, C–, P–, out at the Field Museum in Chicago and in Soest K–, orange area Kþ purple. TLC: an anthraquinone. using Olympus stereomicroscopes and Olympus Etymology. Named after Prof. Dr. Veranja compound microscopes with interference contrast, Karunaratne, a pioneer of lichen chemistry in Sri connected to a Nikon Coolpix digital camera. All Lanka. measurements were made on sections mounted in Ecology and distribution. On smooth bark of tap water. All specimens of this study are preserved trees in rain forest. Known only from Sri Lanka. in PD, and with a duplicate of each specimen in F. The chemistry of the type specimen of each new Discussion. The genus Arthonia is a predomi- species has been investigated by thin-layer chroma- nantly tropical group of crustose lichens comprising tography (TLC) using solvent A and by observing ca. 500 species, of which only the lichenicolous extract recrystallization in acetone with a compound species with anthraquinones have been recently microscope (Orange et al. 2001). Chemical reactions monographed (Grube et al. 1995). However, the were applied directly on cortex or medulla and on remaining species with anthraquinones have also acetone extracts on filter paper. been examined and there are only two other Arthonia species known with orange pigment surrounding the apothecia, the corticolous A. ochrocincta Nyl. ex Willey (Grube, pers. comm.), which differs by the consistently 3-septate asco- Arthonia karunaratnei Weerakoon & Aptroot, sp. spores, and the foliicolous A. mira R.Sant. (Lucking¨ nov. Fig. 1A–C 2008), which differs by solitary, round to lobate MYCOBANK MB 815540 apothecia. Corticolous Arthonia with dark brown, round apothe- cia in groups which are surrounded by a bright Enterographa wijesundarae Weerakoon & Aptroot, orange area, with ascospores 2-septate, 9.0–10.5 3 sp. nov. Fig. 1D–E 3.5–4.5 lm. MYCOBANK MB 815541 TYPE: SRI LANKA. Imbulpitiya, on bark of tree, 23 Corticolous Enterographa with sessile, pruinose apo- January 2015, G. Weerakoon & O. Arachchige thecia with thin margins that are higher than the Im33 (holotype: PD; isotype: F). disc, with ascospores 13–17-septate, 50–60 3 4.5– 5.5 lm, without substances. Description. Thallus crustose, continuous but TYPE: SRI LANKA. Morningsite, on bark of tree, 24 often appearing absent, not corticate, dull, pale April 2015, G. Weerakoon & O. Arachchcige ochraceous (except for orange zones around the Mo11 (holotype: PD; isotype: F). apothecia), endoperidermal and occasionally flaking off the bark surface, surrounded by a usually diffuse Description. Thallus crustose, continuous but brown prothallus. Photobiont trentepohlioid. Asco- often appearing absent, not corticate, dull, pale mata erumpent to sessile, round or ellipsoidal, in pinkish to pale brownish, very thin and closely linear to branched groups of 5–25, disc dark brown following the bark surface, surrounded by a thin to black with an orange hue, ca. 0.2–0.3 mm wide, brown prothallus. Photobiont trentepohlioid. Asco- without margin, but surrounded by a bright orange mata sessile, superficial on the thallus, round or area of ca. 0.2–0.3 mm wide. The resulting groups of ellipsoidal to branched and gnarled, disc dark brown 134 The Bryologist 119(2): 2016

Figure 1. A–C. Arthonia karunaratnei (holotype). A. Habitus. B. Ascus. C. Ascospore. D–E. Enterographa wijesundarae (holotype). D. Ascospores. E. Habitus. F–H. Fellhanera stipitata (holotype). F. Section through central part of apothecium. G. Habitus. H. Conidiophores and conidia. Scale in A ¼ 1 mm, B, D ¼ 15 lm, C ¼ 5 lm, E & G ¼ 0.5 mm, F ¼ 20 lm, H ¼ 25 lm. Weerakoon et al.: New lichens from Sri Lanka 135

to black but white to grey pruinose, 0.2–0.5 mm lm high, IKI– except for the ascus tips; paraphyses wide, margin raised above the disc, ochraceous without clear septa towards the tip, which is white, ca. 0.05 mm wide. Excipulum hyaline to pale somewhat clavate and up to ca. 3 lmwide; brownish. Epihymenium internally with pale brown epithecium hyaline, gelatinous; hypothecium reddish pigmentation. Hamathecium not inspersed, weakly brown; excipulum hyaline, composed of dense cells amyloid, paraphysoids 1–1.5 lm wide, anastomosing with rather angular lumina of ca. 4–7.5 lm. Ascus and often somewhat curled. Asci cylindrico-clavate, Pilocarpaceae-type with 8 ascospores, ca. 45–60 3 6– 75–85 3 15–25 lm, tholus amyloid. Ascospores 8/ 9.5 lm. Ascospores hyaline, fusiform to clavate, 5–7- ascus, hyaline, 13–17-septate, narrowly clavate, 50– septate, 21–24.5 3 2.0–2.5 lm, with somewhat 60 3 4.5–5.5 lm, surrounded by a 1.5–2.5 lm wide rounded ends. Pycnidia numerous, sessile to tubular, gelatinous sheath, lumina somewhat rounded. Pyc- cup-shaped, pale brown with pale margins, ca. 0.1– nidia not observed. 0.2 mm diam. and ca. 0.1–0.2 mm high. Conidia Chemistry. Thallus and apothecia UV–, C–, P–, hyaline, ellipsoid, 4.5–5.5 3 1.5–2.0 lm, with K–. TLC: no substances. rounded ends. Etymology. Named after Dr. Siril Wijesundara, Chemistry. Thallus UV–, C–, K–, KC–, P–. No former Director of the Botanic Gardens and lichen substances detected with TLC. National Herbarium in Sri Lanka who made the Etymology. Named after the stipitate pycnidia. expedition possible. Ecology and distribution. On smooth bark of Ecology and distribution. On smooth bark of trees in rain forest. Known only from Sri Lanka. trees in rain forest. Known only from Sri Lanka. Discussion. The genus Fellhanera is still rather Discussion. The genus Enterographa is a pre- incompletely known, with so far ca. 65 accepted dominantly tropical group of crustose Roccellaceae species (Lucking¨ 2008). This species is special comprising ca. 50 species (Seavey & Seavey 2014; because of the numerous sessile to stipitate pycnidia, Sparrius 2004). This new species is close in and is reminiscent of the foliicolous F. pilomarginata appearance to E. rotundata E.L.Lima, M.Ca´ceres & Lucking¨ (Lucking¨ 2008), with which it shares the Aptroot (Aptroot et al. 2013), a species that was sessile to stipitate pycnidia. This species is however missed by Seavey & Seavey (2014). The two species strictly foliicolous and has 3-septate ascospores of share the sessile apothecia with thin margins that are only 12.5–15 lm long. higher than the discs. However, E. rotundata has ascomata that do not become branched and Malmidea plicata Weerakoon & Aptroot, sp. nov. ascospores that are only (3–)7-septate. Fig. 2A MYCOBANK MB 815543 Fellhanera stipitata Weerakoon & Aptroot, sp. nov. Saxicolous Malmidea similar to M. vinosa but with Fig. 1F–H folded thallus and smaller ascospores. MYCOBANK MB 815542 TYPE: SRI LANKA. Nallamale, Namunukula, on rock, Corticolous Fellhanera with convex, brown apothecia, 17 February 2015, G. Weerakoon & O. Arach- fusiform to clavate, 5–7-septate ascospores of 21– chcige Ho233 (holotype: PD; isotype: F). 24.5 3 2.0–2.5 lm, and sessile to tubulare pycnidia with conidia 4.5–5.5 3 1.5–2.0 lm. Description. Thallus ca. 0.1 mm thick, dull, grey, TYPE: SRI LANKA. Nallamale, Namunukula, on bark much plicate-folded so as to become almost lobate of tree, 7 April 2015, G. Weerakoon & O. and thus locally up to 3 mm high, without warts, with a blackish brown hypothallus underneath the Arachchige Mn89 (holotype: PD; isotype: F). whole thallus and surrounded by a black, rather Description. Thallus thin, finely granular, green, diffuse, prothallus. Photobiont chlorococcoid, ca. 7 without cortex, without prothallus. Photobiont 3 5 lm. Apothecia sessile, 0.2–2.0 mm diam., disc chlorococcoid, ca. 5–10 lm diam. Apothecia sessile, flat, dull, medium brown. Margin dull, ca. 0.1 mm 0.4–0.7 mm diam., round, the larger ones lobate, wide, pale ochraceous, higher than the disc; on the solitary or 2 together, disc soon convex, dull, border of the disc and the margin there is often a medium brown, margin pale, not higher than the thin black line indicating the presence of a para- disc, ca. 0.1 mm wide. Hymenium hyaline, 55–75 thecium. Hymenium hyaline, 45–55 lmhigh; 136 The Bryologist 119(2): 2016

Figure 2. A. Malmidea plicata (holotype). A. Habitus. B–D. Phlyctis lueckingii (holotype). B. Habitus. C. Section through apothecium. D. Ascospore. E– G. Porina viridipustulata (holotype). E. Ascoma. F. Habitus with pustules. G. Marginal part of thallus with prothallus. Scale in A, B, E, F & G ¼ 0.5 mm, C ¼ 50 lm, D ¼ 10 lm. hypothecium dark brown to black, up to 150 lm Chemistry. Thallus UV–, C–, K–, KC–, P–. No thick; excipulum not corticate, without crystals. Asci lichen substances detected with TLC. cylindrical, 45–60 3 8–11 lm. Ascospores hyaline, Etymology. Named after the plicate (folded) IKI–, simple, ellipsoid, 7.5–8.5 3 3.0–3.5 lm, ends thallus. somewhat pointed but not thickened. Pycnidia not Ecology and distribution. On smooth rock in observed. rain forest. Known only from Sri Lanka. Weerakoon et al.: New lichens from Sri Lanka 137

Discussion. The genus Malmidea in the separate transversely septate ascospores and norstictic acid, family Malmideaceae was only recently described and viz. P. andensis Nyl., P. brasiliensis Nyl., P. is still incompletely known, with ca. 50 known endecamara (Nyl.) Nyl. and P. uncinata Stirt., by species worldwide (Breuss & Lucking¨ 2015; Kalb et the smaller ascospores with rounded ends. al. 2011), but many additional, already described species in this group are still included under Lecidea Porina viridipustulata Weerakoon & Aptroot, sp. and new species are now described quite regularly. nov. Fig. 2E–G This new species is characterized by the saxicolous MYCOBANK MB 815545 habitat, the folded thallus and the tiny ascospores. Corticolous Porina with numerous pustules of ca. 0.2– The apothecia superficially resemble those of M. 0.7 mm diam. and ca. 0.1–0.3 mm high and vinosa (Eschw.) Kalb, Rivas Plata & Lumbsch. The ascospores 3–7-septate, 57–60 3 12–13 lm. folds of the new species seem to be caused by the TYPE: SRI LANKA. Monaragala, on bark of tree, 7 thallus, which continues to grow laterally even when April 2015, G. Weerakoon & O. Arachchige the total area is covered and it thus expands Mn34A (holotype: PD; isotype: F); Wilpattu, on vertically in folds. bark of tree, 1 March 2015, G. Weerakoon & P.A. Wolseley WL069 (paratype: PD; isoparatype: F). Phlyctis lueckingii Weerakoon & Aptroot, sp. nov. Fig. 2B–D Description. Thallus corticate, smooth, shiny, MYCOBANK MB 815544 continuous, thin, olive green, surrounded by a black Corticolous Phlyctis with ca. 0.2–0.3 mm large, grey- prothallus. Pustules numerous, not confluent, ca. pruinose apothecia in dense groups and fusiform 0.2–0.7 mm diam. and ca. 0.1–0.3 mm high, hollow, 7-septate ascospores of 27–29 3 5.5–6.5 lm; becoming cupular, paler green than the thallus, thallus with norstictic acid. inside and on the margins fully or mostly covered by TYPE: SRI LANKA. Dothalugala, on bark of tree, 8 farinose soredia, medulla whitish. Photobiont tren- March 2015, G. Weerakoon & P.A. Wolseley tepohlioid. Ascomata hemispherical, ca. 0.5–0.7 mm Kn02A (holotype: PD; isotype: F). diam., fully covered by thallus except for a brown ca. 0.1 mm wide ostiole. Ascospores young, 3–7-septate, Description. Thallus ca. 0.2 mm thick, finely 57–60 3 12–13 lm. Pycnidia not observed. granular, bluish grey, without cortex. Photobiont Chemistry. Thallus UV–, C–, K–, KC–, P–. No chlorococcoid, ca. 4–6 lm diam. Apothecia im- substances detected with TLC. mersed in the thallus, disc flush with the thallus surface, ca. 0.2–0.3 mm diam., round to oval, in Etymology. Named after the presence of pus- dense groups of 10–50, disc flat, dull, grey due to tules. dense pruina, margin of thallus color or paler and Ecology and distribution. On smooth bark of whitish, higher than the disc, ca. 0.1 mm wide. trees in rain forest. Known only from Sri Lanka. Hymenium hyaline, 55–75 lm high, IKI– except for Discussion. This is the first Porina described the ascus tips; paraphyses unbranched; hypothecium with pustules. Only few perithecia are present, and hyaline; excipulum hyaline. Ascus with 8 ascospores, the glossy thallus with black prothallus is also very ca. 50–65 3 9–12.5 lm. Ascospores hyaline, characteristic of the genus. Vegetative propagules are fusiform, 7-septate, 27–29 3 5.5–6.5 lm, with relatively common in the genus, but are always more rounded ends. Pycnidia not observed. or less in the shape of isidia. See Ca´ceres et al. (2013) Chemistry. Thallus UV–, C–, Kþ yellow . red, for a discussion of many isidiate Porina species; P–. TLC: norstictic acid. species with unusual shapes of isidia are reported by Etymology. Named after our colleague Dr. Lucking¨ (2008) and Lucking¨ et al. (2013). Robert Lucking.¨ Stirtonia isidiata Weerakoon, Wolseley & Aptroot, Ecology and distribution. On smooth bark of sp. nov. Fig. 3A–D trees in rain forest. Known only from Sri Lanka. MYCOBANK MB 815546 Discussion. The genus Phlyctis is a small group Corticolous Stirtonia with glossy white thallus with with currently ca. 25 species (Joshi et al. 2012). This isidia, which are partly globose but mostly species differs from the other Phlyctis species with irregularly cylindrical, often with some constric- 138 The Bryologist 119(2): 2016

Figure 3. A–D. Stirtonia isidiata (holotype). A. Habitus with isidia. B. Ascigerous area. C. Ascus. D. Upper part of an ascospore. E–G. Trypetheliopsis hirsuta (holotype). E–F. Habitus. G. Conidia. Scale in A, B, E & F ¼ 0.5 mm, C ¼ 50 lm, D ¼ 20 lm, G ¼ 10 lm. Weerakoon et al.: New lichens from Sri Lanka 139

tions or branching, usually gnarled and decum- opaque whitish prothallus. Photobiont trentepoh- bent, generally ca. 0.2–0.3 mm thick and up to ca. lioid. Ascomata not observed. Campylidia abundant, 2 mm long. Ascigerous areas apothecium-like, black, ear-shaped, pointed, glossy, ca. 0.4–0.9 mm sessile. Ascus with 1 ascospore, ca. 250 3 150 lm. diam., ca. 0.5–1.2 mm high, at the outside with black Ascospores hyaline, broadly fusiform 7–9-septate, bristles of up to 140 lm long and up to ca. 35 lm 210–225 3 105–115 lm. thick. Conidia hyaline, ellipsoid, 6–7 3 3–3.5 lm, TYPE: SRI LANKA. Horton, on bark of tree, 23 with rounded ends. February 2015, G. Weerakoon & P.A. Wolseley Chemistry. Thallus UV–, C–, K–, KC–, P–. No HoB4 (holotype: PD; isotype: F). substances detected with TLC. Description. Thallus thin, glossy, shiny, almost Etymology. Named after the presence of bristles. white, with cortex. Isidia almost white, partly Ecology and distribution. On smooth bark of globose but mostly irregularly cylindrical, often with trees in rain forest. Known only from Sri Lanka. some constrictions or branching, usually gnarled and Discussion. Trypetheliopsis is a small tropical decumbent, generally ca. 0.2–0.3 mm thick and up to genus with seven species known (Kashiwadani et al. ca. 2 mm long. Photobiont trentepohlioid, ca. 5–9 2009). The generic name was taken up by Kashiwa- lm diam. Ascigerous areas apothecium-like, sessile, dani et al. (2009) for a small group of species that ca. 0.5–0.7 mm diam., up to ca. 0.3 mm high, round, was known for a long time as Musaespora (Aptroot & white with brown asci visible. Interascal tissue much Sipman 1993). The new species is closest to T. kalbii branched and anastomosing hyphae. Ascus with 1 (Serus.´ & Lucking)¨ Aptroot and T. kassamensis ascospore, ca. 250 3 150 lm. Ascospores hyaline, (Serus.)´ Aptroot, but differs by the bristles on the broadly fusiform 7–9-septate, 210–225 3 105–115 campylidia. The placement in this genus and the lm, with rounded ends, with ca. 1.5 lm thick wall. uniqueness of the species are beyond doubt, even Pycnidia not observed. though no ascomata are known, because these Chemistry. Thallus UV–, C–, K–, KC–, P–. TLC: campylidia are very characteristic. 2 unknowns, position of TLC plate resembling but not identical with barbatic and obtusatic acids. NEW RECORDS Etymology. Named for the presence of isidia. The 88 lichen species listed in Table 1 are newly Ecology and distribution. On smooth bark of recorded from Sri Lanka. These include 56 species trees in rain forest. Known only from Sri Lanka. that are new for the Indian subcontinent. Seven of these are first reports from the whole of the Discussion. The genus Stirtonia is a tropical genus Palaeotropics. These species were previously known comprising ca. 25 known species (Aptroot et al. 2014; only from either Costa Rica or the Amazonian and/ Seavey & Seavey 2015). This is the first species with or Atlantic rain forest of Brazil. isidia. It is also one of the relatively few species with a (smooth) cortex. Moreover, it is the only species in which the ascospores are single within the ascus. CONCLUSIONS A total of 1200 lichen species (Weerakoon et al. Trypetheliopsis hirsuta Weerakoon, Arachchcige & in prep.) are currently known from a range of Aptroot, sp. nov. Fig. 3E–G disturbed and undisturbed vegetation types from Sri MYCOBANK MB 815547 Lanka. The large number of new lichen records Corticolous Trypetheliopsis with black, ear-shaped, found within a limited period of fieldwork suggests pointed, glossy campylidia of ca. 0.4–0.9 mm that a significant part of the lichen biodiversity of Sri diam., ca. 0.5–1.2 mm high, at the outside with Lanka remains to be discovered. It should be noted black bristles. that among these new records, eight species were TYPE: SRI LANKA. Morningsite, on bark of tree, 19 found that were previously only known to the April 2015, G. Weerakoon & O. Arachchcige Neotropics. These are new to Asia. These species were all described in the last decades from either Mo97 (holotype: PD; isotype: F). Costa Rica or Brazil. This demonstrates that even Description. Thallus corticate, smooth, shiny, some of the recently described species may have continuous, thin, olive grey, surrounded by an wider distributions outside the Neotropics. So far, 140 The Bryologist 119(2): 2016

Table 1. Lichen species that are new records for Sri Lanka. Symbols: *** Genus is new for the Indian Subcontinent,** Genus is new for Sri Lanka. Collecting localities: AD–Adam’s Peak, Im–Imbulpitiya, Hg–Hakgala Botanical Garden, Ho–Horton Plains, JF–Jaffna, Ka–Kanneliya, Kn–Knuckles, Mn– Monaragala, Mo–Morningsite, Ne–Nuwaraeliya, Ri–Rilhena, Si–Sinharaja, WL–Wilpattu.

Species No. Status

Agonimia pacifica (H.Harada) Diederich Ne 195, Ne 332, Ho 70 New record for Indian subcontinent*** Anisomeridium palavanum (Vain.) R.C.Harris Ka 14, WL 45 Anisomeridium subnexum (Nyl.) R.C.Harris WL 25B Anisomeridium subtruncatum Aptroot Ho 42, Ho 255 New record for Indian subcontinent Anisomeridium tamarindi (Fee)´ R.C.Harris Im 51 New record for Indian subcontinent Arthonia catenatula Nyl. Ne 203 Arthonia parantillarum Aptroot JF 01A New record for Indian subcontinent Arthothelium bessale (Nyl.) Zahlbr. Mn 69, Mn 71, WL 14, WL 058F, Mo 105 Arthothelium corticatum Makhija & Patw. WL 19 Astrothelium subfuscum Kremp. Hg 96 New record for Indian subcontinent polychroa (Th.Fr.) Korb.¨ Ad 120, Ho 223A, Kn 30A, Ho 2- 2A, Ne 330 New record for Indian subcontinent Bacidina penicillata Aptroot, M.Ca´ceres, Lucking¨ & Sparrius Ne 160A, Si 07 New record for Indian subcontinent Buellia subdisciformis (Leight.) Jatta Mn 62, Mn 91 lenticulare Ach. Ne 154, Ne 158 New record for Indian subcontinent Caloplaca aphanotripta (Nyl.) Zahlbr. Ne 220, Ne 328 New record for Indian subcontinent Caloplaca camptidia (Tuck.) Zahlbr. WL 36 New record for Indian subcontinent Caloplaca flavovirescens (Wulfen) Dalla Torre & Sarnth. Ho 243 Caloplaca lobulata (Florke)¨ Hellb. Hg 68 New record for Indian subcontinent Candelaria crawfordii (Mull.¨ Arg.) P.M.Jørg. & D.J.Galloway Ho 195 New record for Indian subcontinent Candelariella reflexa (Nyl.) Lettau Kn 115A, Ne 510 p.p. New record for Indian subcontinent Celothelium aciculiferum (Nyl.) Vain. Ho 60, Si 66 New record for Indian subcontinent*** Collema actinoptychum Nyl. Mo 30 Cratiria obscurior (Stirt.) Marbach & Kalb Mn 59, Kn 173, Hg 108 Cresponea flava (Vain.) Egea & Torrente Mn 87 Cresponea plurilocularis (Nyl.) Egea & Torrente JF 11 khaoyaiana Kalb & Mongkolsuk Si 44 New record for Indian subcontinent*** Crypthonia polillensis (Vain.) Frisch & G.Thor. Si 95 New record for Indian subcontinent*** Cryptothecia faveomaculata Makhija & Patw. WL 45B, Ri 114 Cryptothecia irregularis Lucking,¨ Aptroot, Kalb & Elix AD 105 New record for Indian subcontinent Cryptothecia macrospora Makhija & Patw. Ne 204 Cryptothecia monospora (Vain.) Makhija & Patw. Hg 11, Hg 50 New record for Indian subcontinent Cryptothecia scripta G.Thor Ri 74, Hg 139 Cryptothecia verrucominuta Makhija & Patw. Mo 101 Dibaeis sorediata Kalb & Gierl Ne 336, Mo 98 New record for Indian subcontinent Flakea papillata O.E.Erikss. Ri 35 New record for Indian subcontinent*** Fuscopannaria siamensis P.M.Jørg. & Wolseley Ne 348 Gassicurtia clathrisidiata Aptroot Ne 213 New record for Indian subcontinent*** Gyalectaria gyalectoides (Vezda)ˇ I.Schmitt, Kalb & Lumbsch Im 45 New record for Indian subcontinent*** Heterodermia flavosquamosa Aptroot & Sipman Hg 82 New record for the Palaeotropics Julella geminella (Nyl.) R.C.Harris WL 18 ** Laurera meristosporoides P.M.McCarthy & Vongshew Mo 90 New record for Indian subcontinent** Lecanora ecoronata Vain. Kn 191 New record for Indian subcontinent Lecanora fimbriatula Stirt. Mo 52, Mn 02, Ne 268 Lecanora leproplaca Zahlbr. Hg 69, AD 076B, AD 061A New record for Indian subcontinent Lecanora pseudistera Nyl. Mn 92 Lecidella enteroleucella (Nyl.) Hertel Mn 103 ** Lithothelium decumbens (Mull.¨ Arg.) Aptroot Si 73A Malmidea eeuuae Kalb AD 66 New record for Indian subcontinent Malmidea fellhaneroides (Lucking)¨ Kalb & Lucking¨ Mn 72, Ne 330 New record for Indian subcontinent Malmidea flavopustulosa (Ca´ceres & Lucking)¨ Ca´ceres & Kalb Mo 12C p.p. New record for Asia Malmidea piae (Kalb) Kalb Mn 90, WL 11 New record for Indian subcontinent Malmidea piperina (Zahlbr.) Aptroot & Breuss Kn 22, Mo 93, Kn 27, Kn 24, Si 79A New record for Indian subcontinent Weerakoon et al.: New lichens from Sri Lanka 141

Table 1. Continued.

Species No. Status

Malmidea subaurigera (Vain.) Kalb, Rivas Plata & Lumbsch Ne 317, Mn 75 New record for Indian Mazosia viridescens (Fee)´ Aptroot & M.Ca´ceres WL 83, Ri 10 New record for Indian subcontinent Megalotremis cauliflora Aptroot, Serus.´ & Lucking¨ Ho89 New record for the Palaeotropics Micarea corallothallina M.Ca´ceres, D.A.Mota & Aptroot Ne 199 New record for the Palaeotropics Micarea peliocarpa (Anzi) Coppins Ne 344 New record for Indian subcontinent Monerolechia badia (Fr.) Kalb Ne 342 New record for Indian subcontinent*** Monoblastia pellucida Aptroot AD 010 Mycomicrothelia macrocarpa Komposch, Aptroot & Hafellner WL11, WL 53 New record for the Palaeotropics** Myeloconis erumpens P.M. McCarthy & Elix Ri 64B New record for Indian subcontinent*** Opegrapha robusta Vain. AD 118, Mo 103 New record for Indian subcontinent Polymeridium amylosporum (Vain.) Aptroot Im 38 New record for Indian subcontinent Protoparmelia isidiata Diederich, Aptroot & Serus.´ Ne 202 New record for Indian subcontinent Protoparmelia multifera (Nyl.) Kantvilas, Papong & Lumbsch Im 61 New record for Indian subcontinent Psoroglaena stigonemoides (Orange) Henssen Ne 195 , Ne 157 New record for Indian subcontinent*** Psoroma sphinctrinum (Mont.) Nyl. Mo107 New record for Indian subcontinent Pyrenula complanata (Mont.) Trevis Ho 44, Si 141, Ri 64A New record for Indian subcontinent Pyrenula crassiuscula (Malme) Aptroot PD 01, Hg 38, Hg 97, Ho 46 New record for the Pyrenula cryptothelia (Mull.¨ Arg.) Aptroot & Etayo HO 67 New record for Indian subcontinent Pyrenula cubana (Mull.¨ Arg.) R.C.Harris Ho 92 New record for Indian subcontinent Pyrenula media Aptroot Ri 02, Ri 116 New record for Indian subcontinent Pyrenula ochraceoflava (Nyl.) R.C.Harris JF 04 Pyrenula oculata Ajay Singh & Upreti WL 76 Pyrenula platystoma (Mull.¨ Arg.) Aptroot AD 29 Pyrenula pyrenuloides (Mont.) R.C.Harris Hg25 Pyrenula ravenelii (Tuck.) R.C.Harris Hg 59 Pyrenula subglabrata (Nyl.) Mull.¨ Arg. Ka 23 New record for Indian subcontinent Pyrenula thailandica Aptroot WL 52, WL 52A New record for Indian subcontinent Pyrgidium montellicum (Beltr.) Tibell Mn 65 ** Ramalina angulosa Laurer WL 74 Ramalina subpusilla (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Ne 295 Rostania callibotrys (Tuck.) Ota´lora, P.M.Jørg. & Wedin Ho 210 Sculptolumina serotina (Malme) Marbach Hg 49 New record for the Palaeotropics Stirtonia viridis L.I. Ferraro, Sipman & M.Ca´ceres WL 66 New record for the Palaeotropics Thelenella marginata (Groenh.) Mayrhofer Ne 123A p.p. New record for Indian subcontinent Trapelia placodioides Coppins & P.James Ne 200 Trapeliopsis granulosa (Hoffm.) Lumbsch Ne 155A New record for Indian subcontinent macrolichens have received most attention, although to Thorsten Lumbsch for his help in many instances in the Field some macrolichens are still reported here for the first Museum. The Linnean Society of London is thanked for a travel time from Sri Lanka. Corticolous lichens have been grant to Patricia Wolseley and the Stichting Hugo de Vries-fonds is collected more frequently than saxicolous lichens, thanked for a travel grant to Andre´ Aptroot. which are not abundant but represent a wide variety as the rock types vary a lot over the country. LITERATURE CITED Terricolous and foliicolous lichens are not well Aptroot, A. & H. J. M. Sipman. 1993. Musaespora, a genus of sampled either. Many crustose species have been pyrenocarpous lichens with campylidia, and other additions to overlooked so far as they are only likely to be found the foliicolous lichen flora of New Guinea. Lichenologist 25: 121–135. or identified by people who know them. Aptroot, A., D. Ertz, E. L. Lima, K. A. de Jesus, L. C. Maia & M. E. S. Ca´ceres. 2013. Two new species of Roccellaceae (: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Arthoniales) from Brazil, with the description of the new genus The National Geographic Society of U.S.A. and Dilmah Conserva- Sergipea. Lichenologist 45: 627–634. tion of Sri Lanka are warmly thanked for their generous Aptroot, A., H. J. M. Sipman, M. Kaffer,¨ S. M. A. Martins, L. I. contribution for the field work. Gothamie Weerakoon is grateful Ferraro & M. E. S. Ca´ceres. 2014. A world key to Stirtonia 142 The Bryologist 119(2): 2016

(Arthoniaceae), with three new Stirtonia species and one new Pathirana, H. D. N. C. 1980. Geology of Sri Lanka in relation to Crypthonia from the Neotropics. Lichenologist 46: 673–679. Plate Tectonics. Lanka National Science Foundation Science Bandaratillake, H. M. 2003. Community participation in the Council 8: 75–85. management of the Kanneliya- Dediyagala-Nakiyadeniya pro- Puvaneswaran, K. M. & P. A. Smithson. 1993. An objective posed biosphere reserve. Journal of National Science Foundation classification of homogeneous rainfall regimes in Sri Lanka. of Sri Lanka 31: 139–145. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 48: 133–145. Breuss, O. & R. Lucking.¨ 2015. Three new lichen species from Ricci, R. 2011. Literature, conversion and the Arabic cosmopolis of Nicaragua, with keys to the known species of Eugeniella and South and Southeast Asia. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Malmidea. Lichenologist 47: 9–20. Seavey, F. & J. Seavey. 2014. New additions to the lichen genus Ca´ceres, M. E. S., M. W. O. Santos, C. O. Mendon¸ca, D. A. Mota & Enterographa (Roccellaceae) from Everglades National Park A. Aptroot. 2013. New lichen species of the genera Porina and including an updated world key. Lichenologist 46: 83–93. Byssoloma from an urban Atlantic rainforest patch in Sergipe, NE Seavey, F. & J. Seavey. 2015. Three new Stirtonia from Everglades Brazil. Lichenologist 45: 379–382. National Park with a key to neotropical species. Lichenologist 47: Cooray, P. G. 1984. An introduction to the geology of Sri Lanka. 1–7. Department of Geology, Government Printing Press, Colombo, Silva, M. A. T. de. 2014. Sri Lanka’s forests. Sri Lanka Association Sri Lanka. for the Advancement of Science, Colombo. Grube, M., M. Matzer & J. Hafellner. 1995. A preliminary account of Sparrius, L. B. 2004. A monograph of Enterographa and Sclerophy- the lichenicolous Arthonia species with reddish, Kþ reactive ton. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 89: 1–141. pigments. Lichenologist 27: 25–42. Jayalal, U., P. A. Wolseley, C. Gueidan, A. Aptroot, S. Wijesundara & V. The National Red List. 2012. Conservation Status of the Fauna and Karunaratne. 2012. Anzia mahaeliyensis and Anzia flavotenuis, two Flora. Ministry of Environment, Colombo, Sri Lanka. new lichen species from Sri Lanka. Lichenologist 44: 381–389. Vlas, J. de & J. de Vlas. 2008. Illustrated field guide to the flowers of Jayasinghe, H. D. 2015. Common butterflies of Sri Lanka. Ceylon Sri Lanka. Mark booksellers and distributors, Kandy. Tea Services, Colombo. Weerakoon, G. 2013. Some environmental factors influencing Jeyaruba, T & M. Thushyanthy. 2009. The effect of agriculture on diversity of corticolous lichens in selected disturbed and quality of groundwater: A case study. Middle-East Journal of undisturbed vegetation types in Knuckles Mountain range in Scientific Research 4: 110–114. Sri Lanka. PhD thesis, University of Sri Jayawardenapura, Sri Joshi, S., D. K. Upreti & S. Nayaka. 2012. Two new species in the Lanka. lichen genus Phlyctis (Phlyctidaceae) from India. Lichenologist Weerakoon, G. 2015. Fascinating Lichens of Sri Lanka. Dilmah 44: 363–369. Conservation, Colombo. Kalb, K., E. Rivas Plata, R. Lucking¨ & H. T. Lumbsch. 2011. The Weerakoon, G. & A. Aptroot. 2013. Some new lichen species from phylogenetic position of Malmidea, a new genus for the Lecidea Sri Lanka, with a key to the genus Heterodermia in Sri Lanka. piperis- and Lecanora granifera-groups (, Malmidea- Cryptogamie, Mycologie 34: 321–328. ceae) inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial ribosomal DNA Weerakoon, G. & A. Aptroot. 2014. Over 200 new lichen records sequences with special reference to Thai species. Bibliotheca from Sri Lanka, with three new species to science. Cryptogamie, Lichenologica 106: 143–168. Mycologie 35: 51–62. Kashiwadani, H., A. Aptroot & K. H. Moon. 2009. Pyrenocarpous Weerakoon, A. Aptroot, H. T. Lumbsch, P. A. Wolseley, S. C. lichens of Japan, with the resurrection of the genus Trypethe- Wijeyaratne & C. Gueidan. 2012a. New molecular data on liopsis. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 99: 247–258. Pyrenulaceae from Sri Lanka reveal two well-supported groups Kotagama, S. 2006. Significant birding sites in Sri Lanka. Common, within this family. Lichenologist 44: 639–647. endemic and threatened birds in Sri Lanka. Field Ornithology Weerakoon, G., E. Rivas Plata, H. T. Lumbsch & R. Lucking.¨ 2012b. Group of Sri Lanka, Colombo. Three new species of Chapsa (lichenized Ascomycota: Ostro- Lucking,¨ R. 2008. Foliicolous lichenized fungi. Flora Neotropica 103: pales: Graphidaceae) from tropical Asia. Lichenologist 44: 373– 1–866. 379. ¨ Lucking, R., O. Breuss, M. P. Nelsen, E. Navarro, A. Aptroot, J. L. Weerakoon, G., S. C. Wijeyaratne, P. A. Wolseley, E. Rivas Plata, R. Chaves, M. Trest & S. Will-Wolf. 2013. Porina squamulifera Lucking¨ & H. T. Lumbsch. 2012c. Six new species of Graph- (lichenized Ascomycota: Porinaceae), a new species from tropical idaceae from Sri Lanka. The Bryologist 115: 74–83. rainforest in Costa Rica with unique thallus morphology. Weerakoon, G., U. Jayalal, S. Wijesundara, V. Karunaratne & R. Herzogia 26: 223–230. Lucking.¨ 2015. Six new Graphidaceae (lichenized Ascomycota: Lucking,¨ R., M. K. Johnston, A. Aptroot, E. Kraichak, J. C. Ostropales) from Horton Plains National Park, Sri Lanka. Nova Lendemer, K. Boonpragob, M. E. S. Ca´ceres, D. Ertz, L. I. Hedwigia 101: 77–88. Ferraro, Z.-F. Jia, K. Kalb, A. Mangold, L. Manoch, J. A. Mercado-Dıaz,´ B. Moncada, P. Mongkolsuk, K. Papong, S. Weerakoon G., R. Lucking¨ & H. T. Lumbsch. 2014. Thirteen new Parnmen, R. Pela´ez, V. Poengsoengnoen, E. Rivas Plata, W. species of Graphidaceae (lichenized Ascomycota: Ostropales) Saipunkaew, H. J. M. Sipman, J. Suttjaritturakan, D. Van den from Sri Lanka. Phytotaxa 189: 331–347. Broeck, M. von Konrat, G. Weerakoon & H. T. Lumbsch. 2014. Wickramasinghe, L. J. M. 2014. Recognising deadly venomous One hundred and seventy five new species of Graphidaceae: snakes from harmless snakes of Sri Lanka. Ceylon Tea Services, closing the gap or a drop in the bucket? Phytotaxa 189: 7–38. Colombo. Orange, A., P. W. James & F. J. White. 2001. Microchemical Methods for the Identification of Lichens. British Lichen Society, London. manuscript received November 30, 2015; accepted February 15, 2016.