C. 3 The Seas and the Waterways The New Frontier

Proceedings 6th Annual Sea Grant Massachusetts Institute Lecture of Technology and Symposium

19 September 1977 3 pm Kresge Little Theatre

Report No. MITSG 78-1 Index No. 78-601-Wep Yvonne Brathwaite Burke

Lecturer: Paneli sts: Yvonne Brathwaite Burke the Watts R iots investigatory lation which provided funds was elected to the House of body. for the initial planning of a Yvonne B ra thwaite B urk e Paul E Atkinson Representatives from the From 1966 until her elec- comprehensive West Coast Co ngr esswoma n President Twenty-eighth then Thirty- tion to Congress, Mrs, Burke Mass Transit System, ex- 28th District, California Sun Shipbuilding and seventh! Congressional D is- representedthe Sixty-third tended federal aid to autis- Dry Dock Company trict in Los Angeles, Cali- District in the California tic children, and ensured Moderator: fornia, on November 7, State Assembly, During the equal employment oppor- A. Douglas Carmichael 1972, Mrs. Burke, current 1971 and 1972 sessions, she tunity in the construction Dean A, Horn Professor of Power Chair of the Congressional chaired the Assembly Com- of the Trans-Alaskan pipe- Director Engineering Black Caucus, was the first mittee on Urban Develop- line. Mrs. Burke also intro- MIT Sea Grant Program M IT Department of woman to be elected to ment and Housing and dijced the Equal Opportu- Ocean Engineer'ng 3 Congress from California in served on the Health, Fi- nity for the Displaced twenty years, and the first nance, and Insurance Com- Homemakers Act, This bill, Erling D. Naess black woman ever elected to mittees. As a member of the if passed,will provide fed- Chairman the House from her state, state legislature, her efforts erally subsidized training for International Association of She presently serves on the led to the enactment of laws all individuals who had pre- independent Tanker Owners House Appropriations Com- that greatly benefited Cali- viously worked within the INTERTANKO! mittee with assignments on fornia's indigent children, home without compensa- subcommittees handling hea! th insurance consumers, tion, but who have beenleft, John P, Sheffey HUD-Independent agencies, residents of homes for the through death of a spouse Colonel, Ret.! USA Department of State, Jus- elderly and orphaned, and or divorce, without adequate National Association for tice, Commerce, The Judi- victims of governmental ur- economic support, Uniformed Services ciary and Related Agencies, ban renewal and expansion Mrs. Burke has received nu- and the District of Colum- projects. merous awards for her varied bia, Mrs Burke also serves Prior to her election to the civic and governmental on the Select Committee on House of Representatives, works. She has been se- Assassinations. Mrs. Burke served as Vice- lected Woman of the Year A native of Los Angeles, Chairperson of the 1972 by the Los Angeles Times IVlrs.Burke graduated from Democratic National Con- and the National Associa- Manual Arts High School, vention in Miami Beach, tion of Black Manufacturers. received a bachelor of arts There, in the absence of Time Magazine selected her degree in political science Party Chair Lawrence as one of America's 200 from the University of Cali- O' Brien, she presided over future leaders. fornia at Los Angeles and a the longest, and perhaps, Mrs. Burke serves on the J uris Doctor's degree from most volatile session in con- Board of Directors of the the University of Southern vention history. I n the 1976 United Negro College Fund, California School of Law. Democratic National Con- the A mer i can C ivi I L ib crt ies She holds honorary Doctor ventionn, Representative Union, Americans for Dem- of Law degrees from Vir- Burke served on the Draft- ocratic Action, and the ginia State College and At- ing Subcommittee of the National Athletic Health lanta University. Democratic P latfo rm Com- Institute. She is also a rnern- Mrs, Burke was admitted mittee and was very active ber of the Board of Trustees to the California Bar in in drafting the Party's plat- serving the University of 1956, and for the next ten form. She also chaired the Southern California, a trus- years,was an active practic- Task Force on Foreign and tee of the University of ing attorney and involved Defense Policy which West Los Angeles, and a community leader. She drafted the foreign policy Member of the UCLA served as a deputy corpora- plank for the platform, Foundation. She is a Life tion cornrnissioner, a hear- Since assuming office, Mrs. Member of the National ing officer for the Police Burke has personally intro- Council of Negro Women Commission and as an at- duced more than twenty and a member of Alpha torney on the McCone Com- b ills and major arnendrnents, Kappa Alpha Sorority, mission staff, which acted as Enacted into law was legis- Paul E. Atkinson A. Douglas Carmichael

Paul E. Atkinson has been environmentally sound fash- A Doug las Carmi chael is Department of Ocean President of Sun Shipbuild- ion in the U.S. trade. Professor of Power Engineer- E ngineering. ing and Dry Dock Company Mr. A tk inso n has contrib- ing in MIT's Department of Me has been instrumental since July 1961. Sun Ship is uted his views on the U.S. Ocean Engineering a posi in developing MIT's Ocean located in Chester, Pennsyl- shi pbuilding industry's re- tion he has enjoyed since E ngineering S ummer Labo- vania and is one of the na- sponse to the Navy's ship- his appointment in 1970. ratory, in cooperation with tion's I arger commercial building programs in two Dr. Carmichael's recent re- the IVlaine Maritime Aca- shipyards. appearances before the Sea- search concerns advanced demy. Some of the projects Mr, Atkinson received his power Subcommittee of the power plants, propulsion, developed in the Summer bachelor of science in naval kouse Armed Services Com- and wave energy conversion. Laboratory include a con- architecture and marine en- mitteeee. He has also conducted ex- stant depth buoy, a com- gineeringg from the Webb I n- Mr. Atkinson is the recip- perimental, design and sys- puter-controlled robot stitute of Naval Architec- ient of the 1976 Sea Grant tem studies of a novel submarine, a pedal vehicle ture in 1942. Following Award, is an active member method of reducing tanker for scuba divers a windmiil graduation, he joined Sun of the Marine Studies Ad- pollution during ballasting powered generator attached Shipbuilding where he be- visory Board of the Llniver- procedures. to a buoy, and a test for gan work in the shipyard's sity of Delaware, a Sea ln 1949 Dr. Carmichael cable strumming by ocean production depart ment. He Grant College, and is a trus- received his bachelor's de- currents. progressedthrough a variety tee of the Webb Institute of gree in engineering from Dr. Carmichael is assoc- of assignments in the yard Naval Architecture. ke is a London University, and iated with the MIT Innova- and in 1956 he was ap- member of the American subsequently was awarded tion Center and is interested pointed Vice President and Bureau of Shipping and the his Ph.D. from Cambridge in innovation and the pro- Director of Operations. American Committee of University. From 1949 to cess of invention. His d'rect'on of Sun Ship' s Lloyd's Register of Shipping, 1955 and again from 1958 efforts in ship construction is a vice president of the to 1960, Dr. Carmichael was has led to the shipyard's Society of Naval Architects involved in design and re- participation in severalsig- and Marine Engineers,and is search for aircraft gas tur- nificant building programs: a Director of the Ship- bines. In 1960 and 196'l, he ... Construction of the roll- builders Council of America. worked for Dracone Devel- onlroll-off military trans- opmentss in E ngland, as chi ef port the Admiral W il liam engineer working on flexible M, Callaghan for use by the oi! barges,He then worked lyViiitary,'~eaift Command. at Northern Research Cor- ... Conversion of the S.S. porationnin Cambridge, Manhattan into an icebreak- IVlassabhusetts, from 'I961 inigienier in only nine to 1964, doing energy- months for that vessel's his- related research. toric assault in the North- Dr. Carmichael has exten- west Passage. sive teaching experience, be- ... Construction of the spe- ginning at Imperial Co!Iege in London, where he taught e~xl o rer. Energy and Power, and re- ... Development of the roll- lated subjects. He also on/roll-off trailership to worked as an advisor in the meet the growing worldwide Steam Turbine Division of need for truly intermodal English Electric Company sea transport. from 1968 to 1970. ... Design and construction One of Dr. Carmichael's of an "ecology" class key activities at MIT has tanker a double hull vessel been the development of developed to operate in an education programs in the Erling D. Naess John P. Sheffey

Erling D. Naesshas been John P, Sheftey is Executive 1965 to become chief exec- Chairman of INTERTANKO Vice President of the Na- utive of the Commission in International Association of tional Association for Uni- a civilian status, ! ndependentTanker Owners! formed Services, From 1971 Col. Sheffey was born in since > 976. I NT E RTA N KO to 1974 he served as a spe- Marion, Virginia, in 1919 members control about 80 cial advisor in the Office of and received a master's de- million dwt of tankers, the U.S. Special Represen- gree in International Affairs about 80 percent of the tative for Canal Negotia- from George Washington world's privately owned tions, in the Department of University in 1962. He tanker fleet. State. As special advisor, earned his bachelor of Mr. Naess was born in Colonel Sheffey provided science degree in engineer- Bergen, Norway in 1901. He techni ca I advice to the chief ing from the United States received his master's degree negotiator of canal opera- Military Academy in 1942. in economics at the Oslo tion and defense, assistedin Col. Sheffey attended the University in 1920, and for the conduct of treaty nego- Army War College the four years continued to tiations, and assistedor rep- Army's graduate-level study economics at the Oslo resented the chief negotia- school of national strategy! University and the London tor in consultations with the in 1960 and 1961. School of Economics, In Congressand agenciesof the In addition to his work, 1927, Mr. Naess partici- Executive Branch. Col. Sheffey, who lives in pated in the pioneering of From 1965 to 1970 Col. Springfield, Virginia, is in- pelargic whaling and pro- Sheffey was executive terested in investment man- rnoted Viking Whaling Co. director of the President's agement, business-govern- Ltd. in London. From 1928 Atlantic-Pacific Interoceanic ment relations, population until the outbreak of World Canal Study Commission. growth problems, and pro- War I I in 1939, Mr. Naess He directed planning and tectingg the env iro nment, established severa'I whaling, execution of a $22 million tanker and bulk carrier ship- study of the feasibility of a ping companies in London. new, sea-level isthmian canal, In 1942, he was appointed He planned, directed and Deputy to the Director of coordinated studies of the the Norwegian Shipping and foreign policy, defense, fi- Trade Mission Nortrash i p! nance shipping and engineer- in New York City. ing aspectsof canal construc- ln 1947, Mr, Naessstarted tion and operation, working Norness Shipping lnc. with with the Congress, U,S. one Liberty ship. Norness government departments, Shipping Company grew foreign governments and into one of the largest ship- private contract agencies. ping companies in the world Co I. S heffey wo rked f rom with a fleet of more than 50 1961 to 1965 in the Office tankers and bulk carriers in of the Secretary of the 1973. Army, providing staff sup- port to the Secretary in his function as supervisor of the administration of the Pan- ama Canal Company and the Canal Zone Government At the request of the Canal Study Commission, Col Sheffey left the Army in IVlr. Horn; Ladies and gentlemen, welcome to the Sixth Annual Sea Giant Lecture, My name is Dean Worn, and I am Director of the MIT Sea Grant Program and your host and moderator for this afternoon. Shortly after the Sea Grant Pro- gram was founded at MIT in 1970, under the leadership of Dr. Alfred Keil, we sought to establish an anriual event which would become a milestone in marine affairs. Thus we began the Sea Grant Lec- ture series to provide a forum for experts to review the crucial oceanic issues of the day and place them in a policy perspec- tive for the future. This year's lecture, the sixth, is significant because it is being held during MIT's first year as a Sea Grant Co I lege, President Wiesner had hoped to be here to introduce our lecturer, unani- iinously selected this year by the Faculty Sea Grant Council and the Sea Grant Policy Committee of the Institute, and to welcome you, Rcgretably, urgent business has prevented him from being here, but with great pleas~re I have been given the honor of presenting to you Congress- woman Yvonne Brathwaite Burke, Repre- sentative of the 28th District of California Representative Burke serves on the House Appropriations Committee and the Department of State, Justice, Commerce, .Iiidiciary and related-agency s«bcommit- tees She is known as a friend and acting supporter of the National Sea Grant Pro- gram, But more than that, Mrs. Burke is a dedicated, active, hard-working and respected leader among her fe low repre- sentatives in Congress, She has introduced <>v»ir?0 bills rind rriajor arricted I.o Congress in 1972. t>c th<; Seri Gr irit I»><:turcrfor this year' s to the sea when in 1641 civil war in En- near-destruction of o ur co mm ere i aI Many of th<>sehave produced . Because of iny close gland cut short the flow of iminigrants rnaritirne strength and a regrettable lack legislation, such as the Burk with opia i<1orr>modities. The transition of marine and oceanic research, In my which bound federal pipeline funds to the and oceanic affairs, I realize that this was made.,however, with little difficulty. estimation, we have been shortsighted enactr<>er!t of an affirmative action pro- symposium has been a milestone ev~nt The oceans, bays and rivers literal y cried in failing to view the sea as essential to gram resulting in the award of $912 mil- on the rrers, the names of Spilhaus, the founders had resourcefully recruited as crucia to our survival. The oceans are groeof egislation introdu<.:ed by IVlrs. joining a very distingi>ished group. cumstances the shipbuilding industry was maintenance of a healthy planet and the, Burke, the proposed Equal opportunity I <.h1>or- nals from the ships and the signals of the some of our attention to the waters that have been left d<>eto the death of a tance the seas and waterways hold for sea, As the people's lives became inter- surround us. As a berof Congress I spousr,' ol' clivorce. Wit llout adequate,' eco- Arrierica arid, irideed, the future of the tw'ned witli the sea, the youthful nation am very pleasedto report to you that norated to us that he wishes Black Manufacturers. Time Mlagazine and hostile world. Land is <.onsidered the to move westward in covered wagons to to work not on y to re-establish our mili- selected lier as one of ilia natioii's 200 prime source of life. It is where we live, deve'op the land. Special schools, Land tary strength on the seas, but to resume a future eaders. 0pie of why tfie United States inust creatures, though this has riot always been crrative talents of the people were at. Johnson, who in 1966 gave us Sea Grant, fully utilize the abilities of our nation's true of Americans. It was not the original tracted inland, one of the most revolutionary ideas of women and of oui minority citizens. To intent of the founders of communities It was not until the nation was our tiine, MIT, a part of Sea Grant for do otherwise is folly on the part of the around Massachusetts Bay to establish a threatened by the sneak attack on Pearl urid a cliurch and a commonwealth the greatest maritime power of all time. this past year by the much coveted desig- in whicli Calvinists and Pi>ritans iiiight livE. But, unfortunately, that position was nation as a Sea Grant College. That desig- Mrs. Burke: arid worship. They integland to be rooted terest in the sea diminished, and we have tution in the United States to achieve this tinguished members of the panel, ladies in the land, but they failed, New England, witnessed in the years since then deteri- status and the first private institution to receive such national recognition. Angeles, where young people wha have safety and well-beiiiq nf Arriericans, I use of an environmental model. Soa Grant happens to be one of my never seen the ocean have an opportunity have become, as I hope you have, con- It is said that eiqht out of r very ten favorite proqrains, I have seen the im- to learn how the ocean is being developed, crrned about what is going on with ship maritime disasterscan ultimately be traced pact iiiade in my community, Las It is not a secret that I would like registration and with ship safety. to human error. Although mechanical Angeles, by the Sea Grant Program of the to see higher funding of the Sea Grant Let us look at what happened be- malfunctions were also involved, human University of Southern California. Program. Many other rriernbers r>f Con- tween Decei»ber 15, 1976 and January »rror was the r»ain factor in the ARGO I hav» not been able to understand gresswould also like to soe Sea Grant get 15, 1977 In a period af 32 days, at least MERCHANT accident At the time of the the attitude of the Office ol Manageiiient inore >r>oney. It was primarily tlirough a dolmenships suffered major mishaps on grounding, no one on board had taken an and Budget over the years toward Sea the efforts of these people who feel the or near Ariierican waters. As far as I can acci>rate naviqatioiial fix for more than Grant. Many of you may not be aware importance of this program that there was determine, only two of these vessels we>e 15 hours, a precaution normally iindel- that support for the Sea Grant Pragrarii an increase of over 84 million in the Sea of U,S. registry. Throe were Panamanian taken i vi>ry ha f liour on most ships. The was diminishing as a result of "level fund Grant Program budget for next year, But and the other seven werc Liberian. ARGO MERCHANT had been irivolvod ing," In inflationary years, if the money we' re not happy with that. It is far below Liberia, a tiny West African nation with iri rio lr>ultition of one million, has more of which were also groundings. the program does nat remain the saiiie, it shoi>ld be receiving, And I can assure you tlian 2,600 ships registered, and no Ariother case, with which I am dir»inishes. And that, unforti>nately, was t,liat so>r>oof roy ci>lleaguos and I will be natural seaport. The ships were registered fainiliai bei ause it took place off the the position the Office of IVlanagernent and a vocal qroup to seo that Sea Grant gets in Panaina and Liberia under a controver- coast of iriy horne state, California, was a Budget took toward Sea Grant for niany the fur>dir>g and at>en>.ion it deserves. sial concept known commonly as "flaqs- iraqic explosion aboard the SANSINENA years. When Sea Grant was first started, of-convenience." A flag-of-i.o»venienco is off Lang Beach, December 17, 1976. The little work was taking place in oceanog- Ship Registration best defined as a flag of any country that blast ripped a 300-foot gash in the hull of raphy. We were aware of the great wealth Now let mc return to my recitation on will allow the registration of a lori'ign- the Liberian tanker, k illinq nine crewmen arid potenbaI of the oceans and of the lack Ameri< a's maritime history. By the end r:ontrolled vessel under whatever condi- and injuring 50 others, Damage to i.he of developrrient in marine science. ancl edu- of World War I I, tho United States was tions are convenient and opportune for harbor amounted to millions of dollars. cation in the United States, We also knew the >r>ostpoworlu nation of thc sca. What the persons rogisterinq tho vessel, And no I started looking into some of these inci- that there was a tr»rnendous deinand for hal>pened> Well, in our usual altruistic one coi>ld bo more familiar with the first dents when I realized that iriast Ameri- iiiarinor, postwar America decided to uso expertise in those areas, but riot inuch and probably the worst disaster of the cans were under tho iiripression that it was was b~ing done to change the situation. hor maritirnc strength to help allies in period, than all of yoti. I am speaking, uf the Liberians who were t»reateniiig their Fortunately, now we see aur oceans being trouble, In hcr great riioinent of altruism, course, of the ARGO ME PENCHANT,a lives and ports. And while in a way i.hat's used as we look for minerals as well as for she created the competitors arid con- 640-foot, 18,743-ton Libei ian tanker, tiue, becausethe ships are flying Liberian straints that have itorally destroyed the antitoxins for the treatment of cancer. which ran agroiind on Nantucket Shoals flags, a much larger share.of the blame rr>aritirne advantage achieved by the ond We see the development of fish and salt- on December 15tli, 24 miles off course belongs an the co»science of international of the war. Much worse, the "lly-away- water farminq. Sea Giant has been a great with none of her riavigational equip>i>ent businossriiiin who are sliiclded from view, fleets" of Ariierican corporations wer» force in new and econoinic ways of fiqht- working and loaded with 7.6 rriillion While we comp ain about Liberia, the born ta fly the Liberian and Panamanian ing devastatingbeach erosion. It hasde- gallons of thick industrial fuel oil. After a fact is thai. Greek and U,S. interests own flags. Lower standards of safety, tax veloped ways of restoring damaged wet- week of bad weatli<>rthe ship broke up, 30 to 35 percent of the Liberian fleet; dodges and cheap foreign labor replaced lands, It has helps'd coiniiiercial and sport releasinq most of her cargo in surrounrling Hang IConginterests own 10 to 15 per- fishermen, food processors, marina oper- well-qualified and able-bodied seamen, waters. Fortunately, the same wind and cent, and the rer»ainder is owned by ators and a host of oi. hers. It has i»ade and have resulted in throals to human sea conditions which caused the tanker's countries all over the world. progress iri the development af riiarini. lifo at sea and tc>i>iii r>»ear>iceiiviraii- destruction blew tho oil seaward, which I wou d like to talk about the curricu a for younqsters, We have a pro- i»enk Bi.i ause of the iir>pact that recent was, by the way, exactly what MIT Sea SANSINENA. It was owned by Barracuda grarii for inrii>i-city younqsters in Los tragedies at sea have liad on the lives, Grant sr:ientisls had predicted through the Tanker Coriipany, formed by Peter Flan- nigan and 26 associates,most of whom harbors and transport our materials while ahead, We have learned that destruction the purpose of the conference has been to were investment bankers. In 1956, these they are violating our own safety regula- caused by tankers can be dangerous not draw up a new and enlightened constitu- prominent Americans bought three ships' tions and paying substandard wagesto only to our environment, but traqic for tion of the sea, But the negotiations have the ill-fated SANS INENA, the TOR R EY their foreign crews. the people living in and near our seaports. increased the tensions and conflicts rather CANYON, which broke up in 1967 in It is not surprising that ship owners We have seen the first generation of large than fostering cooperation. There has the biggest oil disaster in British history, register in a country that does not regu- crude oil carriers reach the end of their been too little effort to define long-term and the LAKE PALOURDE,which I be- late wages. It is possible to hire a Greek, projected ten-year life span. Shippers are goals which would contribute to the lieve is still in service. Mr, Flannigan came Italian or Philippinecrewiinan for $180 now thinking seriously of building tankers future of all people. Unfortunately, the to the White House in 1969 under Presi- a inonth, rather than an American for with ten times the cargo capacity of tank- conference appears to have attracted to dent Nixon to oversee, among other $745 a month. In addition, it is less ex- ers such as the TOR R EY CANYON, I t is the United Nations legalistic practitioners, things, inerchant marine development, pensive to pay for cleaning up occasional inconceivable to even imaqine the devas- many of whom are unfainiliar with the foreign trade and oil import policy. oil spills than it is to bring ships up to tation that miqht be wrought by a 300 uses or the function of the sea. Lesser F annigan's position is an appalling ex- safety standards. All this adds up to million gallon oil spill, but we must look maritiine nations, in particular, have ample of the lack of concern shown by handsoine profits. realistically at this possibi ity, looked to the United States for leader- many people in Washinqton for conflict What does this mean for the We must concern ourselves with the ship during these lengthy negotiations. of interest. However, thouqh he was a American economy? The Department of fate of our oceans which c:o»ld involve Becausewe have not established a strong very powerful man, he failed to be con- the Treasury estiniates that flags-of- the fate of all mankind I believe that a national policy for the ocean, our repre- firmed as ambassador to Spain. During convenience permit American-owned serious approach to matters of ship safety sentatives have been unable to provide Senate confirmation hearings in 1970, firms to escape$100 million in U,S. taxes standards must be part of that concern. I the advice and counsel that have been the long, sordid history of the acquisition annually More significantly, these flags- read an article saying the Coast Guard expected of them, of the SANSINENA unfo ded, But it of-convenience deprive Americans of had been ordered to inspect every tanker Additionally, the United States has continued to sail, as the people of Long employmentopportunities on ships,in entering American ports as a precaution Ioined ihc m'iritirne inarch to extend its Beach will never forget. shipyardsand other industries.Soine against accidents. I ask why has the Coast boundaries and to husband what it consi- authorities say that if a modest 30 percent Guard not beeninspect.ting ships all along> ders its own coastal and fishery resources. Ship Safety Standards of U.S. oil imports were transported by CongressenacIed safety regulations in With the passage of the Fisheries Conserva- It is estimated that only 17.5 percent of U,S. flagships, it would result in the 1972 in the Ports and Waterways Safety tion Management Act of 1976, the United the val~e of waterborne exports and im- creation of 330,000 new jobs during Act. Where has the Coast Giiard been States fo lowed a precedent established ports of the United States is shipped in the next three years. The jobs, so created, for five years? Much more einphasis by the Latin Anierican nations to uni- vessels under the U.S. flag, We know why, would represent 12 percent of the total must be placed on the inspection of laterally extend their jurisdiction to a The higher cost of transporting in ships numberof jobs neededto satisfya goal vesselsentering U.S. ports, All ships 200-mile sovereign limit. When the of American registry is the reason this of five percentunemployment in 1980. entering our ports should be required to United States took its action, many other percentage is so simall. Our taxes are I believe regard essof the flags they abide by tha seine safety standards that nations followed, in domino fashion, The higher;our wagesare higher;our required fly, all shipsshould be mademore safe, are demanded of U,S. ships. establishment of these limits has not been safety standards are more costly. The particularly the tankers, Oil is relatively without its problems, Both the struggles costs of American registration are esti- innocuous when compared to the other A Worldwide Ocean Policy within the Law of the Sea Conference mated to be three times that of Liberian alarminglyhazardous cargoes carried in Now let me turn to another subject, The and the differences over the 200-mile registration.Our wageand safetystan- today's tankers, like chlorine, sulfuric comp exities involved in developing a limit underline the problem of achieving dards are high in the United States and acid or the liquid natural gas LNG!, clear understanding of the oceans could satisfactory jurisdiction over the seas that, I think, is commendable. I take which is increasinqly being imported. The not be highlighted more than they have and waterways. exception,however, that we allow ships import of LNG, in particular, will prob- been in the negotiations surrounding the My concern is that if we are to of foreign registry to use the same ably continue to increase in the years Law of the Sea Conference, Ostensibly, really have a world ocean, and it 'f is to be a future frontier, the people of the There are many who argue about a way that we do not undermine the I would urge that as leaders in oceano- world are going to have to be united, We the strategic military position of the friendship of our Latin American graphic research, and as a tribute to the cannot expect to have a future frontier Panama Canal. I believe we can maintain neighbors. global vision of Johri Kerinedy, a center without the freedom of the seas which the military basesand negotiate them as for marine education be established at nations have enjoyed throughout the we do every other base throughout the Marine Centers MIT in his name. It could be a center for years. Limited accessor denial of access world. But most military people say the As a Califoriiian and a representative human progress with a continuous flow would destroy many opportunities which canal itself is not defensible; its defense from a maritime state, I am very proud to of fresh, exciting and creative ideas. And we now recognize the oceans offer: a depends upon the attitudes of the people be in the state that gave this nation John it could provide a climate to help change wealth of minerals, hopes for medicine who live in Panama. It also depends upon Fitzgerald Kennedy. He was a pres~dent the though patterns of a land conscious and an abundance of food. the friendliness of our neighbors in Latin who, out of concern for our ocean, recog- nation. America and how they react to our nized the need for a maritime policy, I t wo u Id be d evo ted to ma ny educa- Panama Canal Treaty presence in Panama. I believe we must Perhaps one of his greatest moments as tional disciplines and not limited merely I would like to address another major retain our right to influence the operation president came about in 1962. In one of to science, Lawyers would be taught to problem facing our nation today, one of the canal, but I don't think we need to the greatest displays of courage in this understand the value and importance of that is in the headlines a great deal and have schools, hospitals, stores and the nation, he turned around the Soviet ships the coastal lands and waters and the one that centers on a waterway, the accoutrements of a government in order headed for Cuba, thereby refusing to give significance of internationa! Iaw of the Panama Canal. I have had the privilege of to operate it. As the matter now stands, up our naval leadership. In that famous sea. Business administration experts visiting Panamaand the canal to talk to in the eyes of the people of Panamaand passage of his inaugural address when he would be asked to help find new avenues many of the people in and out of politics. of Latin America, the specter of colonial- said, "Ask not what your country can do of advancenient for commerce on the sea As you know, on September 7th we ism hangs over the shoulders af the for you, but what you can do for your and in the coastal zone, Engineerswould signed a treaty with Panamaconcerning United States. I think we must be sensi- country," it was obvious that he recog- be asked to develop greater leadership in this waterway connecting the Pacific and tive to the Panamanian people's concern nized the need for the United States to future oceanographic development. the Atlantic. Under the existing 1903 that their country has been divided. In regain sorTieof the strengths that have Artists, journalists, economists, social treaty, the United States pays $2.3 million their eyes, the United States is curtailing been whittled away. He recognized that scientists, political scientists, students of annually. In the future, we will be paying expansion of their cities and impeding we should provide an example in an international studies, geologists, educators 810 million. It is not only money that is their ability to control their own destiny. unstable world, I wonder sometimes if and others would have an opportunity involved in Panama, however, We have These conflicts have made negot ations we had some of our great leaders here and a setting for concentrating on the come to recognize that the people of quite de icate. It is my hope that the today, such as President Kennedy, if we development of wiser uses of the oceans, Panamaare very sensitive to our presence debate over the rat'fication of the treaty would be in our current position. He It would be a place where authors, poets in their country. In the name of defense does not so destroy good will and become would, I think, be using some of the same and historians could undertake new we have not only established basesand a so emotional that in the future we will energies he used to maintain our position works on the reality and romance of the military strength, but of perhaps greater not be able to have worldwide access to on the seato encourage Americans of all seas. An oceanic consortia of that nature syinbolic significance we have our own the canal. These canal negotiations, the ages to understand the meaning of the could concentrate on developing greater government, the Canal Company, treaty and the circumstances surrounding seas and the waterways to their lives. I research efforts, uninhibited by outside operating in the midst of a foreign nation, its ratification will have worldwide think that one more monument should be influences. It could search the seas for Does it make economic sense to spend impact. The commercial and strategic dedicated to our great President John F. a cure for cancer or food for the world' s $22 million to maintain a governmental importance of the canal cannot be over- Kennedy. There is a need in this nation to growing population. It would be a organization in the middle of another looked. We must be sure that this agree- establish centers in which oceanic center for the mobilization of oceanic country? That amount representswhat rnent guarantees free passageover this scholars from all over the world could intellectuals a place where the advan- we appropriate after the deduction of significant checkpoint for the ships of come and work toward a greater under- tages of their intellect and experience revenues. all nations and that it will be ratified in standing of the oceansand waterways. could be fully exploited. And I think it would bc an inspiration to all of iis who been a consultant in the development of problem in order to deal with it. Each problem of incentive is present. It is very are so concerned about the future of our environniental impact statements on specific problem was woven tightly into difficult in this huge, complex area to planet. many tanker operations. the fabric of the greater and the more properly identify how incentives should Thank you. Next, Mr. Erling D. Naess,Chairman complex whole. be applied, Government involvement of the International Association of To begin with the problems near at must be of a fundamental yet a critical Mr, Horn: Independent Tanker Owners lntertanko. hand in terms of the more cocnplex big nature; it must help establish general Thank you very c»uclh Mrs. Burke, for an IVlr. Naesshas been actively involved since picture orientation, we found it nec;essary national goals, yet engender an atmo- outstandinq and inspiring lecture. I hope 1928 iii tanker and bulk carrier shipping to broaden the corporate overview by sphere conducive to the attainment of we' ll be able to respond to the «hallenqes operations in his native Norway, England either adding oceanographers, economists these qoals. The governmerit's partici- and opportunities that you have outliiied and the United States. In 1947 he started and transportation analysts to our staff, pation in oceanic research, how~ver, must for us. Norness Shipping Coi»pany, which grew or by tapping the specialized resources be a matter of more than lust the govern- We are most fortuiiate to have with into one of the largest shipping companies available at our universities, particularly rnent doing some thing, but of the iis today three distinguished panelists in the world, In 1976 he was elected the Sea Grant schools. governcnent doing the right thing. fror» industry and ac:.ademia who are chairman of Intertanko, which contro s To digress for a moment, here is an I am not overly optimistic about recognized authorities in their own right, about 80 percent of the world's privately example of one prob em which required the government's ability to carry out the A fourth panelist, Colonel John P owned tankers. us to seek outside help We had to dredge important tasks I' ve r»entioned if its Sheffey w'is iinable to be with iis because G ent I eme n, I ap p reelate yo ur the Delaware River in order to get ships recent performance iri r»aritime affairs is he is in Wa ter Reed Hospital, having taking tii»e from busy schedules to be into our shipyard, we were theri left with to be taken as a true barometer of its undergone ei»ergeni:y siirgery three days with us. To start, I would like to ask dredqe spoils containing heavy metal trace capabilities. U.S. rriaritirne policy since ago. I understand he is recovering rapidly Mr. Atkinson for his views on the prob- e emerits which we had to dispose of. the close of World War I I has c.reated a and we wish him a coi»piete and speedy lems of the ship industry today, Paul. Who in a shipyard is an authority on sterile atmosphere that encourages medi. return to full health. heavy metal trace elements? Where ocrity while penalizinq initiative. This The first panelist is Paul Atkinson, Mr. Atkinson: could we go to get the iciformation we sterile ati»osphere has contributed siqnifi- President of the Sun Shipbuilding and Thank you very i»uch, Dean. I would like needed? It has become obvious to us over cantly to the c urrent condition of the ~ ry Dock Company. He has spent most fo begin with a disc.:ussionof Congress- a period of time that we must consult U.S. maritime industry, A look at the of his professional career in the operation woirian Burke's concluding thouqht: the with specialists outside our business to maritime industry today shows the ship- and coiistruction of merchant and need for a national center for a foriim provide specific expertise on a particular building industiy is in disarray, U.S. flag military ships, and he is head of the dedicated to ocean study and research. problem. As a consequence, I have be- ships are carrying less than 10 percent of conipany which has pioneered the con- The beginnings of such a national forum come an advocate of the Sea Grant our foreign coi»merce, our once flourish- struction of tankers of innovative desiqn, are implicit, I believe, in the concept of Program with its access to a pool of ing coast-wise trade is dwindling to the Double bottom tankers is one example. the Sea Grant Program. Congresswoman diverse talents: engineers, lawyers, me- point of nonexistence, and our merchant Next, Professor A. Douglas Burke's cal to enlist the diverse talents of tal lurgists a whole range of people need- marine is not corriposed of the best- Carmichael, Professor of Power Engineer- our people is appropriate, for only a ed to make the oceans work, equipped, safest and most suitable types ing at MIT, Departr»ent of Ocean Engi- niultidisciplinary approach to the prob- Our relationship to the Sea Grant of vessels neering. He has distinguislied himself in lems and opportunitics that the oceans universities has worked, I hope to their Our Navy has not fared very well, both academia and in industry for his hold out to us wi I be effective and benefit as well as ours. Any meaningful either In my view, the U S Navy vesse s work and research in the field of power productive in the lonq run. altempf to devise a comprehensive cost too much, they take far too long to engineering, He served as an expert Early in our attei»pts at Sun Ship national prograiri to deal with oceanic build, and with particular regard to the witness in investiqations of the tanker to find solutions to the. iuirriediate prob- matters must also involve the federal sealift vessels, with which I am socriewhat ARROW grounding and the explosion lems we face, it became evident to us that government as well as the industrial and familiar, they are not. reasonably suitable aboard the tanker V.A. FOGG, He has we could not arbitrarily isolate a specific acadei»ic communities, although the for their r»odern mission. Hopefully, the past will not prove to be the proloque to quantum increase in their merchant fleet. Dr. Carmichael: of waves, currents and tjdes. The tankers our future efforts. Naw is the time for This increase, despite their prostestations CongresswomanBurke has presented her released most of their cargoes into the fresh beqinninqs. It is the time for the to the contrary, is taking place in trades assessment of a wide i ange of topics re- sea. No attempts to clean up the oil spills federal government, the acadeinic and other than their own. They have become lating to the seasand waterways. In her in the vicinity of the tankers were made industrial communities ta harness and the major growing force of the "third discussion of tanker safety, she quite becauseof heavy seasand the lack of suit- direct their individiial talents toward country traders." Major economic con- naturally suggestslegislative or regulatory able equipment. the yet ta be defined national goals, frontation is occurring in all of the major measures to reduce the hazards. I intend An examination of the events that Fortunately, the bleak picture I have trade routes of the world, Their tech- to restrict my discussion to possible tech- occurred with these three disasters sug- presented has been relieved by U,S. nology at the present time does not nical methods of alleviating environmental gests that we should either attempt to iiiarine accomplishnients ttiat hold out appear to approach ours in sophistication, damagefrom tanker groundings such as provide protection from the waves for the hope for a brighter future. but it is useful to speculate how long our the ARGO MERCHANT disaster. I'in stricken tankers or to develop methods First, the United States is the un- lead can be sustained in the present eco- making the assumption, I think with justi- for off-loading and clean-up suitable for disputed world leader in offshore dril ing, nomic cliiriate. Your attention is invited fication, that tanker accidents will always the anticipated weather conditions. and the continuing worldwide demand ta pronouncements by Soviet government occur despite any improvement ta equip- With some protection from the waves, for our technology and our people assures officials regarding their changing naval ment and crew training that result fram the stricken tanker could be inspected for us of a preeminent role in this industry in strategy. The situation is one that de- changesin regulations applied ta the damage, portab e pumps and cargo the near and the long-term fiiture The serves our thoughtful attention. operators of tankers. heaters could be put aboard, barges could astaundinq attendance at the Houston Returning now to Congresswoman ln recent years, there have been be safely brought alongside, cargo could Offshore Technology Canfereiices year- Burke's clarion call for greater emphasis three well-documented cases of such be pumped into the barges, and oil after-year bears testimony to the U.S, on ocean education, iny view of the groundings.The TORREY CANYON ran barriers and skiniiners couId be used to lead in this area. rriatter is simple. The oceans of the world onto rocks off Southwest England in clean up any leakageof oil. Second, the United States has led are highly complex and are already. the March 1967, carrying about 120,000 tons It appears then, that much can be the world in the developiment and ex- theater for major economic confrontation of crude oil. The ARROW struck a rock accomplished if protection from waves ploitation of the shipping revolution in that can well lead to even more serious in Chetabucto Bay, Nova Scotia in can be provided The requirements are unitized freight, Containerships, trailer- problems. There is every reason to pro- February 1970, carrying about 16,000 that the breakwater should be easily ships and the entire unitized freight ceed on a forced draft basis with a major tons of Bunker C oi . The ARGO MER- carried to the site; they shou d be capable movement system owe their practical increase in oceanic education programs If CHANT, as we all know, ran aground off of being moored to protect the tanker; existence to U.S. inqenuity, we' re to succeed in this last frontier, the Nantucket Island in December 1976, and they should reduce the energy of the Last, but not least, the United States oceans, two preconditions must exist. carrying 27,000 tons of heavy fuel oil. predominant waves. I bel'eve that with lust recently defended the America's Cup First, the government, the academic There were striking similarities such a specification we should be able to and has been defending it successfully for community and industry must come to between these three incidents. The provide the solution. The technology for 126 years. When one thinks about it, that agreement on national goa s. And the groundings were all attributed to errors of such brea kwaters will almost certainly is a convincing denionstration of our atmosphere in which they work towards navigation, not weather, collision or come from the rubber industry with their ability to marry advanced technology these goals must be one in which the mechanical failure, as one might have experience of large, reinforced rubber with hard work when our national mari- particular American genius far innovation expected. The machinery rooms were structures. There are, of course, formid- tiirie honor is at stake. wi I I be rewarded, soon flooded, immobilizing the pumping able technical problems with these In a more soimber vein, presently Thank you. arrangements.The wavesprevented off- temporary breakwaters becauseof their there is a inessive move by the Soviets to loading of the cargo. The tankers all size. The dimensions, to provide protec- increase their presence and influence on Mr. Horn: broke up within a few days, presumably tion from longer waves, will have to be the high seas by an order of magnitude, Thank you very much, Paul. Next, Dr, from the combined influence of damage very large, Such large devices will be very This push is evident, particularly in the Carmichael. caused by the grounding, and the action difficult to handle, deploy and moor. With the protection froiii waves, it I would like to return ta the legis largefleet underthe Liberianflag, and in since they were biiilt ta conform, witli is still necessaryto provide arrangements lative versus technical solutions to the 1958, took an active part in the estab- few exceptions, to LI.S. Coast Guard for inoving the cargo and cleaning up oil problem. It is obvious that when the lishrnent of the American Car»mittee for rules. Even the iiiost outspoken critics of spills, A recent suggestion to uti ize large- ship operators are. sa negligent that they F lagsof Necessity. I became that associa- flags-of-convenience, for instance, the scale burning of the cargo is worthy of threaten the environinent, then changes tion's first chairman, a position I held Secretary General of the ITF, have investigation. Burning on the ocean sur- in regulations are called for. However, we during the association'sinitial turbulent publicly acknowledged that these face is almost impossible to sustain with should not strain the financial and man- years. The association is naw known as American controlled ships rank amonq the heavier oil. Burning of the cargo power resourcesof the Coast Guard by the Federation of Airierican Controlled the best-operated vesselsin the world, directly to prevent it froi» getting to the iiiiposing on them new duties which Shipping,whose itiei»ibers control over 35 They cannot be said to deprive Artiericans ocean, utilizing special furnaces, r»ay be a would prevent them from developing million tons of modern tankers and of employment opportunities on ships, possible solution. Preliminary calculations technical solutions. The ARGO ME R- bulk carriers which fly Liberian and since if they were not operated under indicate to burn the complete cargo of a CHANT disaster demonstrated that we Panamanianflags. These are the ships foreign flaqs with foreign crews, they large tanker in a reasonable time, the heat were not able to provide methods of which Mrs, Burke, in her iiiost excellent would not be under American control releasewill be extremely high. The result preventing potential ecological damage. and stimulating lecture, called the at all. is likely to be very dangerous, but it may It would be foolhardy to face the next "fly-away-fleets." Ainericans have becoi»e land- be acceptable as a procedure while barges significant tanker grounding without Why do these fleets exist? The oriented creatures, not unlike citizens of are brought to the site. adequate technical solutions. answer is international competition. The several European countries which have If, as is possible, breakwaters turn Thank you. competition is intense and there are attained an approximately equal standard aut to be impractical for any reason, then nearly always more ships than cargoes. of living. I speakfrom personal experience it will be necessaryto deve op procedures Mr, Horn: For the last several decades, operating since I have, during iny lifetime, operated which will operate successfully in heavy ships under a nui»ber of European flags. Thank you, Doug. And now, Mr, Naess, costs under the U.S. flag have been about seas. These problems were discussed in Thanks to the opportunities for employ- may we ask for your comments please. three times farci n costs. Burdened with a recent article by a colleague,Jeroine these costs, U.S, flag vesselshave been ment ashore, the populations of some of Mi qram, in the 1977 July/August edition unable to participate in internationa these countries have largely turned their of the Ml T lournal, Technology Review. Mr. Naess: shippingoperations. Except for a rela- backs on the sea. Far instance, it became This article, based on a Sea Grant report,, Mrs. Burke, ladies and gentlemen, I need tively few subsidizedships tankers and very difficult for me to man Dutch flaq disciissessoi»e nnovative ways of coping not tell you that I am highly flattered by bulk r.arriers operating in the governinent tankers with Dutch crews; I had ta give with tanker groundings. He presents very being invited ta bc a panelist on this aid and inilitary cargo trades ar in the it up. Eiiiployment ashore with life at clearly the logistical problem of providing occasion. I ai» the chairinan of the protecteddomestic trades for American home in c ose contact with family and the various pieces of equipment to Independent Tanker Owners Associa- companies in the international tanker and friends was preferred to employment off-load the tankers and to clean up oil tion and in that position you will be bulk carrier business, it's a question of involving six to nine months continued spills. pointing your accusing finger at me for operating under foreign flags or not at absence from hoiiie. During the last 30 It is obvious that it will be costly all the oil spills and acciderts that happen all. It is, therefore, wrong to use the term or 40 years the seafarershave coiiie more ta respond to an environmental threat around the coast of the United States. "fly-away," The shipsare not transferred and more from less developed countries, occurring ariywhere on our coastline. The Not only that, but IVlr Horn discreetly from the IJ,S, registry, and therefore do such as the Philippines, Hong Konq research and develapirient effort, the pro- hid the fact that I am often regarded as not fly away. If they were not under and Pakistan Today the Philippines is vision of equipi»ent at var ous bases the "father af the flags-of-convenience," foreign flags, they would not exist under one of the world's largest sources of around the coast arid the training of I happen to be the first man who Ar»erican control at all, They were built seamen,Over 36,000 Philippine seamen operators w'll be expensive for events registered a merchant ship under a abroad, mostly in Japan, and are manned and officers serve on close ta 20 percent which, hopefully, will occur only Panamanian f ag. That was in 1930. After by foreign crews. Their standard of safety of the wor d's ocean-going ships owned infrequently. the second World War, I built up a fairly is not lower than that of IJ,S. flagships, and operatedunder the flagsof the major niaritin>e nations, including Liberia, The the stiipsup and seeingthem rust away, On the contrary, Larry Ford of Chevron appropriateto draw attention to the fact internationalization of ship crews has it was obvious y in the United States' Shipping operates ships under the U,S, that the United States, advanced techno- been made possible by the development own interests to sell them. This does not flag and the Liberian tlag. His fleet under logically in so many respects,is backward of cheap and efficient long-distance air mean that the United States was not, the U.S. flag is probably one of the f nest when it cotnes to ports. There should be transport, If you need a Philippine crew altriiistic after the war. The Marshall Plan in existence. He tells me, however, that no need in this day and age for small and for a ship in Rotterdam, you can gct it in is the greatestrrionument to generosity the safety recard of the Liberian section old tankers to sail up r ivers and water- a matter of days. I do not think that this and altruisiri in h'story. of the Chevron Shipping Coinpany's fleet ways in the United States to discharge developnient should be criticized, on the has a higher standard of safety than the cargoes.The maximumsize of a tanker contrary, it should be welconied. Why ComparativeSafety Records American section. able ta discharge in a U.S. cast coast port shoiild we not ctnploy exec lent quality Mrs, Burke inentioned the ARGO Specifical y on the sublect of the is about 70,000 tons small by today' s seamenwho are eager to go to seajust MERCHANT stranding. I will certainly ARGO MERCHANT. In my opinion, the standards. The construction of offshore becatise they are Philippine, Pakistani ar not defend the nav gation, ar lack of it, vessel should never have been chartered oil terminals would eliminate pollution Hor>gKong Chinese? Why shotild they be of that vessel,as disclosed during the U.S. to deliver a cargo in a U,S. port. Prior to dangers resuI ting from t hi sbac kwardness. deprivedof the possibility of attaining a Coast Guard and Liberian governincnt the stranding of tt>c ARGO MERCHANT, Two such offshore oil terminals have been hiqhcr level of earnings than is availablc hearings. But I have to put the record I tried getting the permission of the in the planning stage for a long time in ashorein their own countrieswhen they straight when Mrs. Burke compares acci- U S Department of Justice to talk to the Louisiana and Texas, but have been are willing to put up with life at sea dents and strandinqs by the U.S. flag U.S. oil companies as a group, urging delayed by resistance from the environ- away from home> ships with a similar record of Liberian them to become choosier when charter- mentalists and rough conditions de- Mrs. Burke mentioned that at the flag ships, The U,S. Department af Trans- ing tankers. Newly built tankers of the manded by thc authorities concerned. end of World War I I the United States, in portation ast January compared the highest standard of safety and equip- The backwardness of the United States its "usual altruistic manner," created number af incidents involving oil dis- ment are laid up aroiind the world while in regard to oi terminals has greatly competitors who largely destroyed the charge in U.S, waters by U.S. flag ships niillions of tons of old vessels are sailing, increased its exposure to the danger of maritime preeminence of the United with a similar record of Liberian flag simply becausethey are able to accept a oil pollution, Environmentalists please States as it existed at the end of the war. ships for the years 1973-75 and came up low freight This, in spite of the old note. What happened was that the United with the fo lowing figures. vesselshavinq bad operational records, Mrs. Burke mentioned the substan- Statessold war-built shit>sfor cash,at like the ARGO MERCHANT, and a repu- dard wagespaid to foreign crews.The priceswhich at the liine.were by no tation as notorious polluters. I never wagesoffered Phi ippine seamenare in U.S. F ag Liberian Flag means qive-aways t>ut reasonable on the received the U,S, Departiinent of Justice accordance with the tariff of the National market at thai. tirrie and reasonable by Groundings 21 waiver, but the ARGO MERCHANT Seanien Board of the Repub ic of the cun>I>arisonwitt> what the ships had Ct>llisions/ stranding did the job for me with a bang, Phi ippinc's Depart>centof Labor It gives initially cost. On behalf of Norway, I rammings 30 2 From that time on, the oil campanies the Philippine seamenearnings which are negotiated and purchased a great number 0th er c asi>a I ties 7 2 have been issuing lengthy questionnaires equal ta or greater than those they can <>fU.S, war-built shit>sfar which Norway Structure failures 174 47 the tanker brokers have to complete obtain ashore. They receive ample pro- paid cast>.In 1947, I purchased a Liberty Total volume before tankers can be offered for charter. tection by the National Seamen's Board ship frorri the U.S, Maritime Commission. of oil lost 3,019,328 287,723 Ships establish a "track record." A before, during and after employment. It for which I paid cash, Sort>eof the ships systeni of identification of the "track is, therefore, hard for me to swallow the built in the United States during the war Thesefigures, which probably surprise record" of vessels and owners will provide talk which I hear so often in the Llnited were paid for with the aid of Lend-Lease you, are from a U.S. government source, the most effective safeguard against the States about the substandard wages paid facilities. The United States cauld not nat a Liberian source. They do not indi- repetition of the ARGO MERCHANT to foreign seamen,just becausethey are possibly itself have operated the vast fleet cate that the standard of safety of U.S. accident. not up to the heavily subsidized wages built durinq the war, and insteadof laying flag tankers is greater than that of I iberia. In that connection, think it is paid ta U.S, seamen, Fifty percent of the Filipinos eniployed in international ship- tankers calling at U.S. ports, under the that in all the pa aver and fuss, punip and to qive her the opportunity to respond. ping have high school diplomas; an U.S. and foreign flags, will not be flourish about the new treaty, little Mrs. Burk~. additional 40 percent are college gradu- opposed by us as long as it is done with attention has been paid to what the inter- ates. The surprisingly high niimber of the least possible delay, That navigational national shipping indiistry has to say Mrs. Burke: wiill-educated Philippine people going to aids and equipment should be first-class about it, although we are expected to pay Thank you very much Mr, Horn, I agree sea is explained in part by the limited on board all tankers calling at U.S, ports, for it. Ther~ was a tremendous gathering with so r»uch that has been sa'd by the employment opportunities at home and is soinething on which we are all in corn- of heads of state, but I'm not aware that members of the panel, Professor by the corriparatively high wages offered plete agreement. At the same time, may I the users of the canal, who are expected Carmichael has pointed out something by international shipping. An ordinary niention that the shore navigational aids to pay, were invited. At, Ieast, I was not, that we in Congress recognize. We have searrian can earn a wage that is equal to, must also be kept up to standard. I arn as chairman of the International Indepen- to have technical solutions, but as we or even exceeds, the earning of dentists, told that this is not always the case in dent Tanker Owners Association, nor develop these technical solutions, our nurses and engineers. In fact, I'm to d U.S. ports. In some areas, new and were the chairmen of the International legislative approach must embody the that a Philippine sear»an earns more than modern types of navigational aids are Chamber of Shipping and The Anierican changing technology. In the past some of a Iudge in Mani a. desirable to accommodate the tanker Institute of Merchant Shipping, as far as the legislation we have passedhas not Mrs. Burke created the impression movement, particularly during severe I know. incorporated iniportant engineering that American safety standards are way winter conditions and darkness. My remarks, so far, probably con- advances. above the standards of safety of foreign vey to yoii the impression that I arri I would like to address some points flag vessels. This is a very coinplex subject Canal Tolls largely in disagreement with the contents made by Mr, Naess. He states that inter- and it is danqerous to rriake sweeping Now, I come to thc questiori of the of Mrs. Burke's lecture. I hurry to correct national conipet ition necessitated flags- statei»cnts. It is also a hot subject PanamaCanal, Mrs. Burke's position is that impression. She said that "the oceans of-convenience. I know that, But I know, becausethe United States recently that the treaty, recently signed, must are the Iasi. and greatest resource reserve too, that we are not charged essfor oil suggestednew features for the design assurefree passagefor the ships of ail of our planet. And the oceans are vital that is brought in ships on which wages and equipment on all tankers calling at nations, I know that what she meansby to the rriaintenance of a healthy planet are one-fourth of the pay to a seamanon U.S. ports, Fortunately, the U.S. qovern- free is not that it doesn't cost anything. and the life foriiis of that planet." a U.S. ship. ment recognizes the danger of the United Needless to say, I have no quarrel with Nothing could be.rriure true, I have for One reason I feel so strongly that States takinq unilateral and insiilar action that objective. Does she mean that the last two years been fighting an uphill the United States niust start participating in an area where up to the present time, passageis free as long as ships of all battle to reduce t»e pollution of the as a force in the iiiaritii»e commerce is rules and standards have been established nations are prepared to pay the canal tolls oceans. It is a probleni which deserves the our balance of trade. The Secretary of by international organizations such as which the Panamaniangovernment, at its greatest attention of all the world' s Treasury has estiinated that our balance IMCO. I Iiupe, for that reason, that the sole discretion, dec'des to levy? So far, nations to prevent the destruction of the of trade defic't this year will be about way will be found to solve such contro- the cana tolls have been reasonable, but itiarine life upon which the very existence $25 billion. Oil will make up a substantial ver sial problems as segregated ba last is there any provision which denies the of mankind will ultimately depend. Since portion of that. At the same time, almost tanks, double bottoms, etc. so that a Republic of Panama,after the year 2000, the basic theme of her lecture was a 50 percent of a I our petroleuni and our uniformi international standard of design the right to increase the tol s up to the recognition of the iinportance of the oil is being imported, And unless we and safety can be niaintained. maxirrium fee thc traffic will bear? oceans and the riiarine sciences, she and I make soi»e dramatic changes in consump- On behalf of the world's indepen- Another interesting question, of lesser are in complete agreei»ent. tion and technology, we will find our- dent tanker industry, I can assure you importance, is whether the Republic Thank you. selves iinporting up to B5 percent of our that we are ready to collaborate to the of Panama will be in a position to use needs. That would be a different level of utmost with thc U.S, Coast Guard, an thc canal as a weapon in the continued Iiiftr. Horn: competition frort> that we are talking institution for wiiich we have the greatest flag-of-convenience battle. I have noticed that Mrs. Burke has been about today. respect and adiniration. Inspection of al I cannot help mentioning, however, taking some notes and I think we ought Let ine turn to natural gas supplies. We don't know whether or not we are American-owned ships sailing under the key position to affect future operational where we do have to react to the realities going to bring our natural gas into the American flag, palicies of the canal. of that scene, And the reality is, we' re country through pipes or utilize tankers, Now let ine get to the issue of the It is obvious that there is a tremen- going to have to take into consideration but on the west caast we have signed a Panaiiia Canal and the concern about a dous amount of international banking the interests of many countries in that contract to bring in Indonesian liquid tol charge in the future. I think it is true and investment in Panaina. Most certainly area of th e wor I d. Th an k you, natural gas LNG]; that LNG will be we have subsidized ships that have come the international banking cornrnunity will carried by someone. To help reduce our through the Panaina Canal over the last have an impar t. I f what we understand is Mr. Horn'. balance of trade deficit we are going to 70 years. We haven't even repaid the true, we' re going to see Panariia in a Thank you very inuch Mrs, Burke, Our have to become more coinpetitive in an capital outlay for building the canal, so different position in the financial coin- hour has moved on. I would like to take expanding in ark et. that when we say we have subsidized it, munity with more industries and inter- a few questions from the audience. Another factor we niust consider ils you and I have paid with our taxes for national banking opening up on the unemployinent. It was 7.9 percent last the ships to come through at a reduced additional land they will have available. inonth, and is still 14 percent among to I I This will have an impact on that govern- Question: minorities. During my own lifetime many The treaty doesn't provide for a ment. I have a comment rather than a question. Americans have worked as merchant sea-levelcanal, but it does provide a We know there have been changes I was ten>pted to engage in the debate on marilnes,and there are many other Ameri- inechanism for the discussion and the of dictators in Panama and different several of the controversial topics raised cans who would like to. Of co~rse, they moving forward af a sea-level canal. We approachesto governinent. Between now here today. I think I will not however are not going to work for $180 a inonth; recogni~e that the Panama Canal cannot and the year 2000 we don't know what because of time and also because those they are going to ask for a living wage, At take the big tankers, We know the kind of government there will be. It is not issues too will pass. I would like to the present time we are subsidizing PanamaCanal, for really many purposes, considered a long-teiin stable govern- einphasize soinething said by Congress- workers from other countries with our is obsolete. And if we want to continue ment. But that is not so iniich different woman Burke on the need for a marine policy that allows ships with different use of the canal without a three-stage from the situation in many other nations center. From my point of view, this is weight standards, different safety stan- pumping af oil, we' re going to have to in I atin Aiiierica and other parts of the the most important idea to carne froin dards, and pays lower wages to use our talk about a second canal, preferably a world, t is really just ane of the chances this particular lect~re. We need such ports, but we as consumers pay the same sea-level canal, The coinpetitive threat we have to take if we' re going to be part centers. I say centers because I do believe money for the goods that are broiight in. of that canal wi I be sufficient to keep of this world of nations. l don't believe the problems that have to be faced are lf we are interested in our own economy, the Panama Canal tolls dawn, We have that by placing the canal, in the year probleins that are broader than the not only should we see iriore ships manu- witnessed another method of control. 2000, under the jurisdiction of the people in any one locality i.an or should factured within the United States, but we In parts of the world where the canals country in which it is situated, there will be addressing,The Sea Grant Prograin is, should encourage the utilization of havebeen closedship ownershave simply be any dramatic change in the future in fact, a sort of a iiiodel for this concept. American seafarers and merchant inarines sent their vessels on alternative routes. o per etio n of th at can al. I have great devotion to the Sea Grant in operating the ships. There are iriany, niany, not only threats, One final observation I would like Program in the United States, but that I One Iioint I thought was very inter- but a so forces that come into play. to make: We don't like to be coerced, biit think is not what Mrs. Burke was suggest- esting when I reviewed the Russian grain Perhapsone of the greatest forces is the we have to live with reality. We live with ing as a specific model.! t is wrong at least deal, was the requirenient that a substan- position of the United States in the life as it is, not life as we would like it to in terms of scale. tial portion of that grain had to be carried future of that canal We have agreed to be. We say we don't react to threats and We devote to our spec~ efforts, by Russian ships. Now, when we negoti- defend the canal, and we know that we don't react to danger, but we don' t iinportant as they are, same 100 times ate for sale of merchandise, I think that Panama is not in a position to defend the shoot off an atomic. bomb because we the effort we devote to the oceans. we as American citizens should begin to reqion alone. Committing ourselves to know that someone may shoot one back Because of its size Sea Grant has not been investigate how we can press to get more defend the i.anal, we put ourselves in a at us. So we live in an international scene able to iiiake tlie kind of iinpact it should have The program has achieved success situations they should press for utiliza- permits the company to recover the Dr. Carmichael concentrated on innova- and received credit because it has been tion of American ships. amount of rr>oneythey contribute for tive technical solutions. But I think we nearsighted, and I mean that in a very that training. We have gradually increased have to look at the problem in a broader positive sense. It has paid attention to the Question: the cost of operating these ships, and sense. the transport of oil. I think I:he immediate probleins of industry and to Who has the respoiisibility to see that this everythingwe see<>ito do to try to stimu- long-range solution lies in a greater the problems of people. It has, for various is clone Coiiiirierie or State? late more trade doesn't really direct the concentration of effort in developing reasons, includinq one of scale, not paid attention to that factor which, as far as renewable enerqy resources,such as solar attention to the probleiiis at the horizon Mrs. Burke: I can see, is rea ly contributing to the energy, that don't reqiiire transport and bi.yond And the point raised by npui will b<>required from both of them additional cost. And furthermore, from around the world. We may have no prob- Mr. Naessin support of the Congress- in soni<.of the negotiations. Of course, the standpoint of looking at control in leiri with oil spills in 20 years because woinen, that our devotion to the ocean as your next question probably will be: If a competitivesituation, when you have there may be no oil to transport,Would priiriary to the long-range health of our you have one departinent determining a labororganization that can control the you comment on this? society implores us to look at the long- inaritiirie policy and you have another de training, <.ancontrol who goes on tt>e range issue though we are not as a nation partment negotiating that policy, who is ship, can control the pensionsand so Mrs. Burke: doing that. And so I say that apart from goinq to be ai>thority over maritiiiie forth, it is just the same as having an I think that that is very true I think the issues that get usexcitecl and interested matters' I think that is a very Iegitin>ate industry with an antitrust flavor to it. during today's lecturewe haveaddresspd today the Panama Canal, flags-of- qiiestion which we will need to have soine irnrnediate problems. In the long conve ~ ience and so on--the inost irnpor- answered. Mrs. Burke. run, I don't think we havea lot of choice. tant thinaritimeunions are interested will be very key in the developmentof inaking tiiat kind of conirnitment. are seeing many Question: preference on any other cargoesbesides of this is devoted to siibsidies for, say, examples of both industry and labor What are the chances of Congress estab- oil or are you primarily concerned with training in the maritime industry, You working to reach accord. And I believe lishinga scaleeffort like the Manhattan oil? provide a closed-shop arrangeinent that we have reached a time, though it' s Projectto developsolar energy? In fact, through labor laws which enable the going to take a really conscientious, the te<.hnology does exist today for solar Mrs. Burke: unions to pretty i»uch select who can be cooperative effort from both these energy;it's lust uneconomical.You can't I emphasize oil, not because I feel there on a ship. It enables them to take that groups,where we aregoing to pull producesolar energy at competitive should be a carqo I>reference, but because training money and control who they togetherto solvesoir>e of theseproblems, prices.And yet I seeno evidenceof a I recoqnize that we will see a tremendous train, They also control the pensions. Manhattan Project kind of effort to deal increase of iinported oil in future years, And through the negotiative process they Question: with economics of solar energy. which will greatly affect the deficit in our can estab lish scales in the negotiations One of the underlying problems that the bala to come along with a unifi code Biit I do suspect sor»etimes, in Iillhat importance is the role of the assume that an advantaqe of this nature Question: pursuinq our own particular interesis, we Panama Canal and/or Canal Zone to the also woiild occur in future r»ilitary opera- One thing poiiited out by several panel tend to forget that it is an inteqrated, strategic and tactical mobility of U.S. tions in which the enemy has a significarit rrir<,December 1 1970 The MIT Sea Grant Program The Annual MIT Sea Grant Lecture

The MIT Sea Grant Program The MIT Sea Grant Program Pacific side. It has the only U.S.-can- canal ta the United States at some critical is dedicated to the vital role presents the annua Sea facilities within 1,600 miles on the moment in the fiitiire. There should be na of technology in the wise Grant I ecture to provide a Atlantic side and 2,500 miles on the use of ocean and coastal forum for discussion of per- illusions about this. Latin America has spectives and opportunities Pacific side, It has the only U.S. con- zone resources, and to the serious and growing problems. I believe expansion of human activi- for our current and future trolled air base within a thausand miles. that further attempts at exploitation of ties in and on the seas. uses of the seas. The Lecture It is a military communications and trans- these problems by the communist powers Through the research,edu- also explares and heightens portation crassroads for the hemisphere. are inevitable and will increasingly threat- cation, and advisory services awareness of the roles of en- gineering, sc ence, and the It containsthe onlyexistinq transisthmian en U S interests Equally intelligent and sponsored and coordinated by its Sea Grant Program, social sciences in clevelop- pipelines for ship bunker ail and aviation patriotic men disagree on what course M IT works toward the at- ing marine resources, re- fuel. In short, it is the only existinq U.S. best serves the U.S. interests in Panama. tainment of rnalor economic flecting the Institute's corn- logistical base of any significance south of I believe that the United States and environmental goals for mitment to environmentally the United States, should agree ta give up much of the Canal the seas and coasts, and balanced development of guides industry, government, the oceans and coasts. Zone and eventually turn operational organizations, and citizens We of the MIT Sea Grant How do you relate the various aspects of contra af the canal over ta Panama, but toward the realization of Program dedicate this occa- a U.S, military involvement and control we should insist an permanent, irrevaca. new opportunities in the sion to the identification in the Canal Zone to what you perceive as b e, and unambiguous rights ta insur~ the oceans, and study of inventive ap- The IVIIT Sea Grant Pro- proaches to major national continued operation and defense of the the foreign policy objectives of the gram is funded through the and international opportu- United States? canal in any circumstances whatever. Office of Sea Grant, a divi- nities in the oceans, and to The U.S, military presence in the Canal Panamaobjects ta this, but it is the price sion of the National Oceanic all persons whose vocations Zone and United States control of the the United States should demand for the and Atmospheric Adminis- or interests are served by tration in the U.S, Oepart- canal poses a problem for the United enormous gift of the canal and most of the seas, ment of Commerce, and States for which there is no enduring the zone, A great power has ta bear the through the Institute itself, solution that would fully satisfy both burden of criticism that protection of its the Henry L. and Grace Panama and the United States. No con- interests induces. In spite of the sound Doher ty Chari table F ounda- ceivable treaty cen fully serve U.S. and fury, the war d accepts this reality. I tion, Incand numerous agencies,companies, and interests while accomplishing aur foreign do not believe that anything we da in associations that support policy objectives of meeting Panama's Panama will have any real lasting effect the program's gael. aspirations and eliininating the image of on aur interests elsewhere. Oui actions For more information on colonialism. If we continue ta insist should be based on what we be ieve is fair specific projects or on pro- gram participation, contact upon treaty rights ta guarantee unila- and important ta aur future security nat the IVIIT Sea Grant Program terally that the canal will be proper y on what aur foreign critics believe. Our office, Room 1-211 MIT, operated, defended, and always available clefense interests in the canal are critica phone 617/253-7041. ta us in peace ar war, we must accept a and enduring, The goodwill that might be huge burden of international criticism generated by relinquishing them would and, mast likely, occasional bloodshed in be ephemeral. Panama as we have experienced in the past If we meet all Panamanian and Third World desires by withdrawing entirely, Cuban and Russian meddling in Panama are a certainty, as is political denial of the