THE SYDNEY LAW REVIEW

Vo lu m e 3 0 2008

FACULTY OF LAW UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY ii SYDNEY LAW REVIEW [VOLUME 30 THE SYDNEY LAW REVIEW

PUBLISHED ANNUALLY BY THE FACULTY OF LAW OF THE UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY

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CURRENT SUBSCRIPTION RATE IN AUSTRALIA: $203.85 PER VOLUME 2008] iii THE SYDNEY LAW REVIEW Published under the auspices of the Faculty of Law of the University of Sydney 2008

EDITORIAL BOARD (2008)

David Rolph (Editor) Jamie Glister Patricia Loughlan Tim Stephens Anne Twomey Kevin Walton

Coordinator: Joanna Howse

STUDENT EDITORIAL COMMITTEE (2008)

Susan Cirillo Lorin Blumenthal Dora Chan James Cokayne Tommy Chen David Collits Matthew Costa Robynne Croft Anna Garsia Clare Gardoll William Kim Brad Hatch Alice Lam Nikolas Kirby Christopher May Ajenta Vijayanayagam Jin Qian James Robertson Ben Wahlhaus iv SYDNEY LAW REVIEW [VOLUME 30

EDITORIAL BOARD (2009)

David Rolph (Editor) Irene Baghoomians Peter Gerangelos Shae McCrystal Jacqueline Mowbray Joellen Riley Kristin Savell

Coordinator: Caroline Falshaw, Joanna Howse

STUDENT EDITORIAL COMMITTEE (2009)

Christopher Angelos Tanvir Ahmed Heather Choi Monica Christopher Alexandra Eggerking Christopher Croke Daniel Ghezelbash Sophia Gerakios Irina Kolodizner Angela Ha Amy Knox Ming-Yee Ma Patrick Lewis Ryan May Naomi Oreb Andrew McLeod Tristan Robinson Amanda Ngo Alice Yan Georgos Papanastasiou Katherine Waterford TITLE INDEX TO LEADING ARTICLES

An Uncommon Court: How the High Court of Australia has Undermined Australian Federalism, James Allan and Nicholas Aroney ...... 245 Appointing Australian Judges: A New Model, Simon Evans and John Williams ...... 295 Australian Regulation of Economic Dismissals: Before, During and After ‘Work Choices’, Anthony Forsyth ...... 506 Consitutional Issues Regarding Same-Sex Marriage: A Comparative Survey — North America and Australasia, Geoffrey Lindell ...... 27 Directors’ Liability for Unpaid Employee Entitlements — Suggestions for Reform Based on their Liabilities for Unremitted Taxes, Helen Anderson ...... 470 Enforcement of Non-Monetary Foreign Judgments in Australia, Kim Pham ...... 663 Global Competition: Searching for a Rational Basis for Global Competition Rules, Brendan J Sweeney ...... 209 Government Procurement Following the Australia-US Free Trade Agreement — Is Australia Complying with its Obligations to Provide Remedies to Unsuccessful Tenderers?, Anthony E Cassimatis ...... 412 Judicial Supression: The Controversial Establishment of the New South Wales Court of Appeal, Michael Kirby ...... 177 Preserving Due Process or Warehousing the Undesirables: To What End the Separation of Judicial Power of the Commonwealth?, Patrick Keyzer ...... 101 Problematic and Unnecessary? Issues with the Use of the Theft Offence to Protect Intangible Property, Alex Steel ...... 575 Pushing the Boundaries: Realising Rights Through Mental Health Tribunal Processes?, Terry Carney, David Tait and Fleur Beaupert ...... 329 Sentencing Law and the ‘Emotional Catharsis’ of Victim’s Rights in NSW Homicide Cases, Tyrone Kirchengast ...... 615 Some Observations on the Common Law and the Constitution, Pamela Tate ...... 121 Still Call Australia Home: The Constitution and the Citizen’s Right of Abode, Helen Irving ...... 133 The Applicability of Property Law in New Contexts: From Cells to Cyberspace, Lyria Bennett Moses ...... 639 vi SYDNEY LAW REVIEW VOLUME 30 The Constitutional Jurisprudence of the High Court: 1989–2004, Michael McHugh ...... 5 The Criminal Law’s Response to Domestic Violence: What’s Going On?, Heather Douglas ...... 439 The Separation of Powers and Legislative Interference in Pending Cases, Peter Gerangelos ...... 61 Understanding Legal Pluralism: Past to Present, Local to Global, Brian Z Tamanaha ...... 375 AUTHOR INDEX TO LEADING ARTICLES

James Allan and Nicholas Aroney, An Uncommon Court: How the High Court of Australia has Undermined Australian Federalism ...... 245 Helen Anderson, Directors’ Liability for Unpaid Employee Entitlements — Suggestions for Reform Based on their Liabilities for Unremitted Taxes ...... 470 Lyria Bennett Moses, The Applicability of Property Law in New Contexts: From Cells to Cyberspace ...... 639 Terry Carney, David Tait and Fleur Beaupert, Pushing the Boundaries: Realising Rights Through Mental Health Tribunal Processes? ...... 329 Anthony E Cassimatis, Government Procurement Following the Australia-US Free Trade Agreement — Is Australia Complying with its Obligations to Provide Remedies to Unsuccessful Tenderers? ...... 412 Heather Douglas, The Criminal Law’s Response to Domestic Violence: What’s Going On? ...... 439 Simon Evans and John Williams, Appointing Australian Judges: A New Model ...... 295 Anthony Forsyth, Australian Regulation of Economic Dismissals: Before, During and After ‘Work Choices’ ...... 506 Peter Gerangelos, The Separation of Powers and Legislative Interference in Pending Cases ...... 61 Helen Irving, Still Call Australia Home: The Constitution and the Citizen’s Right of Abode ...... 133 Patrick Keyzer, Preserving Due Process or Warehousing the Undesirables: To What End the Separation of Judicial Power of the Commonwealth? ...... 101 Michael Kirby, Judicial Supression: The Controversial Establishment of the New South Wales Court of Appeal ...... 177 Tyrone Kirchengast, Sentencing Law and the ‘Emotional Catharsis’ of Victim’s Rights in NSW Homicide Cases ...... 615 Geoffrey Lindell, Consitutional Issues Regarding Same-Sex Marriage: A Comparative Survey — North America and Australasia ...... 27 Michael McHugh, The Constitutional Jurisprudence of the High Court: 1989–2004 ...... 5 Kim Pham, Enforcement of Non-Monetary Foreign Judgments in Australia ...... 663 Alex Steel, Problematic and Unnecessary? Issues with the Use of the Theft Offence to Protect Intangible Property ...... 575 viii SYDNEY LAW REVIEW VOLUME 30 Brendan J Sweeney, Global Competition: Searching for a Rational Basis for Global Competition Rules ...... 209 Brian Z Tamanaha, Understanding Legal Pluralism: Past to Present, Local to Global ...... 375 Pamela Tate, Some Observations on the Common Law and the Constitution ...... 121 TITLE INDEX TO CASE NOTES AND COMMENTS

A Torturer’s Manifesto? Impunity Through Immunity in Jones v The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Pietro Di Ciaccio ...... 551 Comment on Peter Gerangelos, ‘Legislative Intervention in Pending Cases’, Anthony Mason ...... 95 Comment on Patrick Keyzer, ‘Preserving Due Process or Warehousing the Undesirables: To What End the Separation of Judicial Power of the Commonwealth?’, Elizabeth Handsley ...... 115 Defining Where the Truth Lies: Institutional Prosecutors and the Tort of Malicious Prosecution, Norm Maamary ...... 357 Eulogy for Professor George Winterton, Peter Gerangelos ...... 567 Judicial Appointment, Stephen Gaegler ...... 159 Judicial Appointment, Ruth McColl ...... 155 Patents as Administrative Acts: Patent Decisions for Administrative Review?, Chris Dent ...... 691 The Unsettled Safety Net of the Unfairness Discretion: Section 90 of the Evidence Act 1995 (NSW) in Em v The Queen, Anna Garsia ...... 715 TITLE INDEX TO BEFORE THE HIGH COURT

Getting It Right: Where is the Place of the Wrong in a Multinational Torts Case?, Anthony Gray ...... 537 TITLE INDEX TO BOOK REVIEWS

The Assignment of Contractual Rights by Greg Tolhurst (JD Heydon) ...... 171 The Reception of English Law Abroad by BH McPherson (RP Meagher) ...... 371 XII SYDNEY LAW REVIEW VOLUME 30

Attorney-General (NSW) v Brewery TABLE OF EmployeesCASES Union (NSW) (Union Label Case).. 39, 267, 269, 270 A Attorney-General (Vic) v Commonwealth A v New South Wales (2007).. 357–70 (1962).. 40 ACT v Pinter.. 648, 653 Attorney-General (Qld) v Fardon.. 114 AIG Capital Partners Inc v Republic of Attorney-General v Francis.. 112 Kazakhstan.. 672 Attorney-General (UK) v Heinemann ASIC v Plymin.. 504 Publishers Australia Pty Ltd (Spycatcher Abebe v Commonwealth.. 23, 24 Case).. 669, 673 Actors and Announcers Equity Association of Attorney-General v Kevin.. 42 Australia v Fontana Films Pty Ltd.. 275, 276, Attorney-General (HK) v Nai-Keung.. 610 283 Attorney-General (Cth) v The Queen (1957).. Adams v Howerton.. 37 109 Afroyim v Rusk.. 135 Attorney-General (NSW) v Quin.. 183 Ah Yin v Christie.. 141 Attorney-General (HK) v Reid.. 605, 607 Ainsworth v Criminal Justice Commission.. Attorney-General v Sillem.. 184 44 Attorney-General’s Reference (No 1 of Airey v Ireland.. 553 1985).. 607 Airlines of NSW Pty Ltd v New South Wales Austin v Commonwealth.. 289 (No 2).. 271, 294 Australasian Meat Industry Employees’ Union Akbulut v Grimshaw.. 597, 598 v Belandra Pty Ltd.. 520 Al-Adsani v United Kingdom.. 553, 554, 558 Australian Agricultural Co v Federated Al-Kateb v Godwin.. 149, 250 Engine-Drivers and Firemen’s Association of Alabama Great Southern Australasia.. 109 Railway v Carroll.. 548 Australian Apple and Pear Marketing Board v Allan v Transurban City Link.. 712 Tonking.. 108 Amaca Pty Ltd v Frost.. 543, 544 Australian Broadcasting Corp v Lenah Game Amalgamated Society of Engineers v Meats Pty Ltd.. 648 Adelaide Steamship Co Ltd (Engineers’ Australian Broadcasting Tribunal v Bond.. Case).. 10, 246, 256, 271, 272, 273, 279, 282, 710 284, 288, 289, 292 Australian Capital Television Pty Ltd v Amcor Ltd v Construction, Forestry, Mining Commonwealth (ACTV).. 6, 9, 12, 19, 255, and Energy Union.. 519 292 Andersen v King County.. 34–6, 52 Australian Conservation Foundation v Anonymous (1722).. 371 Commonwealth.. 713 Arrest Warrant Case.. 555, 557, 562 Australian Submarine Corporation v Asahi Kasei Kogyo.. 695 Kenefick.. 511 Ashley v Marinov.. 449 Australian Tape Manufacturers Association Attorney-General (Vic); Ex rel Dale v Ltd v Commonwealth.. 13 Commonwealth.. 259 Azzopardi v The Queen.. 106 Attorney-General (Cth); Ex rel McKinlay v Commonwealth.. 139 B Attorney-General (Cth) v Adelaide Steamship BHP Billiton Ltd v Schultz.. 541, 546 Co.. 694 BLF v Minister for Industrial Relations.. 62, Attorney-General (Cth) v Ah Sheung.. 144 71–3, 77, 81–3, 89, 91, 95, 117 Attorney-General (WA) v Australian National Baehr v Lewin.. 30 Airlines Commission.. 256 Baigent’s Case (Simpson v Attorney- Attorney-General (Cth) v Breckler.. 105 General).. 54 Baker v Campbell.. 108 2008 TABLE OF CASES xiii

Baker v The Queen.. 93, 98, 115 Burnie Port Authority v General Jones Pty Baker v State.. 30, 33 Ltd.. 15 Balog v Independent Commission Against Burwood Cinema Ltd v Australian Theatrical Corruption.. 44 and Amusement Employees’ Association.. Bank Nationalisation Case (Commonwealth v 280 Bank of NSW).. 12, 248 Bank of NSW v Commonwealth.. 150 C Bank of Toronto v Lambe.. 288 CO Williams Constructions v Blackman.. 433 Barcelona Traction Case (Barcelona v Spain).. CEA Technologies Pty Ltd v Civil Aviation 557 Authority.. 429 Barcelona v Spain (Barcelona Traction Case).. CSR Ltd v Young.. 478 557 Calvin’s Case (1608).. 371 Bateman’s Bay Local Aboriginal Land Cameron v The Queen.. 459 Council v Aboriginal Community Benefit Canada (Attorney-General) v JTI-Macdonald Fund.. 712 Corp.. 254 Bathurst City Council v PWC Properties.. 606 Capital Duplicators Pty Ltd v Australian Baxter v Commissioners of Taxation (NSW).. Capital Territory (No 2).. 13 266, 267 Carpenter v US.. 611 Beals v Saldanha.. 680, 682, 687, 688 Carson v John Fairfax and Sons Ltd Behrooz v Secretary, Department of (Receivers and Managers Appointed).. 186 Immigration, Multicultural and Indigenous Case of Swans..584 Affairs.. 111, 112 Cashflow Finance Pty Ltd (in liq) v Westpac Bellinger v Bellinger (Lord Chancellor Banking Corp.. 607 Intervening).. 32, 39 Cayle’s Case.. 584 Benefit Strategies Group Inc v Prider.. 665 Celtic Resources Holdings plc v Arduina Bethell v Hilyard.. 39 Holding BV.. 684 Billing v Pill.. 584 Chaplin v Boys.. 540 Bituminous Products Pty Ltd v Department of Chaplin v Leslie Frewin (Publishers) Ltd.. 598 Main Roads.. 430 Chase Manhattan Bank NA v Israel-British Blackpool and Fylde Aero Club Ltd v Bank (London) Ltd.. 606–9 Blackpool Borough Council.. 428 Cheatle v The Queen.. 12, 17, 23, 26 Blades v Higgs.. 584 Cheng v The Queen.. 22 Boilermakers’ Case (R v Kirby; Ex parte Chia Gee v Martin.. 142 Boilermakers’ Society of Australia).. 22, 63, Chu Kheng Lim v Minister for Immigration, 101, 102, 252 Local Government and Ethnic Affairs.. 17, 61, Bolam v Friern Hospital Management 62, 67, 75, 76, 78, 91, 92, 93, 95, 103, 105, Committee.. 346 111, 112, 114, 137 Booth v Maryland.. 626 Clyde Engineering Co Ltd v Cowburn.. 260 Breen v Williams.. 611 Clyne v Deputy Commissioner of Taxation.. Briggs v James Hardie & Co Pty Ltd.. 478 483 British American Tobacco Australia Ltd v Clyne v East.. 72 Western Australia.. 127, 128 Cole v Whitfield.. 6, 12, 17 Bropho v Western Australia.. 16 Colenso’s Case (1864).. 371 Brotherton v Cleveland.. 644 Colonial Bank v Whinney.. 610 Brown (1989).. 452 Commissioner for Railways (NSW) v Browne v Deputy Commissioner of Taxation.. Cavanough.. 184 488 Commissioner of Taxation v Donnelly.. 483 Brownlee v The Queen.. 17, 22, 23 Commissioner of Taxation v Government Buckley v Valeo.. 254 Insurance Office (NSW).. 483 Bunning v Cross.. 77 xiv SYDNEY LAW REVIEW VOLUME 30

Commonwealth v Bank of NSW (Bank Deputy Commissioner of Taxation v Applied Nationalisation Case).. 12, 248 Design Development Pty Ltd (in liq).. 483 Commonwealth v Bardsley.. 129 Deputy Commissioner of Taxation v Clark.. Commonwealth v Cigamatic Pty Ltd (in liq).. 489 289 Deputy Commissioner of Taxation v Saunig.. Commonwealth v Mewett.. 128 489 Commonwealth v Queensland (1975).. 104 Deputy Commissioner of Taxation v Commonwealth v Tasmania (1983) Solomon.. 489 (Tasmanian Dam Case).. 10, 26, 247, 256, Deputy Commissioner of Taxation v Stenner.. 257, 259, 278, 283, 285, 286, 289 489 Commonwealth Life Assurance Society Ltd v Deputy Commissioner of Taxation v WR Brain.. 359, 361, 362 Moran Pty Ltd.. 259 Communist Party v Commonwealth Dietrich v The Queen.. 16, 17, 106 (Communist Party Case).. 248 Director of Public Prosecutions v Gomez.. Communist Party Case (Communist Party v 579, 590 Commonwealth) .. 248 Diserens v The Allied Express Group of Concord Data Solutions Pty Ltd v Director Companies.. 524 General of Education.. 430 Distillers Co (Biochemicals) Ltd v Control Investments Pty Ltd v Australian Thompson.. 539, 544, 547, 549 Broadcasting Tribunal.. 713 Donohoe v Wong Sau.. 145–7 Cormick v Salmon.. 41 Dow Jones and Co Inc v Gutnick.. 539, 542, Cosco Holdings Pty Ltd v Do.. 511 543, 677, 682, 683 Council of Civil Services Unions v Minister Dowis v Mud Slingers Inc.. 548 for Civil Service.. 432 Drake v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Coward v Stapleton.. 113 Affairs.. 704 Croft v Minister for Agriculture and Resources (1999).. 436 E Croft v Minister for Agriculture and Eastman v The Queen.. 19, 39 Resources (2001).. 436 Ebner v Official Trustee in Bankruptcy.. 122 Croton v The Queen.. 577, 588, 589 Eckerhart v Hensley.. 346 Cruikshank v Priceline Pty Ltd.. 528–33 Edwards v Canada (Attorney-General).. 250, Cubic Transportation Systems Inc v New 251 South Wales.. 436, 437 Em v The Queen.. 715–29 Cunliffe v Commonwealth.. 6 Emanuel Management Pty Ltd (in liq) v Customs, CEO v Labrador Liquor Wholesale Foster’s Brewing Group Ltd.. 504 Pty Ltd.. 114 Engineers’ Case (Amalgamated Society of Engineers v Adelaide Steamship Co Ltd)..10, D 246, 256, 271, 272, 273, 279, 282, 284, 288, D’Emden v Pedder.. 267 289, 292 Daishowa International v North Coast Export Estelle v Gambelle.. 334 Co Ltd.. 225 Ex parte McLean.. 260 Darcy v Allen.. 694 David Securities Pty Ltd v Commonwealth F Bank of Australia.. 605 FAI Insurances Ltd v Winneke.. 712 Davis v Commonwealth.. 43 Fairfax’s Devisee v Hunter’s Lessee.. 65 Davis v Turning Properties Pty Ltd.. 683, 684 Fardon v Attorney-General (Qld).. 98, 103–19 Del Zio v Presbyterian Hospital (NY).. 643 Federated Amalgamated Governmental Democratic Republic of Congo v Belgium Railway and Tramway Service Association v (Case Concerning Arrest Warrant of 11 April NSW Railway Traffic Employees Association 2000).. 555, 557, 562 (Railway Servants Case).. 266, 267 2008 TABLE OF CASES xv

Felman v Law Institute of Victoria.. 108 H Fencott v Muller.. 63, 279 HA Bacharach Pty Ltd v Queensland.. 73, Ferens v O’Brien.. 584 108, 111 Fernandes.. 580 Ha v New South Wales.. 13, 14, 17, 106, 108, Ferrini v Federal Republic of Germany.. 556 109, 111 Ffrost v Stevenson.. 127 Halpern v Canada (Attorney-General).. 31–3, Filartiga v Pena-Irala.. 563 36, 40, 54, 254 First Territorial Senators Case (Western Halwood Corp Ltd v Chief Commissioner of Australia v Commonwealth) (1975).. 10, 108 Stamp Duties.. 649 First Uniform Tax Case (South Australia v Haoucher v Minister for Immigration and Commonwealth).. 247, 259 Ethnic Affairs.. 436, 437 Fisher v Fisher.. 40 Harper v Canada (Attorney-General).. 254 Fitzgerald v Deputy Commissioner of Harris v Caladine.. 13 Taxation.. 488 Hawker Pacific Pty Ltd v Freeland.. 429 Forge v Australian Securities and Investments Health Insurance Commission v Peverill.. 13 Commission.. 102, 103, 182, 295, 305, 311 Henry v Boehm.. 13 Foucha v Louisiana.. 338 Hernandez (2006).. 35, 36 Frandsen v County of Brevard.. 34 Hill v Church of Scientology of Toronto.. 254 Frisina v Women and Infants Hospital.. 643 Hilton v Guyot.. 669 Hoare v The Queen.. 631 G Hoggett v Lowis.. 460 Holland v Hodgson.. 584 Gee v Martin.. 142 Holland v Lampen-Woolfe.. 559 General Electric/Honeywell.. 238, 239 Honeywell International Inc/General Electric General Newspapers Pty Ltd v Telstra Co v Commission.. 238 Corporation.. 427, 429 Horta v Commonwealth.. 42 Genetics Institute Inc v Kirin-Amgen Inc.. 699 Houssein v Under Secretary, Department of Georgiadis v Australian and Overseas Industrial Relations and Technology (NSW).. Telecommunications Corp.. 648 44 Gerah Imports Pty Ltd v Minister for Industry, Huddart, Parker and Co Pty Ltd v Moorehead.. Technology and Commerce.. 430 63, 246, 267, 268, 270, 271, 273, 274, 277, Gilbertson v South Australia.. 72 278, 284–6, 698 Gillick v North Norfolk and Wisbech Area Hughes Aircraft Systems International v Air Health Authority.. 435 Services Australia.. 419, 426, 427, 433 Giumelli v Giumelli.. 606 Hughes and Vale Pty Ltd v NSW.. 108 Glinski v McIver.. 366–9 Hunt v BP Exploration Co (Libya) Ltd.. 665 Golder v United Kingdom.. 553 Hunter Brothers v Brisbane City Council.. 430 Goodridge v Department of Public Health.. Hutto v Finney.. 334 30, 32, 33, 35, 36, 59, 60 Hutton v West Cork Railway Co.. 484 Goryl v Greyhound Australia Pty Ltd.. 33 Hwang v Commonwealth.. 133, 137, 138, Gould v Brown.. 15, 25 148, 151, 152 Gould v Federal Commissioner of Taxation.. Hyde v Hyde.. 39, 40, 43 487, 488 Grain Pool of Western Australia v Commonwealth.. 22, 23, 39, 40, 272 I Gray v First Winthrop Corp.. 88 Ilich v The Queen.. 589 Greenberg v Miami Children’s Hospital.. 644 Imperial Chemicals Industries Pty Ltd v Grierson v The King.. 184 Commissioner of Patents.. 697, 706 Griffith University v Tang.. 429, 430, 437, 713 In re Dickens; Dickens v Hawksley.. 600 Grollo v Palmer.. 108, 122, 300 In re Judiciary and Navigation Acts.. 22, 24 In re Marriage Cases.. 34 xvi SYDNEY LAW REVIEW VOLUME 30

In re Opinions of the Justices to the Senate.. Kantaris v Kantaris.. 42 30, 31, 51 Kartinyeri v Commonwealth.. 21 In re SL (1983).. 344 Kenefick v Australian Submarine Corporation In re Uranium Antitrust Litigation Pty Ltd (No 2).. 511 (Westinghouse Uranium Case).. 212 Khan v The Queen.. 625 In re Vandervell’s Trusts (No 2); White v Kieselbach v Amity Group Pty Ltd.. 533 Vandervell Trustees Ltd.. 605 Kinsela v Russell Kinsela Pty Ltd (in liq).. 484 In re Winship.. 106 Kioa v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic In the appeal of KMP.. 347 Affairs.. 712 Incorporation Case (New South Wales v Knuller v DPP.. 606 Commonwealth (1990)).. 13, 25, 26, 248, Koowarta v Bjelke-Petersen.. 42 277–9, 286 Koroitamana v Commonwealth.. 133, 137, Inkson v The Queen.. 623 148, 149 Kruger v Commonwealth.. 20, 42 J J v V (1995).. 341, 346, 347 L Jackman v Broadbent.. 666 Lange v Atkinson.. 254 Jackson v Spittall.. 539, 544 Lange v Australian Broadcasting Corp.. 9, 14, James Hardie & Co Ltd v Hall.. 478, 544, 545 20, 25, 121, 255 James Hardie Industries Ltd v Grigor.. 544, Law v Canada (Minister for Employment and 545 Immigration).. 31 Japan — Measures Affecting Consumer Lawrence v Texas.. 30 Photographic Film and Paper (United States Leeth v Commonwealth.. 17, 19, 42, 123, 130 Film Case).. 218, 220 Lessard v Schmidt.. 338, 339 Jeter v Mayo Clinic Arizona.. 643 Lewis v Doran.. 504 John Fairfax Publications Pty Ltd v Attorney- Lewis v Harris.. 34, 59 General (NSW).. 108 Li v State.. 53 John Pfeiffer Pty Ltd v Rogerson.. 47, 121, Lim (Chu Kheng) v Minister for Immigration, 122, 128, 540–3, 545, 546 Local Government and Ethnic Affairs.. 17, 61, John Robertson & Co Ltd (in liq) v Ferguson 62, 67, 75, 76, 78, 91, 92, 93, 95, 103, 105, Transformers Pty Ltd.. 128 111, 112, 114, 137 Johns v Kane Constructions Pty Ltd.. 534 Lister & Co v Stubbs.. 608 Johnson v Coventry Churchill International Liyanage v R.. 62, 67–70, 75–8, 80-84, 87, 89, Ltd.. 547 91, 92, 99 Johnson Tiles Pty Ltd v Esso Australia Pty Lockyer v City and County of San Francisco.. Ltd.. 108 34 Jones v Commonwealth (1987).. 108 Lodhi v R.. 61, 62 Jones v Commonwealth (No 2) (1965).. 39, Longfield v Glover.. 463 108 Loty and Holloway v Australian Workers’ Jones v Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.. 551–64 Union.. 511 Jones v Southall & Bourke Pty Ltd.. 607 Loving v Virginia.. 31, 35, 55 Jumbunna Coal Mine NL v Victorian Coal Low v Blease.. 610 Miners’ Association.. 272 Lucas v Forty-Fourth General Assembly of Colorado.. 52 K Kable v Director of Public Prosecutions M (NSW).. 14, 98, 102–9, 112, 115–19, 184, M (ad litem); M v Attorney-General (British 300, 305 Colombia).. 442 Kaiser Aluminium & Chemical Corp v Mabo v Queensland (No 1).. 60 Reynolds Metal Co.. 701 Mabo v Queensland (No 2).. 15, 60, 124, 372 2008 TABLE OF CASES xvii

McBain v Victoria.. 33 N McGinty v Western Australia.. 9, 20, 139 National Provincial Bank Ltd v Ainsworth.. McKain v RW Miller and Co (SA) Pty Ltd.. 647–9 542, 546 National Trustees Executors and Agency Co McKinney and Judge.. 16 of Australasia Ltd v Federal Commissioner of McPherson v Vitality Care Operations Pty Ltd Taxation.. 648 (t/as Bridgewater Aged Care Facility).. 524 National Union of Workers v Qenos Pty Ltd.. Macquarie Health Corp Ltd v Federal 520 Commissioner of Taxation.. 483 Nationwide News Pty Ltd v Wills.. 6, 9, 12, Macrae v Attorney-General (NSW).. 178, 183 19, 255, 292 Mareva Compania Naviera SA v International Neilson v Overseas Projects Corporation of Bulkcarriers SA.. 664 Victoria Ltd.. 542, 546 Maritime Union of Australia v Patrick Nettlefold v Kym Smoker Pty Ltd.. 511 Stevedores No 1 Pty Ltd.. 484 New Jersey Protection and Advocacy Inc v Martinez v County of Monroe.. 34 Davy.. 345 Massachusetts v Microsoft Corp.. 240 New South Wales v Commonwealth (1908).. Melbourne Corporation v Commonwealth 264 (State Banking Case).. 248, 268, 271, 289 New South Wales v Commonwealth (1915) Mercury Energy Ltd v Electricity Corporation (Wheat Case).. 102 of New Zealand Ltd.. 433 New South Wales v Commonwealth (1990) Metall Und Rohstoff AG v Donaldson Lufkin (Incorporation Case).. 13, 25, 26, 248, 277–9, and Jenrette Inc.. 539, 547 286 Metropolitan Transit Authority v Waverley New South Wales v Commonwealth (2006) Transit Pty Ltd.. 428 (Work Choices Case).. 245, 247, 256–9, 273– Mickleberg v The Queen.. 14 84, 287, 289, 290, 514 Microsoft Corp v Commission of the New York Times Co v Sullivan.. 254 European Communities.. 241 Nicholas v The Queen.. 62, 73, 75–84, 93, Mikitis v Director General, Department of 96–9, 108 Justice and Attorney-General.. 430 Nicholas v Western Australia.. 72 Millar v Chief Executive, Department of Nicholson v Riviera Marine Pty Ltd.. 524 Corrective Services.. 463 Nolan v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Miller v French.. 62, 88, 89 Affairs.. 136, 148, 149 Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v Norman v Federal Commissioner of Taxation.. Kurtovic.. 428 595 Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v North Australian Aboriginal Legal Aid Teoh.. 15, 432–5 Service Inc v Bradley.. 102 Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Northern Territory v GPAO.. 128 and Indigenous Affairs v Nystrom.. 147 Norway — Procurement of Toll Collection Ministry of Transport v Noort.. 250 Equipment for the City of Trondheim.. 438 Mitchell v John Heine and Son Ltd.. 358–60, 364, 370 Moore v Regents of the University of O California.. 643, 644, 653, 655, 657, 659 O’Brien v Northern Territory [No 2].. 113 Morgan v Commonwealth.. 26 O’Reilly v Mackman.. 432, 434 Morguard Investments Ltd v De Savoye.. Ontario Public Service Employees Union v 663, 672, 680–2 AG Ont.. 288 Morrison v Sadler.. 34 Organ v Climate Technologies Pty Ltd.. 524 Moxham v Baxter Business Pty Ltd.. 533 Owens v Whyalla Aged Care Inc.. 534 Muschinski v Dodds.. 605 Oxford v Moss.. 611 xviii SYDNEY LAW REVIEW VOLUME 30

P Q POS Media Online Ltd v Queensland Quality Bakers of Australia v Goulding.. 511 Investment Corp.. 428 Queensland v Commonwealth (1977) (Second Pacific Film Laboratories Pty Ltd v Federal Territorial Senators Case).. 108, 109 Commissioner of Taxation.. 600 Queensland v Commonwealth (1989).. 259 Parke v Daily News Ltd.. 484 Quilter v Attorney-General (NZ).. 28, 55, 56, Parsons v The Queen.. 594 254 Patrick Stevedores Operations No 2 Pty Ltd v Maritime Union of Australia.. 490 R Payne v Tennessee.. 626, 627 R v Arnold.. 582 Pecar v National Australia Trustees.. 644 R v Ballard.. 372 Pelligrino v DPP (Cth).. 580 R v Barger.. 267, 270, 271 People v O’Callaghan.. 106 R v Baruday.. 579 Perpetual Executors and Trustees Association R v Bell.. 462 of Australia Ltd v Federal Commissioner of R v Bentham.. 649 Taxation.. 108 R v Berg.. 619, 620, 637 Perry v Savills (Vic) Pty Ltd.. 522–5, 528 R v Birmingham (No 2).. 632–6 Peters v R.. 582 R v Bollen.. 616, 619, 620 Peterswald v Bartley.. 267 R v Bow Street Metropolitan Stipendiary Pharmacy Guild of Australia v Australian Magistrate; Ex parte Pinochet Ugarte (No 3) Community Pharmacy Authority.. 711 (Pinochet Cases).. 561–3 Philip Morris Ltd v Commissioner of Business R v Briese; Ex parte Attorney-General.. 464 Franchises (Vic).. 13, 25 R v Brislan; Ex parte Williams.. 39 Phillips v Eyre.. 127 R v Butler.. 462 Pinochet Cases (R v Bow Street Metropolitan R v Cabbage.. 590 Stipendiary Magistrate; Ex parte Pinochet R v Carlos Namana.. 625 Ugarte (No 3)).. 561–3 R v Christodoulou.. 455 Plaut v Spendthrift Farm.. 62, 88, 89 R v Clark.. 585 Pochi v Macphee.. 148 R v Clowes (No 2).. 607, 609 Police v Davies.. 597 R v Coldham; Ex parte Australian Social Polyukhovich v Commonwealth.. 17, 42, 61, Welfare Union.. 280 63, 78, 80, 105, 106 R v Davey; Ex parte Freer.. 145 Potter v Minahan.. 141–7 R v Davison.. 5 Powell v Fryer.. 504 R v Dodd.. 631 Power v The Queen.. 109 R v Duncan; Ex parte Australian Iron and Pratt Contractors Ltd v Transit New Zealand.. Steel Pty Ltd.. 22 436 R v Dunn.. 459 Precision Data Holdings Ltd v Wills.. 63, 106 R v Edigarov.. 464 Printz v United States.. 260 R v Em.. 717 Pro Swing Inc v Elta Golf Inc.. 664–6, 675–89 R v FD.. 615–17, 632–7 Prociv v Bilfinger Berger Services (Australia) R v Fairbrother; Ex parte Attorney-General.. Pty Ltd.. 524 454 Project Blue Sky Inc v Australian R v Foley.. 584 Broadcasting Authority.. 430 R v Gabriel.. 625 Propend Finance v Sing.. 558, 560 R v Graham.. 590 Pungatji v Woodcock.. 445 R v Greenhalgh.. 585 Puttick v Fletcher Challenge Forests Pty Ltd.. R v Hamid.. 464 537–50 R v Hawker.. 592 R v Hilton.. 590 R v Hinks.. 579, 581, 583, 589 2008 TABLE OF CASES xix

R v Holloway.. 580 R v Public Vehicles Licensing Appeal R v Humby; Ex parte Rooney.. 63 Tribunal (Tas); Ex parte Australian National R v Industrial Commission (SA); Ex parte Airways Pty Ltd.. 272 Adelaide Milk Supply Co-op Ltd.. 519 R v Quinn; Ex parte Consolidated Foods R v Judges of the Federal Court of Australia; Corp.. 64 Ex parte Western Australian National Football R v Richards; Ex parte Fitzpatrick and League (Inc).. 278, 282 Browne.. 5 R v Keegstra.. 254 R v Rothery.. 645 R v Kelly.. 645 R v Russell.. 584 R v Keong.. 450 R v Shadrokh-Cigari.. 607 R v Kidd and Walsh.. 584 R v Slack.. 618 R v Kirby; Ex parte Boilermakers’ Society of R v Stewart.. 611 Australia (Boilermakers’ Case).. 22, 63, 101, R v Storrow and Poole.. 603 102, 252 R v Swaffield; Pavic v The Queen.. 718, 720, R v Kohn.. 583, 590–2, 595 723 R v Kumnick.. 579 R v Thompson.. 591 R v L.. 39, 40 R v Thomson; R v Houlton.. 459 R v Lambert.. 106 R v Todorovic.. 592 R v Lee (1830).. 585 R v Toohey; Ex parte Meneling Station Pty R v Lee (1950).. 718, 726 Ltd.. 648 R v Legal Aid Board; Ex parte Donn & Co R v Trade Practices Tribunal; Ex parte St (a firm).. 433, 434 George County Council.. 278 R v Lewis.. 618 R v Trade Practices Tribunal; Ex parte R v London Borough of Enfield; Ex parte TF Tasmanian Breweries Pty Ltd.. 63 Unwin (Roydon) Ltd.. 433 R v Tzanis.. 620, 637 R v Lord Chancellor; Ex parte Hibbit & R v Watts.. 586 Sanders (a firm).. 430, 433 R v White.. 584 R v Macfarlane; Ex parte O’Flanagan and R v Williams (1852).. 585 O’Kelly.. 145 R v Williams (1953).. 590 R v Marijancevic.. 579 R v Willis.. 620–3 R v Marsden.. 464 R v Wright.. 455 R v Marshall.. 595, 596 RAV v City of St Paul.. 254 R v Martin.. 585 RJO (1989).. 346 R v Marumaru.. 459 RJR-MacDonald v Canada.. 254 R v Miller.. 623–5, 634, 636, 637 RPS v The Queen.. 106 R v Mills.. 628–30 Railway Servants Case (Federated R v Moffatt.. 108 Amalgamated Governmental Railway and R v Morris.. 579 Tramway Service Association v NSW R v Murrell.. 372 Railway Traffic Employees Association).. R v Nunn.. 628–30 266, 267 R v Oakes.. 106 Rank Film Distributors Ltd v Video R v Pearson; Ex parte Sipka.. 139 Information Centre.. 603 R v Penn.. 622–4 Rawolle v Don Mathieson & Staff Class Co R v Perks.. 627, 628, 630 Pty Ltd.. 531, 532 R v Perry.. 585 Re Award Simplification Decision; Re R v Petronius-Kuff.. 583 Hospitality Industry — accommodation, R v Pora.. 54 Hotels, Resorts and Gaming Award 1995.. 513 R v Potisk.. 589 Re Dingjan; Ex parte Wagner.. 13, 276, 283, R v Powell.. 585 285, 286 R v Preddy.. 583, 589, 590, 592, 594, 600 Re Governor, Goulburn Correctional Centre; R v Previtera.. 615-621, 624, 632–6 Ex parte Eastman.. 24 xx SYDNEY LAW REVIEW VOLUME 30

Re Holmes.. 608 Sauve v Canada (Chief Electoral Officer).. Re Minister for Immigration and Multicultural 254 Affairs; Ex parte Te.. 23, 136, 140, 147, 149 Sawiris v Scott.. 576 Re Minister for Immigration and Multicultural SCAORA v Union of India.. 178 and Indigenous Affairs; Ex parte Lam.. 434–6 Schelde Marinebouw BV v Attorney- Re Nolan; Ex parte Young.. 14 General.. 437 Re Pacific Coal Pty Ltd; Ex parte Schiavo v Schiavo.. 62 Construction, Forestry, Mining and Energy Schiavo; Ex rel Shindler v Schiavo.. 62 Union.. 275, 283, 285, 287 Schibsby v Westenholz.. 668, 669 Re Patterson; Ex parte Taylor.. 23, 146, 151 Schooner Exchange v McFadden.. 551 Re Refugee Review Tribunal; Ex parte Aala.. Schutt Flying Acadamy (Aust) Pty Ltd v 22 Mobil Oil Australia Ltd.. 108 Re Residential Tenancies Tribunal of NSW; Seattle Audubon Society v Robertson.. 84 Ex parte Defence Housing Authority.. 9, 289 Second Territorial Senators Case (1977) Re Scobie; Ex parte Deputy Commissioner of (Queensland v Commonwealth).. 108, 109 Taxation.. 489 Seidler v Scallhlhofer.. 42 Re Tracey; Ex parte Ryan.. 14 Selvachandran v Peteron Plastics Pty Ltd.. Re Tyler; Ex parte Foley.. 14 510, 512 Re Universities and Post Compulsory Sergeant v Police.. 625 Academic Conditions Award.. 513 Sharp v Biggs.. 358–64, 370 Re Wakim; Ex parte McNally.. 9, 15, 22, 24, Shaw v Minister for Immigration and 25, 40, 111 Multicultural Affairs.. 23, 136, 137, 140, 147, Redundancy Case.. 513, 519, 521 150, 151 Reference re Same Sex Marriage.. 31, 40, 41 Shreveport Rate Cases.. 294 Regie Nationale des Usines Renault SA v Shrimp Turtle Case.. 243 Zhang.. 538, 541, 545, 546 Sidaway v Board of Governors, Bethlem Reynolds v Times Newspapers.. 254 Royal Hospital and Maudsley Hospital.. 549 Richardson v Forestry Commission.. 259 Silbert v DPP (WA).. 108 Ridgeway v The Queen.. 16, 73, 74, 76, 77, Simpson v Attorney-General (Baigent’s 79, 96, 97 Case).. 54 Rio Tinto Coal Australia Pty Ltd (formerly Singh v Commonwealth (2004).. 15, 23, 39, Pacific Coal Pty Ltd) v Smith.. 517 40, 136, 147, 148, 291 Roach v Electoral Commissioner.. 139 Smelt v County of Orange.. 37, 48 Robertson v Seattle Audubon Society.. 62, 84, Smith Bros & Wilson (BC) Ltd v British 85, 88–93, 95, 98 Columbia Hydro & Power Authority.. 426 Robtelmes v Brennan.. 150 Soering v United Kingdom.. 559 Roche v Douglas.. 645 South Australia v Commonwealth (First Romer v Evans.. 53 Uniform Tax Case).. 247, 259 Rosengarten v Downes.. 46 South Australian Land Mortgage and Agency Rouse v Cameron.. 346 Co Ltd v The King.. 184 Russell v Russell.. 41 South Carolina v Gathers.. 626, 627 Ryan v DPP.. 106 Southern Cross Interiors Pty Ltd (in liq) v Rylands v Fletcher.. 15 Deputy Commissioner of Taxation.. 504 Spies v The Queen.. 484 S Spiliada Maritime Corp v Cansulex Ltd.. 538 Springer and Cunningham v The Northcott SGH Ltd v Federal Commissioner of Society.. 524, 533 Taxation.. 22 Spycatcher Case (Attorney-General (UK) v Sabemo Pty Ltd v North Sydney Municipal Heinemann Publishers Australia Pty Ltd).. Council.. 428, 429 669, 673 Sadler v Robins.. 665, 667 Starson v Swayze.. 342 2008 TABLE OF CASES xxi

State v Coetzee.. 106 Trident General Insurance Co Ltd v McNiece State Banking Case (Melbourne Corporation v Bros Pty Ltd.. 15 Commonwealth).. 248, 268, 271, 289 Trobridge v Hardy.. 113, 366 State Government Insurance Commission v Truth about Motorways Pty Ltd v Macquarie Trigwell.. 6 Infrastructure Investment Management Ltd.. State Rail Authority (NSW) v Earthline 22 Constructions Pty Ltd (in liq).. 184 Turner v Safley.. 32 State Superannuation Board v Trade Practices Commission.. 278 U Stephens v West Australian Newspapers Ltd.. Union Label Case (Attorney-General (NSW) 12, 25 v Brewery Employees Union (NSW)).. 39, Stevens v Head.. 546 267, 269, 270 Stewart v The King.. 183, 193, 194 United States v 12200-Ft Reels of Film.. 256 Stingel.. 460 United States v Darby.. 260, 288 Strandhardt v Superior Court; Ex rel County United States v Klein.. 62, 63, 69–71, 84–9 of Maricopa.. 34, 48 United States v Lopez.. 260 Street v Queensland Bar Association.. 12, 18, United States v Microsoft Corp.. 240 33 United States v Padelford.. 69 Strickland v Rocla Concrete Pipes Ltd.. 270, United States v Preston.. 65 271, 275, 283 United States v Schooner Peggy.. 62, 64 Sue v Hill.. 14, 22, 24, 140 United States v Sioux Nation of Indians.. 62 Supreme Court Advocates-On-Record United States v Wrightwood Dairy Co.. 294 Association v Union of India.. 178 United States Film Case (Japan — Measures Sykes v Cleary.. 140 Affecting Consumer Photographic Film and Szekerczes-Boda v Novadale Enterprises Pty Paper).. 218, 220 Ltd.. 524

V T Vance v Terrazas.. 135 TCN Channel Nine Pty Ltd v Network Ten Vasiljkovic v Commonwealth.. 140 Pty Ltd.. 600 Veen v R (No 1).. 621, 631 Tao Zhu v Treasurer of NSW.. 660 Veen v R (No 2).. 621, 631 Tasmania v Commonwealth (1904).. 266 Victoria v Commonwealth (1957).. 259 Tasmanian Dam Case (1983) (Commonwealth Victoria v Commonwealth (1971).. 10 v Tasmania).. 10, 26, 247, 256, 257, 259, 278, Victoria v Commonwealth (1975).. 259 283, 285, 286, 289 Victoria v Commonwealth (1996).. 259, 280, Taypar Pty Ltd v Santic.. 598 510 Termination, Change and Redundancy Case.. Victoria v Master Builders’ Association of 509, 513 Victoria.. 432–4 Territorial Senators Case (Western Australia v Victoria Park Racing and Recreation Grounds Commonwealth) (1975).. 10, 108 Co Ltd v Taylor.. 647, 648 The Case of Swans.. 584 Victorian Stevedoring and General Theophanous v Herald and Weekly Times Contracting Co Pty Ltd and Meakes v Ltd.. 12, 19, 20, 25 Dignan.. 184 Thwaites v Health Sciences Centre Psychiatric Village Cinemas Australia Pty Ltd v Carter Facility.. 338 (2006).. 523, 524 Tooheys Ltd v Minister for Business and Village Cinemas Australia Pty Ltd v Carter Consumer Affairs.. 714 (2007).. 521–6, 529, 531–3 Torkington v Magee.. 595 Vitamins Case.. 232 Trendex Trading Corp v Central Bank of Voth v Manildra Flour Mills Pty Ltd.. 538–44 Nigeria.. 557 xxii SYDNEY LAW REVIEW VOLUME 30

W Wilson v Minister for Aboriginal and Torres W (a child) v Woodrow.. 579 Strait Islander Affairs.. 14, 61, 113, 304 Walker v Wimborne.. 484 Witham v Holloway.. 109 Wamboo Coal Pty Ltd v Ariff.. 607 Woolmington v DPP.. 106 Washington University v Catalona.. 644, 645 Work Choices Case (New South Wales v West Virginia State Board of Education v Commonwealth).. 245, 247, 256–9, 273–84, Barnette.. 52 287, 289, 290 Westdeutsche Landesbank Girozentrale v Wyatt v Stickney.. 343–5, 347 Isington London Borough Council.. 605, 607 Wynbyne v Marshall.. 108 Western Australia v Commonwealth (1975) (Territorial Senators Case).. 10, 108 X Westinghouse Uranium Case (In re Uranium XYZ v Commonwealth (2006).. 42 Antitrust Litigation).. 212 Wheat Case (1915) (New South Wales v Y Commonwealth).. 102 White v Verkouille.. 666 Yanner v Eaton.. 652, 653, 660 White Industries Ltd v Electricity Yin v Christie.. 141 Commission (NSW).. 431, 432 Yoon v Song.. 674 Whitely.. 591 Yorke v Jones.. 643 Whittaker v The King.. 114 Yougarla v Western Australia.. 125–7 Wickard v Filburn.. 260, 294 Wik Peoples v Queensland.. 60, 124 Z Wilkinson v Kitzinger.. 55 Zhang v Zemin.. 564 Williams v The Queen.. 113 Zhu v Treasurer of NSW.. 660 Williamson v Ah On.. 96 Wilson v Ake.. 46, 48 Wilson v Commissioner of Probate Duties (Vic).. 595 2008 INDEX OF SUBJECTS xxiii

INDEX OF SUBJECTSSee also: NEW SOUTH WALES COURT OF APPEAL

ABORIGINAL PEOPLE APPOINTMENT OF JUDGES domestic violence, effect on women, 443 See: JUDGES

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW ASBESTOS Administrative Appeals Tribunal, operation James Hardie, 478, 498, 543 of, 704, 708 place of injury in multinational negligence ‘administrative law’, scope of term, 701 claim, 537–50 history of, 701 judicial review, overview, 705, 706 ASKIN, ROBIN legitimate expectation as founded on innovations of government, 179 ratification of treaty, 15 role in establishment of NSW Court of merits review, overview, 704 Appeal, 179, 198, 199 ombudsman, powers of, 434 patent decisions, administrative review of —ARC report, 691 AUSTRALIA-US FREE TRADE —ART as review body, 691, 692 AGREEMENT —executive grants of government, 692, Australian Government’s National Interest 693 Analysis, 412 —judicial review, 709–11, 713 copyright provisions, 601 —merits review, 706–9, 711, 712 dispute resolution provisions, 417, 436 —opposition procedure, review of government procurement decisions decision during, 692 —awarding of contracts, 420 —standing, 711–13 —challenge procedures, 423 prerogative writs, 702, 703 —compliance with obligations, 412, purpose of, 701–3 414–16, 424–34 remedies for unsuccessful tenderers for —overview of provisions, 418–24 government contracts, 429–34 —review bodies and powers, 414 —review procedures, 414, 420 —suspension of contracts, 421 ANIMALS —tender procedures, 419 whether property, 585 interpretation of treaties, 435 JSCT Report on Agreement, 413 ANTITRUST LAW legislative implementation, 417 See: GLOBAL COMPETITION RULES overview of Agreement, 416–18 review provision, 435 transparency provisions, 417 APPEAL See also: GOVERNMENT PROCUREMENT Canada, 186 courts established in Australia, 203, 206 England, 184 AUSTRALIAN ECONOMY history of jurisdiction, 184–7 deregulation of, 11 New Zealand, 186, 187 Hawke-Keating governments, 11 See also: NEW SOUTH WALES COURT OF Industrial Relations Club, 11 APPEAL Westminster system of government, 262 xxiv SYDNEY LAW REVIEW VOLUME 30

BAKER, PROFESSOR SIR JOHN CHOICE OF LAW English law and the Renaissance, 123, 124 defamation, 542, 682 enforcement of non-monetary foreign judgments, 663–90 BARTON, EDMUND forum non conveniens, 538 interpretation of Constitution, 266, 271 forum shopping preservation of States, 265 —deterrence, 546, 549 —evidence of legal pluralism, 389

BARWICK, SIR GARFIELD global competition agreement, rules to govern, 243 criticism of ‘judicial activism’, 19 national legal structure, significance of, 121 place of the wrong in multinational tort BOOTHBY, MR JUSTICE —Canadian cases, 548 judgments by, 125 —defamation, 542 —English cases, 547 —event critical to legal liability, 543, BRIDGES MLC, AD 546, 549 role in establishment of NSW Court of —exposure to dangerous working Appeal, 197, 198 environment, 543, 545 —failure by employer to warn of danger, 538, 542–4, 547 BRITISH SUBJECTS —identification of place of wrong, 545 citizenship status, 134, 141–3 —negligent taxation advice, 541 —rationale for applying rule, 545–50 BYERS QC, HM —substance of cause of action, 539 role in establishment of NSW Court of —thalidomide cases, 547 Appeal, 194, 197, 201 —US cases, 548 —where is injury suffered, 538–50 recognition of foreign marriages, 38, 39, 46 CANADA same sex marriage, 34 federalism, 260, 261, 264, 288, 293 significance of national legal structure, 121 legislation imposing personal liability on See also: ENFORCEMENT OF FOREIGN directors, 479 JUDGMENTS mental health processes, 336–8, 341, 342

CITIZENSHIP CANON LAW abode, right of, 141, 146–8, 151 See: ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH absorbed citizens, 146 acquisition of Australian citizenship, 135, 148 alien CATHOLIC CHURCH —power to expel, 150 See: ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH —what is, 148–50 Australian born person, whether subject to CHILDREN immigration restrictions, 141–3, 146 adoption by same-sex parents, 32 British citizenship of, 137, 141 —common law, 143 domestic violence, effect on, 442, 456, 463 —legislation, 135 See also: SAME-SEX MARRIAGE —‘subject’, 134, 141–3 2008 INDEX OF SUBJECTS xxv

Constitutional power, 136–8 larceny, 575–83 deportation, protection from, 147, 151 native title, accommodation of, 124 distinction between British and Australian subject, 144, 145 dual citizenship, 149 COMPETITION lack of mention in the Constitution, 133 export cartels, 215, 222–6 loss of nationality, 142, 143, 149 export dumping, 215, 226–30 ‘people of the Commonwealth’, 151 international cartels, 215, 230–7 rights and obligations, 138–41 mergers and monopolistic conduct, 215, United States provision, 135 237–43 vote, right to, 139 models of competition regimes, 209 private import barriers, 214 See also: GLOBAL COMPETITION RULES CIVIL LIBERTIES misuse of judges, 115 protection of by separation of powers doctrine, CONFLICT OF LAWS 115 See: CHOICE OF LAW

COLONISATION CONSTITUTION Australia, 381 adoption of a written constitution, point of, British, 382 248 Dutch, 382 amending machinery, 249 East India Company, 383 citizenship, lack of reference to, 133 incorporation of customary or religious law, common law, requirement to conform to, 383 121–31 India, attempt by British to organise, 382 Convention Debates, 17, 22, 263, 265, 281 indigenous law, applied to indigenous people, federal structure 382 —intention of framers to maintain North America, 381 integrity, 262 jurisdiction, determination of, 382 —State representation in Senate, 262, priorities of laws, 385 263 Spanish colonisation of the Americas, 382 financial provisions, 263, 264 Imperial Parliament, document of, 272 international models, 261, 262, 267 COMBET, GREG (ACTU) ‘locking in’ certain things, 247, 248 Work Choices legislation, 520 primacy of, 122 Royal Commission on the Constitution of the Commonwealth (1929), 128 COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS ‘statement of values’, 249 new lex mercatoria, 388, 405 Westminster System, 262, 263 See also: COMMON LAW; CONSTITUTIONAL LAW COMMON LAW federal jurisdiction, description of, 127–30 fundamental source of legal authority, 127 CONSTITUTIONAL LAW history of, 123, 124 aliens power, 133, 136, 148 ‘illusion of continuity’, 130, 131 attitudes of mind of, effect on judgments, Imperial constitutional law, continuity of 10–12, 39 124–7 Bill of Attainder, 53, 75 incremental nature of, 124 ‘Changed Law Rule’, 63, 66, 72, 84, 89, 95 xxvi SYDNEY LAW REVIEW VOLUME 30

Chapter III courts, role of, 101–14 16, 17, 20, 121, 254, 255, 292 Common Law method of interpretation, 8–10, —fundamental principle drawn from 17–25 common law, 123 Commonwealth power, expansion of, 247, —guarantee of liberty, 113 263–5 —influence of ‘illusion of continuity’, Convention Debates, as aid to interpretation, 130, 131 17, 22, 265, 266, 271, 281 —‘made up rights’, interpretation of, 292 corporations power —right to legal equality, 130 —expansion of Commonwealth power, intergovernmental immunities, 289 273, 282 interpretive approach —interpretation of, 270, 274–9, 282–4 —Brennan High Court, 20 —intrastate trade, regulation of, 270 —construe document as a whole, 271–3 —use in industrial relations, 247 legalism, rise and fall of, 7–10, 18, 23 defamation law, development of, 20 legislative interference in pending cases, distribution of powers jurisprudence, 257–87, 61–94 292 legislative usurpations of judicial power, Executive power, work by Professor George 61, 78 Winterton, 569 literalism, 251–7, 291 external affairs power, use of, 247, 259 marriage power, 38–43 external developments, response to, 22–4 Mason, Sir Anthony Federal Convention 1897, 265 —contribution to, 5–7 federal jurisdiction, what is, 127–30 —free speech cases, 6 federalism —precedent, view of, 6, 18 —distribution of power, 257–87 —expansion of Commonwealth power, Mason Court 273 —Australian society during, 10–12 —financial domination of —common law method of interpretation, Commonwealth, 259, 264 17–20 —High Court jurisprudence, 245–94 —interpretive approach, 18 —intergovernmental immunities, 289 —‘judicial activism’, 19 —international comparison, 260, 261 —radical decisions, 12, 13 —judicial safeguards, 264, 265 originalism, defence of, 291 —mutual independence of popular sovereignty as source of constitutional Commonwealth and States, 267 rights, 19 —political polarisation, 257 practical consequences, consideration of, 23–5 —States, security of existence, 258 reception of English law, book review, 371 —structure of constitution, 9, 265, 269 referendum, 279 referral of State powers to Commonwealth, —Tasmanian Dam case, 257, 283 277 —Work Choices, 257, 258, 273, 276, representative and responsible government, 9, 279-287 21 ‘full faith and credit’ provisions, 45–9, 58 reserved powers of States, 265, 267–75, 281, globalisation, effect on High Court, 10, 11 284 history, role of, 17, 21–3 right to equality, 19 immigration power, 133, 136 separation of powers Imperial constitutional law, 124–7 —appointment of judges, 304 implied incidental power, 43 —characterisation of rule of evidence, implied nationhood power, 43 96, 97 implied rights and guarantees —civil liberties, protection of, 115 —freedom of political communication, 2008 INDEX OF SUBJECTS xxvii

—‘Direction Principle’, 66–84, 89–94, corporate restructures 95–9 —James Hardie, 478, 498 —formalism, 118 —Patrick Stevedores, 471, 484, 498 —implications of, 101, 102 corporate veil —imprisonment for non-punitive —lifting of, to impose liability on purposes, 101–14 directors, 470 —legislative interference in pending —questioning of laws, 478 cases, 61–94 —shareholder protection, 470 —separation of judicial power, 63–6, 77, 78, 101, 178 creditors —structure of Constitution, 9 —entitlement recovery, 480–504 —protection mechanisms, 474–7, social values and attitudes, 10–12, 39 492–504 structural approach, 21 textual formalism, 246 —standing to sue, 490, 499 textualist approach, 21 criminal liability for directors’ fault, 503, 504 trade and commerce power, interpretation of, directors’ personal liability 268, 269 —assessment of, 503 See also: CITIZENSHIP; LEGISLATIVE —Canadian legislation, 479 INTERFERENCES IN PENDING CASES —deterrent effect, 479, 498, 504 —employee entitlements, 471, 484, 485, 489–92 CONTRACT LAW —fiduciary duty, 484 assignment of contractual rights, book review, —prosecutions, 503, 504 171–3 contractual rights, extension of theft law to —subjective intention to prevent recovery of entitlements, 485 include, 595 —taxes, 471, 480, 481, 487–9 diversification, 474 COPYRIGHT employees See: INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY —deferred benefits accounts, 496 —industry trust funds, 496 —maximum priority proposal, 493 CORPORATE COLLAPSES —National Insurance Scheme, 494, 495 See: CORPORATIONS LAW —negotiated security arrangements, 496 —pooling or contribution orders, 497 CORPORATIONS LAW —protection mechanisms, 476–8, company administrator, liability of, 483 492–504 Corporate and Markets Advisory Committee, garnishee provisions, 482 478 General Employee Entitlements and corporate collapses Redundancy Scheme, 470, 484, 486, 495, 498 —Ansett Airlines, 471, 476, 486, 496 Harmer Report (General Insolvency Inquiry), —asset stripping, 491 496 —Cobar Mines, 471 insolvent trading, 485, 490, 491, 501, 502 —Enron, 472 Parliamentary Joint Committee on —Grafton Meatworks, 471 Corporations and Financial Services, 492 —National Textiles, 471, 476 priority of recovery rights —reasons for, 471, 473–80 —Oakdale Collieries, 471, 476 —unpaid employee entitlements, 483–6 —WorldCom, 472 —unpaid taxation liabilities, 480–3 xxviii SYDNEY LAW REVIEW VOLUME 30 separate legal entity, 470, 478 offences against police, 451 uncommercial transactions provisions, 485, right to judicial determination of guilt, 83 491 Royal Commission on Criminal Law (UK) voidable transactions, 482 (1834), 577 voluntary administration, 472, 499 sentencing winding up, priority of payments, 471 —deterrent role, 623 —harm, reflection of, 631 —level of punishment, 632 CRIMINAL LAW —objective seriousness of offence, ‘accumulated wisdom’ of crime and 630–2 punishment, 636 —proportionality doctrine, 621–3, 630 admissions, exclusion for unfairness, 715–29 community attitudes towards offence, 621, —purpose of punishment, 631 623, 633 —victims statements, role of (NSW), confessions, exclusion for unfairness, 715–29 615–37 corporate collapse, criminal liability for theft, use of offence to protect intangible directors’ fault, 503 property, 575–614 criminal damage, 590 unfairness, exclusion of confessions for, 715– Criminal Law Revision Committee (UK) 29 (1966), 578 victim impact statement, role of, 615–37 criminal trial as due process, 114 See also: DOMESTIC VIOLENCE; culpable driving causing death, impact on IMPRISONMENT; MALICIOUS PROSECUTION; family, 622, 623 THEFT; VICTIM IMPACT STATEMENTS domestic violence —adversarial nature of prosecution, 457–9 CROWN —charge negotiation process, 451, 452 whether bound by statute, 16 —criminalisation of, 439 —defences, 460, 461 DEFAMATION LAW —drug and alcohol abuse, 461 defence of qualified privilege, 121 —guilty pleas, 458 freedom of political communication, effect on —prosecution of, role of victim, 452 development of, 20 —provocation defence, 460, 461 Internet defamation —role of criminal law, 441–6 —enforcement of foreign order, 681, 682 —sentencing, 464, 465 —where is the place of the wrong, 542 exclusion of confessions for unfairness, 715–29 fraud offences, 589–93 DETENTION home invasion, 716 See: IMMIGRATION DETENTION; homicide, opinions of family victims, 615–37 IMPRISONMENT; MENTAL HEALTH homosexual intercourse with 8 year old, 358 imprisonment for non-punitive purposes, DEVELOPING STATES 103–14 joyriding, 579 See: ECONOMY larceny, 576, 577, 583–7, 612 murder DIXON, SIR OWEN —domestic, 451 influence of, 5, 6, 127–30 —home invasion, 716 2008 INDEX OF SUBJECTS xxix

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE —under 1996 legislation, 512 arrest policies, 445 —under Work Choices, 507, 516–34 blame shifting by defendants, 459 historical development of legislation, 509–13 legislation governing or affecting, 448, 455 Howard government reforms, 511–13 minimisation of harm procedural fairness obligations, 511, 512, 528, —by defendants, 459–63 529 —by police, 447–53 ‘redundancy’, traditional test, 526 Rudd government reforms 2009, 535 murder, 451 severance pay, 521 obstacles to prosecution, 444, 454–6 protection orders small business exemption, 513, 516 sound, defensible or well founded termination, —breach of, 444, 448–50, 462 510 —conditions, 447 ‘valid reason’, 510, 512 —increased use of, 444 Victorian Office of the Workplace Rights —study of prosecutions for breach in Advocate, research, 507 Queensland, 446–65 Work Choices victims —100 employees exclusion, 515 —pressure on victims and families in —AIRC power to reinstate, 516 prosecution, 453–7 —exclusions, broadening of, 514 —role in prosecution, 452 —general operational reasons exclusion, See also: CRIMINAL LAW 516–22 —potential for contrived business restructures, 520 DOWNING, REG —State jurisdiction, ousting of, 514 role in establishment of NSW Court of —unfair dismissal scheme under, 513–16 Appeal, 187, 190, 197, 198

DRUGS ECONOMY developing states, attitude towards abuse of, domestic violence, 461, 462 exclusion of evidence, 73–84 competition rules, 221 Financial Stability Forum, 388 world shift towards market driven political ECONOMIC DISMISSAL economy, 209 alternative positions, obligation to find, 529 See also: AUSTRALIAN ECONOMY; GLOBAL Freedom to Fire Report, 507, 521–34 COMPETITION RULES genuine operational reasons —abuse, potential for, 529–32 ELSE-MITCHELL, RAE —AIRC approach, 522–34 role in establishment of NSW Court of —broad approach, 524–8 Appeal, 199, 201–4 —constraints on, 532–4 —extent of employer reliance on, 521, 522 EMPLOYEE ENTITLEMENTS —financial imperative, 526 ACTU, estimation of unpaid entitlements, 476 —‘logical response’ test, 522 proposed solution to protect entitlements, —numbers of cases, 526 498–504 protection of in corporate failure, 470–505 —restructuring, acceptable causes, 527 See also: CORPORATIONS LAW; ECONOMIC —under 1993 legislation, 510 DISMISSAL xxx SYDNEY LAW REVIEW VOLUME 30

ENFORCEMENT OF FOREIGN —non-monetary orders, application to, JUDGMENTS 675–89 evidence of debt, 663 —promoting international trade, 670 general requirements for enforcement, 665, —reciprocity and retaliation, 669 666 real and substantial connection test, 680 international jurisdiction test, 680 technology, need to adapt rules, 679, 683 non-monetary judgments See also: CONFLICT OF LAWS —availability of remedy in local court, 689 —Canadian developments, 675 ENGLISH LAW, RECEPTION ABROAD —defamation on Internet, 681 book review, 371 —defences to enforcement, 687–9 —electronic commerce, 664 EQUITABLE ESTOPPEL —expansion of enforcement, 675 See: ESTOPPEL —foreign court, role of, 689 —intellectual property remedy, 664, 675 —judicial resources issue, 678, 679 EQUITY —limits to enforcement, 685–9 equitable liens, 610 —link to local forum, 686 equitable rights, whether property rights for —Mareva orders, 664, 683, 684, 690 theft legislation, 603–10 trusts, 603–9 —modern technology, need to adapt to, 679 See also: TRUSTS —modification by court, 685 —New Zealand judgments, enforcement ESTOPPEL of, 667 as general principle of international law, 425 —practical issues with enforcement, remedies for unsuccessful tenderers for 685–9 government contracts, 428 —remedies, importance of, 664, 683 —requirements for enforcement, 685–7 —rule against, 663, 666–8 EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY —territorial sovereignty issue, 676–8 competition rules, 210 —trademark violation, 675 See also: GLOBAL COMPETITION RULES —trans-boundary environmental harm, 664 EVATT, DR HV policies against enforcement appointment as Chief Justice of NSW —contrary to domestic forum’s public Supreme Court, 180, 187, 190 policy, 674, 687 —distrust, 672 —fraud allegations, 674 EVIDENCE —natural justice, breach of, 674 characterisation of rule of evidence, 96, 97 —territorial sovereignty, 673, 676–8 exclusion for illegal conduct of officers, policies underlying enforcement 73–84 —abuse of process, 671, 683, 684 exclusion for not being recorded on tape, 716 exclusion for unfairness to defendant (Lee —comity, 669 discretion) —efficient use of judicial resources, 671, —admissions obtained covertly, 715–17 683 —construction in context of Act as a —fairness to plaintiff, 672 whole, 723–5, 728 2008 INDEX OF SUBJECTS xxxi

—factors relevant to unfairness, 728 FREE TRADE AGREEMENT —incorrect assumptions of accused, See: AUSTRALIA-US FREE TRADE 720–3 AGREEMENT —interaction with other provisions, 723, 728 —police behaviour, 727, 728 GALANTER, MARC —reliability of evidence, 720 exploration of legal pluralism, 393 —right not to speak, 723, 725, 726 GENDER —safety net nature of provision, 724 judicial appointment of women, 155–7 —standard of review required under provision, 727 transsexual, marriage of, 42 See also: Same-sex Marriage —touchstones of unfairness, 719, 727 legislation addressing barriers to prosecution for domestic violence, 455 GENUINE OPERATIONAL REASONS See: ECONOMIC DISMISSAL

EXECUTIVE POWER patent grants, 692–701 GERMANY work by Professor George Winterton, 569 federalism, 261 See also: CONSTITUTIONAL LAW

GLOBAL COMPETITION RULES FEDERAL JURISDICTION European Union, preference for, 211 definition of, 127–30 export cartels See also: CONSTITUTIONAL LAW —lack of consensus as major obstacle to tackling, 225 —nature of problem for trade, 222, 223 FEDERALISM —significance of problem, 223–5 See: CONSTITUTIONAL LAW —who should judge, 225 export dumping FOREIGN JUDGMENTS —case for competition rules, 227 See: ENFORCEMENT OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS —case for replacing current rules, 229, 230 —predatory pricing, 227 FOREIGN STATE IMMUNITY —remedies, 226, 228, 229 ‘cloak of State immunity’, 559–61 ‘hard core cartels’, 230–7 Convention right limited by domestic law, 553 history of international competition rules, doctrine of, 551, 552 210–12 immunity of State agents, 558, 559 international agenda, 211 immunity of the State, 553–8 international cartels immunity ratione personae and immunity —case for global agreement, 234–7 ratione materiae, 554–62 Pinochet cases, 561 —harmful effects, 231–4 prima facie immunity, 553 —nature of problem, 230 torture by State officials, 552–64 —prosecutions for, 232 international mergers —case for international agreement, 242, 243 —failure of state-based regulation, 238, xxxii SYDNEY LAW REVIEW VOLUME 30

239 NSW rules and policies, 413 —nature of issues, 237, 238 policy-based regulation, 415 —need for international rules, 237, 238, Queensland 242 —assessment of procurement jurisdictional rule, possibility of, 243 obligations, 415 monopolistic conduct —State Purchasing Policy, 413 —case for international agreement, tender contracts under Australia-US Free 242, 243 Trade Agreement —failure of state-based regulation, —procedures, 419, 426 239–41 —process contract, 426 —Korean Fair Trade Commission, —remedies for unsuccessful tenderer, remedies, 240, 241 426–34 —Microsoft cases, 240, 241 —suspension of, 415, 421, 423 —nature of issues, 237, 238, 242 trade practices legislation, 427 —need for international rules, 237, 238 See also: AUSTRALIA-US FREE TRADE private import barriers AGREEMENT —adequacy of existing disciplines, 218 —developing states, attitude of, 221, 222 GRESSON, JUSTICE KENNETH —GATT, benefits of, 215 President of NZ Court of Appeal, visit to —impact on trade, 215, 216 Australia, 187 —significance of, 216 role in establishment of NSW Court of —WTO as oversight body, 219–21 Appeal, 192–7 reasons in favour of global agreement, 212 United States, avoidance of agreement, 211 GRIFFITH, SAMUEL World Trade Organisation, 211 interpretation of Constitution, 266, 271, 272 preservation of States, 265 GLOBALISATION effect on attitude of mind of Mason High GRIFFITHS, JOHN Court, 10, 11 enforcement of foreign judgments, approach to defining ‘legal pluralism’, 392–6 developments in law, 664 Financial Stability Forum, 388 HART, HLA legal pluralism, effect on, 386–90 approach to defining ‘law’, 392 tension between conflicting national economic policies, 210 See also: GLOBAL COMPETITION RULES HEFFRON, PREMIER role in establishment of NSW Court of GOVERNMENT PROCUREMENT Appeal, 194 Chief Executive Instructions, 415 Commonwealth Government Procurement HERBERT, AP Guidelines ‘Uncommon Law’, 245 —Mandatory Procurement Procedures, 413 compliance with Australia-US Free Trade HERRON, CHIEF JUSTICE Agreement, 412–16 establishment in office, 190–2 definition, 418 fair trading legislation, 427 2008 INDEX OF SUBJECTS xxxiii role in establishment of NSW Court of HUMAN RIGHTS Appeal, 195, 204 invocation of norms in pluralistic legal context, 387 HIGH COURT rights in mental health context, 331, 334–47 appeals from NSW Court of Appeal, 1993, torture, foreign State immunity for, 551–64 194, 197 See also: MENTAL HEALTH appointment of judges —Canadian process, 166 —gender imbalance, 163 ILLEGAL IMMIGRANTS —models for reform, 166–9 detention of, 112, 117 —need for reform, 163 —process of appointment, 164–6 IMMIGRATION DETENTION —retirement age, 164 constitutional validity, 112 —Tasmanian reform, 167 due process, lack of, 112 —United Kingdom process, 166 exception to requirement that only a judge can Brennan Court, 9, 14, 17, 20, 21, 25 imprison, 117 early interpretive principles, 266, 267 Gleeson Court, 9, 12, 15, 17, 21–5 maintenance of integrity of its own principles, IMPERIAL LAW 73–81 control over colonial legislatures, 126 Mason Court, 5–26 Imperial constitutional law, continuity of non-constitutional decisions of, 15, 16 124–7 radical decisions of, 12–17 smaller States, call for more judges, 290 See also: CONSTITUTIONAL LAW IMPRISONMENT due process —criminal trial as, 114 HOEBEL, ADAMSON —exceptions, 117 approach to defining ‘law’, 392 —requirement for, 105 health of prisoners, 110 HOLMES, JUSTICE judicial function, 116, 117 non-punitive, 103–14 role in establishment of NSW Court of protective purpose, 107, 336 Appeal, 202 re-imprisonment after sentence served, 103–5 voting, disqualification from, 139 HOMOSEXUALITY See also: CRIMINAL LAW; MENTAL HEALTH; IMMIGRATION DETENTION See: SAME-SEX MARRIAGE

HUDSON, BARBARA INDIGENOUS PEOPLE principles of justice, 440, 441, 466–8 See: ABORIGINAL PEOPLE

HUMAN LIFE INDUSTRIAL LAW value of deregistration of Builders Labourer’s —universality, 616, 619, 621 Federation, 71–3 employee protection, reduction under Work —victim impact statements, Choices, 520, 529–32 consideration of, 616, 622, 635 xxxiv SYDNEY LAW REVIEW VOLUME 30 harsh, unjust or unreasonable dismissal, 509, —nature of rights, 598, 599 512 —performance and broadcasting rights, proposed solution to protect employee 600 entitlements, 498–504 exclusion from theft laws, 603 Rudd government reforms, 535, 536 patent decisions severance pay, 521 —abolition in the Netherlands, 694 unfair dismissal —administrative law, application of, 701, —genuine operational reasons, 507 706–14 —Keating government legislation, 507, —counterclaim to infringement action, 509 697 Work Choices, 257, 258, 273, 276, 279–87, —decisions made in challenge process, 506, 507, 513–34 697–701 See also: ECONOMIC DISMISSAL —decisions made in grant process, 695, 696 —economic reasons for patent system, INSOLVENCY 694 See: CORPORATIONS LAW —examination procedure, 696 —fraud, review procedures, 698 —history of patent system, 693 INSURANCE —infringement, standing to sue, 692 who may sue on policy at common law, 15 —‘inventive step’, 696 —IP Australia, 695 INTANGIBLE PROPERTY —‘novelty’, 696 cheques and tickets, 594 —opposition procedure, 699–701 contractual rights, 595 —purpose of patent system, 694 equitable interests, 603–10 —review of decisions, 691, 695–701 inclusion in general offence of theft, 578 —revocation, 697, 698 intellectual property, 580, 598–603, 640 —term, 692 liens, 610 money and debts, 589–94 remedy, enforcement of in foreign court, 664 services, 597 trademark violation, whether foreign court can transferable export quota, 610 enforce orders, 675–82 trust interests, 603–9 See also: ADMINISTRATIVE LAW virtual property of online worlds, 640, 646, 655, 661 INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION RULES See also: THEFT See: GLOBAL COMPETITION RULES

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY INTERNATIONAL LAW application of law of theft to intangible property, 580, 598–603 Committee Against Torture, 556 breeders rights to plant varieties, 602 Convention right limited by domestic law, 553 copyright estoppel as general principle of international —Australia-US Free Trade Agreement, law, 425 601 foreign State immunity, 551–64 hierarchy of norms, 556–8 —civil and criminal penalties for infringement, 601, 602 individual, growing importance of, 563 ius cogens, 554–63 —digital designs of virtual property in online worlds, 640 legitimate expectation founded on ratification of treaty, 15 2008 INDEX OF SUBJECTS xxxv new lex mercatoria, 388 constitutional entitlements, 177, 178 Pinochet cases, 561 diversity, value of, 300, 301 side letters, relevance, 431 judicial appointment torture, 551–64 —accountability and audit through universal criminal jurisdiction, 555, 561 transparency, 302–4, 326, 327 universal jurisdiction, 555, 556 —advertising, 315 workers’ rights, 508 —applications, 316 See also: AUSTRALIA-US FREE TRADE —assessing candidates, 319, 320 AGREEMENT; GLOBAL COMPETITION RULES; —attributes of a good judge, 159 TREATIES —Canadian model, 306 —confidentiality, need to preserve, 304 INTERNET —constitutional limits, 304 copyright of designs, 640 —consultation, 316–19 defamation —diversity, 314, 315 —enforcement of foreign order, 681, 682 —England and Wales, 295, 307–11, 315, —place of the wrong, 542 317, 320 Linden Dollars, 640 —fundamental points, 155 Second Life, 640, 655, 658 —High Court reform, 163–9 virtual land, applicability of property law, —how to choose best candidates, 160, 639–41, 646, 655, 658, 661 161 —Judicial Appointments Commission, 309, 317, 322–6 INTERPRETATION —merit, requirement of, 156, 160, 297–9, bill of rights, 254, 255 313, 314 construe document as a whole, 271–3 —need for reform, 295, 309–27 distinction between a statute and a —New Zealand model, 306 constitution, 252, 253 —political nature, 180 early interpretive principles of High Court, —practical considerations, 305 266 —principles which should guide, legalism, 6, 7, 10 297–305 literalism, 251–7 methods of constitutional interpretation, 7–26, —proposed model, 312–27 251–7, 291–3 —recommending names, preferred purposive approach, 251 process, 321, 322 treaties, 424, 435 —representation to avoid alienation, 160 See also: CONSTITUTIONAL LAW —Scottish system, 301, 310 —secretariat, proposed, 326 —smaller States, call for more judges, JACOBS, JUSTICE KENNETH 290 appointment to NSW Court of Appeal and —South African model, 305 High Court, 203 —States, 305, 312 —United States model, 305 JAPAN —women, 155–7, 163–9, 300 post-war competition rules, 210 judicial competence, need to retain, 295 judicial independence, value of, 161, 177, 295, 299, 300 JUDGES judicial supersession common law rules governing judicial —displacement of seniority, 179, 182 disqualification, 122 xxxvi SYDNEY LAW REVIEW VOLUME 30

—India, in, 178 See: PLURALISM —International Bar Association’s standards, 205 —International Commission of Jurists’ LEGISLATIVE INTERFERENCES IN statement, 205 PENDING CASES —New South Wales Court of Appeal, ad hominem legislation, 68, 71, 75, 103–5, 177–207 118 —precedent for in NSW, 204 compensation for confiscated property during —United Nations limits upon, 205, 206 American Civil War, 69–71 deregistration of Builders Labourer’s remuneration, 177 Federation, 71–3 retirement age, 198 ‘Direction Principle’, 66–89 society, reflection of, 296 exclusion of evidence, 73–84 See also: HIGH COURT; NEW SOUTH WALES politically sensitive cases, 62 COURT OF APPEAL retrospective increase in punishment following coup, 67–9 JUDICIAL POWER retrospectivity, 67–71, 76 separation of judicial power, 63 Chapter III courts, exercise by, 102 specificity, 70 characterisation of, 116 United States, 62, 84–90 definition of, 63 deprivation of liberty, as judicial function, 116 ‘Direction Principle’, 66–89 LIFE imprisonment for non-punitive purposes, 103 See: HUMAN LIFE independence of exercise of, 63, 64 legislative usurpations of judicial power, 61, 78 MCCAW, KENNETH, ATTORNEY- maintenance of integrity of court’s principles, GENERAL 73–81, 84, 98, 102 role in establishment of NSW Court of State Parliaments, exercise of, 117 Appeal, 194–6, 199–203 See also: CONSTITUTIONAL LAW; LEGISLATIVE INTERFERENCES IN PENDING CASES MAGUIRE, JUSTICE HUGH role in establishment of NSW Court of Appeal, 199 JUDICIAL SUPERSESSION See: JUDGES MAHER, RS, SPEAKER political scandal, 194 JURY TRIALS termination of in road accidents, 179 MALICIOUS PROSECUTION ‘a case fit to be tried’, 363 LAW elements of the tort, 357, 358 definition of for purposes of ‘legal pluralism’, High Court proceedings, 362–9 376, 390–6 out of court admissions, 367 primary and secondary rules, notion, 392 reasonable and proper cause, 358, 360–3, 367 sufficiency of material before prosecutor, 365 LEGAL PLURALISM test for malice, 358, 360, 365, 366 third party statements, 364 2008 INDEX OF SUBJECTS xxxvii

MALINOWSKI, BRONISLAW —options for Tribunal, 347–53 approach to defining ‘law’, 391 —power of Tribunal to order, 335 —protection of human rights, 336–40 —Protective Commissioner to protect MAREVA ORDER financial assets, 351 enforcement of, 664, 683, 684 —Public Advocate, role of, 353 —referral and assessment, 339 MARRIAGE —review procedures, 340, 341, 349 Canada, in, 40, 41 history and meaning, 28, 29, 40, 43, 51 de-institutionalisation of mental patients, 329 recognition of overseas marriage, 38, 42 detention of mentally ill, 117, 330, 336 United States, in, 29–37 institutional litigation, 334, 335, 344 legislation, objectives, 345 See also: SAME-SEX MARRIAGE Mental Health Tribunal processes —additional treatment, regulation of, MASON, SIR ANTHONY 342, 343 appointment to NSW Court of Appeal, 203 —clinical decision making, division contribution to Australian Constitutional Law, between, 323 5–7 —considerations, 333 See also: CONSTITUTIONAL LAW —England and Wales hearings, 332 —external review function, 330 —hearing, 332 MEDICAL LAW —interventions into provision of property rights, whether existing services, 356 —dead body, no property in, 643 —legislation, 333, 336, 345–7 —donated material, 644, 645 —overview of functions, 332–4 —human in vitro embryos, 640, 642, 643, —powers, 335, 347 653, 655–8, 661 —review procedures, 340, 341, 346 —human tissue stored outside the body, —rights, realisation and assertion of, 640, 643-645, 653, 655–8, 661 333–5, 356 —sperm, 644 —treatment outcomes, 332–4 thalidomide cases, 547 National Mental Health Policy 1992, 330 See also: HUMAN LIFE; MENTAL HEALTH; psychiatric care, legal regulation of, 329 PROPERTY LAW rights, tribunal and judicial recognition of —barriers to achievement, 345–7 MENTAL HEALTH —Canada, 336–8, 341, 342 adult guardianship laws, 336 —consent, 356 community treatment orders —Eisenberg and Yeazell, research, 334, —anorexia cases, 351 335 —bi-polar disorder, 348–50 —freedom from arbitrary detention, —bulimia, 349 337–40, 347, 356 —de-institutionalisation of mental —institutional litigation generally, 334 patients, 329 —right to receive care, 343–5 —gambling, 350, 351 —right to refuse treatment, 341–3 —guardianship order, 352 —United States, 335-338, 341–3 —‘least restrictive option’, 350, 351 Victorian Mental Health Review Board, —obsessive compulsive disorder, 351 345, 354 xxxviii SYDNEY LAW REVIEW VOLUME 30

MERRY, SARAH ENGLE Labor Government initial plans 1958–63, exploration of legal pluralism, 393 187–94 legislation establishing, 195–7 nomenclature, 193 MIGRATION LAW process leading to establishment of, 187–94 asylum seekers, 62, 91 standards and efficiency of Supreme Court, ‘education test’, 141 improvement of, 183 global movement of people, effect on legal See also: JUDGES pluralism, 388 NEW SOUTH WALES LAW REFORM white Australia policy, 144, 145 COMMISSION establishment of, 179 MOFFIT, JUSTICE AR appointment to NSW Court of Appeal, 203 O’CONNOR, RICHARD interpretation of Constitution, 266, 271 MONEY See: INTANGIBLE PROPERTY PATENTS See: ADMINISTRATIVE LAW; INTELLECTUAL MOORE, SALLY FALK PROPERTY exploration of legal pluralism, 394–6

PLURALISM NATIVE TITLE bodies of law co-existing, 378 accommodation within common law, 124 concept of ‘legal pluralism’, 390–6, 399 survival over Crown title, High Court conflicting legal norms within a system, 378 decision, 15 customary law, 380 diversity among multiple bodies of law, 375 European colonisation, resultant legal NEGLIGENCE pluralism, 381–6 asbestos, 537–50 European Union, 389, 397 breaches of duty owed to employee, 543, 544 Financial Stability Forum, 388 causation, 544 history of legal pluralism, 377–86 damage as gist of the action, 549 human rights norms, invocation of, 387 failure to warn employee of danger, 537–50 institutionalised systems co-existing, 378 professional negligence in taxation advice, ‘International Legal Pluralism’, 387 541 law, what amounts to, 376, 390–6 thalidomide, 547 Medieval Period, forms of law, 377 unsafe ‘system of work’, 545 new lex mercatoria, 388, 405 people, global movement of, 388 ‘personality principle’, 377, 382 NEW SOUTH WALES COURT OF perspective changes, role in creating global APPEAL legal pluralism, 389 appeals from, 193, 194, 197 public/private distinction appointment of judges, 181, 193, 201, 202 —diminishment of the state’s traditional Coalition Government initiatives 1965, legal function, 386, 387 194–203 —emergence of, 380, 381 creation of, 177–81 royal courts, 378 history of court, 184–207 ‘self-creating’ legal orders, 387 systems of ordering 2008 INDEX OF SUBJECTS xxxix

—choices as to invocation of systems, bodily integrity, protection through other laws, 406, 407 649 —clashes among systems, 400–9 ‘bundle of rights’, 582, 652 —community normative systems, 399 civil and criminal overlap, 583 —complementary co-existence, 405–7 civil property doctrines, 582, 583 —customary normative systems, 397 content of property law depends on type of —economic normative systems, 398 property, 660 dead body, whether property in, 643, 644 —functional normative systems, 399 equitable interests, 603–10 —group based social-political excised human tissue heterogeneity, 402 —breach of fiduciary duty, 643 —individual based social-political heterogeneity, 403 —conversion claim for removal without consent, 643 —interaction among systems, 406 —donated material, property analysis, —official legal systems, 397, 403 644, 645 —power differentials, 401, 402 —sperm, whether property, 644 —religious normative systems, 398 —work and skill applied to remains, 644 trans-governmental networks, 388 human embryos United States, 389 —remedies available if treated as World Court, 405 property, 643 —unauthorised destruction, 643 POLICE —use without consent, 642 domestic violence offences, 447–53 joyriding, 579 exclusion of evidence for police behaviour, land and objects existing in virtual world 716, 727, 728 —intellectual property protection, 646 —neighbour disputes, 646 —trading of, 640, 646 PRECEDENT limitations to inclusions role in operation of court system, 107–9 —denigration of human embryos by objectification, 657 PRISONS —implications from characterisation, 659 reform by judicial determinations in the US, 334 —lack of rationale, 654 See also: IMPRISONMENT —moral concerns, 655 —undue commoditisation, 656 offences, 575, 577, 583 PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW protected forms of property, expansion of, 582 See: CHOICE OF LAW services, whether property rights, 597, 598 slavery, 649, 655 sui generis rules, 641 PROCUREMENT OF GOVERNMENT what is property SERVICES —Ainsworth test, 648 See: GOVERNMENT PROCUREMENT —‘bundle of rights’, 582, 652 —commerce test, 649 PROPERTY LAW —context, variation according to, 660, 661 animals, whether applicable, 585 application to modern circumstances, 575 —different meanings in different contexts, 658 xl SYDNEY LAW REVIEW VOLUME 30

—excludability test, 650 ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH —how to ascertain, 639 canon law, 377 —implications from characterisation, jurisdiction and demarcation disputes, 377 659 reformation, 379 —multiple definitions depending on source of learning, 377 type, 660 —reasons to reject characterisation as property, 654–9 ROMAN LAW —recognised category test, 647 revival of, 377, 380 —rights in rem, 651

See also: EQUITY; INTANGIBLE PROPERTY; RYLANDS v FLETCHER INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY; THEFT overturning of rule, 15

PSYCHIATRIC CARE SAME-SEX MARRIAGE See: MENTAL HEALTH Australia —‘civil unions’, effect in other RECEPTION OF ENGLISH LAW ABROAD jurisdictions, 44–9 book review, 371 —de facto relationships, 43 —federal legislative power, 28, 38–44 —‘full faith and credit’ provisions, 45–9, REDUNDANCY 58 See: ECONOMIC DISMISSAL —prevention under federal law, 44 —State legislative power, 43, 44 Canada, recognition in, 43 REMEDIES conflict of laws, 34 for unsuccessful tenderers, 427–34 Denmark, recognition in, 43 federal power to legislate, 57 RENSHAW, PREMIER JB New Zealand —anti-discrimination laws, effect of, role in establishment of NSW Court of 54–6 Appeal, 192, 194 —civil unions, 57 —courts, role of, 58, 59 RESTITUTION public opinion, effect of, 27, 53, 57 remedies for unsuccessful tenderers for United States government contracts, 427 —‘civil unions’, 30, 31, 36 —constitutional amendments, 49–54 RETRENCHMENT —definition of ‘marriage’, 33, 36 —discriminatory effect, 31–5 See: ECONOMIC DISMISSAL —Equal Protection guarantee, 30 —‘full faith and credit’ provisions, 45–9, RIGHTS 58 institutional litigation, 334, 335 —non-recognition in some States, 34–7, liberty, 114, 333, 337, 347 47 mental health context, 331, 334–47 —recognition in, 27, 30–4 victim interests as part of broader public —social and public interests, 32–5 interest, 630 —state laws, 27 See also: CIVIL LIBERTIES; MENTAL HEALTH 2008 INDEX OF SUBJECTS xli

See also: MARRIAGE SUPERSESSION OF JUDGES See: JUDGES

SAUDI ARABIA foreign State immunity for claims of torture, SWITZERLAND 551–64 federalism, 260, 261, 264

SHARIA LAW TAMPA, MV Islamic Courts, 398 legislative response to incident, 62, 91 recognition following decolonisation, 385

TAXATION LAW

SNELLING, HA, QC Commissioner of Taxation, recovery rights in corporate failure, 470–3, 480–3, 487–9, 499 consultation concerning Supreme Court of protection of revenue base, 471 NSW, 189, 190 See also: CORPORATIONS LAW

SOVEREIGNTY THEFT consolidation of laws, 380 abandoned property, 584 establishment of states and autonomy from animals, 584, 585 Church, 379 civil property rights, inclusion of, 582, 583 reception of English law abroad, book review, criminal damage, 590 371 dishonestly obtaining services, 596 right to govern citizenship, 137 documents, 585, 586 fraud offences, 589–93 STATELESSNESS human embryos, use without consent, 642 human tissue, 645 immigration status, 149 intangible property —contractual rights, 588, 595, 596 STATES —cheques, 594 creators of Constitution and of —electronic funds, 588 Commonwealth, 267, 271 —equitable rights, 588, 603–10 financial independence, intention of, 264 —extension of offence to, 576, 578 fiscal imbalance, 264 —intellectual property, 588, 598–603, judicial power, 117 640, 646 non-punitive imprisonment, power to impose, —money and debts, 589, 594 103–12 —services, 597 Parliamentary supremacy of, 102 —tickets, 595 security of existence, 258 —transferable export quota, 610 Senate, representation in, 262, 263 —virtual land in Internet world, 640, 646 joyriding, 579 STREET, CHIEF JUSTICE KW larceny role in establishment of NSW Court of —Australian summary, 577 Appeal, 188, 190 —codification, Griffith Code, 576 —history and application, 575–87

SUNSTEIN, PROFESSOR CASS legislation —Australian legislation, 582 same-sex marriage observations, 29, 37, 49 xlii SYDNEY LAW REVIEW VOLUME 30

—English legislation, 578–81 See also: AUSTRALIA-US FREE TRADE —exclusions, 587, 588 AGREEMENT —uncertain areas, 588 unauthorised phone calls, 597 valuable securities, 586 TRUSTS what forms of property may be stolen, 583–8 equitable interests, whether property for theft legislation —constructive trusts, 605–9 TORTS —resulting trusts, 604, 605 multinational tort, place of wrong, 537–50 negligence in workplace injury, 537–50 —rights of beneficiaries in express trusts, 603 remedies for unsuccessful tenderers for government contracts, 428 See also: CHOICE OF LAW; MALICIOUS PROSECUTION UNFAIR DISMISSAL See: INDUSTRIAL LAW TORTURE foreign State immunity for acts of, 551–64 UNIONS ius cogens, status of prohibition, 563 ACTU, estimation of unpaid entitlements in PRC, allegations, 564 corporate failure, 476 See also: CORPORATIONS LAW; ECONOMIC DISMISSAL; INDUSTRIAL LAW TRADE promotion of by allowing enforcement of foreign judgments, 670 UNITED STATES See also: AUSTRALIA-US FREE TRADE American Civil War, 62 AGREEMENT; GLOBAL COMPETITION RULES; ‘Changed Law Rule’, 63, 84–90, 95 TREATIES direction principle, 84, 89 federalism, 260, 261, 264, 293 legislative interference in pending cases, 62 TRADE MARKS mental health processes, 335–8, 341–3 See: INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY prison reform, 334 same-sex marriage laws, 29–37 TRADE PRACTICES See also: AUSTRALIA-US FREE TRADE AGREEMENT remedies for unsuccessful tenderers for government contracts, 427 VICTIM IMPACT STATEMENTS

TREATIES assessment of harm, relevance to, 616 benefits to victims, 635, 636 Australia-US Free Trade Agreement, 412–38 Canadian cases, 625 estoppel as general principle of international community attitudes towards offence, law, 425 reflection of, 621, 623, 633 GATT, 436 compensation, significance of, 626 good faith negotiations, 425 Edwards, Ian, comment on UK law, 629 interpretation, 424, 435 emotional catharsis for family, 616, 635 legitimate expectation founded on ratification England and Wales, 627–32, 636 of treaty, 15 Erez, Edna, benefits to victims, 635, 636 WTO Agreement, 436 family victims, 615 2008 INDEX OF SUBJECTS xliii

Fox, Richard, sentencing, 622, 631 VOTE harm must be construed by court, not victims, right to, 138, 139 618, 619 international decisions, 624–32 New South Wales Court of Criminal Appeal WALLACE, JUSTICE GORDON —comparison with other jurisdictions, appointment to Court of Appeal, 180, 181, 620–4 200, 201, 206 —views, 615, 618–20 appointment to Supreme Court, 191 New Zealand cases, 625 criticism of court delays, 179 objective seriousness of offence, 630, 635 primary or family victim, 617, 618, 629 WEBER, MAX restorative model (UK), 629, 636 restriction of, 632–6 approach to defining ‘law’, 392 role depends whether crime fatal or not, 617 sentencing WESTMINSTER SYSTEM OF —aggravation of harm to victims, 628, GOVERNMENT 636 financial powers of lower house, 262, 263 —contract killing of wife, 618 responsible government, 302 —lynch mentality, risk of, 617, 633 Senate, role in early days of Australian —part of statement may be relevant, 631 parliament, 263 —prohibition on consideration in, 615 —proportionality, 621–3, 630 —reduction in sentence, 628, 629 WINTERTON, PROFESSOR GEORGE —separation of crime from family eulogy delivered by Dr Peter Gerangelos, victims, 617 567–73 —victim rights, integration in sentencing, 617, 629 WOMEN United States’ cases, 626 domestic violence value of human life, universality of, 616, 619, —by women, 447 621, 622, 635 Victorian approach, 620–4 —criminalisation of, effect on women, 441–3, 452, 455 judicial appointment, 155–7, 163, 300 VICTIM RIGHTS See also: DOMESTIC VIOLENCE; GENDER international doctrine, 630 victim interests as part of broader public interest, 630, 632 WORK CHOICES See: VICTIM IMPACT STATEMENTS See: INDUSTRIAL LAW XLIV SYDNEY LAW REVIEW VOLUME 30 TABLE OF STATUTES

AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY s 19, 708 Civil Unions Act 2006, 38 s 21(1), 705 Criminal Code Act 2002 s 25, 705, 707 Dictionary, definition of ‘property’, 583 s 27, 712 s 304(1), 579 s 27(1), 705, 711 s 306, 603 s 27(2), 713 s 308, 576 s 33(1)(c), 709 s 330, 592, 593 s 33(1AA), 709 s 400, 591 s 39, 705 Human Rights Act 2004, 38, 336 s 43(1), 704 s 21, 672 s 44, 705 s 28, 672 s 45, 705 Legislation Act 2001 Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Dictionary, definition of ‘property’, 596 Act 1977, 701, 705, 706 Mental Health (Treatment and Care) Act 1994, s 3, 709 333 s 3(1), 429 ss 16–18, 340 s 5(1), 705, 710, 713 s 28, 339, 341 s 10(1), 710 s 36, 339, 341 s 16(1)(b), 711 s 36B, 341 Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals Code s 50, 340 Act 1994, 709 Supreme Court Act 1933 Air Passenger Ticket Levy (Collection) Act Pt 2A, 205 2001, 486 Air Passenger Ticket Levy (Imposition) Act 2001, 486 CANADA Australia Act 1986 Charter of Rights and Freedoms, 41 s 9(2), 126 s 1, 254 Australian Capital Territory (Self- s 7, 341 Government) Act 1988 s 9, 338 s 35, 38 s 15(1), 33 Australian Citizenship Act 1948, 135, 136, Civil Marriage Act 2005, 31 138, 143, 145, 150, 151 Constitution, 40, 251 Australian Citizenship Act 1973, 149 Criminal Code RSC 1985, c C-46 Australian Citizenship Act 2007 s 722(4), 625 s 12, 137 Ontario Judicature Act, 190 s 12(1)(a), 135 Quebec Act 1774 (14 Geo 2, c83), 372 s 12(1)(b), 135 s 16, 135 COMMONWEALTH s 35, 149 Acts Interpretation Act Australian Passports Act 2005 s 15AA, 252 ss 11–17, 140 s 16A, 38 Broadcasting Services Act 1992, 709 Administrative Appeals Tribunal Act 1975, Builders Labourers’ Federation (Cancellation 701 of Registration) Act 1986 2008 TABLE OF STATUTES xlv

s 3, 71, 74 s 76, 128, 129 Cheques Act 1986, 594 s 77(iii), 121, 129 Circuit Layouts Act 1989, 602 s 80, 12, 22, 23 Commonwealth Authorities and Companies s 90, 13, 18, 267 Act 1997, 415 s 92, 12, 18 s 47A, 413, 431 s 94, 264 Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918 s 106, 267 s 93(1)(b)(i), 139 s 107, 267, 268, 271 s 93(1)(b)(ii), 140 s 109, 60 Commonwealth of Australia Constitution s 117, 12, 13, 33, 121, 134 Ch III, 13, 14, 22, 24, 60–114, 304, 707 s 118, 45, 47, 49, 121, 667 s 7, 140, 151, 262 s 122, 38 s 8, 139, 140 s 127, 151 s 24, 140, 151 s 128, 151, 288 s 30, 139 Copyright Act 1968 s 34, 140 Pt III, Divs 4–7, 601 s 34(ii), 134 Pt IV, Div 6, 601 s 39B, 705 Pt V, Div 2, 600 s 41, 139 Pt V, Div 2A, 599 s 44, 133 Pt V, Div 5, 601 s 44(i), 25, 140, 149 s 14, 600 s 51, 255, 260, 266 s 31(1)(iv), 599 s 51(i), 268–271, 275 s 116, 600 s 51(v), 39 s 132AE, 602 s 51(xviii), 694 s 196, 603 s 51(xix), 133, 136, 137, 149 Copyright Amendment Act 2006, 601 s 51(xx), 247, 270, 273, 275, 277, 280– Corporations Act 2001 282, 287, 288 Pt 5.3A, 481, 499 s 51(xxi), 28, 38, 39 Pt 5.7B, 484, 490, 491, 501 s 51(xxiv), 49 Pt 5.8A, 484, 485, 490, 493, 499, 500, 505 s 51(xxv), 45 s 433(2), 483 s 51(xxvii), 133, 136 s 433(3)(c), 483 s 51(xxix), 247 s 435A, 499 s 51(xxxi), 658 s 443BA, 483 s 51(xxxv), 280, 281, 284, 287 s 445C, 500 s 51(xxxvii), 277 s 459A, 481, 501 s 59, 144 s 472, 501 s 71, 182 s 553, 500 s 72, 24, 103, 118, 322 s 556, 486 s 72(i), 164 s 556(1), 483, 500, 501 s 72(iii), 177 s 556(1)(f), 478 s 73, 14, 199 s 556(1A), 483 s 73(ii), 193 s 560, 486 s 74, 199 s 588FA(1), 482 s 75, 128, 129 s 588FB, 490, 491 s 75(v), 705 s 588FB(1), 485 xlvi SYDNEY LAW REVIEW VOLUME 30

s 588FC, 482 s 90, 715–729 s 588FDA, 485 s 137, 718, 720, 724 s 588FE(2), 482 s 138, 720, 724, 725, 727 s 588FF, 482 s 138(3), 721 s 588FGA, 488 s 139, 718, 720, 724 s 588FGA(2), 482, 500 s 185, 45 s 588FGA(5), 500 Family Law Act 1975, 42 s 588FGB(6), 488 s 21A, 205 s 588G, 485, 490–492, 502 s 22, 205 s 588H(2), 491 Family Law Amendment Act 1983, 205 s 588H(3), 491 Financial Management and Accounting Act s 588M(2), 502 1997, 413 s 588M(3), 490, 502 Foreign Judgments Act 1991 s 588V, 497 s 5, 670 s 596AA, 501 s 10, 665 s 596AB, 503 s 13, 670 s 1317E(1)(e), 502 Foreign Proceedings (Excess of Jurisdiction) Crimes Act 1914, 74 Act 1984, 218 s 21B, 482, 488, 493 Foreign States Immunities Act 1985, 552, 564 Crimes Amendment (Controlled Operations) Freedom of Information Act 1982, 701 Act 1996 High Court of Australia Act 1979, 164 s 15X, 74–84, 96 s 11, Sch, 300 Criminal Code Act 1995 Immigration Restriction Act 1901, 142 s 130.1, 584 s 3(a), 141, 144 s 130.2(1)(b)(iii), 609 Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 s 131.1, 576, 602 Pt VI, Div 8, 480 s 131.2(2), 604 Pt VI, Div 9, 480, 481, 487, 499 s 131.3(1), 579 s 211P, 500 s 131.4(1)(b)(i), 604 s 221P, 481 s 131.10, 603 s 222ALA, 488 s 133.1, 613 s 222ANA(1), 503 s 134.1(9)–134.1(12), 592 s 222AOB, 488, 489 s 134.2, 582 s 222AOE, 487, 489 s 135.1, 582 s 222AOJ, 488 Customs Act 1901, 73 Industrial Relations Act 1988, 280 s 233B, 74 Pt VIA, Div 3, 509–511 Defence Act 1903 s 127C(1), 286 s 59, 141 s 170DB, 510 s 60, 141 s 170DE, 510 Designs Act 2003, 602 s 170DF, 510 Evidence Act 1995 Industrial Relations Reform Act 1993, 509 s 18, 455 Insolvency (Tax Priorities) Legislation s 19, 455 Amendment Act 1993, 493 s 84, 718, 719, 723 Judiciary Act 1903 s 85, 718, 719, 724, 725, 728, 729 s 35(2), 186 s 86, 719, 724 s 39, 129 2008 TABLE OF STATUTES xlvii

s 39B, 430 Privy Council (Appeals from the High Court) s 56, 129 Act 1968, 11 Jurisdiction of Courts (Cross-vesting) Act Privy Council (Limitation of Appeals) Act 1987 1968, 11 s 11(1)(b), 47 Service and Execution of Process Act 1901, Marriage Act 1961, 39, 43 666 Pt VA, 43 s 3, 667 s 5(1) definition of ‘marriage’, 29, 43 s 105, 667 s 46(1), 42 Taxation Administration Act 1953 s 88B(4), 29 s 8Y, 482, 487, 488, 493 s 88EA, 44 Sch 1, Div 12, 480 Marriage Amendment Act 2004, 43 Trade Marks Act 1990, 711 Matrimonial Causes Act 1959, 197, 201 Pt 14, 601 Migration Act 1958 s 86, 711 s 5 definition of ‘non-citizen’, 137 Trade Practices Act 1974 s 34A, 147 s 2A, 427 s 198, 137 s 51(2)(g), 225 Nationality Act 1920, 135 s 52, 427 Nationality and Citizenship Act 1948 US Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act (renamed Citizenship Act 1948), 136, 143, 145 2004, 413 Patents Act 1952, 700 Workplace Relations Act 1996, 507 Patents Act 1990, 602, 692, 694 Pt 21, Div 7, 514 s 18(1), 696 s 16(1), 514 s 32, 708 s 89A, 513 s 33, 692 s 638(1)(c), 515 s 40(2), 698, 700 s 643, 507, 518, 523 s 40(3), 698, 700 s 643(8), 525 s 51, 697 s 643(9), 526 s 53, 695 s 649, 518 s 57(3), 696 s 659, 519 s 59, 700, 712 s 793(1)(i), 532 s 60(2), 700 Workplace Relations Amendment (Transition to Forward with Fairness) Act 2008, 507, 536 s 60(3), 700 Workplace Relations Amendment (Work s 60(4), 700 Choices) Act 2005, 257, 280, 506–536 s 61, 696 s 4, 280 s 67, 692 s 6, 280 s 68, 692 World Heritage Conservation Act 1983 s 138, 712 s 10(4), 283 s 138(3), 698, 700 s 154, 698 ENGLAND / UNITED KINGDOM / s 223, 692 IMPERIAL s 224, 692, 708 Australia Act 1986, 11 Sch 1, 708 Australian Constitutions Act 1842 (5 & 6 Vict, Plant Breeder’s Rights Act 1994, 39 c76) s 74(1), 602 s 33, 126 Plant Variety Rights Act 1987, 39 Australian Constitutions Act 1850 (13 & 14 xlviii SYDNEY LAW REVIEW VOLUME 30

Vict, c59) Patents Act 1977 s 12, 126 s 72, 707 Australian Courts Act 1828 (9 Geo 4, c38), 181 Private International Law (Miscellaneous British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act Provisions) Act 1995 1914, 135 s 12(2), 548 Colonial Laws Validity Act 1865, 125 Protection of Trading Interests Act 1980, 218 Constitution Act 1867 State Immunity Act 1978 s 91(13), 41 s 1, 551–564 s 91(15), 40 s 1(1), 553 s 91(26), 28, 40, 41 s 14, 558 s 91(27), 40 Statute of Westminster 1931, 550 s 92(12), 28, 41 Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1873 (36 & Constitutional Reform Act 2005, 295, 307–309 37 Vict, c66) s 24, 206 s 10, 199 s 26(4), 166 s 11, 199 s 63, 313 Theft Act 1968, 595 s 63(2), 297 s 1, 576, 578 s 64, 313 ss 1–7, 578 ss 79–80, 320 s 3(1), 579 s 96, 309 s 4, 583 ss 99–102, 309 s 4(1), 589 Sch 12, 307 s 4(2), 587 Criminal Appeal Act 1907, 186 s 5(1), 578 Fraud Act 2006, 593 s 5(4), 608 s 2, 613 s 6, 580 ss 2–5, 582 s 6(1), 603 Fraudulent Conveyances Act 1571, 371 s 13, 584 Human Embryology and Fertilisation Act s 15(1), 589 1990, 642, 655 Western Australian Constitution Act 1890 (53 Human Organ Transplants Act 1989, 661 & 54 Vict, c26) Human Rights Act 1998, 55, 672 s 2(a), 126 s 3, 554 s 3(2), 558 GERMANY s 4, 554, 558 Constitution, 261 s 4(6), 558 Human Tissue Act 2004 INDIA s 32, 661 Competition Act 2002 Insolvency Act 1986 s 3(5)(ii), 225 s 214, 497 Judicature Act 1873 NEW SOUTH WALES s 25(6), 171 Builders Labourers’ Federation (Special Larceny Act 1916 (6 & 7 Geo V, c50), 576 Provisions) Act 1986 s 46, 586 s 3, 72 Mortmain Statute 1736 (9 Geo 2, c36), 371 Civil Liability Act 2002, 179 Naturalization Act 1870, 135 Community Protection Act 1994, 103 s 16, 134 Constitution Act 1902 s 56, 178 2008 TABLE OF STATUTES xlix

Crimes Act 1900 s 57(5), 335 Pt 5, 593 s 59(5), 335 Pt 6, 592 Mental Health Act 2007, 331 Pt 10.7, 592 s 12(1)(b), 345 s 4, definition of ‘animals’, 585 s 14(1), 339 s 4, definition of ‘valuable security’, 586, s 34, 341 588 s 35, 341 s 117, 576, 604 s 37(1), 341 s 125, 577 s 38, 341 s 126, 585 s 38(6), 335 s 131, 585 s 74, 340 s 134, 584 Occupational Health and Safety Act 2000 s 139, 584 s 8, 546 s 140, 584 Protected Estates Act 1983, 351 s 157, 577 Public Sector Employment and Management s 160, 577 Act 2002, 416 ss 164–172, 577 Research Involving Human Embryos (New s 172, 604 South Wales) Act 2003, 655 s 178A, 577 Supreme Court Act 1970 s 178BA, 582, 589, 593, 613 s 39(1), 196 s 178BA(2), 613 Supreme Court and Circuit Courts s 178BB, 593 (Amendment) Act 1965, 179 s 194, 591 s 21C(6), 198 s 195, 584 ss 307A–307C, 611 NEW ZEALAND Crimes (Sentencing Procedure) Act 1999 Civil Union Act 2004, 57 s 3A, 619 Health and Safety in Employment Act 1992, 550 s 3A(g), 622, 637 Human Rights Act 1993, 56 s 26, 616 Judicature Act 1908 s 28(1), 618 s 4(2), 306 s 28(3), 615–619 s 57(2), 306 Criminal Appeal Act 1912, 186, 193 Marriage Act 1955, 55, 56 s 5F, 717 New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990, 54, 55 Criminal Procedure Act 1986 s 5, 55, 56 s 281, 716 s 6, 55, 56 Fair Trading Act 1987 s 19, 55, 56 s 3, 428 Victims’ Rights Act 2002 Human Tissue Act 1983 s 4, 625 s 32, 661 s 17, 625 Law Reform Commission Act 1967, 179 s 20, 625 Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1965 s 5, 179 NORTHERN TERRITORY Mental Health Act 1990 Mental Health and Related Services Act 1998 s 4(2), 345 s 14(b)(iii), 342 s 9(1), 339 Northern Territory (Self-Government) Act 1978 l SYDNEY LAW REVIEW VOLUME 30

s 9, 38 Supreme Court of Queensland Act 1991, 205 Northern Territory Supreme Court Act 1961, 205 ROMAN LAW Supreme Court Act 1979, 205 Twelve Tables of Roman Law, 333

QUEENSLAND SOUTH AUSTRALIA Criminal Code Constitution Act 1856, 125 s 209, 576 Criminal Law Consolidation Act 1935 s 268, 460 s 134, 576 s 269, 460 s 134(1)(b), 579 s 335, 449, 450, 460 s 134(2), 603 s 339, 460 Electoral Act 1855, 125 s 340, 460 Reproductive Technologies (Clinical s 359E, 449, 450 Practices) Act 1988 s 390, 576, 587, 612 s 10(3)(b), 642 s 391, 576 s 398, 576 SRI LANKA s 408C(3)(a), 659 Constitution, 67 s 469, 449 Criminal Procedure Code, 67 Criminal Offence Victims Act 1995 s 21, 449 TASMANIA Dangerous Prisoners (Sexual Offenders) Act Criminal Code Act 1924 2003, 105, 111, 114 s 226, 576 s 3, 111 s 227, 576, 587 s 50, 111 s 234, 576 Domestic and Family Violence Protection Act s 257C, 613 1989 Evidence Act 2001 s 11, 448, 449 s 90, 715, 718 s 11A, 448 Family Violence Act 2004 s 12B, 447 s 13(b), 462 s 22, 448 s 25, 448 UNITED STATES s 80(1)(b), 445 28 USC s 80(3), 462 s 1738, 45 Evidence Act 1977 s 1738C, 47 s 21A, 456 s 1739, 45 Fair Trading Act 1989, 428 Act of July 12, 1870, 16 Stat 230 at 235 (1870 Fauna Conservation Act 1974 Proviso), 69 s 7, 652 Antitrust Proceedings and Penalties (Tunney) Local Government Act 1993 Act, 240 Ch 6, Pt 3, 416 California Penal Code Penalties and Sentences Act 1995 s 367g, 643 Pt 4, 465 s 503, 642 Pt 5, Div 1, 465 Constitution of the United States, 251, 260 s 12, 459 First Amendment, 52, 292 Summary Offences Act 2005, 449 Eighth Amendment, 626 2008 TABLE OF STATUTES li

Fourteenth Amendment (Equal Protection ss 12–15, 642 Clause), 29, 36, 37, 52, 53, 134, 135 ss 27–30, 642 Federal Marriage Amendment, 49, 50 ss 52–53, 642 Amendment 774 (2006), 52 Mental Health Act 1986 Full Faith and Credit Clause, 46, 48 s 8(1), 339, 347 art 1, 260 s 12AC, 340 art III, 64, 87, 128 ss 18–19, 340 art IV, 45 s 30, 340 art V, 49 s 35A, 335 Defense of Marriage Act 1996, 47, 48, 50 s 36(4), 335 s 3, 37 s 36C(3)(a), 335 Export Trading Company Act 1982, 225 Sentencing Act 1991 Immigration and Nationality Act, 37 s 5(2), 621, 624 Interior and Related Agencies Appropriation Sentencing (Victim Impact Statement) Act Act 1990 (Northwest Timber Compromise), 85 1994, 624 s 318(b)(6)(A), 85 Workplace Rights Advocate Act 2005 Judiciary Act 1789 (1 Stat 73), 184 s 5, 507 Married Women’s Independent Nationality Act 1922 (Cable Act), 135 WESTERN AUSTRALIA Restatement First, Conflict of Laws, 548 Aborigines Act 1905, 126 Restatement Second, Conflict of Laws, 548 Acts Amendment (Court of Appeal) Act 2004, Webb-Promere Act 1918, 225 205 Constitution Act 1889, 126 VICTORIA s 70, 126 Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities s 73, 126 Act 2006, 38, 336 Criminal Code s 7, 672 s 246, 460 s 24, 672 s 371, 576 Constitution (Court of Appeal) Act 1994, 205 Human Reproductive Technology Act 1991 Crimes Act 1958 ss 22–24, 642 s 72, 576 s 26, 642 s 73(12), 603 Infertility Treatment Act 1995 s 9, 642 LII SYDNEY LAW REVIEW VOLUME 30 TABLE OF TREATIES

1555 1981 Treaty of Augsberg, 379 Draft Principles on the Independence of the Judiciary (Siracusa Principles) 1648 art 9, 206 Treaty of Westphalia, 379 1982 1945 Termination of Employment Convention, 508, Charter of the United Nations 509, 520, 535 art 2.1, 551 1983 1947 Termination of Employment Recommendation, 508 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, 210, 218, 226, 230, 436 art VI, 215 1984 art XXIII, 218, 438 Convention Against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment 1948 art 1, 560, 561 Havana Charter for an International Trade art 5(2), 561, 562 Organization art 14, 555, 562 art 46, 210 art 14(1), 556

1953 1985 Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (‘European Basic Principles on the Independence of the Convention on Human Rights’) Judiciary art 6, 551, 553, 558 art 5, 205 art 11, 205 1957 art 13, 205 Treaty Establishing the European Community art 85, 211 1995 art 86, 211 Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures, 211 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Final Act Embodying the Results of the Rights, 55, 56, 106, 330 Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations on GATT (Antidumping art 9, 337 Agreement), 226 art 12(1), 343

Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the WTO, 1969 211, 221, 417 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, Annex 1C (Agreement on Trade-Related 421, 557 Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights), 221 art 26, 416 art 31(1), 422 2001 art 31(3)(c), 423 Articles on State Responsibility 2008 TABLE OF TREATIES liii

art 4(1), 416

2004 Doha Work Programme, 211

2005 Australia-United States Free Trade Agreement, 412–38 Chapter 15, 418, 419 Chapter 21, 416, 417, 421 art 1.2.13, 418 art 15.7, 419 art 15.8, 419 art 15.9, 419, 423 art 15.11, 414–16, 420–4 art 20.5, 417, 435 art 21.2(c), 436 art 21.9.2, 418

2009 Regulation EC 864.2007 on the Law Applicable to Non-Contractual Obligations (Rome II), 548

European Patent Convention art 19(2), 708 art 99(1), 713

WTO Agreement on Government Procurement, 423