DOCSLIB.ORG

Influence of Climatic Conditions and Elevation on the Spatial Distribution

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Influence of Climatic Conditions and Elevation on the Spatial Distribution For. Sci. 60(2):308–316 FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH http://dx.doi.org/10.5849/forsci.12-092 Copyright © 2014 Society of American Foresters entomology & pathology Influence of Climatic Conditions and Elevation on the Spatial Distribution and Abundance of Trypodendron ambrosia Beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in Alaska Robin M. Reich, John E. Lundquist, and Robert E. Acciavatti The objective of this study was to model the influence of temperature and precipitation on the distribution and abundance of the ambrosia beetles in the genus Trypodendron. Although these beetles do not attack and kill healthy trees, their gallery holes and accompanying black and gray stain associated with symbiotic ambrosial fungi can cause significant economic losses to commercial logs and wood products. Beetles were collected along a 1,100-km latitudinal transect 4 times at 2-week intervals at 43 sites beginning early July using Lindgren-funnel traps baited with ethanol, alpha-pinene, and lineatin. Average annual temperature and precipitation were used to partition the state into 25 climatic zones. Large-scale patterns of beetle distribution were correlated with elevation and the temperature and precipitation zones. Results indicate that reasonably accurate predictions of beetle abundance can be generated using models based on trap data collected across several climate zones. Predictions derived from this latitudinal transect can be extrapolated to more remote areas using species–environment relationships based on temperature and precipitation combinations. Partitioning large geographic areas using climatic zones offers a logical approach for predicting insect activity in remote areas, and if implemented on a long-term basis would be able to provide estimates of yearly and seasonal trends in the infestation. Such information would allow forest managers to evaluate the impact on forest ecosystem services and improve future assessments that predict the influence of a changing climate on insect pest migrations and their intensification during outbreaks. Keywords: aerial survey, negative binomial regression, pest survey, spatial pest models hanges in temperature, precipitation, and other climatic Within the forests of this state, insects will probably be among the conditions are often reflected as changes in insect commu- first responders to varying climate and could serve as early bioindi- Cnities (Berryman 1986). Danks (1992) lists several ways cators of climate change. Many believe an “unprecedented” increase that climatic conditions can change insect communities: alterations in forest disturbances in Alaska as a result of climate change has in ecological roles and interactions; changes in insect assemblages, already occurred (Berman et al. 1999), that these changes will likely northern migrations; changing timing of life history events; and continue, and that their effects will cascade across many ecosystems. increase or decrease in host defense chemicals. In Alaska, both tem- As one travels northward across Alaska from the south coast, perature and precipitation show geographic patterns that are influ- growing seasons get shorter, winters get more extreme, and springs enced and often determined by the local and regional geography, come later and are cooler. Along this transect, different insect species and both can change with time. The distribution and abundance of exhibit varying patterns of distribution and abundance. In a recent different insect species in Alaska vary greatly among locations with forest pest survey, various insect pests were sampled with traps in differing climatic conditions (Werner 2007). stands of spruce located at various locations from Seward in south Effects of a changing climate are expected to be greatest in the central Alaska to the geographic limit of spruce trees at the southern northern latitudes (Stocks 2004). Because of its unique geographic foot of the Brooks Range in the north (Lamb and Wurtz 2008). position at the northern edge of various forest types, Alaska has been Observations made during this survey noted that Trypodendron am- referred to as the “poster state for global warming” (Weise 2006). brosia beetles were the most abundant and most widespread of all Manuscript received August 3, 2012; accepted June 25, 2013; published online August 8, 2013. Affiliations: Robin M. Reich ([email protected]), Colorado State University. John E. Lundquist ([email protected]), USDA Forest Service, Anchorage, AK. Robert E. Acciavatti ([email protected]), Carnegie Museum of Natural History. Acknowledgments: We wish to thank Rick Kelsey, Yu Wei, and Ashley Steele for reviewing and editing earlier versions of this manuscript. This study was funded in part by the Western Wildland Environmental Threat Assessment Center. 308 Forest Science • April 2014 the insect species trapped and that their abundance varied through- southern slopes of the Brooks Range (latitude 68oN) in the north, a out the summer. Numbers trapped varied among different geo- distance of around 1,100 km. Sites were located using a systematic graphic regions with greater numbers occurring in the southern unaligned sample design that combines features of both simple ran- latitudes. Three Trypodendron species were identified: Trypodendron dom and systematic sampling. With this design, the 1,100-km tran- lineatum (Oliver), T. betulae (Swaine), and T. retusum (LeConte). sect was divided into 13 sections of varying lengths, and within each Based on published records and specimen data in the USDA Forest section 3 sites were randomly located for a total of 43 sites; two Service reference collections at Anchorage and Juneau, the most sections had only two sites. The length of the sections varied on the common Trypodendron species in Alaska is T. lineatum, the striped basis of ease of accessibility, presence of spruce forest types, and ambrosia beetle (Sikes 2009). The preferred hosts of T. lineatum are ownership (federal or state lands). Plots were located that visually white spruce (Picea glauca (Mill.) B.S.P.), Sitka spruce (Picea sitch- compared to photo series AKHD 07 to AKHD 11 in Ottmar and ensis (Bong.) Carr.), Lutz spruce (Picea lutzii Little), and western Vihnanek (2002). Specifically, sites were placed in stands of mixed hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) (Bright and Stark 1973, hardwood (primarily paper birch, Betula papyrifera Marshall) and Bright 1976, Furniss et al. 2002, Holsten et al. 2009). conifer, where white spruce was codominant or slightly emerging as Trypodendron ambrosia beetles are a group of small (around 4 dominant and represented 10–40% of the overstory. The distance mm) beetles whose larvae feed on fungi cultured by adults within the between sample sites within a section ranged from 0.1 km to 19 km, wood they infest. Adult T. lineatum beetles emerge from overwin- with an average distance of 2.3 km. All sample sites were georefer- tering sites in the forest floor duff layer during the spring when enced using a global positioning system unit (Garmin global posi- temperatures reach 15.5° C to 18.3° C (Lindgren 1990). The tioning systems (GPS) map 76CSx). emerging adults are attracted to recently dead or dying trees where mating occurs. The female tunnels through the bark into the wood to lay its eggs. Symbiotic fungi, introduced to the galleries by the Geographic Information System (GIS) Layers boring insects as a source of food for their larvae, give the name Raster layers representing the average monthly temperatures “ambrosia” to this type of Scolytinae beetle. These fungi grow and (° C) and precipitation (mm) for the state of Alaska were obtained fruit within the galleries where they stain the wood black/gray. Six to from the USGS Alaska Science Center, High Altitude Climate 8 weeks after eggs are laid, young adults emerge from the original Transects1 with a 1,000-m spatial resolution for use in a GIS. These holes created by their parents, and these disperse to overwintering layers were used to identify five temperature zones and five precip- sites in the forest floor. Except for a few hours once each generation itation zones in combinations that defined 25 unique climatic zones during which time the dispersal flight takes place, these insects live (Figure 1; Reich et al. 2008). The climate zones were based on a entirely within the host tree. histogram equalization approach that produced a uniform distribu- In previous years, when logging and timber production were tion of temperatures and precipitations across the state of Alaska more prevalent, the wood stain caused by ambrosia beetles resulted (Acharya and Ray 2005; Table 1). Zonal statistics were used to in significant economic losses to commercial conifer logs in Alaska summarize the variability in temperatures and precipitation in each due to timber degrade (Boyce 1961). Although the economic sig- of the 25 climate zones. One of the unique features of this approach nificance of Trypodendron ambrosia beetles has subsided in recent in defining the temperature and precipitation zones was a strong years, their ecological importance as decomposers of stressed, dam- linear correlation between the integers (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) used to repre- aged, and dying conifers is possibly underappreciated. sent the temperature and precipitation zones and the average Because Trypodendron ambrosia beetles infest recently dead or monthly temperature (␳ˆ ϭ 0.99) and average monthly precipita- dying trees, they may be an important indicator of forest health. T tion (␳ˆ ϭ 0.88) characterizing the
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Biotic Risks and Climate Change in Forests
    Fakultät für Forst- und Umweltwissenschaften der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Forstliche Versuchs- und Forschungsanstalt Baden-Württemberg Freiburger Forstliche Forschung Berichte Biotic Risks and Climate Change in Forests 10 th IUFRO Workshop of WP 7.03.10 “Methodology of Forest Insect and Disease Survey in Central Europe”, September 20-23, 2010 Freiburg, Germany Proceedings Heft 89 BERICHTE FREIBURGER FORSTLICHE FORSCHUNG Heft 89 Biotic Risks and Climate Change in Forests Forest Research Institute of Baden-Württemberg Department of Forest Protection 2011 ISSN 1436 - 1566 Publisher: Fakultät für Forst- und Umweltwissenschaften der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg and Forstliche Versuchs- und Forschungsanstalt (FVA) Baden-Württemberg Editors (eds.): Horst Delb and Silvia Pontuali All papers in this publication were submitted electronically and have been edited to achieve a more or less uniform format. Each author is responsible for the content and form of his own paper. Cover design: Bernhard Kunkler Design, Freiburg Print: Self-publishing FVA, Freiburg Order to: Forstliche Versuchs- und Forschungsanstalt Baden-Württemberg Wonnhaldestraße 4 D-79100 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany Phone: +49 761/ 4018-0 • Fax: +49 761/ 4018-333 E-Mail: [email protected] Internet: www.fva-bw.de www.biotic-risks-2010.de All rights, including the right of reproduction, dissemination and translation reserved. Printed on 100% chlorine-free bleached paper. Preface The tenth regular workshop of the IUFRO Working Party WP 7.03.10 "Methodology of Forest Insect and Disease Survey in Central Europe" was held in Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany, September 20- 23, 2010. It was organized and hosted by the Forest Research Institute of Baden-Württemberg, Department of Forest Protection.
    [Show full text]
  • Alien Invasive Species and International Trade
    Forest Research Institute Alien Invasive Species and International Trade Edited by Hugh Evans and Tomasz Oszako Warsaw 2007 Reviewers: Steve Woodward (University of Aberdeen, School of Biological Sciences, Scotland, UK) François Lefort (University of Applied Science in Lullier, Switzerland) © Copyright by Forest Research Institute, Warsaw 2007 ISBN 978-83-87647-64-3 Description of photographs on the covers: Alder decline in Poland – T. Oszako, Forest Research Institute, Poland ALB Brighton – Forest Research, UK; Anoplophora exit hole (example of wood packaging pathway) – R. Burgess, Forestry Commission, UK Cameraria adult Brussels – P. Roose, Belgium; Cameraria damage medium view – Forest Research, UK; other photographs description inside articles – see Belbahri et al. Language Editor: James Richards Layout: Gra¿yna Szujecka Print: Sowa–Print on Demand www.sowadruk.pl, phone: +48 022 431 81 40 Instytut Badawczy Leœnictwa 05-090 Raszyn, ul. Braci Leœnej 3, phone [+48 22] 715 06 16 e-mail: [email protected] CONTENTS Introduction .......................................6 Part I – EXTENDED ABSTRACTS Thomas Jung, Marla Downing, Markus Blaschke, Thomas Vernon Phytophthora root and collar rot of alders caused by the invasive Phytophthora alni: actual distribution, pathways, and modeled potential distribution in Bavaria ......................10 Tomasz Oszako, Leszek B. Orlikowski, Aleksandra Trzewik, Teresa Orlikowska Studies on the occurrence of Phytophthora ramorum in nurseries, forest stands and garden centers ..........................19 Lassaad Belbahri, Eduardo Moralejo, Gautier Calmin, François Lefort, Jose A. Garcia, Enrique Descals Reports of Phytophthora hedraiandra on Viburnum tinus and Rhododendron catawbiense in Spain ..................26 Leszek B. Orlikowski, Tomasz Oszako The influence of nursery-cultivated plants, as well as cereals, legumes and crucifers, on selected species of Phytophthopra ............30 Lassaad Belbahri, Gautier Calmin, Tomasz Oszako, Eduardo Moralejo, Jose A.
    [Show full text]
  • Integrating Cultural Tactics Into the Management of Bark Beetle and Reforestation Pests1
    DA United States US Department of Proceedings --z:;;-;;; Agriculture Forest Service Integrating Cultural Tactics into Northeastern Forest Experiment Station the Management of Bark Beetle General Technical Report NE-236 and Reforestation Pests Edited by: Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team J.C. Gregoire A.M. Liebhold F.M. Stephen K.R. Day S.M.Salom Vallombrosa, Italy September 1-3, 1996 Most of the papers in this publication were submitted electronically and were edited to achieve a uniform format and type face. Each contributor is responsible for the accuracy and content of his or her own paper. Statements of the contributors from outside the U.S. Department of Agriculture may not necessarily reflect the policy of the Department. Some participants did not submit papers so they have not been included. The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this publication is for the information and convenience of the reader. Such use does not constitute an official endorsement or approval by the U.S. Department of Agriculture or the Forest Service of any product or service to the exclusion of others that may be suitable. Remarks about pesticides appear in some technical papers contained in these proceedings. Publication of these statements does not constitute endorsement or recommendation of them by the conference sponsors, nor does it imply that uses discussed have been registered. Use of most pesticides is regulated by State and Federal Law. Applicable regulations must be obtained from the appropriate regulatory agencies. CAUTION: Pesticides can be injurious to humans, domestic animals, desirable plants, and fish and other wildlife - if they are not handled and applied properly.
    [Show full text]
  • Working Today for Nature Tomorrow
    Report Number 574 Revision of the Index of Ecological Continuity as used for saproxylic beetles English Nature Research Reports working today for nature tomorrow English Nature Research Reports Number 574 Revision of the Index of Ecological Continuity as used for saproxylic beetles Keith N A Alexander 59 Sweetbrier Lane Heavitree Exeter EX1 3AQ You may reproduce as many additional copies of this report as you like, provided such copies stipulate that copyright remains with English Nature, Northminster House, Peterborough PE1 1UA ISSN 0967-876X © Copyright English Nature 2004 Acknowledgements Thanks are due to Jon Webb for initiating this project and to the many recorders who have made their species lists available over the years. The formation of the Ancient Tree Forum has brought together a wide range of disciplines involved in tree management and conservation, and has led to important cross-fertilisation of ideas which have enhanced the ecological understanding of the relationships between tree and fungal biology, on the one hand, and saproxylic invertebrates, on the other. This has had tremendous benefits in promoting good conservation practices. Summary The saproxylic beetle Index of Ecological Continuity (IEC) was originally developed as a means of producing a simple statistic which could be used in grading a site for its significance to the conservation of saproxylic (wood-decay) beetles based on ecological considerations rather than rarity. The approach has received good recognition by the conservation agencies and several important sites have been designated as a result of this approach to interpreting site species lists as saproxylic assemblages of ecological significance. The Index is based on a listing of the species thought likely to be the remnants of the saproxylic beetle assemblage of Britain’s post-glacial wildwood, and which have survived through a history of wood pasture management systems in certain refugia.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Alaska
    United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Alaska Region State and Private Forestry Forest Health Protection 2009 Cover photos clockwise from top: Spruce bark beetle damage (inset spruce bark beetle) Chicken of the woods conks Hemlock fluting and wood decay Wood wasp 2 Insects and Diseases of Alaskan Forests Edward Holsten, U.S. Forest Service Entomologist (retired) Paul Hennon, U.S. Forest Service Pathologist Lori Trummer, U.S. Forest Service Pathologist James Kruse, U.S. Forest Service Entomologist Mark Schultz, U.S. Forest Service Entomologist John Lundquist, U.S. Forest Service Entomologist Publication Number R10–TP–140 3 Acknowledgments The authors thank Tom Laurent, Richard Werner, and John Hard, retired U.S. Forest Service Pathologist and Entomologists, respectively, who were instrumental in developing previous editions of this handbook. We thank Courtney Danley, biological technician, U.S. Forest Service Juneau, for her efforts in obtaining new insect photos. We also appreciate the technical assistance of Ken Zogas, biological technician, U.S. Forest Service Anchorage, and Roger Burnside, Entomologist, Division of Forestry, State of Alaska, as well as the enthusiasm and professionalism of the Alaska Cooperative Extension IPM Technicians. This handbook would not have been possible without the hard work and dedication of David Allen, graphic designer, Public Affairs Office, Chugach National Forest, Anchorage, Alaska. Photographs and other illustrations were obtained, as credited in the Appendix, from individuals and from the files of the State of Alaska, Canadian Forestry Service, the U.S. Forest Service, and other sources as cited. Preface The U.S. Forest Service publication, Identification of Destructive Alaska Forest Insects (91), dealt mainly with the damaging forest insects of Southeastern Alaska.
    [Show full text]
  • Entomologists of Saskatchewan Second Edition
    ENTOMOLOGISTS OF SASKATCHEWAN SECOND EDITION Meghan Vankosky, Martin Erlandson, and Cedric Gillott, editors 2019 Foreword and Acknowledgements In 2017, Owen Olfert gave me a copy of Entomologists of Saskatchewan. Being new to the entomology community in Saskatchewan at the time, I read it with interest and especially enjoyed seeing pictures of my new colleagues from almost 30 years earlier. Paul W. Riegert did an amazing job capturing the history of entomological expertise in Saskatchewan in the 1990 edition of Entomologists of Saskatchewan. Seeing value in historical records and knowledge, I suggested that the book be updated at the December 2017 meeting of the Entomological Society of Saskatchewan (ESS). I also ended up inadvertently volunteering myself for the task, with the generous assistance of Martin Erlandson and Cedric Gillott. The process of updating a nearly 30 year-old document of this nature was challenging. Entomologists have retired and moved away from Saskatchewan, and in one case, retired and moved TO Saskatchewan. Entomologists included in the 1990 edition have sadly passed away or have slipped out of touch. Although there has been a loss of entomological expertise in Saskatchewan, there has also been renewal in the form of newly graduated students, newly identified professionals and amateurs, and in the immigration of new professional entomologists. Renewal of this nature is indicative of the ongoing importance of entomological knowledge, basic and applied. Some of the new entomologists are studying bee taxonomy and biology at the Royal Saskatchewan Museum, aquatic entomology at the Water Security Agency, and agricultural entomology at Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada.
    [Show full text]
  • Forest Health Treatment Area
    Forest Health Treatment Area Chugach National Forest Progress Report Prepared by J.E. Lundquist R10 Forest Health Protection 23 March 2016 1 | P a g e Executive Summary The FHTA presents a unique opportunity to develop an understanding of how damaged landscapes heal themselves, how these healing processes impact various ecosystem services that are unique to Alaska, and to use these scientific insights in making decisions about how best to manage these landscapes. Observations documented during aerial pest surveys suggest that the FHTA includes many of the major insect pests found throughout the forests of South Central Alaska, and highlights the potential value of the FHTA as a key survey location to use in mortality trends. It also illustrates the strengths and weaknesses of aerial surveys of using this technique for capturing conditions in select active forest health stands. Although there are numerous challenges and variables to consider when assessing trap catches, the number of beetles caught can be very useful when trying to assess a threat to a more localized area or to set a base line to monitor population fluctuations and whether populations increase or decrease over time. Trapping conducted in the summer of 2015 will provide such a starting point from which to observe population fluctuations going forward. Spruce beetles and Ips (Ips perturbatus) were at very low levels throughout the summer trapping period and at all locations. Pseudips beetles (Pseudips concinnus) had slightly greater numbers and most were confined geographically to sites closer to Seward. Ambrosia beetles (Trypodendron lineatum), in contrast, were very abundant at Primrose and Seward sites, less at Exit Glacier and Johnson Pass and largely absent at all times at the Upper Russian Lake site.
    [Show full text]
  • Nematode Parasites and Associates of Dendroctonus Spp. And
    Nematode parasites and associates of Dendroctonus spp. and Trypodendron l ineaturn (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), with a description of Bursaphel,enchus varicauda n.sp/ CYRIL H. S. ~I~ttONG and JoHn M. V$/EBSTER 2 Abstract: Nematode parasites and associates of four bark beetle species in British Columbia were surveyed. Bursaphelenchus varicauda n.sp., Ektaphelenchus macrostylus, Panagrolaimus dentatus, and Cryptaphelenchus latus were found associated with Dendroctonus pseudotsugae. Parasitorhabditis obtusa was found in the gut and Contortylenchus reversus in the hemocoel of both D. pseudotsugae and D. rufipennis. The latter also had hemocoel infections of Sphaeru- lariopsis dendroetoni, which were not found concomitant with C. reversus infections. Contorty. lenchus brevicomi occurred in the hemocoel of D. brevicomis. The first report of a tylenchid larva parasitizing Trypodendron lineatum in North America is presented. Bursaphelenchus ~aricauda n.sp. was obtained from the gallery frass of D. pseudotsugae. It resembles B. corneolus and B. bestiolus but differs from the former species in female tail shape, the position of the excretory pore, spicule shape, and position of the male caudal papillae, attd from the latter species in spicule shape and in the length of the esophagus and postuterine sac. Key words: taxonomy, new species, entomogenous nematodes, Douglas-fir beetle, bark beetle. Journal of Nematology 15(2):312-318. 1983. There have been very few reports of polythene bags for transport to the labora- nematode parasites of bark beetles in British tory, transfered to emergence cages, and the Columbia. Reid (14) reported that of the emerged beetles collected twice daily. Frass seven nematode species associated with the scraped from the beetle galleries was placed bark beetle Dendroctonus ponderosae, in Baermann funnels for nematode extrac- Sphaerularia hastata was the only endo- tion (16).
    [Show full text]
  • 1089 Willamette Falls Drive, West Linn, OR 97068 | Tel: +1 (503) 342 - 8611 | Fax: +1 (314) 271-7297 [email protected] | |
    2019 1089 Willamette Falls Drive, West Linn, OR 97068 | tel: +1 (503) 342 - 8611 | fax: +1 (314) 271-7297 [email protected] | www.alphascents.com | Our Story The story of Alpha Scents, Inc. begins with president and founder, Dr. Darek Czokajlo. When speaking about entomolo- gy, he will laugh and say the interest began “in the womb.” Driven by his passion for science and technology, he strives for eco- nomic security, which can be largely attributed to his upbringing in communist Poland. How do you become economically stable according to Darek? By building a company that is customer focused: embracing honesty, respect, trust and support, the rest are details. When discussing what characteristics Alpha Scents, Inc. reflects, it’s clear that the vision for the company is shaped by a desire to be loyal to all stakeholders, including customers, vendors, and his employees. Since childhood, Darek was involved with biology clubs and interest groups, fueling his passion for the sciences and leading him to study forestry and entomology during his undergraduate and master’s studies. In 1985 he started studying and experimenting with insect traps, in particular bark beetle traps baited with ethanol lures. This is how Darek started honing his speciali- zation and began asking the intriguing question of, “How could we use scents to manage insects?” In 1989, right before the fall of Communism, Darek emi- grated to Canada and in 1993 started his PhD program in the field of Insect Chemical Ecology in Syracuse, New York. After his graduation in 1998, one of his professors recommended Darek to a company in Portland, Oregon.
    [Show full text]
  • Endron Lineafum (Olivier) an Annotated Bibliography
    ,tid. ~c . ill.1tpf: \ 12./ ,)c../ The Striped Ambrosia Beetle endron lineafum (Olivier) An Annotated Bibliography W. W. Nijholt VICTORIA. B.C. BC-X· t21, JANUARY, 1979. FOtestry 5enItce ServICe des fOttll ·2· ABSTRACT literature, from several countries, that appeared during the last century, dealing with many aspects of the ambrosia beetle Trypodendron lineatum Olivier, has been reviewed. This bibliography contains 208 references, and an author and subject index. Its purpose is to provide a com­ prehensive background for the study of the insect, as well as easy access to information of practical use to those in forestry practices. RESUME L'auteur enumi!re la documentation publice dans p!usieurs pays et parue depuis un siikle, trailant de plusieurs aspects du Scalyte biraye', Trypodendron lineatum Olivier. Cette bibliographie contient 208 references et des index par noms d'auteurs et par sujets. Elle veut servir d'outil general pour I'etude de I'insecte et de moyen facile d'information pratique pour Ie forestier. REVISED EDITION The annotated bibliography on Trypodendron lineatum was originally published in micro·fiche form as Report BC·X­ 121 in 1975. In response to the demand an updated version is issued in print and contains 208 references. The literature review was completed on December 1, 1978. am-bro-sia (am bro/~ a l. n. 1 Class,Myth. the food, drink, or perfume of the gods. Cf. nectar (def. 2). 2. anything imparting the sense of divinity, as poetic inspiration, music, etc. 3. something especially delicious to taste or smell. [L Gk: immortality, food of the gods, ] The Random House Dictionarv 01 the English Language .
    [Show full text]
  • Conifer Bole Utilization by Wood-Boring Beetles in Western Oregon Cfatc75
    CfAtc75-;,) ?-437`,, ) Conifer bole utilization by wood-boring beetles in western Oregon /p i H. ZHONG AND T. D. SCHOWALTER1 Department of Entomology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A. Received December 7, 1988 Accepted April 4, 1989 ZHONG, H., and SCHOWALTER, T. D. 1989. Conifer bole utilization by wood-boring beetles in western Oregon. Can. J. For. Res. 19: 943-947. We studied wood excavation by scolytid and cerambycid beetles in decomposing boles of four conifer species during the first two years on the ground in western Oregon. Colonization density and gallery volumes were measured in experi- mental boles (0.5 m diameter x 5 m length) of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.), Pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis (Dougl.) Forbes), and western red cedar ( Thuja plicata Donn). Ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) colonized boles only during the 1st year and were essentially restricted to Douglas-fir and western hemlock (removing 0.2% of the sapwood volume). Bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) colonized boles only in the 1st year, primarily in Douglas-fir and Pacific silver fir (removing 7-8% of the phloem surface area). Wood borers (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) excavated an additional 2.3% of the phloem surface area of Pacific silver fir in the 1st year and continued to excavate all species except Douglas-fir during the 2nd year. Consequences for the decomposition process are discussed. ZHONG, H., et SCHOWALTER, T. D. 1989. Conifer bole utilization by wood-boring beetles in western Oregon. Can. J. For. Res. 19 : 943-947. Lexcavation du bois par les coleopteres dans les troncs en decomposition de quatre especes de coniferes a ete etudiee durant les 2 premieres annees de leur position au sol dans louest de ]Oregon.
    [Show full text]
  • Distribution of a Bark Beetle, Trypodendron Lineatum, in a Harvested Landscape Jane Park A,*, Mary L
    Forest Ecology and Management 242 (2007) 236–242 www.elsevier.com/locate/foreco Distribution of a bark beetle, Trypodendron lineatum, in a harvested landscape Jane Park a,*, Mary L. Reid b a Vuntut National Park, P.O. Box 87, Old Crow, YT Y0B 1N0, Canada b Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada Received 11 October 2006; received in revised form 23 January 2007; accepted 23 January 2007 Abstract The response of the striped ambrosia beetle, Trypodendron lineatum (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae), to direct and indirect measures of habitat availability was examined across a heterogeneous forest subjected to various intensities of harvest. The study area was classified into four stand types (conifer-dominated, mixed, deciduous-dominated, and deciduous-dominated with conifer understory) each of which was treated with four harvest intensities (unharvested, and 50%, 80%, and 90% harvested) and replicated three times each. The abundance of T. lineatum was measured using baited funnel traps. In the year prior to harvest, T. lineatum was most abundant in conifer-dominated stands, although the measured abundance of freshly dead conifers (their breeding habitat) did not differ from mixed stands. In the first and second summers after harvest, T. lineatum abundance varied with both stand type (least in deciduous-dominated stands) and harvest level (least in unharvested stands). In particular, abundance increased exponentially with the percent of spruce, Picea spp., in the canopy and the number of spruce stumps in the stand. These results suggest that T. lineatum search more in areas with more actual (stumps) or potential (live spruce) habitat, consistent with the resource concentration hypothesis.
    [Show full text]