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The State Historical Society of Missouri

COLUMBIA, MISSOURI BOARD OF EDITORS

LAWRENCE 0. CHRISTENSEN SUSAN M. HARTMANN University of Missouri-Rolla Ohio State University, Columbus

WILLIAM E. FOLEY ALAN R. HAVIG Central Missouri State University, Stephens College, Warrensburg Columbia

JEAN TYREE HAMILTON DAVID D. MARCH Marshall Kirksville

ARVARH E. STRICKLAND University of Missouri-Columbia

COVER DESCRIPTION: This watercolor of mallard ducks was done by wildlife artist/biologist Charles W. Schwartz (1914-1991) in conjunction with the eight murals he painted for the Missouri Depart­ ment of Conservation Building in Jefferson City. This painting, other watercolors and drawings pre­ pared for the murals and original illustrations used by Schwartz and his wife, Elizabeth, in Wild Mammals of Missouri are included in the Society's art collection. A resolution of appreciation for Charles Schwartz's generous gifts to the Society was read at the 1991 annual meeting. MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Published Quarterly by THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI

COLUMBIA, MISSOURI

JAMES W. GOODRICH EDITOR

LYNN WOLF GENTZLER ASSOCIATE EDITOR

LEONA S. MORRIS RESEARCH ASSISTANT

Copyright © 1992 by the State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, Missouri 65201 The Missouri Historical Review (ISSN 0026-6582) is owned by The State Historical Society of Missouri and is published quarterly at 10 South Hitt, Columbia, Missouri 65201. Send communications, business and editorial correspondence and change of address to the State Historical Society of Missouri, 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, MO 65201. Second class postage is paid at Columbia, Missouri.

SOCIETY HOURS: The Society is open to the public from 8:00 A.M. to 4:30 P.M., Monday through Friday, and Saturday from 9:00 A.M. to 4:30 VOLUME LXXXVI P.M., except legal holidays. Holiday Schedule: The Society will be closed Saturday during NUMBER 2 the Martin Luther King Day, Memorial Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving, Christmas and New Year's weekends. JANUARY, 1992 THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI The State Historical Society of Missouri, heretofore organized under the laws of the State, shall be the trustee of this State—Laws of Missouri, 1899, R.S. of Mo., 1969, chapter 183, as revised 1978.

OFFICERS 1989-1992 ROBERT C. SMITH, Columbia, President Avis TUCKER, Warrensburg, First Vice President SHERIDAN A. LOGAN, St. Joseph, Second Vice President VIRGINIA G. YOUNG, Columbia, Third Vice President NOBLE E. CUNNINGHAM, Columbia, Fourth Vice President R. KENNETH ELLIOTT, Kansas City, Fifth Vice President ROBERT G.J. HOESTER, Kirkwood, Sixth Vice President ALBERT M. PRICE, Columbia, Treasurer JAMES W. GOODRICH, Columbia, Executive Director, Secretary and Librarian

TRUSTEES Permanent Trustees, Former Presidents of the Society WILLIAM AULL III, Lexington RUSH H. LIMBAUGH, Cape Girardeau FRANCIS M. BARNES III, Kirkwood LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville WILLIAM R. DENSLOW, Trenton JOSEPH WEBBER, St. Louis

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1992 MRS. SAMUEL A. BURK, Kirksville DOYLE PATTERSON, Kansas City RICHARD DECOSTER, Canton STUART SYMINGTON, JR., St. Louis JEAN TYREE HAMILTON, Marshall ROBERT WOLPERS, Poplar Bluff W. ROGERS HEWITT, Shelbyville DALTON C. WRIGHT, Lebanon

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1993 HENRIETTA AMBROSE, Webster Groves FREDERICK W. LEHMANN IV, H. RILEY BOCK, New Madrid Webster Groves LAWRENCE O. CHRISTENSEN, Rolla GEORGE MCCUE, St. Louis ROBERT S. DALE, Carthage WALLACE B. SMITH, Independence

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1994 JAMES W. BROWN, Harrisonville BOB PRIDDY, Jefferson City ILUS W. DAVIS, Kansas City DALE REESMAN, Boonville JOHN K. HULSTON, Springfield ARVARH E. STRICKLAND, Columbia JAMES C. OLSON, Kansas City BLANCHE M. TOUHILL, St. Louis

BOARD OF TRUSTEES The Board of Trustees consists of one Trustee from each Congressional District of the State and fourteen Trustees elected at large. In addition to the elected Trustees, the President of the Society, the Vice Presidents of the Society, all former Presidents of the Society, and the ex officio members of the Society constitute the Board of Trustees. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Eight Trustees elected by the Board of Trustees together with the President of the Society constitute the Executive Committee. The Executive Director of the Society serves as an ex officio member. WILLIAM AULL III, Lexington, Chairman ROBERT C. SMITH, Columbia FRANCIS M. BARNES III, Kirkwood BLANCHE M. TOUHILL, St. Louis H. RILEY BOCK, New Madrid Avis TUCKER, Warrensburg JAMES C. OLSON, Kansas City JOSEPH WEBBER, St. Louis VIRGINIA G. YOUNG, Columbia EDITORIAL POLICY The editors of the Missouri Historical Review welcome submission of articles and documents relating to the history of Missouri. Any aspect of Missouri history will be considered for publication in the Review. Genealogical studies, however, are not accepted because of limited appeal to general readers. Manuscripts pertaining to all fields of American history will be considered if the subject matter has significant relevance to the history of Missouri or the West. Authors should submit two double-spaced copies of their manuscripts. The footnotes, prepared according to The Chicago Manual of Style, also should be double-spaced and placed at the end of the text. Authors may submit manu­ scripts on PC/DOS, 360K floppy disk. The disk must be IBM compatible, preferably the WordPerfect 5.1 or Display- write 3 or 4 programs. Otherwise, it must be in ASCII format. Two hard copies still are required, and the print must be letter or near-letter quality. Dot matrix submissions will not be accepted. Originality of subject, general interest of the article, sources used, interpretation and style are criteria for acceptance and publication. Manuscripts should not exceed 7,500 words. Articles that are accepted for publication be­ come the property of The State Historical Society of Missouri and may not be published elsewhere without permission. The Society does not accept responsibility for statements of fact or opinion made by the authors. Articles published in the Review are abstracted and indexed in Historical Abstracts, America: History and Life, Recently Published Articles, Writings on American History, The Western Historical Quarterly and The Journal of Ameri­ can History. Manuscripts submitted for the Review should be ad­ dressed to: Dr. James W. Goodrich, Editor Missouri Historical Review The State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street Columbia, Missouri 65201 CONTENTS

MISSOURI'S "MONUMENTAL ANANIAS": 'GENE FIELD LOOKS BACK. By Lewis O. Saum 113

THE SIGNIFICANT SKIRMISH: THE BATTLE OF BOONVILLE, JUNE 17, 1861. By Paul Rorvig 127

A GERMAN IMMIGRANT IN POSTBELLUM FULTON. By Linda Schelbitzki Pickle 149

DR. ARTHUR NELSON FOR GOVERNOR: THE 1924 CAMPAIGN. By William B. Claycomb 164

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS

Society Holds Annual Meeting 181

News in Brief 188

Local Historical Societies 191

Gifts 201

Missouri History in Newspapers 207

Missouri History in Magazines 214

In Memoriam 221

BOOK REVIEWS 222

BOOK NOTES 226

NATIONAL REGISTER SITES: CARUTHERSVILLE WATER TOWER Inside Back Cover Bllilllllllll•••Pilli •••••••111 ••••••I wmmssm ^••••IIIIII

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Trefts Collection—State Historical Society of Missouri

Missouri's "Monumental Ananias": 'Gene Field Looks Back BY LEWIS O. SAUM* Where biblical allusions are concerned, the 1990s need reminders more than did the 1880s. When, in 1886, a St. Louis publication huffily labelled Eugene Field a "monumental Ananias," it required less transla­ tion than it now does.1 The biblical figures of Ananias—there were more than one—represented falseness, and falseness of a certain kind. An Ananias not only played fast and loose with the truth, he did so to the detriment of those to whom he owed the most. He not only lied, he lied about those who should have been near and dear to him. Viewed in a serious light, an Ananias blended falseness with ingratitude, if not

•Lewis O. Saum, a graduate of the University of Missouri-Columbia, is a professor of history at the University of Washington, Seattle. He presented this paper at the annual meeting luncheon of the State Historical Society of Missouri on September 21, 1991. 1 St. Louis Spectator, 28 August 1886.

113 114 Missouri Historical Review downright traitorousness. Of course, we must guard against taking these charges and countercharges too seriously, whether Field's depic­ tion of the decrepitude of a St. Louis exhibition in 1886, or a St. Louis paper's branding him an Ananias for saying what he did. Few errors can be as egregious as misplaced literalism in reading newspapers of a century ago. Eugene Field and the Missourians he left behind had full and ready recourse to license, poetic and otherwise, when they tossed bouquets and brickbats back and forth in public print. Still, Eugene Field took special delight in offering impish thoughts about "poor old Mizzoorah," and with whatever degree of pain or sorrow, we will confront some of those impish thoughts today. Born in St. Louis in 1850, Field spent most of the decade of the 1870s—his twenties—in Missouri journalism, dividing his time and talent among papers in St. Louis, St. Joseph and Kansas City. In 1881, just past thirty years of age, he left Kansas City to become managing editor of the Denver Tribune. Two years later he moved from Denver to Chicago, spending the last twelve years of his all-too-short life on the Chicago Daily News and News-Record. Most of what follows derives from his writings of the Chicago years, primarily because he had his own, clearly identified column there. And most of it comes from the 1880s, in the years before his dramatically deteriorating health and before some significant changes of orientation. As actor Sol Smith Russell, perhaps Field's best friend and a native of Brunswick, Missouri, put it early in the 1890s, Field had become a "recluse" and "an eccentric of the deepest dye."2 Russell exaggerated, but not greatly. One would like to use more material from Field's rollicking two- year stay in Denver, his first professional journalistic venture outside Missouri; but one has to rely too frequently on surmise to decide what material in the Tribune came from his pen. Perhaps a bit of that surmise will be allowed, especially in light of the fact that he had only recently arrived in the Colorado city when his newspaper was sued for $300,000 for things it made bold to say about one of the city's foremost citizens. Shortly thereafter, Field and his employer came under indict­ ment by a grand jury for criminal libel. Field had a knack for discouraging words, and one might conclude that "poor old Mizzoorah" should have brought a libel suit. Though surmise can be dangerous, the not-so-gentle touch of Eugene Field seems likely, if not certain, in the following item about the shock expressed by Missouri newspapers at the revolutionary activities

2 Sol Smith Russell to William Seymour, 14 August 1892, William Seymour Theatre Collection, Princeton University Library. Missouri's "Monumental Ananias " 115 of anarchists and nihilists in Russia. "We observe, too, that our Russian exchanges have very little to say about the troubles at home and a great deal to say about train robberies in Missourivitsky."3 Field rarely relented in his depictions of Missouri lawlessness, and so, when a notorious "Nihilist refugee" from Europe apparently slipped into the United States, Field's Denver paper reported that nihilist's having sought "asylum within the friendly borders of Clay county, just across the creek from the Kansas City Times," a newspaper which very recently had employed Eugene Field.4 Nihilism in Europe had a counterpart in the shooting, not yet fatal, of President James Garfield by assassin Charles J. Guiteau. It seems very likely that it was Field who offered the following suggestion to his former employer, the Times of Kansas City, for when it yet again, by Field's reckoning about the twelfth time, published likenesses of villain and victim. It should accompany those likenesses with a "map of Clay county, which is presumably the spot of Guiteau's origin, along with the James boys and other murderers."5 The problem with Missouri, the "robber State," Field concluded elsewhere, involved a misplaced agri­ cultural emphasis. According to its wayward son, it raised "too many

3 Denver Tribune, 9 August 1881. 4 Ibid., 11 August 1881. 5 Ibid., 17 August 1881. State Historicar l Society of Missouri W* fg

Sol Smith Russell, a Brunswick na­ tive, was a close friend of Eugene Field. 116 Missouri Historical Review hogs and not enough hemp."6 That latter product yielded rope, the best specific for Missouri's abiding ailment. Mock seriousness informed a stunning outburst of puckish editorial reflections as fines and incarceration seemed to threaten young Field and his superior in the summer and fall of 1881. There can be almost no doubt that it was Field describing himself as the "spirituelle little birdling" who might better have accepted his destiny and gone on to be "a train-robber in Missouri than come to Colorado to perish in a dungeon."7 He evaded that dungeon—the Colorado penitentiary—and in time went on to Chicago where, as noted, his views became more certainly identifiable. And those views may have become a bit more guarded. Perhaps he no longer found it expedient, for example, to depict an object of his disaffection as having received "enemata of greased lightning and concentrated gall," as he apparently described his Colorado nemesis when that man had a couple of bad innings.8 Still, in the very earliest days of his absence from his native state, his mis­ chievous depictions of her got registered, and for the next few years those depictions remained constant. In much of what follows, Field's fun at the expense of Missouri, however genuinely felt, will be considered under three heads, essentially emphases in Field's own interests. For purposes of analysis and depic­ tion, they can be identified as politics, culture (especially theater) and— it is that time of year—baseball. Politics comes foremost because, to a degree not always recognized, politics came foremost for Field. From the days in the 1870s when he covered legislative affairs in Jefferson City for St. Louis papers to the end of the 1880s, Field gave more attention to politics than to any other subject, attention, of course, of a certain kind. The informing basis of his political views came in what the world knew to be his handiwork, the Tribune Primer of Denver. There in those "Tales for the Informa­ tion of the Nursery Brigade," of all places, came the core of his political outlook.9 In one of the earliest of those columns, Field edified the "nursery brigade" as follows: "Here we have a Democrat. There is a Gun in his Pocket. If the Gun goes off it will Scare the Little children. No one But a Democrat would Scare the dear Little children."10 Three weeks later the "nursery brigade" was urged to "See the Wind Mill." There it stood, sad and forlorn on a barren plain, laboring to draw 6 Ibid., 10 September 1881. 7 Ibid., 23 September 1881. 8 Ibid., 25 August 1881. 9 Ibid., 17 October 1881. Subtitles for the "primer" varied. 10 Ibid., 10 October 1881. Missouri's "Monumental Ananias' 117

Denver Public Library Western Collection Eugene Field lived in this white frame house during his years in Denver. water from deep in the earth. That windmill had once been, instructor Field explained, a Democratic politician, but it had lost its job and was now reduced to a very dire fate: "Honest Labor is awful rough on a Democrat, but Having Anything to do with Water breaks him All Up."11 Intense Republican Field had the qualifications to spot failures of grace in a Democratic state such as that of his nativity. His people came from New England, and he spent his formative years there. His father, a prominent St. Louis lawyer, played an important role in Dred Scott's behalf. And a later age finds it easy to confuse a crucial aspect of the political confrontations of American history before the 1930s and the New Deal. The Democratic party of that earlier time insisted on limiting government. Its frequently used motto—the world is governed too much—left the impish Field a perfect opening for associating those previously mentioned anarchists and nihilists with Missouri Democrats. They shared the article of faith that the world is governed too much. "In the line of nice, quiet, cold-blood murders," the Denver Tribune remarked shortly after Field's arrival, "St. Louis has no peer."12 Five years and a week later, that sentiment assumed an ideological expression against the backdrop of the Haymarket riot in Chicago and related upheaval elsewhere. In his "Sharps and Flats" column Field opened as follows: "St. Louis lets her anarchists loose; Chicago hangs her anarch­ ists. Poor old St. Louis."13 Of course, circumstances did not usually

11 Ibid., 31 October 1881. 12 Ibid., 14 August 1881. 13 Chicago Daily News, 21 August 1886. 118 Missouri Historical Review have such grimness. Back in 1881, Field's Denver paper remarked that there were "hardly enough Democrats in Kansas to make prohibition a failure," as that Republican state, unburdened by concerns that the world was governed too much, tried that experiment.14 As the year drew to a close, the Tribune reported that a Kansas man had run afoul of the prohibition statute and had fled to Missouri, whose governor refused to cooperate in returning him to Kansas. Field likely contributed this editorial line: "When Missouri goes back on whiskey it will be time for Gabriel to execute his cornet fantasie."15 Here is a question Field put to the "nursery brigade": "If one gallon of coal oil will blow up a kitchen stove, how much Kansas City gin is required to make a man feel like a barn afire?"16 Sometimes the message was more philosophical and generous, as when the Kansas City Star reported two murders there in the past week, both "'caused by bad whiskey.'" Field's Tribune then moralized: "If there ever has been a more eloquent argument than this in favor of good whiskey, we have never been fortunate enough to meet with it."17 But philosophical fairness rarely informed the caustic one-liners that her prodigal son rained down on "poor old Mizzoorah" and on her political persuasions. Yes, Field left-handedly admitted, that persua­ sion's patron saint, Thomas Jefferson, deserved some sort of monument. Attention of some kind "ought to be paid to the man who introduced tomatoes into the republic."18 More directly, he expressed doubt in a brief item in "Sharps and Flats" about a candidate for state treasurer of Illinois. For one thing, that man was a Democrat; for another, he lived "too near the Missouri line."19 Missouri, he noted in 1884, professed great interest in bringing Frank James to justice, but, for his part, Field preferred seeing that notable personage fall into the "clutches of a republican commonwealth." Probably with Northfield in mind, he helpfully added that Minnesota showed eagerness to "establish business relations with Mr. James."20 Moving the focus around to woman suffrage, Field called attention in early 1886 to the opposition being expressed by Missouri Senator Francis Marion Cockrell. Here again the puckish poet offered assistance by providing the rationale for opposing woman suffrage, as offered by one of Cockrell's Democratic 14 Denver Tribune, 8 September 1881. 15 Ibid., 28 December 1881. 16 Ibid., 14 November 1881. 17 Ibid., 26 August 1881. 18 Chicago Daily News, 1 September 1883. 19 Ibid., 27 August 1886. 20 Ibid., 1 May 1884. Missouri's "Monumental Ananias' 119 constituents: " \ . . if the women git ter chasin' after polertics who in thunder is goin' to dig the pertatoes and husk the corn?'"21 Such witticisms, especially ones regarding Jesse James, figured as stock items in Field's arsenal of chiding or calumny. Perhaps his most concerted barrage came, however, in a quite different context, that being foreign affairs and diplomatic appointments as Grover Cleveland's election in 1884 returned Democrats to power. Field's doubts about Cleveland, or other unwavering Democrats, came nowhere equalling his disdain for Republicans who showed inadequate loyalty to the party of Lincoln and union. Whether "Bolters" in a Denver election in 1881, or "Mugwumps," "Half-breeds" or so-called "Liberal" Republicans at the national level, they came closest to exhausting Eugene Field's patience. For example, his signed contributions to a Denver Tribune series titled "Famous Journalists" included essays on Missouri figures Stilson Hutchins and Carl Schurz. Field deplored the politics of Hutchins, key man on the St. Louis Times for a few years before making the

21 Ibid., 4 February 1886.

Missourians Carl Schurz (left) and Stilson Hutchins (below) received less than charitable treatment by Field in his Denver Tribune series on famous journalists.

State Historical Society of Missouri 120 Missouri Historical Review

Washington Post a great newspaper.22 But the essay on intense Demo­ crat—almost Confederate Democrat—Hutchins came near to being an exercise in charity in comparison with his treatment of what he pre­ sented as that soulless renegade, so-called "Liberal" Republican Carl Schurz.23 As the Cleveland administration got under way, Field recalled that, when nominated, the new president had promised to act in the interests of the entire nation. It pleased the author of "Sharps and Flats" to conclude that that pledge had been kept—"by keeping Missourians out of office."24 A few days earlier, Field observed that a certain appoint­ ment had not gone to the Missourian who had had his eye on it the previous July "when he exploded 13,092,658 cubic feet of Missouri eloquence on the national democratic convention."25 The report that Germany's Bismarck had designs on acquiring Cuba got from Field the gleeful observation that new Secretary of State Thomas F. Bayard had an opportunity to secure "the eternal gratitude of this nation." He could do so, according to Field, by "inducing Mr. Bismarck" to take Missouri rather than Cuba.26 Simply, in the prankish poet's view, Cleveland and Bayard were acting in a "masterly manner" in keeping 200,000 Mis­ sourians out of diplomatic service.27 "Has anybody called during my absence, Mr. Lamont?" In that way Field began one of many fictive exchanges between the new president and his major domo, Daniel Lamont. "Yes, your excellency;" came Lamont's punch line, "three gentlemen and eight Missourians."28 A month and a half later Field concocted this dialogue, one that serves not only the unpalatable matter at hand but also shows Field's gravita­ tion into the language of ancient ways, a near obsession in years to come. Sir Daniel Lamont—Most puissant sir, there attends without that incomparable flower of chivalry and cream of knight errantry, the Chevalier de Bayard, sans peur et sans reproche, who has just returned from an incursion into Missouri, and would fain discourse with you on divers joyous matters. President Cleveland—From Missouri, forsooth? And hath the good knight sans peur et sans reproche laved his gentle body in the Turkish bath since his return?

22 Denver Tribune, 23 October 1881. 23 Ibid., 6 November 1881. 24 Chicago Daily News, 14 April 1885. 25 Ibid., 1 April 1885. 26 Ibid., 1 September 1885. 27 Ibid., 7 May 1885. 28 Ibid., 1 May 1885. Missouri's "Monumental Ananias " 121

Democratic Senator Francis Marion Cockrell occasionally served as a target for Field's sharp political views.

State Historical Society of Missouri

Sir Daniel Lamont—Marry, good sir. President Cleveland—And been disinfected. Sir Daniel Lamont—Ay, and disinfected eke. President Cleveland—Then bid him enter.. . ,29 A Field flight of fancy allows transition from politics to things purely theatrical. In Chicago in early 1884 he viewed Missouri from the perspective of dramatic criticism, a perspective he assumed often and sometimes seriously, but not here. Missouri Governor Thomas Critten­ den had recently met with eagerness the opportunity of kissing operatic singer Adelina Patti at a St. Louis presentation. That allowed Field to dilate as follows in "Sharps and Flats": "His osculatory exploits fill the emotional field." St. Louisans trying to beat Chicago out of the 1884 Democratic national convention had "no equals in comedy." He con­ cluded the tongue-in-cheek praise with an item regarding Senator Cockrell. His tipping over in his chair in the senate chamber took first place in the area of "grand spectacular dramas."30 Otherwise, however, this almost professional drama critic found some things amiss in Missouri's theatrical life. Early in his Denver stay, Field had the exhilaration of seeing and describing the building and opening of the opulent Tabor Opera House. That perhaps whetted his appetite for invidious comparison. Kansas City's "alleged new opera house," he noted disdainfully, enjoyed a

29 Ibid., 15 June 1885. 30 Ibid., 10 March 1884. 122 Missouri Historical Review prime location "opposite a livery stable and on the banks of a frog pond."31 (Four years later it pleased him to note that Jefferson City would soon have a theater above a livery stable, thus evidencing the fact that Missouri was coming to realize that "the drama is somewhat above the plane of plugs and mules.")32 That "alleged new opera house" in Kansas City, he drolly remarked in 1881, would open with a low comedy troupe.33 With Emma Abbott's famed opera entourage about to open at the Tabor in Denver, Field delighted to describe the benighted situation in Kansas City where women wear rain garb to the theater and men "sit in their shirt-sleeves and squirt tobacco juice all over the bass fiddle and clarionet players."34 When the American tragedian John McCullough died, friends sought to raise a monument, and some thought St. Louis a fitting place for it. According to Field, the claim should be seriously considered because that city was "the most notorious theatrical graveyard" in the country.35 In fact, a decidedly mordant element entered Field's remarks about Missouri theater, possibly because he had, in effect, failed in theater there himself. Hangings, though nowhere near as frequent as circumstances demanded, did provide some diversion in "poor old Mizzoorah." And they were understandable even when the performance left something to be desired. A bungled hanging in St. Louis troubled its native son: "Yet we are willing to admit that even death at the hands of an awkward sheriff is preferable to life in St. Louis."36 Late in 1884 Field happily reported the arrival in Chicago of his old friend J. West Goodwin of the euphoniously named Sedalia Bazoo. According to this account, Goodwin came on the errand of persuading a railroad to run a special train for a Missouri event, that being a hanging. Field told that Goodwin had arranged thirty such specials in his fourteen years in Sedalia, making far more money that way than at journalism. Should Missouri ill-advisedly end capital punishment, Field continued, an immediate migration to Texas would begin and Goodwin would be part of it.37 English tragedian and impresario Sir Henry Irving came to know Field well both in America and in England. One of his prized mementoes of his American travels, given him by Field, was a

31 Denver Tribune, 25 August 1881. 32 Chicago Daily News, 23 September 1885. 33 Denver Tribune, 25 August 1881. 34 Ibid., 26 August 1881. 35 Chicago Daily News, 6 January 1886. 36 Ibid., 16 January 1886. 37 Ibid., 15 December 1884. Missouri's "Monumental Ananias " 123 ticket for a special excursion train, one arranged by Goodwin of the Bazoo and bound for a hanging.38 Another form of entertainment was coming to the fore in Mis­ souri—baseball. That activity fascinated Field almost as much as hangings did, and he had the reputation of being the nation's foremost fan of the national pastime. The fact that his reputed birthplace is hardly more than a stone's throw from Busch Stadium has splendid aptness. Here again, however, Field had reservations about the game in its St. Louis form, that city being, as he put it in 1885, the "champion butter-finger metropolis."39 Such raillery came frequently from Field, and it reached an apogee and something of a downfall 105 years ago this fall when his beloved White Sox met the St. Louis Browns for the world's championship. A year before he had offered a "People's Ticket," headed by A. G. Spalding for mayor of the Windy City, with A. C. "Cap" Anson, Clarkson, McCormick and Burns and others slated for high offices.40 Pride goeth.

38 Joseph Hatton, Henry Irving's Impressions of America Narrated in a Series of Sketches, Chronicles, and Conversations (Boston: James R. Osgood and Company, 1884), 452-455. 39 Chicago Daily News, 5 June 1885. 40 Ibid., 2 October 1885. After a fine career as a player, Albert G. Spalding became, in the 1880s, a baseball manager, owner, promoter and general entrepreneur. Among his stellar performers of the Chicago years of the 1880s were Adrian Constantine "Cap" Anson, John Clarkson, Jim McCormick and Tommy Burns. State Historical Society of Missouri

New York native J. West Goodwin founded the Sedalia Bazoo in 1869 and promoted the building of the Tebo and Neosho Railroad through Sedalia. 124 Missouri Historical Review

In the fall of 1886 the White Sox won first as the series opened in Chicago, and Field trumpeted "Cap" Anson's assurance that they would continue to "incontinently drub" the "impertinent" visitors.41 Field neared virtuoso performance in his depiction of three St. Louisans, probably old friends whom he labelled the "tuneful tenor trio of the West End," who ventured to Chicago considering the Browns a "dead- sure thing" and betting accordingly. Field drew on his wide theatrical experience for something to equal the "emotional tableau" created by that threesome as it returned, afoot, from the ballpark wearing the "lugubrious aspect" of a man "who carries his money in some other fellow's trousers." His finest moment came in telling of one of those fellows pawning an "elegant Swiss" watch, the better to bet with. Then, in an inning-by-inning account, that watch, nicely illustrated in "Sharps and Flats," waxed and waned. In the early going it became smaller and smaller and began to "fade slowly out of sight." In the sixth inning it grew, and its one-time owner "could almost hear it tick again." Then diminution set in again, and that watch became hardly more than an "ignis fatuus" or "mirage" that "faded away into a mere atom upon the tempestuous ocean of utter hopelessness."42 Eugene had, as it were, a field day, but just less than a week later, the series having gone to St. Louis and to completion, that "monumental Ananias" offered the following: "Humiliating as the confession is, we are obliged to admit that the champion baseball players of the world reside in St. Louis."43 And that St. Louis publication which apparently had taken genuine umbrage at his jibes and which had given him the biblical monicker noted at the outset now had its post-series enjoyment. It mockingly told how Field's fulsome coverage had dwindled, then given way to a poem titled "November" which began: "The night is dark, and the night is cold. ..." Lines like that caused that St. Louis paper to rush to the surmise that Field had lost on the series, not only his watch, but his overcoat as well.44 Months later, that paper still fumed about 'Gene Field: "Ingrati­ tude, thou art harbored in Chicago!"45 But it was practical joking, not to mention biblical facility, that had come to abide in St. Louis's dire enemy. Back in Denver when the former governor of Colorado, John Evans—"Deacon John" to Field—turned on his assailants at the Tribune with three libel suits of $100,000 each, Field ironically and philo- 41 Ibid., 18 October 1886. 42 Ibid., 19 October 1886. 43 Ibid., 25 October 1886. 44 St. Louis Spectator, 23 October 1886. 45 Ibid., 23 April 1887. Missouri's "Monumental Ananias' 125

State Historical Society of Missouri Field At Work sophically observed, "Whom the Deacon loveth he chasteneth."46 Most of us would prefer that our friends and lovers not adopt that policy, leaving to God what He will do with us. That policy has, however, particular pertinence to Field. In the same period and in a very similar situation, another St. Louis publication expressed amazement that "anyone living could be so narrow, so lacking in ordinary good sense as to take the light, fanciful talk of the most genial and good tempered humorist in the country in umbrage." "Gentle 'Gene," that paper called him.47 But "gentle 'Gene's" practical jokes had special delight for him when directed at close friends. When C. C. Davis, once of the St. Charles Cosmos before moving to Colorado in the 1870s, met a charming young woman at Manitou Springs, it begot a well-known poem, the first stanza of which ends: Her face, like the lilies, is modest and fair, And her orbs with an ecstasy glow, And cute little bangs straggle out of her hair— She's a dashing young belle from St. Joe!48

46 Denver Tribune, 29 September 1881. 47 American Journalist (St. Louis) 1 (January 1884): 130. 48 Denver Tribune, 16 August 1881. 126 Missouri Historical Review

That poem appeared in the Denver Tribune, over the name C. C. Davis. It came, of course, from the pen of Eugene Field. A few days later the Tribune alluded to a reader who was demanding more of Davis's poetry.49 And not long thereafter, perhaps having learned that the poem "Cupid at Manitou" had failed to register as humor for C. C. Davis—or perhaps for Mrs. C. C. Davis—Field improvised further. That "Belle of St. Joe" had proved in fact to be, he solemnly revealed, a grass widow from Texas with a dower of eleven mangy steers and four tow-headed children. (Could an impish typesetter have knowingly rendered that "two-headed" children instead of tow-headed?)50 A few months later, Field returned to St. Joe—a place he helpfully located for Tribune readers as "opposite Wathena, Kansas"—to speak at a gathering of the Missouri Press Association.51 At the outset he allowed that, while away from his native state, he had "indulged the most affectionate thoughts" regarding it.52 Such bouquets tossed at his Missouri friends came, it seems to me, from the heart, as did such well- remembered poems as "Lover's Lane, St. Jo." Nearly all those news­ papermen must have seen that Field, a former officer in their organiza­ tion, mocked Missouri because he knew it so well and cared for it so much—Jesse James and other Democrats notwithstanding. His New England connections had importance, but Field was a Missourian. Mocking Missouri came near to mocking 'Gene Field, an activity for which he had great appetite and ability. In a letter to another close theater friend, Francis Wilson, he put self-derogation in classical setting, Diogenes, "he of the tub," telling Socrates what he had found in his vain quest for an honest man. His quest had failed, but he had encountered "a heap of — fools." Socrates wished to know their names, but Diogenes begged off that "tedious job." He obliged Socrates, however, by telling him that "the chiefest and veriest — fool of 'em all was a gangling, cadaverous, lantern-jawed, lop-eared, flat-footed Mis­ sourian named Field!" "By the dog, you speak truly!" cried Soc. "When it comes to the quintessence of damphoolery, Eugene does indeed take the cake!"53 He took the cake in more ways than one, and those journalists at St. Joe, and all other Missourians, must join in the wonderfully trite sentiment, "Come home, 'Gene, all is forgiven."

49 Ibid., 24 August 1881. 50 Ibid., 31 August 1881. 51 Ibid., 27 September 1881. 52 St. Joseph Daily Gazette, 11 May 1882, and Denver Tribune, 13 May 1882. 53 Eugene Field to Francis Wilson, n.d., in Francis Wilson, The Eugene Field I Knew (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1898), 73. State Historical Society of Missouri

The Significant Skirmish: The Battle of Boonville, June 17, 1861 BY PAUL RORVIG* Approximately seven miles east of Boonville, at the edge of a field in the Missouri River bottoms, stands a small, obscure historical marker. Dedicated in 1928 and now nearly overgrown by weeds, it commemorates one of the first land battles of the Civil War. In this vicinity on June 17, 1861, Federal troops, under Brigadier General Nathaniel Lyon's command, clashed with a smaller contingent of Missouri State Militia. In comparison to later Civil War battles, this engagement was but a skirmish and its significance probably minor. The apparent size of battles, however, frequently belies the magnitude of their consequences. At a time when Missouri's place in the Union remained an open question, the outcome of this skirmish had a crucial bearing on the course of this divided and important state. To comprehend Boonville's significance requires first an under­ standing of the forces and personalities present in Missouri on the eve of the Civil War. As in other border states, Missouri's passage through the 1850s, spearheaded by the spread of railroads and manufacturing,

•Paul Rorvig is a Ph.D. candidate in history at the University of Missouri- Columbia. He has a B.S. degree in education from Southwest Missouri State University, Springfield, and a M.A. degree in history from UMC.

127 128 Missouri Historical Review had produced profound social and economic changes. As a result, the state's traditional rural southern-slave past had come into conflict with an emerging urban northern market economy future.1 The inherent tension between these two opposing types of societies manifested itself in the debate over secession which arose in the state after the election of Abraham Lincoln. With seven slave states already out of the Union by the spring of 1861, which way would Missouri turn? As a slaveholding state with approximately 75 percent of its inhabitants of southern ancestry, much of Missouri's traditions and sympathies lay with the South.2 On the other hand, the slave population remained small (eleventh among slave states), and the percentage of southern-born had sharply declined since 1850.3 Despite these demo­ graphic facts, a pro-southern element, consisting of a small group of slaveholding planters and their merchant allies along the Missouri River in the center of the state, still controlled the governor's mansion and the legislature in 1861.4 They believed Missouri to be a southern state and expected her to join the Confederacy soon. Yet, a countervailing force to the slaveholding society existed in St. Louis. A product of the nation's growing manufacturing and market economy, a new financial and industrial elite had emerged to challenge the slaveholders' power.5 Committed to the North by ties of business and birth, these leaders sought to affirm Missouri's allegiance to the Union. Moreover, during the 1850s, an influx of northern-born Ameri­ cans and European immigrants, particularly Germans, had altered the demographic makeup of the state.6 Since many had settled in St. Louis,

1 Michael Fellman, Inside War: The Guerrilla Conflict in Missouri During the American Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 3; see also Walter Ryle, Missouri: Union or Secession (Nashville: George Peabody College for Teachers, 1931), 22-56. 2 Arthur R. Kirkpatrick, "Missouri on the Eve of the Civil War," Missouri Historical Review 55 (January 1961): 99; for the 75 percent figure, see Ryle, Missouri, 3. 3 Kirkpatrick, "Missouri on the Eve of the Civil War," 99; John McElroy, The Struggle for Missouri (Washington, D.C: The National Tribune Company, 1913), 9; Eugene M. Violette, A History of Missouri (Boston: D. C. Heath and Company, 1918), 287. Violette notes that the slave population of Missouri increased 33 percent (from 87,422 to 114,931) during the decade of 1850 to 1860. This growth, though, was offset by an 80 percent expansion of the white population (from 592,004 to 1,063,489). As a percentage of the total Missouri population, the slave community dropped 3 percent during the decade (from 12.8 percent to 9.8 percent). This represented the sharpest decline and the smallest percentage of any recorded decade. 4 Fellman, Inside War, 1. 5 Ibid., 10. 6 William E. Parrish, A History of Missouri, Volume III: 1860 to 1875 (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1973), 7. During the 1850s, the Missouri population of those of Northern birth increased 180 percent, while that of foreign-born jumped 110 percent. The census of 1860 revealed that for the first time Northern- and foreign-born residents outnumbered Southern-born within Missouri. The Significant Skirmish: The Battle of Boonville, June 17, 1861 129 this population, with its generally liberal sentiments, created a potential ally for the state's new elite. The majority of Missourians did not fall into either camp. Best described as "conditional Unionists," they supported the Union and sought to maintain it in the face of southern secession, but not at the cost of coercing the seceding states back into the Union. For these Missourians, compromise remained the only acceptable solution to the nation's sectional crisis. The strength of this desire can be seen in the 1860 presidential election results. Over 70 percent of Missouri's popular vote went to Stephen Douglas and John Bell—the two candidates who represented compromise unionist positions.7 Four months later, in March 1861, Missourians again revealed this spirit when unionist candidates for a state convention on secession outpolled secessionists by a three-to-one margin.8 Unfortunately, strong personalities in both elite camps and rapidly unfolding events would conspire to prevent a cautious middle course for the state. The months of April and May tested the convictions and loyalties of Missourians. Beginning with the South's attack on Fort Sumter on April 12, a series of dramatic events shifted the state from side to side. First came President Lincoln's call to the states for 75,000 troops, which Missouri Governor Claiborne Jackson vehemently condemned as "illegal, unconstitutional, . . . revolutionary, . . . inhuman, and dia­ bolical."9 Seizing the moment, the pro-southern Jackson quickly called the general assembly into special session for May 2, to consider legislation for the defense of the state, and then instructed the state militia to assemble for six days of military training beginning on May 3. The governor's actions made it clear that his Missouri would never comply with the president's request. Another Missourian—Congressman Frank P. Blair, Jr.,—felt just as strongly that his state should rally to Lincoln's call. A passionate unionist and Republican, Blair opposed secession at all costs and viewed Jackson's behavior with utmost suspicion. Fearing the governor intended to seize the federal arsenal in St. Louis with the small 7 Kirkpatrick, "Missouri on the Eve of the Civil War," 100. 8 The statewide convention met in March 1861 to discuss Missouri's relationship to the Union. Governor Claiborne Jackson hoped the forces of secession would dominate the proceedings. Instead, the majority appeared to be unionists of one shade or another. A cautious vote for neutrality resulted. The convention adjourned on March 22, intending to reconvene in December unless the seven-man standing committee (which Sterling Price chaired) decided to meet earlier. For a brief discussion of these events, see William Parrish, Turbulent Partnership: Missouri and the Union 1861-1865 (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1963), 1-14. 9 Thomas L. Snead, The Fight for Missouri: From the Election of Lincoln to the Death of Lyon (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1888), 150. 130 Missouri Historical Review

When Claiborne Fox Jackson became governor in 1861, he faced a populace already deeply divided about Missouri's place in the Union.

State Historical Society of Missouri contingent of militiamen who had assembled there for "training," Blair and the arsenal's commander, Nathaniel Lyon, planned the encamp­ ment's capture.10 The ensuing episode on May 10—the infamous Camp Jackson affair—left twenty-eight people dead, including many innocent civilians.11 News of the dreadful incident spread quickly. The conservative pro-Union editor of the Columbia Missouri Statesman, William Switz­ ler, remarked later that "nothing equal to it in the intensity of the popular delirium occurred during the war."12 Overnight, anti-Union sentiment flourished. Seized by anger, the general assembly required only fifteen minutes to pass a militia and spending bill which em­ powered the governor to put the state on a war footing.13 The Camp

10 Blair had arranged Lyon's transfer from Fort Riley, Kansas, so he could have a determined ally in his efforts to thwart Missouri secessionists. 11 For an examination of the Camp Jackson incident, see James W. Covington, "The Camp Jackson Affair: 1861," Missouri Historical Review 55 (April 1961): 197-212. 12 William F. Switzler, Switzler's Illustrated History of Missouri, From 1541 to 1877 (St. Louis: C. R. Barnes, 1879), 356. 13 Floyd Calvin Shoemaker, Missouri and Missourians: Land of Contrasts and People of Achievements, 5 vols. (Chicago: Lewis Publishing Company, 1943), 1: 837. The militia bill made all able-bodied men between the ages of eighteen and forty-five liable for service in the Missouri State Guard. To facilitate the assembling of this force, The Significant Skirmish: The Battle of Boonville, June 17, 1861 131

Jackson incident also pushed many conditional Union men into the ranks of the secessionists. Among the most prominent was Sterling Price, former governor and recent president of the state convention to consider Missouri's relationship to the Union. His appointment by Governor Jackson as major general of the Missouri State Guard provided southern supporters with a respected and capable leader. With Missouri headed toward open conflict, moderate forces re­ asserted themselves. General William Harney, the commander of the Army's Department of the West, hurriedly secured a meeting with Price for May 21. Anxious to avoid a clash of arms, the two men negotiated an agreement by which both federal and state authorities would main­ tain the peace within the state. Many greeted the arrangement with relief. Blair, on the other hand, regarded the Price-Harney agreement with disgust, viewing it as a sell-out of federal authority. Employing his political capital with the Lincoln administration, the congressman engineered Harney's removal on May 30 and the appointment of Lyon. In Lyon, Blair knew he had a man whose devotion to the Union equaled his own. Lyon's prominent role in the Camp Jackson affair had vividly revealed the new commander's courage and decisiveness.14 Both Jackson and Price realized that under Lyon's leadership the power of the national government would be upheld and extended throughout the state. Among southern sympathizers, the optimism of early May gave way to apprehension and caution. In this highly volatile atmosphere, moderate forces, hoping for a compromise solution which would secure Missouri's neutrality and peace within the state, arranged a dramatic face-to-face meeting in St. Louis for June 11. On the appointed day the two parties met at Governor Jackson's suite in the Planters' House. Lyon, Blair and Major Horace Conant (Blair's aide) represented the Federal side; Jackson, Price and Thomas Snead (the governor's personal secretary) attended for the state. For eight military districts were created with a brigadier general, appointed by the governor, in command of each. The act also empowered the governor to choose a major general as overall commander of the state militia. These provisions were coupled with appropria­ tions totaling nearly $2 million. 14 For an interesting and traditional analysis of Lyon as a man and his role in bringing war to Missouri, see William Parrish, "General Nathaniel Lyon: A Portrait," Missouri Historical Review 49 (October 1954): 1-18. In a recent biography of Nathaniel Lyon, Christopher Phillips presents a provocative and thoughtful psycho-historical explanation for Lyon's behavior. Instead of seeing the traditional qualities of courage and decisiveness in Lyon, Phillips believes a desire to inflict punishment upon those who opposed him and a martyr complex better explain the impetuous and aggressive general. Christopher Phillips, Damned Yankee: The Life of General Nathaniel Lyon (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1990). For a flavor of the Phillips thesis, see Christopher Phillips, "The Court Martial of Lieutenant Nathaniel Lyon," Missouri Historical Review 81 (April 1987): 296-308. 132 Missouri Historical Review nearly five hours they struggled to reach a settlement. Snead's recollec­ tions indicated that neither side appeared entirely sincere in its desire for an accord. Both would have welcomed an agreement on favorable terms, but neither trusted the other to fulfill its promises. Convinced of their irreconcilable positions, Lyon finally brought the meeting to a dramatic close. Rising from his seat, he declared that under no circum­ stances would he concede to state officials the right to dictate conditions to the national government. Rather, he would see "every man, woman, and child in the State dead and buried." With the pronouncement "this means war," Lyon brusquely dismissed his adversaries.15 The forces of compromise had lost; civil war had come to Missouri. Deciding not to wait for a promised escort, Jackson and his staff left St. Louis by train, headed for Jefferson City. Lyon's proven determination prompted both Jackson and Price to expect that this "New England Yankee" would move rapidly and aggressively to destroy any southern military support within Missouri. Stopping only long enough to cut telegraph lines and to burn railroad bridges over the Gasconade and Osage rivers, the governor's party reached the capital around 2:00 A.M. on June 12.16 Work immediately began to call for militia volunteers and to request military assistance from the Confederate government in Rich­ mond. Assigned the task of composing an appeal to the people of Missouri, Snead labored the remainder of the night. At dawn the governor issued the completed proclamation. In it Jackson explained the breakdown of the Planters' House conference and the federal intent to occupy the state. Urging Missourians to defend themselves, he called for 50,000 volunteers to repel the invaders. As expected, General Price assumed command of all troops in the field. To concentrate what volunteers did respond, the brigadier generals of the eight military districts were ordered to muster all militia at either Boonville or Lexington.17 Brigadier General John B. Clark, commander of a military district north of the Missouri River, proceeded to Boonville to organize arriving volunteers. Preparations commenced to evacuate Jefferson City, for Jackson planned to move the government the next day (Thursday, June 13).18 General Price concurred because he believed that the capital city could

15 Snead, Fight for Missouri, 199-200. 16 Ibid., 200. 17 Violette, A History of Missouri, 356. 18 Shoemaker, Missouri and Missourians, 1: 841; Hans Christian Adamson, Re­ bellion in Missouri 1861: Nathaniel Lyon and His Army of the West (Philadelphia: Chilton Company, 1961), 117. The Significant Skirmish: The Battle of Boonville, June 17, 1861 133

Despite the hopes of moderates, the June 11, 1861 meeting at the Planters* House failed to effect a compromise between federal and state forces.

State Historical Society of Missouri not be easily defended. The community's large German population— unionist in spirit and hostile to the southern cause—menaced any effort to do so.19 Instead, Price advised that a stand be made farther up the river at Boonville. Here an effective defensive position could be estab­ lished. The population of Cooper County, where Boonville served as the county seat, consisted largely of people descendant from the southern states. Proslavery and state sovereignty sentiments flourished in the area.20 In 1856 the citizens of Cooper County sent both money and men to Kansas to aid the proslavery forces there.21 More recently, in the 1860 election, Lincoln had received so few votes (20 out of over 2,200 cast) that the "names of those who had voted for him were published as 19 Snead, Fight for Missouri, 206-207; Robert Shalhope, Sterling Price: Portrait of a Southerner (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1971), 166. 20 W. F. Johnson, History of Cooper County Missouri, 2 vols. (1919; reprint, Fort Worth: VKM Publishing Company, 1978), 1: 183; E. J. Melton, History of Cooper County Missouri (Columbia, Mo.: E. W. Stephens Publishing Company, 1937), 76. 21 Johnson, Cooper County, 1: 183. 134 Missouri Historical Review a matter of curiosity."22 After Fort Sumter, a large assembly had gathered enthusiastically at the courthouse on April 20 to cheer pro- southern speeches and to pass anticoercion and secession resolutions.23 To the west lay counties even more militant in their southern sympa­ thies.24 Such a region promised much for the forces of secession. By holding the line at Boonville, Price hoped to gain the week or two necessary to concentrate an army near Lexington—thereby securing in western Missouri an open channel of communication between the northern and southern halves of the state. To lose this access would mean the loss of northern Missouri and its untold number of volunteers.

22 Melton, Cooper County, 73; Robert Duffner, "Slavery in Missouri River Counties 1820-1865" (Ph.D. diss., University of Missouri-Columbia, 1974), 175. Duffner's study examined slavery in the six river counties of Boone, Chariton, Cooper, Howard, Lafayette and Saline. In the 1860 presidential election, Lincoln captured only 58 votes in these counties, out of 13,565 cast. 23 David Polly, "The Struggle For Boonville: The Civil War in Cooper County" (unpublished term paper, Boonville High School, 1984), 1. Polly's source is a letter to the editor of the Daily Missouri State Journal. This same information can be found in a special edition of the Boonville Weekly Observer published by the Friends of Historic Boonville as part of the 125th anniversary celebration of the battle of Boonville (held October 1986). A friend and social studies teacher in the Boonville school system, Gary Sharp, provided the author with a copy of this paper. 24 McElroy, Struggle for Missouri, 9; Duffner, "Slavery in Missouri," 13; Ryle, Missouri, 26-28. A major reason for southern sentiment was the presence of slaves. Two-thirds of all slaves in Missouri lived within twenty miles of the Missouri River. Of the top twelve slaveholding counties in the state, eleven lay along the river. Of these eleven, eight were located between Boonville and Kansas City. Duffner's use of the 1860 census confirmed this observation: Cooper County ranked eighth (3,800), Saline County fourth (4,876), Howard County second (5,886) and Lafayette County, with Lexington as the county seat, ranked first (6,374). State Historical Society of Missouri

Former governor Sterling Price was named head of the Missouri State Guard following the Camp Jackson incident. The Significant Skirmish: The Battle of Boonville, June 17, 1861 135

Control of at least a portion of the Missouri River above Boonville would prevent this setback. Boonville, then, became a vital part of the Price strategy. Governor Jackson also had realized the town's impor­ tance weeks earlier when he directed the state's quartermaster general to remove the armory and workshop from Jefferson City to the more friendly Boonville.25 These considerations, coupled with a growing fear that Lyon would rapidly advance up the Missouri River, made the decision to flee the capital a wise one. Like his adversaries, Lyon also realized the strategic importance of Boonville. He knew that if state forces controlled the bluffs around the town, they would be in a superb position to harass and possibly prevent Union movement on the Missouri River. As long as any portion of the river remained in state hands, volunteers from the rich and populous counties of central and western Missouri would be encouraged to join Price's army. Separating Price from this fertile recruiting ground and securing the Missouri River as a Union waterway necessitated striking quickly, before the State Guard had time to organize, equip and train.26 Price, though, represented only one threat. In northwestern Arkansas, Confederate troops were being mustered under the command of Briga­ dier General Ben McCulloch. The intent of this growing force, estimated by Lyon at approximately 5,000 strong, appeared uncertain.27 Rumor indicated a possible move north into Missouri. These two dangers convinced Lyon to act without delay.28 He planned a two-prong operation radiating from St. Louis. While troops under his command advanced up the Missouri River in pursuit of Jackson and Price, a sizable force (three regiments) under the leadership of Brigadier General Thomas W. Sweeney would journey to the south­ west via the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad to Rolla. This latter force, composed largely of Germans under the direction of Colonel Franz Sigel, would seek to intercept any retreat from the north and prevent any aid or an invasion from McCulloch's troops in Arkansas. Back in Jefferson City, Price issued several orders prior to de- 25 Snead, Fight for Missouri, 206-207; Walter Williams and Floyd Calvin Shoe­ maker, Missouri: Mother of the West, 5 vols. (Chicago: The American Historical Society, Inc., 1930), 2: 68. 26 Williams and Shoemaker, Missouri, 2: 68; Walter B. Stevens, Missouri: The Center State 1821-1915, 4 vols. (Chicago: S. J. Clark Publishing Company, 1915), 1: 280. 27 U.S. War Department, The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, 4 ser. 128 vols. (Washington, D.C: Government Printing Office, 1880-1902), ser. 1, vol. 3: 12. Hereafter cited as O. R., with all references to series 1 unless otherwise noted. 28 Wiley Britton, The Civil War on the Border 1861-62 (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1890), 32-33. 136 Missouri Historical Review parture on June 13. He instructed Brigadier General Monroe Parsons to move his artillery force to Tipton, a small town located twenty miles south of Boonville, and there to await further instructions. Price also ordered all railroad rolling stock transferred to Sedalia and the bridges destroyed. That afternoon, Price, the governor and his staff, state officials and Captain John B. Kelly's company boarded the White Cloud and steamed fifty miles upriver to Boonville, reaching their destination that night.29 Brigadier General Clark and numerous militia­ men greeted them upon their arrival. Price, however, had become ill upon leaving Jefferson City and decided to return to his home in Chariton County. In Price's absence Governor Jackson assumed com­ mand of the state troops. During the next two days, the ranks of the State Guard swelled as volunteers poured into Boonville. Many belonged to Colonel John S. Marmaduke's Saline County regiment, which had organized in early May in response to the governor's call but disbanded before sufficient military drilling had occurred.30 Despite this limitation, these green troops appeared better prepared than the vast majority of recruits. Most were poorly armed, carrying only their rifles, shotguns and knives from home; some arrived without any weapons at all. Many possessed absolutely no military training. Yet, by Saturday the 15th, 1,500 men had arrived and were encamped at Camp Bacon four miles east of Boonville. Prior to the state government's evacuation of the capital, four steamboats (latan, J. C. Swon, McDowell and City of Louisiana) had departed St. Louis, bound for Jefferson City. The steamers transported Lyon and 2,000 soldiers—Captain James Totten's light artillery battery, two companies of regular army recruits, Colonel Blair's First Missouri Regiment, nine companies of Colonel Henry Boernstein's Second Mis­ souri Regiment and Lyon's own Company B, Second Infantry.31 The boats spent the night of June 13 a few miles west of St. Charles. From this point, Lyon anticipated trouble. The farther the convoy advanced up the Missouri River, the greater the danger since the surrounding countryside became more pro-southern. Expecting Jackson to place sharpshooters and artillery strategically along the river, Lyon prepared by stationing marksmen on all the boats. Much to his relief, nothing occurred. 29 Snead, Fight for Missouri, 208; Adamson, Rebellion in Missouri, 117. 30 Snead, Fight for Missouri, 208; Shoemaker, Missouri and Missourians, 1: 842; Ashbel Woodward, Life of General Nathaniel Lyon (Hartford, Conn.: Case, Lockwood and Company, 1862), 279. 31 O. R., 3: 13; McElroy, Struggle for Missouri, 123; Jay Monaghan, Civil War on the Western Border 1854-1865 (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1955), 139. The Significant Skirmish: The Battle of Boonville, June 17,1861 137

State Historical Society of Missouri Lyon and his troops arrived in Jefferson City on June 15.

At 2:00 P.M. on June 15, the Union force reached Jefferson City safely, and Lyon quietly occupied the hastily deserted city. Within twenty-four hours, Lyon departed for Boonville, with 1,700 troops aboard three steamboats. Colonel Boernstein, with three companies of his regiment, remained behind to guard the capital. Lyon expected to confront a rebel force between three and four thousand strong. How well equipped and prepared these state troops were, he could only speculate. Reports indicated strong defensive positions and artillery dominating the bluffs above the river.32 In Boonville, news of Lyon's appearance in Jefferson City and his hasty departure upriver brought excitement and controversy. Should battle be given here or elsewhere? With no substantial artillery at Boonville, state forces could never stop Lyon's troops nor successfully obstruct river traffic.33 An effective delaying action seemed the best tactic. Working on this assumption, Price, before departing for his home on June 13, urged holding Boonville as long as possible and then effecting a junction with Parsons's force at Tipton. As a tactic of survival, Price seemed already to have concluded that Lyon's rapid advance would necessitate a withdrawal to the southwest. A few days

32 O. R., 3: 11; Snead, Fight for Missouri, 212; Adamson, Rebellion in Missouri, 125. 33 The amount of state artillery at Boonville varies depending upon the source consulted. Thomas Snead reported none (Snead, Fight for Missouri, 209). William Switzler stated the militia had a six-pounder (Switzler, Switzler's Illustrated History, 363). Brigadier General Nathaniel Lyon recorded the capture of two six-pounders during the battle (0. R., 3: 13). Whatever the figure, it was not as large as Lyon had feared. 138 Missouri Historical Review later, still weak from his illness, he left his Chariton County home and proceeded to Lexington to organize the volunteers assembling there.34 Upon his arrival he received more disturbing news. Reports indicated possible Federal troops approaching from Kansas. The vulnerability of the state's position became more evident. Despite these developments, the decision to give battle at Boonville stood. The determination was not without its critics. Colonel John Marmaduke, who was related to Governor Jackson by marriage, vehe­ mently opposed fighting at Boonville. He protested that the state troops appeared unprepared to do battle against soldiers superior in training, discipline and equipment.35 The West Point graduate urged a with­ drawal to the Osage River near Warsaw, a position he maintained formed a better defensive line. This action would gain valuable time— time in which raw recruits could receive much needed drilling and time in which to attract possible reinforcements from Arkansas. Governor Jackson, however, would not listen to such advice. He could not abandon this populous and strongly pro-southern region of Missouri without a fight.36 At Boonville uncertainty among the volunteers dissipated as the weekend progressed. On Sunday, June 16, secessionist sentiments seethed in the community. At the local Presbyterian Church, Reverend Henry M. Painter rebuked several young men for failing to be at Camp Bacon. Throughout the day firebrand speakers stirred the fighting spirit of the troops. Colonel C. J. Walden of Howard County recounted a speech by Captain William Brown of Saline County, who told the men that he would fight "if he had but a handful to face the Federals." On Sunday evening Reverend Frank Mitchell appealed passionately to the Missourians to do their duty since their cause was just.37 By nightfall

34 Snead, Fight for Missouri, 209, 212; Albert Castel, General Sterling Price and the Civil War in the West (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1968), 25-26; Shalhope, Sterling Price, 167. 35 In 1885, while writing his book on the Civil War in Missouri, Thomas Snead wrote John Marmaduke, then governor of Missouri, requesting information on the battle of Boonville. Marmaduke replied that he had "opposed giving battle there and stated that it was bound to result in disaster owing to the disparity in my force." He noted that Governor Jackson agreed with him but soon thereafter ordered him to give battle. Marmaduke claimed to have tendered his resignation at that point because he "would not be responsible for the disaster and bloodshed which would certainly follow." Then, according to Marmaduke, the governor insisted on Marmaduke taking command, with the understanding that Jackson would be fully responsible for the ensuing battle. John Marmaduke to Thomas Snead, 29 September 1885, Cooper County Papers, folder 25, Western Historical Manuscript Collection, University of Missouri, Columbia. 36 Snead, Fight for Missouri, 213; Melton, Cooper County, 77; Stevens, Missouri, Center State, 1: 281. 37 Melton, Cooper County, 77; Kansas City Star, 21 June 1929; "A Soldier's Account of the Battle of Boonville," Missouri Historical Review 19 (July 1925): 725. This is a reprint from the Keytesville Chariton Courier, 8 August 1924. The Significant Skirmish: The Battle of Boonville, June 17, 1861 139 the prevailing mood appeared clear—the men had come to fight, and that they intended to do. In the meantime the Union force had continued upriver, stopping Sunday night about fifteen miles below Boonville near Providence, a small shipping point in Boone County. Thomas Knox, the New York Herald's correspondent, reported that glorious expectations of battle filled the evening air. Most of the young officers, he later wrote, were "full of enthusiasm and eagerly anticipating" the coming encounter. General Lyon, though, remained in his cabin, "quiet, reserved, and thoughtful." His sober mood reflected a deeper understanding and appreciation of the true nature of warfare—approaching battle may seem glorious, but death ultimately marks all battlefields. Knox ex­ perienced this harrowing reality that night when army surgeons as­ sembled the tools of their profession in preparation for the next day. A coldness crept over him which succeeding battles would never quite duplicate.38 Monday morning broke early for Lyon's troops. Rising before the sun, the Union force steamed upriver, docking near Rocheport shortly before 6:00 A.M. Lyon learned from the surly residents that a large enemy force supposedly awaited his arrival only a few miles ahead. Fearing the possibility of enemy artillery on the bluffs above the river, Lyon proceeded to a point eight miles below Boonville. Concealed from

38 Thomas W. Knox, Camp-Fire and Cotton Field: Southern Adventure in Time of War (Philadelphia: Jones Brothers and Company, 1865), 42, 46. State Historical Society of Missouri

West Point-trained Nathaniel Lyon understood the strategic importance of Boonville's lo­ cation on the Missouri River. 140 Missouri Historical Review view by the southern tip of a large channel island, he disembarked nearly all his troops on the south shore at approximately 7:00 A.M. Here the bottom lands, bordered on the north by the Missouri River and on the south by steep bluffs, stretched for a mile and a half in width. Before marching west, Lyon left Captain Henry Richardson's company (First Missouri Volunteers) and an artillery party with an eight-inch howitzer guarding the boats. He further instructed part of this force to proceed upriver to within howitzer range of the rebel camp, believed to be located a few miles upstream.39 Deploying two companies of Major Peter Osterhaus's Second Missouri Volunteers forward as skirmishers, Lyon's column set out along the river road. By this time, Governor Jackson, who commanded in Price's absence, had learned the Union troops had landed and were marching through the river bottoms. He instructed Marmaduke, his field com­ mander, to advance eastward from Camp Bacon to engage Lyon. Jackson hoped the state troops would impede the Federal advance long enough for General Parsons, whom Jackson had recently ordered to Boonville, to arrive from Tipton with his much-needed artillery. Against his better judgement, Marmaduke obeyed. He fully expected a Union victory. The raw state volunteers, however, were less pessimistic. Full of fight, nothing less than a little brush would satisfy them. With a mixture of false confidence and suppressed doubts, between four

39 New York Daily Tribune, 24 June 1861; O. R., 3: 13.

State Historical Society of Missouri

Colonel John S. Marmaduke commanded the state troops sent east along the Rocheport road to meet Lyon. The Significant Skirmish: The Battle of Boonville, June 17, 1861 141 hundred and five hundred state troops left camp to assume defensive positions somewhere east of Boonville. Missing from this procession was the only properly drilled and organized outfit. Jackson had decided to withhold Captain Kelly's company from battle.40 While the Missouri State Guard settled into its positions, Lyon's column marched cautiously along the river road, locally known as the Rocheport road. As the road stretched westward, the river bottom narrowed, drawing the river and the bluffs closer together. Where the two almost met, the road began a gentle, winding ascent from the flat bottom lands into the hilly, wooded bluffs. Suddenly, two miles from the disembarkation point, several shots rang out. Union scouts had encountered Marmaduke's pickets. After brisk firing the state soldiers withdrew. Lyon immediately deployed his men in greater strength on both sides of the road. Continuing uphill for another mile, Lyon's troops discovered the enemy posted in full force along a swell of ground three hundred yards from their front.41 Quickly, the Federal troops formed a battle line: On the right of the river road Lieutenant Colonel Friedrich Schaeffer's infantry, on the left General Lyon's company and part of Colonel Blair's regiment, and to the rear Captain Totten's battery. Marmaduke had selected his defensive positions well.42 He had stationed the main body of his force along a lane which ran north toward the river and intersected the Rocheport road at right angles. Directly in front of the lane, on the northeast corner of the junction of the lane and the river road, stood the residence of William M. Adams. This brick structure attracted several crack Missouri sharpshooters. Behind the house and extending south across the road, state troops protected themselves behind fences and outbuildings and in a thicket of woods. North and back of the Adams house, the militia was posted in a wheat field. From this vantage point the rebels not only intercepted any advance along the river road, but could subject it to enfilading fire from both sides.43 At approximately 8:00 A.M., Missouri's first military encounter of the Civil War commenced. Captain Totten's battery opened the engage­ ment by shelling the state ranks; on both flanks the Union infantry 40 Snead, Fight for Missouri, 212; Columbia Missouri Statesman, 21 June 1861. 41 Monaghan, Civil War on the Western Border, 140-141; New York Daily Tribune, 24 June 1861; Adamson, Rebellion in Missouri, 126. 42 The author compiled the description of the state's defensive positions from material contained in several sources: O. R., 3: 13; "A Soldier's Account," 725; Kansas City Star, 21 June 1929; and New York Daily Tribune, 24 June 1861. A picture of the Adams dwelling, circa 1936, appears in Melton, Cooper County, 127. 43 Adamson, Rebellion in Missouri, 126. 142 Missouri Historical Review began a steady advance which brought them to high and open ground. For a period, the untested Missouri militia held its positions and replied. Heavy volleys from both sides filled the air with whining "balls flying thick and fast." Soon, though, Union discipline and accuracy took charge. Totten's artillery found the range and zeroed in on the grove of trees and the Adams house. Well-directed fire sent two cannon balls smashing through the east wall of the brick structure, forcing its inhabitants to scatter for cover.44 More shots rained down on the wheat field. The rebels' resolve began to weaken. On a distant hill Governor Jackson observed the developing battle. Finally realizing the futility of the situation, he sent a message instruct­ ing Marmaduke to withdraw the state troops from the field of battle and to effect a junction with General Parsons's approaching force. Marmaduke, who had expected this scenario, rode back and forth along the Missouri line ordering a retreat. Some heard the order; others pulled back on their own. As one participant remarked: "We fired a second volley, when someone yelled retreat. I don't know whether it was the captain, but we retreated."45 Those who did maintain some degree of discipline retreated over a fence, through a wheat field and formed a new line on the brow of a hill. They then advanced about twenty steps and commenced firing. At this point "the skirmish assumed the magnitude of a battle." Ultimately, the precision and steadiness of the Union advance shattered the fighting will of the Missouri State Guard. Militiamen broke rank and ran. Above the roar of battle Marmaduke yelled at a group of cowering troops: "If the Yankees catch you in here, they'll kill half of you. Orders are to retreat, and everyman take care of himself." What had started as a semi-disciplined withdrawal had degenerated into a disorderly rout or, as one contemporary described it, "a helter skelter, pell mell sort of affair."46 In only twenty minutes, Lyon had driven the rebels from the battlefield. The dispersed state troops fled west, seeking escape and safety. Some headed for Camp Bacon only a mile away; others continued on into town; many chose to cross the Missouri River into Howard County; others hid out in the countryside. None of these places offered much security because close behind came the Union troops, following up their battlefield success. State militiamen who did reach the camp were quickly put to flight, before most could collect their possessions. 44 New York Daily Tribune, 24 June 1861. 45 Snead, Fight for Missouri, 213; Kansas City Star, 21 June 1929. 46 New York Daily Tribune, 24 June 1861; "A Soldier's Account," 725; Columbia Missouri Statesman, 21 June 1861. The Significant Skirmish: The Battle of Boonville, June 17, 1861 143

As previously ordered by Lyon, Captain Richardson's party had steamed upriver aboard the McDowell. From its position on the river, Captain John Voerster's howitzer opened a barrage on a state battery located in the bluffs about a mile below the camp. Stunned by the sound of battle behind them, the state volunteers again bolted.47 Amid the panic and confusion, Captain Nelson Cole's company, advancing on the Union's extreme right flank, captured Camp Bacon with little opposition. With a veteran reporter's eye for detail, Thomas Knox's description of overcooked food, overturned chairs and abandoned blankets, tents, and saddles indicated a hasty retreat. State militiaman George Vest, a Boonville lawyer and, later, U.S. senator, confirmed this observation in a humorous recollection. He recounted that when he realized the battle was lost, he scooped up some potatoes being baked at Camp Bacon, put them in his saddlebags and headed south to Springfield. When he arrived, they were still warm. Such a hasty retreat led contemporaries to refer later to the battle as the "Boonville Races." Quite expectedly, the victorious forces seized considerable booty, including 1,200 pairs of shoes, 20 to 30 tents, 50 guns, ammunition, blankets, coats and carpet sacks.48 Leaving Captain Cole in command of the camp, Lyon continued westward in pursuit of an enemy becoming more difficult to locate. About a mile east of Boonville, near the fairgrounds where the state had established its armory, a contingent of state militia assembled to 47 New York Daily Tribune, 24 June 1861. 48 Knox, Camp-Fire and Cotton Field, 48-49; Melton, Cooper County, 79-80; Adamson, Rebellion in Missouri, 127; New York Daily Tribune, 24 June 1861.

This map traces the route of Lyon's advance on Boonville on June 17, 1861. State Historical Society of Missouri

Surrender of Town 11:00 a on.

c*jo Battle Sites

• Points of Interest 144 Missouri Historical Review make a stand. As before, the artillery fire of Captain Voerster's river- based howitzer and the rapid advance of the Union infantry scattered the Missourians. The capture of the armory yielded old rusty guns and cartridges. Most of the military equipment stored there either had been carted away or destroyed by order of Governor Jackson. This was not the case, however, with the state's only artillery pieces, two six-pound cannons.49 Before either could fire a shot, Union soldiers captured them. With Camp Bacon and the fairgrounds overrun, General Lyon's force proceeded toward town. On the east side of Boonville, a group of prominent citizens, headed by District Judge G. W. Miller and acting Mayor James H. O'Bryan, approached the Union column under a flag of truce.50 The local delegation wished to surrender the town peacefully, asking only that Lyon keep his troops from plundering the community. General Lyon promised to do so, on the condition that his force meet no resistance. The parties agreed, and the victorious Federal soldiers, accompanied by the mayor and city council, entered and occupied Boonville unmolested. At approximately the same time that Lyon arrived in Boonville from the east, about 11:00 A.M., Governor Jackson left town, bound ultimately for the southwest corner of the state. Remnants of the Missouri State Guard accompanied him. Beaten and shaken in their first test, they fled the vicinity in a disorderly manner, hoping to make contact with General Parsons. Parsons had arrived from Tipton too late to aid the battle. On a hill south of town, he learned of Marma­ duke's defeat and wisely withdrew his troops to the southwest.51 Eventu­ ally, Jackson and Parsons joined forces in the Syracuse-Florence area. Together, they retreated, avoiding a Union detachment dispatched by Lyon to capture the governor, and continued to Warsaw, then into southwest Missouri. Meanwhile, in Lexington, General Price faced a similar situation. Arriving in the strongly pro-southern community on Tuesday, June 18, Price found several thousand volunteers—most unarmed—assembled under the command of Brigadier Generals James S. Rains and William Y. Slack. He soon received news of Lyon's victory and learned that Union troops were approaching from both Kansas and Iowa. Realizing

49 New York Daily Tribune, 24 June 1861; Snead, Fight for Missouri, 212; O. R., 3: 13. 50 A historical marker on the grounds of the correctional facility at Boonville records the spot. The Kansas City Times, 28 June 1958, details how this site was chosen for a special marker. 51 Johnson, Cooper County, 1: 189. The Significant Skirmish: The Battle of Boonville, June 17, 1861 145

State Historical Society of Missouri The Boonville Business District, circa 1860 his vulnerability, Price chose to abandon northern Missouri. He ordered Rains to lead the Lexington force south to Lamar, while he, his staff and a small military escort rode quickly ahead to seek help from Confederate General Ben McCulloch in northern Arkansas.52 The Missouri government and its state militia were clearly on the run. The day after the battle, June 18, Lyon issued a reassuring procla­ mation to the people of Missouri, promising no Union interference in the business, rights and property of law-abiding citizens and amnesty to those who had taken up arms against the federal government.53 Since his forces had won, Lyon could be magnanimous. Did the victory mean anything? Did this skirmish in the Missouri hills have any significance? Judged by the casualty figures (State troops: three killed, five to nine wounded; Union troops: five killed, seven wounded), it would be difficult to present a convincing argument.54 Battles, though, are not necessarily important because of the number of troops engaged or the

52 Snead, Fight for Missouri, 216. 53 Shoemaker, Missouri and Missourians, 1: 843. 54 Casualty figures are difficult to ascertain. The casualty figures given here are a composite of O. R., 3: 14; Snead, Fight for Missouri, 214; and Columbia Missouri Statesman, 21 June 1861. 146 Missouri Historical Review

duration of combat. No matter how small or brief an encounter, it can produce consequences out of proportion to these two criteria. At Boonville, such was the case.55 General Lyon's rapid advance up the Missouri River to Boonville forced Governor Jackson to choose between withdrawal or battle. His decision to fight resulted in several immediate and significant conse­ quences. First, the raw, ill-trained Missouri State Guard lost its initial engagement with Union troops. They were driven from the field of battle in disarray and forced to flee to the safety of southwest Missouri. This reversal dampened the prestige of Jackson's cause and the morale of the state militia. Furthermore, the loss reduced the fervor many Missourians had for the South and checked, at least temporarily, the willingness to enlist in Price's army. The Missouri Statesman blamed the defeat on the foolishness and inadequacy of Jackson's military leadership. In an article published soon after the battle, the newspaper questioned why the governor had not led the troops into combat personally, instead of watching from the safety of a hill, and why he had not used Captain Kelly's company, which he knew to be the only truly competent outfit. Other Missouri papers expressed similarly critical views of Jackson's actions.56 The Union victory at Boonville also revealed the weakness of Price's position at Lexington. With Jackson's troops driven south, Price could not hold Lexington. Forced to withdraw, he forfeited the fertile recruiting grounds of northern Missouri, especially those counties along the Missouri River between Boonville and Lexington which represented the heart of slaveholding Missouri. Price's maneuver effectively divided the state and separated his army from an area essential to the success of the Confederacy in Missouri. The frequent Confederate forays into this part of the state throughout the remainder of the war evidence the importance the region held to southern strategy. As a consequence of the victory and Price's retreat, the Missouri River became a secure Union waterway, invaluable for transportation and communication. By carefully patrolling the river, Federal forces could effectively shut down

55 Several authors contend that Boonville was a significant battle despite its size. Among them are Snead, Fight for Missouri, 214-215; Bruce Catton, The Coming Fury (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday and Company, Inc., 1961), 387; John Barnes, "Boonville: The First Land Battle of the Civil War," Infantry Journal 35 (December 1929): 601-607; and Adamson, Rebellion in Missouri, 127-131. 56 Violette, A History of Missouri, 357; Columbia Missouri Statesman, 21 June 1861; St. Louis Tri-Weekly Republican, 14 June 1861. See Steven Rowan, Germans for a Free Missouri: Translations from the St. Louis Radical Press (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1983), 205-263, for a sample of how the St. Louis radical press viewed Jackson's policies and the Union in May and June 1861. The Significant Skirmish: The Battle of Boonville, June 17, 1861 147 southern recruitment north of the river, as well as link the western and eastern parts of the state under Union control. Finally, the success at Boonville provided a much-needed psycho­ logical boost to northern morale. Coming after the loss of Fort Sumter, Lyon's victory was heralded throughout the Union as evidence of decisive and assertive federal action.57 Following the battle, Frank Blair left Missouri to assume his congressional seat in Washington, D.C. Traveling through Illinois, Indiana and Ohio, he received tumultuous receptions at every stop. These greetings showed a people grateful for good news.58 Examined in this context, the results of the battle of Boonville had a great deal of immediate significance. In achieving this victory, the Union drove Missouri secessionists into retreat, secured a vital waterway and, in the process, raised northern spirits. Yet, the battle's conse­ quences went beyond the immediate. Not merely an isolated event, the engagement emerged as the battle which had a decided bearing on the fate of Missouri during this national ordeal. On the eve of the Civil War, many considered Missouri a "question­ able" state. Which direction would it turn? Would it choose, out of proslavery convictions and southern sympathies, to align with the Confederacy? Would it choose, out of an ardent desire for preservation of the Union, to side with the North? Or, would it choose, out of strong feelings for peace and compromise, a middle course as a neutral border state? The choice was not easy. Active and divergent forces representing the old slaveholding society and the new financial-industrial elite wanted the issue decided quickly—sooner and more forcibly than most Mis­ sourians desired or anticipated. Due largely to the aggressive and militant actions of Congressman Frank Blair and Brigadier General Nathaniel Lyon, an early and significant test of the opposing forces' wills and strength occurred in June 1861 near Boonville. By winning the first encounter, the Union gained an advantage

57 McElroy, Struggle for Missouri, 107. The battle received national coverage, although the results tended to be exaggerated. The St. Louis Christian Advocate (20 June 1861) and the Baltimore Sun (19 June 1861) both reported over three hundred Missouri State Guard killed, while the Richmond Whig (24 June 1861) countered with two hundred Federal troops killed and over seven hundred prisoners taken—including Lyon. Perhaps the battle's greatest significance was as a "propaganda source," rather than as a military victory. Newspapers such as Leslie's Illustrated embellished their accounts, while a Currier and Ives lithographed caricature (entitled The Battle of Booneville, or the Great Missouri "Lyon " Hunt) portrayed the bravery of Lyon and the cowardice of Jackson and Price. See Clifton C. Edom, Missouri Sketch Book: A Collection of Words and Pictures of the Civil War (Columbia, Mo.: Lucas Brothers Publishers, 1963), 32-33. 58 Barnes, "Boonville," 606. 148 Missouri Historical Review

Congressman Frank Blair, a strong unionist, commanded the First Missouri Regiment.

State Historical Society of Missouri which Missouri secessionists could never overcome. Despite later Con­ federate successes at Wilson's Creek (August 10, 1861) and Lexington (September 18-20, 1861), the state forces did not have the necessary manpower and materials to seriously challenge federal superiority and to recapture and hold the territory forfeited after Boonville. The battle at Pea Ridge, Arkansas (March 6-8, 1862), when a smaller Union force defeated a Confederate army of over 25,000 troops, irretrievably shattered any lingering hope. Soon after the Boonville battle, Abiel Leonard, a prominent judge in Fayette, wrote his son, Reeves, assessing the engagement's impact. He remarked that "this I think is the end of secession in Missouri - and of bloodshed too I hope."59 Unfortunately, Leonard was only partially correct. The fate of the "questionable" state had been decided that June summer day near Boonville; Missouri had been saved for the Union and would not secede. Yet, ironically, Union salvation brought Mis­ sourians not peace and security but bitter guerrilla warfare. Inside Missouri's borders, a cruel civil war within the Civil War raged for the remainder of the conflict.60 This tragedy can be partly understood by examining a brief, yet significant, skirmish that took place in the hills east of Boonville.

59 Abiel Leonard to Reeves Leonard, 1861, Abiel Leonard Collection, folder 416, WHMC, Columbia. 60 For a study of how guerrilla warfare affected the lives of Missourians and the repercussions such warfare had upon Missouri society both during and immediately after the Civil War, see Fellman, Inside War. Norbury L. Wayman, A Pictorial History of St. Louis German immigrant Emil Kuhn traveled 105 miles west on the Pacific Railroad, from St. Louis to St. Aubert on the Missouri River, enroute to Fulton.

A German Immigrant in Postbellum Fulton BY LINDA SCHELBITZKI PICKLE* In the archives of the "Bochumer Auswanderer-Briefsammlung" (Bochum Emigrant Letter Collection) at the Ruhr University in Ger­ many lie seven letters which Emil Kuhn wrote to his widowed mother, Luise Henriette Ritzel Kuhn, between February 15, 1867, and March 9, 1870. Approximately twenty-eight years old when he left Nassau in Hessia, little is known about Kuhn's life before immigration, except that he apparently left his homeland under a cloud. He may have gotten into political trouble after the Prussian annexation of Nassau in 1866.1 His first letter, written in port before departure, contains allusions to his having become "another person" after his former "blindness" and his resolving to live a good and Christian life in the future. This may indicate difficulties of a more general nature as well. Later letters, especially the four from Missouri which are translated here, offer

•Linda Schelbitzki Pickle is professor of German at Westminster College, Fulton, Missouri. She has a B.A. degree from the University of Nebraska and the M.A. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Colorado. 1 His great-nephew, Karl Jakob Wagner, of Giessen-Gustavsburg, Germany, sug­ gests this may have been the case. Mr. Wagner granted permission to the author to translate portions of his great-uncle's letters. 149 150 Missouri Historical Review insights into the attitudes, experiences and adaptation patterns of single, middle-class immigrant men during this era. They also contain information about small-town Missouri life in Fulton, post-Civil War attitudes toward blacks and the social and economic dynamics of immigrant life. No trace has been found of Emil Kuhn after he wrote the last extant letter to his mother.2 The second son of a moderately well-off merchant family, Kuhn's passage to America was paid by a friend or relative of the family. He had received some university-level education but seems not to have finished a course of study or held a steady job in his homeland. Kuhn arrived in New York, March 8, 1867, virtually penniless, and experi­ enced difficulty finding employment. His third letter from New York, written May 5, 1867, details his vain attempts to find a suitable "business position" either on his own or with the help of a remote acquaintance of his mother. After seeking employment of all kinds and completely running out of money, Kuhn finally found work as a waiter in an American boarding house. The pay proved minimal ($8 per month plus room and board), but Kuhn put a good face on it. He reported he could get by if he were careful with his money and that the job gave him the opportunity to learn English, essential to finding decent employment. He apparently made almost no personal contacts while in New York. His dire financial circumstances probably inhibited his social life and interaction with German immigrants already estab­ lished in the city. He visited acquaintances but had few meaningful interchanges with them before leaving the East Coast for Missouri in the fall of 1867, about six months after his arrival in the United States. In St. Louis he attended his first German concert since leaving home, and this in spite of the lively German immigrant social scene in New York. Kuhn wrote five letters to his mother (including one in the summer of 1869 which did not arrive in Germany) during his two and one-half years in Fulton. As his mother's health deteriorated, he also once or

2 Kuhn's descendants in Germany assert that the family lost track of him after his mother's death. The author's efforts to trace him in Missouri have failed. Emil Kuhn appears neither in the 1870 census for Callaway County nor in subsequent census lists for Missouri. Soundex entries for 1900 list two Emil Kuhns living in Missouri, either of whom might be a son born to Kuhn if he married after his last letter from Fulton. The first Emil Kuhn, living with an American-born wife and two young children in Kansas City, was born December 1872 to German immigrant parents (US. Census, 12th Report, 1900, "Jackson County, Missouri," enum. dist. 93, sheet 11, line 21). The second Emil Kuhn, living with a German-born wife and two small children in St. Louis, also was born in December 1872 (ibid., "St. Louis, Missouri," enum. dist. 127, sheet 16, line 91). The 1910 census lists the same families, with no additional information that might help identify them as Emil Kuhn's descendants. A German Immigrant in Postbellum Fulton 151

twice wrote his married sister, Amalie (Malchen) Wagner, in Ems, but those letters are not extant. The translations in this article exclude portions of the letters from Fulton dealing with family or personal matters; omissions are indicated by ellipses. Quite lengthy, Kuhn's first letter to his mother from Fulton, dated November 27, 1867, describes how Kuhn got to St. Louis by working for several months during the summer for a Hessian immigrant who owned an inn and liquor store outside New York City. Having saved enough money for train fare, he set out for St. Louis, where he contacted his mother's cousin, Charles Cajacob, owner of a metal goods store. Here the immigrant network began to work for Kuhn. Through a chance meeting and his cousin's recommendation, a representative of a state institution in Fulton hired him.3 After recounting the trip from New York to St. Louis via Chicago, Kuhn described his work duties and the small-town society in which he found himself. After I spent the fourth night sleeping on the train, we finally had the Mississippi, the 'Father of Rivers," before us. Its muddy mile-wide waters roll majestically, hemmed in by high, steep banks and ringed by dark deep forests. The steamboats that travel on it resemble floating many-storied buildings and are extremely comfortable and elegant. But the trips on this river are always undertaken with constant danger, since it carries colossal tree trunks with it, which either float under the surface or are stuck in the mud and are invisible because of the muddy water. Cases in which steamboats sink because of a collision with such tree trunks are unfortunately frequent.—Toward noon we finally

3 Kuhn did not name the state institution in which he worked. Because the 1860s' records of the two state institutions in Fulton, the Missouri Institution for the Deaf and Dumb and the Missouri State Lunatic Asylum, are not extant, it remains uncertain where Kuhn worked or in what capacity. Some of the details he mentions—the daily walks with his "pupils," the division of the building into wings, the presence of a physician and a library—applied to both institutions, according to the Seventh Biennial Report of the Commissioners and Superintendent of the Missouri Institute for the Deaf and Dumb to the 25 th General Assembly for the Years 1867-68 (Jefferson City: Elwood Kirby, Public Printer, 1869) and the Eighth Biennial Report of the Board of Managers, Including the Reports of the Superintendent and Treasurer of the Missouri State Lunatic Asylum for the Years 1867 and 1868 (Jefferson City: Elwood Kirby, Public Printer, 1869). The size of the institution, which employed, according to Kuhn, nine "controllers" or "administrators" like himself, appears to have been closer to that of the State Hospital, which had 356 patients listed in the 1870 census (U.S. Census, 9th Report, 1870, "Callaway County, Fulton Township, Missouri"). The same census lists 116 pupils in the School for the Deaf. The Seventh Biennial Report, Missouri Institute for the Deaf and Dumb indicates 99 pupils enrolled on December 31, 1868. Kuhn's references to the institution and his use of the German words "Anstalt" and "Zdgling" to refer to his place of employment and the residents in his charge are equivocal. From the evidence and Kuhn's apparent reluctance to specify his place of employment, the author concludes that he worked at the State Mental Hospital. 152 Missouri Historical Review reached St. Louis. This city is the largest in the American West and contains more than 200,000 inhabitants and lies on the Mississippi not far from the place where the Missouri flows into the latter. St. Louis is quite a pretty city and especially the new parts of the city are elegant and remind one of New York. The majority of the inhabitants are Germans and therefore these set the tone. Here one feels again almost as if one were in a city in Germany and although the main language naturally is English, nevertheless German ways and customs are at home here. . . . Cajacob, Fritz and Philip Henkler, who are also in St. Louis and well established, gave me little hope for a good position anytime soon since there are presently bad times in the business sphere, also in St. Louis as in all cities of North America. They, too, advised me to do some other kind of work. In the meantime we set about looking for something. — In the evening when Cousin Cajacob went with me to my lodgings, it turned out that something turned up for me that we found suitable. A gentleman from Fulton was also staying at that place. He was commissioned to engage and return with a well-recommended, reliable young man as a controller or supervisor for a state institution there. Since this gentleman was a good friend of the landlord, and the latter a good friend of Cajacob's, I was suggested at once for the job and accepted it without hesitating long. We were to depart Tuesday morning. —

Kuhn described St. Louis, on the Mississippi River, as a "pretty city*' with a majority of German inhabitants. He also mentioned the steam­ boats which resembled floating multistoried buildings. State Historical Society of Missouri A German Immigrant in Postbellum Fulton 153

I spent the next two days (Sunday and Monday) for the most part at Cajacobs* and Henklers\ Fritz Henkler is engaged and at that time was to be married eight days later; they were sorry that I had to leave so quickly, but were also glad that I had been so lucky and found a job right away. Sunday evening we were at a German concert, the first that I attended since leaving Germany. . . . After I had taken my departure from our friendly relatives Monday evening, with the promise to exchange letters often (which has already happened), I traveled on westward at 7 o'clock Tuesday morning on the Pacific Railway. You probably know that this colossal railway goes through the great prairies, forests, and Indian territories and is to connect the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific in a direct line; but the project is not yet quite complete, primarily this year little could be done because of the Indian unrest; yet one hopes to finish it in a few years if the Indians remain peaceful. I only had to travel 105 miles of the finished stretch and at 3:00 in the afternoon got out in St. Aubert on the Missouri.4 Here we crossed the river, traveled about another fifteen miles inland by wagon, and arrived in Fulton at night. This little city has about 3000 inhabitants, mostly Americans. Because of its healthy and charming location, it was decided to build a large state training institution. That is where I was to find my job. The following morning I went with Mr. Sator, which is the name of the man who hired me, to the institution to be introduced to the superintendent.5 — I must tell you that the institution is an exclusively American one, therefore naturally no German is spoken, from which you can deduce that I have ac­ quainted myself rather thoroughly with English. — / was quickly introduced to my duties, but I found my work to be somewhat different from my original impressions. Besides keeping records and having charge of the clothing and linens of 25 of the pupils, I also have to accompany them twice daily on their group walks. I also have to

4 Logan's Railway Business Directory from St. Louis to Galveston . . . via the Missouri Pacific Railroad. . . (St. Louis: A. L. Logan & Co., 1873), 10, 172. St. Aubert also is a southern township in Callaway County. 5 The Seventh Biennial Report, Missouri Institute for the Deaf and Dumb does not list a Mr. Sator among its employees, who included—besides the superintendent—a vice superintendent, four teachers, a matron and a physician. The Eighth Biennial Report, Missouri State Lunatic Asylum contains no list of employees. The 1870 census for Callaway County lists only one Sator family, living on a farm in Bourbon Township and all born in Prussia: Louis (62), Mary (60), William (34), Henry (25), Matilda (22) and Alvina (19). This appears to be the family in question; in a portion of a letter not translated here, Kuhn mentions two Misses Sator. The most likely person for Kuhn's supervisor is William, listed in the census as a clergyman. For tracing Emil Kuhn, it remains unfortunate that Sator, if still working in 1870 at the institution that employed Kuhn, was not listed among those residing at either the School for the Deaf or the State Hospital. 154 Missouri Historical Review

inspect the rooms of these 25, as well as the dining room, classroom, common room, and gym rooms three times a day, to see that they are properly cleaned and in good order, and after each of these rounds I am to report to the superintendent. In addition, I have to make sure that each meal is good and that there is sufficient food. I am also responsible for keeping track of all furnishings in one of the wings of the building, and in general to manage that wing. Besides me there are eight other such employees, each of whom has another department. — Now that I am in the routine, I find the work actually quite easy and pleasant. Of course one can still keep busy from morning until evening. — My position is a respected one and the administrators and teachers (we also have a doctor here) treat me in a pleasant and polite way. We often have balls, dramas, and other amusements in the large hall of the institution, which are attended each time by a large number of ladies from Fulton and the surroundings. I can go out when I want and miss nothing. The large library offers me plenty of reading material and I associate with the families of my peers and superiors at work. It is very gratifying that I have become rather well known on the piano. The cultivated American loves and appreciates piano playing. On the whole, I feel quite comfortable in my present position and also do not think that I will change it soon. My wages are paid by the state and at the present are set at $600.00 per year, from which I must pay, or actually have deducted from my pay, $25.00 per month for room and board, both of which are excellent. (A raise in pay is possible.) . . . The letter concludes with news about mutual acquaintances and family and holiday greetings. Kuhn's second letter, May 5, 1868, reflects his growing awareness of the American society around him, as well as his deeper involvement in Fulton society. He associated primarily with American "white collar" workers, as well as with German families of the area. In the 1860s, however, Germans in Fulton were not particularly numerous; they could not support a German-language church until 1890.6 Also, Fulton German-speakers did not live in a close-knit community, but remained scattered throughout the town.7 Kuhn's comments include observations about blacks in the area which reveal both the typical German immi-

6 The "Deutsche Evangelische Kirche" (German Evangelical Church, now the United Church of Christ) was founded in 1890, and the use of German in all church activities persisted until World War I. A History of Callaway County Missouri (Fulton, Mo.: Kingdom of Callaway Historical Society, 1984), 123. 7 Personal conversation, 27 December 1989, with Phyllis Strawn Knerr, author of "King's Row" Revisited: One Hundred Years of Fulton Architecture (Jefferson City: Missouri Heritage Trust, 1980), based on the architectural survey she and others conducted in the late 1970s. A German Immigrant in Postbellum Fulton 155

State Historical Society of Missouri

In 1851 the Missouri legislature passed an act establishing the Missouri School for the Deaf at Fulton. Two years later, the legislature authorized funds for construction of permanent buildings (above) on the present site of the school. The institution had an enrollment of 99 pupils on December 31, 1868. After an 1847 bill established Missouri's first eleemosynary institution, Callaway County bid $11,500 and 500 acres of land to have State Hospital No. 1 built at Fulton. Because of construction delays, patients were not generally admitted until De­ cember 1851. Originally known as State Lunatic Asylum No. 1, the buildings (below) housed 356 patients when the 1870 census was taken. Both institutions had closed for a time during the Civil War. The buildings had been used as barracks for soldiers and to house disloyal prisoners.

State Historical Society of Missouri 156 Missouri Historical Review grant's sympathy with the freed slaves and the white Missourians' disdain for them. Although Kuhn did not feel completely at home in America, he tried to understand and see the positive side of life in this society. The letter begins with expressions of sorrow over the death of his younger sister Lina, who had died just before Christmas. It con­ tinues: Since my first letter from Fulton nothing has changed much. Life is quiet and uneventful. I have had to buy a great many clothing items in the meantime. My underwear especially suffered as it is washed too roughly. In this part of the world, one wears only cotton or wool shirts and also undershirts the whole year through, which I also no longer go without. This is the best protection against the various fevers. — You ask in your letter if I have traveled often to our relatives in St. Louis. O no! For St. Louis is about 45-50 journey hours away by German reckoning, and merely the travel costs there and back amount to about $18 to $20. In the six months that I have been here, I haven't left this little town, by the way do not desire to do so, since it is easy to save money here, but even easier to spend it. In respect to my salary, I have already improved myself notably and now earn $700. — Yet clothes cost me quite a bit. I have become quite friendly with several German families in Fulton, which is all the more pleasant as otherwise I live among and associate with Yankees only. A great many negroes live in this area. (Missouri was formerly a slave state.) On Sundays, the white lady is embarrassed to go for a walk because black ladies are accustomed to promenade on all the streets and to show off their colorful adornments and cheap finery. Many negroes are also employed as day laborers in our institution. Recently of an evening, as I watched their wild leaps and dances from the window, two of them came up to me after a while and asked me very earnestly to teach them the alphabet and their numbers; they were anxious to be able to read, write, and figure. I felt sorry for the old fellows and since that time I often gave them instruction in my free hours. But now all of a sudden a whole half dozen came and also wanted to learn. I had to turn them down for the time being. A few Sundays ago I was also for the first time witness to a negro baptism. In spite of the serious nature of the event, the whole thing was really enough to make you sick laughing. As several hundred blacks sang and prayed, the twelve or fourteen converts were led to a nearby pond, there led into water up over their hips by an equally black assistant minister, and completely submerged. At the moment of the submersion, a great stillness reigned while the preacher called upon the A German Immigrant in Postbellum Fulton 157

State Historical Society of Missouri Solomon Jenkins designed this temple-type courthouse, built in 1856, for Callaway County in Fulton, the county seat since 1825.

Holy Trinity, then when the black nap-head reappeared, general jubila­ tion and singing broke out again and the new Christian was greeted on the bank by the white minister and welcomed as a brother or sister. Then the black relatives thronged around the baptized individuals and jumped about with them on the grass as if mad. . . . You ask in your dear letter how I am spending the Christmas holidays. So I have to tell you that here among Americans there is no such thing as holidays, at the most historical holidays, and yet the American is on the average a good churchgoer. He has memorial days such as Christ's birth, death, resurrection, and ascension into heaven, and these are noted properly on the respective Sundays (yet one knows nothing of two, much less three, holidays). As for the rest, people hold fast to God's command: thou shah work six days, and rest on the seventh. And so, true to this command, one works his six days out of the week, but then rests on Sunday, which is kept very strictly. In cities which are more heavily populated by Germans, of course, German customs rule, and there people celebrate not only two but even three or four holidays, to the disadvantage of their own purses and to the advantage of the innkeepers. On Christmas Eve a large Christmas tree was decorated and hung with presents of all sorts from top to bottom. . . . The custom of decorating a Christmas tree is still rather new among Americans and is one of the rare traditions which they have adopted from the Ger­ mans. . . . 158 Missouri Historical Review

You mention in your letter your red wine. If only I had a few bottles of it here! How good that would taste to me at times! But one gets along without that which one cannot have, and even if there is wine around here, it is too poor and too expensive to tempt me. I haven't had a drop for the last three-quarters of a year. Water, tea, and milk and once in a while a glass of beer, that also tastes quite good when one is used to it; or rather when one is used to doing without stronger beverages. . . . Now I really do not know what else to write about. About politics,—they don't interest you and I pay little or no attention to them. About news in general—you will find them in the newspapers that I send from time to time, and about life here, etc.—you have enough books over there which will tell you more than I; and so I will close. . . . A year and a half residency in the United States and the experience of a presidential campaign appear evident in the optimistic, booster tone of Kuhn's November 20, 1868 letter. He seems to have been infected by the rhetoric of the society around him. His comments about suffrage for blacks reveal again his ambivalent attitudes toward this people. Criticism of the subservient behavior of some of his fellow German immigrants parallels praise of the egalitarianism of American society. Such comments, along with those on the opportunities for German immigrants and the potential richness of his new homeland, show that he feels more integrated into the culture around him. Even his views on Missouri wine have changed during the six months since he last wrote. The letter opens with general greetings, then continues: Here in my immediate surroundings little of significance to me or you has happened since my last letter. Everything is going its usual course of continuing growth and recovery from the wounds which the land and the state of Missouri suffered in the terrible civil war. Peace and quiet and in their wake prosperity are gradually returning and now after the election and after peace-loving Grant has been elected presi­ dent, we may certainly count on orderly and happy circumstances in a short time. By then the Indians will probably also be tamed. The Pacific Railway, this colossal undertaking which directly connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific, cutting through thousands of miles of the deepest wilderness, is quickly nearing completion. Trade and commerce will bloom again, the distrust which previously reigned in all minds, to the disadvantage of all classes, will retreat before the general trust and then there will be no happier and more blessed land than the great Union. — Then one can also again with a good conscience advise those anxious to emigrate (but only those who are friends of hard work) to A German Immigrant in Postbellum Fulton 159 come and establish themselves here, also in our blessed Missouri. The richest, most fruitful soil, friendly helpfulness and what is most pleasant: everywhere German countrymen and German customs, will make the separation from the old fatherland less painful. After all, most of the large cities of Missouri are largely German, and where the American element predominates, the earlier stupid prejudice and hate of a few uneducated Americans toward the Germans have given way or are in the process of giving way to a better view and opinion. They no longer regard the Dutchman as a despicable creature who stands far beneath them, but are glad to consider him an equal member of the citizenry of this great nation. To be sure, many a German bears the guilt for this out-of-date prejudice! Despised is and remains now also and will always be so: the fawning, spittlelicking, creeping toady. Every free, self- respecting man despises such fellows, no matter of what nationality. Unfortunately, Germany still sends over a goodly number of dandified, obsequious simpletons; yet for the most part, these too learn with time to behave in a more dignified and manly fashion. It is work which here places all individuals on an even level. The one-armed cripple, who can only earn a little and therefore is not capable of acquiring as fine a suit as the son of the rich banker, does not therefore have one iota fewer rights in human society. By the way, the millionaire does not demand more rights for himself than the lowliest day laborer. To be sure, behavior and the manner in which one presents oneself as a gentleman also determine the type of reception one receives. You probably learned from the newspapers that recently a new president, General Grant, was elected. At the same time it was voted on whether the negroes, who have been free since the end of the war, should also have the right to be citizens of the United States, that is, to State Historical Society of Missouri 160 Missouri Historical Review be allowed to vote. In our state, Missouri, the vote was overwhelmingly against this, whereas other northern states voted to give negroes this right. Missouri belongs to the former slave states and here it will probably take a good long time for blacks to be granted the same rights as the whites. — / would not be writing my true opinion if I were to say that I were not quite in agreement with that, in spite of the liberal views that I hold. The negro is now free, may he then use time and opportunity to educate himself and his children. Then, when he once understands what suffrage is, when he is self-aware and entirely free of the filth in which slavery kept him imprisoned, then may he be given full rights of citizenship. But we are not that far yet and even if there are a few among the blacks who are not entirely uneducated, these are merely "white ravens. "8 Here in this area the land is quite well-settled, and yet there still is room for many thousands. On my short excursions in the vicinity, when I sometimes see large areas of fruitful soil, such as you hardly know in your gardens, lying unused and uncultivated, and next to it the beautiful forests rich in magnificent types of wood, which have hardly any value here, then I sometimes feel sorry for the poor country people from home, who year in and year out have to work the few miserable clods of earth that they call their own in order to barely earn their sour bread and at the end of one year have as their reward for so much sweat nothing but new drudgery for the next. How richly would their work here be rewarded, on a soil that is so fertile that it requires no manure and at the same time is so cheap that one can almost regard it as a gift. — Also for viniculture there are marvelous regions in Missouri, mainly in the river areas, and in general the growing of wine is increasing. Hermann, a German city on the Missouri river, has already won a name for itself in all North America because of the good wine it produces. The residents of Boonville (also mostly Germans) are indus­ trious vintners. . . . The letter concludes with family and personal matters. Between November 20, 1868, and March 9, 1870, the date of the next extant letter, Kuhn left his position at the state institution to go into business with an American partner. Unfortunately, a lengthy letter he sent his mother in the summer of 1869, which might have clarified his motivation for doing so, was lost in transit. The tone of the March 9 letter appears less optimistic than that of the previous—perhaps due to

8 The expression "weisse Raben" in German refers to a proverbial saying, indicating that something is as rare as a white nr alKin^ ro^« A German Immigrant in Postbellum Fulton 161

State Historical Society of Missouri Michael Poeschel established Stone Hill Winery and began producing wine in Hermann in 1847. By 1900 Hermann exported more wine than any other city in the United States.

the financial difficulties Kuhn describes. These may have caused him to leave Fulton before the census taken after June 1, 1870. The letter begins with general greetings and expressions of affection for the family he has not seen in three and one-half years. / was in St. Louis a few times and also lived there for a time (in part to find out a variety of things, in part to look around for opportunities), after I decided to begin my own business. You must not imagine anything too grand with this business, by the way; it is still quite small and, as all beginnings are difficult, I and my partner have had some tough and bitter nuts to crack. My business partner, an American, is a sober, honest, and indus- 162 Missouri Historical Review

trious man, who knows his business.9 He is an artist and paints and engraves all sorts of gold-plating. We mainly take on the finer pieces of work in the decoration of new buildings and renovations, as well as producing our own type of glass-pictures, etc. (our own patent). We also do the gold and silver inscriptions for all sorts of objects. Whereas my associate is responsible more for the technical part of the business, that is, the contractual acceptance and production of the work, I conduct the business part and, as far as my time and talents allow, also help sometimes with the execution of the work. The first year of the firm "Kuhn and Craigo" was not very successful, since we suffered various unexpected and unavoidable losses and, like all young be­ ginners, had to struggle with great difficulties. Yet I hope the best of the future. In order to become better known, my partner and I often have to take trips, which causes us rather large expenditures. Our workers also take a good part of our income. Last summer we had three helpers for a while, to whom we paid altogether $72.00 regularly every week. . . . Here in America's West fresh, brisk life reigns. Immigration is increasing and the growth of the cities and towns, the appearance of new settlements and villages in the wilderness, increase furiously. New railway lines are arising with unexpected speed in all directions. Along with this, the sad consequences of the unfortunate Civil War are disappearing more and more, and public safety, discipline, and morality are increasing to a gratifying degree. Soon we will also see the gold and silver standards reintroduced. With the coming together of all these advantages and the best prospects for the future, one can advise those anxious to emigrate (skilled workers, farmers and vintners) with a good conscience to come here. Yet the West and the South should be their destinations, since the prospects for pay for their work are here much more promising than in the East and the North. As you probably have seen in newspapers, the Germans are growing more and more in the estimation of Americans. Even if this is no more than the German deserves, it is still a good sign of increasing education among the lower class of Americans, where the old prejudice is or was inherited and deeply seated. . . .

9 Kuhn's partner, John Craigo, was the son of Simeon Craigo. He continued his father's home decorating business after serving in the Union army. During the war, the senior Craigo had been shot "in cold blood" in Callaway County as a Union sympathizer. History of Callaway County, Missouri (St. Louis: National Historical Co., 1884), 635- 636. Enclosed in Kuhn's last letter was a receipt from his business, listing it as "Kuhn & Craigo: House, Sign and Ornamental Painters and Paper Hangers." Kuhn probably got to know Craigo through the latter's wife, the former Anna Drebs of St. Louis, a daughter of German immigrants. The Craigos and their one-year-old son are listed in the 1870 census of the city of Fulton (U.S. Census, 9th Report, 1870, "Callaway County, Missouri," page 361, lines 30-32). According to the 1884 History of Callaway County, John Craigo remained in business for himself in Fulton. A German Immigrant in Postbellum Fulton 163

The holidays (Christmas and New Year's) I spent pleasantly if quietly in a small circle. In general, it is not the custom here in America to celebrate the so-called German holidays in a grand manner. The American only acknowledges Sunday and celebrates the other holy days in a more inner than outward fashion. Yet time may bring about the legal designation of the celebration of such holy days as Christmas, Easter, Pentecost, which is not yet the case. . . . I am, although now more than 31 years old, still single, since I live by the proverb: "First a good cage, then a good bird." Kuhn's mother died a few months after he sent this letter, and no further word from him has survived. The letter contains a reference to inheritance concerns upon his brother's taking full charge of the family business; perhaps problems in this regard moved him to break off contact with his siblings. The very general, almost impersonal, tone of many comments in his last letter testify to a growing gap between him and his family. What could he write to those who lived so far away and who he was unlikely to see again? His financial and career difficulties and his increasing integration into American society also probably played a role in his family's loss of contact with Emil Kuhn. Young, single immigrants like him, with relatively weak ties to family back home, proved likely to vanish into American society.

Kuhn attended a German concert while in St. Louis. This illustration depicts a performance by a German singing society. State Historical Society of Missouri State Historical Society of Missouri

Dr. Arthur Nelson for Governor: The 1924 Campaign BY WILLIAM B. CLAYCOMB* Dr. John Sappington of Arrow Rock, Saline County, the promoter of quinine in the treatment of malaria in frontier Missouri, was the patriarch of a family that exercised political influence in the state for three generations. Three of his daughters married Governor Claiborne Fox Jackson, and one daughter married Governor Meredith Miles Marmaduke. His grandson, Confederate Major General John Sapping­ ton Marmaduke, son of M. M. Marmaduke, became governor of Missouri in the 1880s.1 Less well known is the Sappington-Marmaduke dynasty's last effort to gain the Missouri governor's chair in 1924, when Sappington's great-great-grandson, Arthur W. Nelson of Cooper County, ran unsuccessfully as the Democratic candidate for governor. In addition to his distinguished maternal political heritage, Nelson had

•William B. Claycomb is a resident of Sedalia. He holds a B.S. degree in public administration from the University of Missouri-Columbia. 1 In addition, Sappington's brother-in-law, John Breathitt, brother of his wife, served as governor of Kentucky in the 1830s.

164 Dr. Arthur Nelson for Governor: The 1924 Campaign 165 close ties to Missouri politics through his father's family. His aunt, Margaret Nelson, married Lon V. Stephens, governor of Missouri from 1897 to 1901. Arthur Wesley Nelson, the son of Arthur W. and Lolla Marma­ duke Nelson, was born January 21, 1878, in Cooper County. His father died the following year, at age twenty-six. His mother, the daughter of Confederate Colonel Vincent Marmaduke and the granddaughter of M. M. Marmaduke, subsequently married Robert W. Cary of Kansas City. Reared in Kansas City, Nelson also lived with his bachelor great-uncle, John S. Marmaduke, in the Governor's Mansion when his mother served as the official hostess. Nelson's grandfather, James M. Nelson, was a wealthy banker and landowner who lived in Boonville. His four children included Nelson's father and Mrs. Stephens; Louis C, a St. Louis financier; and Nadine, who married Charles E. Leonard, owner of famous Ravenswood Farm in Cooper County.2 Arthur Nelson attended Wentworth Military Academy in Lexing­ ton, Missouri, and the University of the South, Sewanee, Tennessee. He was graduated from the latter in 1900 with a degree in medicine and pharmacy and went to New York City to do postgraduate work. After the death of his Grandfather Nelson on August 15, 1902, Arthur returned to Cooper County to take possession of his share of his grandfather's estate. His inheritance included a 2,372-acre farm in south central Cooper County known as Eastwood, which lay about five miles south of Ravenswood Farm.3 Although he always used the title, Dr. Nelson never practiced medicine. He engaged in banking and managed his farm, specializing in the breeding of Shorthorn cattle. In 1903, at age twenty-five, Nelson became president of the nearby Bank of Bunceton, reportedly the youngest bank president in Missouri at the time. On March 25, 1903, he married Rilye S. Stephens (1884- 1957), by whom he had two children—Rilye N. Semple (1903-1973) and Arthur W. Nelson, Jr. (1910-1979).4 In 1913 Nelson built a handsome twenty-seven-room mansion at Eastwood, costing $40,000, and invited the entire neighborhood to a "housewarming." Active in local and state civic and professional affairs, Nelson was appointed to the board of managers of State Hospital No. 2 in St. Joseph by Democratic Gov­ ernor Frederick D. Gardner.5 2 W. F. Johnson, History of Cooper County, Missouri (Topeka: Historical Publish­ ing Co., 1919), 920-922. 3 Wm. Rufus Jackson, Missouri Democracy, 3 vols. (Chicago: S. J. Clarke Publish­ ing Co., 1935), 1: 353-354; 1915 Cooper County Plat Book (Chicago: Geo. A. Ogle and Co., 1915). During the campaign Eastwood was described as a 3,600-acre farm. 4 Johnson, History of Cooper County, 920-922; gravestones at Walnut Grove Cemetery, Boonville. 5 Among his other civic activities, Nelson served as president of the Missouri Livestock Producers Association, 1912-1915, and became a high-degree Mason. Johnson, History of Cooper County, 922. 166 Missouri Historical Review

On January 9, 1924, in the tradition of his relatives, Nelson announced his candidacy for governor of Missouri on the Democratic ticket. He made the announcement in a letter to N. H. Gentry, a prominent Pettis County, Missouri, farmer and stockman. The letter, which he made public, set the Democratic theme and agenda for the subsequent campaign. I need not tell you that agriculture is now in its third year of financial distress—a situation due to nothing the farmer himself has done or left undone. . . . The only way the farmer has been able to continue in business has been by living up the reserves he has accumulated in prosperous times. . . . The unsatisfactory commercial and industrial conditions prevailing in our state cannot be permanent­ ly cured until agriculture is placed on an economic basis which will justify its continuance as a business enterprise. ... In its present economic state agriculture is taxed too heavily and should have relief. He went on to say what he would do if elected governor.6 Derisively called the "Crown Prince" by his political enemies in reference to his family, Nelson got off to a good start by defeating four other candidates in the August 5 primary, receiving 47.3 percent of the vote.7 Meanwhile, Sam A. Baker, forty-nine, won the Republican

6 Jefferson City Daily Capital News, 9 January 1924. 7 Official Manual, State of Missouri 1925-1926 (Jefferson City: Hugh Stephens Press, n.d.), 440-441. State Historical Society of Missouri

Sam A. Baker of Wayne County won the Republican gubernatorial nomination in the August 1924 primary. Dr. Arthur Nelson for Governor: The 1924 Campaign 167 nomination. Baker, a native of Wayne County and a teacher and school administrator, had won election as state superintendent of schools in 1918. Although he had been defeated for reelection in 1922, Baker entered the campaign with the advantage of having won a statewide office. Neither candidate, however, had practical political experience— never a prerequisite in Missouri.8 In conjunction with the Democrats' "back to the farm" campaign theme, Dr. Nelson portrayed himself as a "dirt farmer" who understood farmers' problems. In the post-World War I years, the farmers' problems had become increasingly serious. Falling commodity prices and land values and failing farms quickly replaced the prosperity of the war years. Slowly at first, but with increasing frequency as the decade of the twenties progressed, banks failed in rural areas. The number of Missouri banks had reached an all-time high in 1920, with 1,671 state and national banks doing business in the state. By 1930, 1,146 banks remained in business. (Only 625 remained by 1940.)9 Most of the 525 banks closed by regulators in the 1920s were in small towns where local economies depended on agriculture and the banks had invested heavily in farm loans. The prosperity of the 1910s collapsed when markets for farm products either shrank or did not materialize as expected—especially the anticipated European market. Geared for full production and often deeply in debt, farmers in Missouri and elsewhere realized early in the new decade that the supply of their products exceeded the demand for them. Periodic minor improvements in prices occurred, but the trend continued downward throughout the decade. Consequently, a diminish­ ing amount of money remained to pay farmers' notes coming due at the banks. Liquidity crises followed as deposits drained from the banks. Meanwhile, the farmers' plight was often overlooked because busi­ ness otherwise seemed to be prosperous. The laissez-faire mood of the twenties was defined at the top. Government officials encouraged individual liberty in economic affairs and kept regulations at a mini­ mum. President Calvin Coolidge supported "~ government of limited and defined powers, leaving the people supreme."10 His secretary of commerce, Herbert Hoover (who a few years previously had ill-advisediy encouraged farmers into full production to feed Europe), talked about a 8 Floyd Calvin Shoemaker, Missouri and Missourians, 5 vols. (Chicago: Lewis Publishing Company, 1943), 2: 319-321. 9 Timothy W. Hubbard and Lewis E. Davids, Banking in Mid-America, A History of Missouri's Banks (Washington, D.C: Public Affairs Press, 1969), 155. 10 Calvin Coolidge, The Price of Freedom: Speeches and Addresses (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1924), 331-353, as reprinted in The Annals of America, Volume 14, 1916-1928 (Chicago: Encyclopaedia Brittanica, Inc., 1968), 411. 168 Missouri Historical Review

^Y, \ E. H "b •A* * t v^AVt m Coo ^ ^ u 6

State Historical Society of Missouri Daniel Fitzpatrick satirized businessmen's support of Calvin Coolidge in this 1924 cartoon entitled "The Cash Register Chorus."

"cooperative capitalism" in which business would regulate itself through economic associations. Trade associations, chambers of commerce, labor unions, professional associations and farmers' organizations would police their members with codes of "fair practice."11 In reality, however, American business found its ethical standards elsewhere. Frank H. Knight wrote in 1923: "In America . . . there have come to be two sorts of virtue. The greater virtue is to win; and meticulous questions about the methods are not in the best form provided the methods bring victory. The lesser virtue is to go out and die gracefully after having lost."12 On the national level in 1924, Robert M. LaFollette and his Progressive party offered voters a relatively liberal alternative to the

11 Herbert Hoover, "Moral Standards in an Industrial Era," speech of May 7, 1924, in Ray L. Wilbur and Arthur M. Hyde, eds., The Hoover Policies (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1937), 300-305. Hyde served as President Hoover's secretary of agricul­ ture. 12 Frank H. Knight, "The Ethics of Competition," Quarterly Journal of Economics (August 1923), as reprinted in The Annals of America, Volume 14, 1916-1928, 386. Dr. Arthur Nelson for Governor: The 1924 Campaign 169 two principal, and more or less conservative, parties. But in Missouri the choice basically lay between the Democrats and the Republicans (although two minor parties fielded candidates for governor). Voters probably had difficulty distinguishing much difference between the two parties, except that Democrats condemned the administration of Gov­ ernor Arthur M. Hyde and Republicans defended it. Nelson and the Democrats denounced the Hyde administration for "its open and flagrant violation of pre-election pledges" and for the "scandal" of allowing "protected" beer to be sold in St. Louis. They criticized Hyde for his tax policies and for vetoing a bill that would have abolished the tax commission. The Democratic platform advocated completion of the statewide highway system authorized under the "Centennial Road Law" passed during the Hyde administration and endorsed workmen's compensation, removal of the public school system from partisan politics and reorganization of the farmers' marketing system. The platform also advocated economy in administration, equal representation for women in the party, reforestation and protection of state forests, conservation of wildlife and fish and extension of the St. Louis city limits. It condemned the Ku Klux Klan to the same extent as the national platform.13 The Republicans, besides defending the Hyde administration, endorsed a budget system, the elimination of useless boards and offices, the completion of the road system, workmen's compensation and cooperatives for farmers; they too condemned the Ku Klux Klan.14 The Ku Klux Klan, powerful and active in 1924, was hostile not only toward blacks but also toward Roman Catholics, Jews, foreigners and organized labor. Its national membership had grown quickly in the postwar years and peaked at over 2,000,000 in 1924 in the wake of race riots, a Red scare and strikes. The "Invisible Empire's" membership in Missouri has been estimated at 45,000.15 As elsewhere, the Klan sought and received substantial publicity, with combination rallies and social events commonplace. In central Missouri alone, meetings and picnics to which the public was invited occurred frequently. An estimated 2,000 attended rallies at California on July 10 and Ashland on August 28. Reportedly, 3,000 Klansmen and guests attended a barbecue and rally 13 Jefferson City Daily Capital News, 10 September 1924; Shoemaker, Missouri and Missourians, 2: 319. 14 Shoemaker, Missouri and Missourians, 2: 319. 15 At the time, national membership was reported to be over 4,000,000; this figure now appears to have been exaggerated. In Missouri, the Klan lacked significant support in St. Louis and Kansas City but appeared relatively strong in St. Joseph and some rural areas. Kenneth T. Jackson, The Ku Klux Klan in the City 1915-1930 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967), 237. 170 Missouri Historical Review at Lampkin Springs, three miles south of Jefferson City, on October 9, 1924. Perhaps the most notorious of the 1924 summer meetings, a state "Klonvocation," was held in Jefferson City in July, with 260 Klan officials attending. They apparently received permission to hold a meeting in the House chamber at the Capitol on Sunday, July 13, and invited the public to hear "Imperial Lecturer Harris" of Atlanta, Georgia, speak on "The Need for and the Purpose of the Ku Klux Klan." At almost the last minute, Governor Hyde found out about the meeting and issued an order forbidding the Klan or any other secret organization use of the Capitol for meetings.16 Furthermore, the Republicans soon charged Nelson with being a member of the Klan. Charles S. Burns, a tenant farmer of Syracuse, swore in an affidavit that he had seen Nelson "sign a card" and receive initiation into the KKK at a meeting in California, Missouri, July 29, 1923. The Republicans made the affidavit public on October 16, 1924. They also had two anonymous affidavits in their possession claiming the same thing. Nelson admitted attending the meeting as a spectator but denied membership in the Klan. He denounced the Klan and any organization that "raises the standard of racial or religious prejudice." The Klan endorsed Nelson and the Democratic ticket anyway, and Nelson's denial convinced Boss Tom Pendergast of Kansas City to support Nelson as well.17 Other than the Ku Klux Klan, the biggest news story during the campaign in Missouri proved to be a barbecue and political rally hosted by Nelson and assisted by Cooper County Democrats. In August, Joshua Barbee, Democratic state chairman and Nelson's campaign manager, along with other officials, decided to formally launch the fall campaign with a barbecue at Eastwood, inviting all Missourians. They finally set the date for Monday, September 15, to coincide with the arrival in Missouri of John W. Davis of West Virginia, the Democratic candidate for president. Davis accepted their invitation to be keynote 16 Jefferson City Daily Capital News, 10, 13 July, 28 August, 9 October 1924. The Klan had been given permission to use the Capitol earlier in 1924 while Governor Hyde vacationed in Florida. 17 Ibid., 9 September, 9 November 1924. Larry Grothaus, "Kansas City Blacks, Harry Truman and the Pendergast Machine," Missouri Historical Review 69 (October 1974): 71. After Burns's affidavit was publicized, he received threats against his life and, ironically, was accidently shot to death by his son Ray on November 8, 1924, four days after the election. In financial difficulty, Burns reportedly had been unable to meet the interest on a mortgage on his furniture and farm implements held by Nelson's Boonville National Bank. Despite the publication of the affidavit, Nelson, chairman of the bank's board of directors, supposedly told the bank's officers to treat Burns leniently. Burns was killed by a double-barrelled shotgun he had kept loaded and ready since receiving the threats. Johnson, History of Cooper County, 317-318; St. Louis Posh Dispatch, 10 November 1924. Dr. Arthur Nelson for Governor: The 1924 Campaign 171 speaker at the barbecue. Billed as the biggest political meeting of its kind in the history of Missouri, the barbecue lived up to its promotion. Davis had won the Democratic presidential nomination on the 103rd ballot, when the convention hopelessly deadlocked between Wil­ liam G. McAdoo and Alfred E. Smith. The respected and capable Davis had been solicitor general of the United States from 1913 to 1918. President Woodrow Wilson then appointed him ambassador to the Court of St. James. While ambassador, Davis served as adviser to Wilson at the Paris Peace Conference (1919). With the advent of the Republican Harding administration in 1921, Davis returned home and joined a New York law firm where he acted as counsel to J. P. Morgan and Co., among others. He served as president of the American Bar Association in 1922. A brilliant appellate lawyer, he successfully argued many cases, some historic, before the U.S. Supreme Court.18 Davis reluctantly accepted the presidential nomination, knowing the Republicans would be difficult if not impossible to beat, even after the fiasco of the Harding administration. Being a compromise candidate did not improve Davis's chances, nor did the third-party movement led 18 John A. Garraty, ed., Dictionary of American Biography (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1977), Supplement 5, 155-156.

State Historical Society of Missouri

West Virginian John W. Davis opposed Calvin Coolidge in the presidential contest. 172 Missouri Historical Review by Senator Robert LaFollette. Sacrificial lamb or not, Davis launched a "fighting campaign," declaring "we [will] make war." His running mate was Governor Charles W. Bryan of Nebraska, brother of the fading William Jennings Bryan.19 After scattered showers the night before, September 15 dawned clear and dry across the state. Nelson expected a maximum of 40,000 guests and had prepared 16,000 pounds of beef and 4,000 pounds of mutton for them. People started arriving early from around the state. The number of guests entertained at Eastwood that day has been variously estimated. Kansas City and St. Louis Republicans put the number as low as 25,000-35,000; Democratic newspapers estimated it as high as 75,000. The most likely number was 60,000. Some 5,000 guests came by train from Kansas City and St. Louis to Syracuse, where they were met by cars and driven the remaining five miles north to Eastwood. The rest came in approximately 20,500 cars. Whatever the number at Eastwood that day, most agreed with former Missouri Governor Alex­ ander Dockery that "there has never been in Missouri any political meeting for any party comparable with this gathering."20 Davis arrived from Topeka on his special Missouri Pacific train shortly after noon, and Nelson met him at Syracuse. By the time Davis arrived at Eastwood, 20,000 pounds of barbecued meat and 14,000 watermelons already had been eaten. The crowd enthusiastically greeted Davis, and he shook so many hands that his right hand became sore. (The Republicans later claimed he had injured his hand trying to tear apart some of the tough Democratic barbecue.) Davis then retired to the house and did not reappear until time for his speech to the vast crowd seated in a natural amphitheater in front of the house. At 2 P.M. Nelson was introduced as "a farmer, a real man, red blooded, red headed and ready." "Democracy of the state and nation has assembled here today," Nelson commenced, "right at the farmers' doorstep, in order that they may bring the party's message to that industry. ... If American labor and industry deserve protection against . . . unequal competition, the farm must have it also. . . . The tariff wall must be lowered so that farmers costs of operation are lowered." Nelson stressed his farm background, discussed farm problems and endorsed cooperative mar­ keting associations "to control farm goods until they are as near the

19 Jefferson City Daily Capital News, 15 September 1924. William Jennings Bryan's days as a major power in the Democratic party ended in 1920 with the defeat of his prohibition plank in the party platform. However, he still had enough waning influence to get his brother on the 1924 ticket. He died a year later, following the Scopes trial in Tennessee. Shoemaker, Missouri and Missourians, 2: 318, 20 Jefferson City Daily Capital News, 15 September 1924. Reportedly, it required 260 acres to park the cars. Dr. Arthur Nelson for Governor: The 1924 Campaign 173

Courtesy William B. Claycomb Arthur Nelson constructed this handsome house at Eastwood in 1913. consumer as possible." He concluded his speech at 2:45: "The Demo­ cratic Party stands for economy of administration, Jeffersonian sim­ plicity, and the strict enforcement of law."21 Davis was introduced a few minutes later. Dr. William J. Tompkins of Kansas City, on behalf of the blacks of Missouri, presented Davis with a silver loving cup in appreciation for his "matchless efforts in fighting the cause of human rights of the negroes of West Virginia and the nation." The silver cup bore the Great Seal of Missouri enclosed in two palm leaves.22 Then, in a speech that had to be cut short, Davis denounced the "special privilege" and "corruption in office" of Harding administration scoundrels Albert Fall, Harry M. Daugherty, Charles Forbes and Edwin Denby and called for their condemnation and punishment. He paid tribute to the memory of Missourian Champ Clark who had died in 1921. He told the crowd that women should play an equal political role with men and noted that for the first time Missouri Democrats had a woman running for state office (Kate S. Morrow of Warrensburg for secretary of state). He hurriedly concluded:

21 Sedalia Democrat, 15 September 1924. 22 Jefferson City Daily Capital News, 15 September 1924. 174 Missouri Historical Review

I put it up to the farmer, who has seen distress and despair settle upon him in his most laborious moment. I put it to the consumer, who has paid, by reason of iniquitous laws, an unnecessary and exorbitant price for all the necessities of life. And I put it to the honest men and women of this country, who feel like a wound the stain upon their national honor, and who long for nothing else so much as to see return again a government of which they can boast in the sight of all mankind.23 Davis finished his speech at 3:40, and at 3:45 it started to rain—a shower that soon turned into a downpour. People scrambled for their cars, but only a third of them got out of the Eastwood gates before the ground became slick.24 The "Battle of Bunceton" began. The roads "became a sea of mud," and many cars slipped off into the ditches. Other cars remained hopelessly mired in the muddy pastures at East­ wood until teams of horses could pull them out. The 5,000 who had come on the railroad could not get transportation back to Syracuse to board the trains for home. Some guests did not try to get home that night but took shelter on the porches of Eastwood or camped out under the big tent erected on the grounds for the speeches. For the estimated 20,000 guests who had not gotten anything to eat, the storm and impassable roads must have been "insult to injury." Meanwhile, cafes and hotels in the area did a brisk business feeding and housing those stranded and who would not get home for several days. Davis spent the night on the farm with the Nelson family and returned to his special train at Syracuse Tuesday morning. He rested until the train left at 5:30 P.M. for Des Moines, by way of Kansas City and several whistle stops in between. He was scheduled to be in Des Moines at 9 A.M. Wednesday morning.25 Meanwhile, news of the barbecue and Davis's denunciation of "Republican misrule" had been telegraphed throughout the United States.26 A newsreel, made by the Pathe Company, soon appeared in theaters. After the barbecue, the state campaign commenced in earnest. Governor Arthur M. Hyde did some of the most vigorous campaigning, not in support of fellow-Republican Sam Baker but against Nelson. J. E. Cannaday of Sedalia, in a September 30, 1924 letter to Hyde, wrote: "There is much comment that you are not in this race, and not Mr. Baker's campaign manager, so why jump into it?" On October 1, Hyde responded to Cannaday:

23 Sedalia Democrat, 15 September 1924. 24 Ibid. 25 Jefferson City Daily Capital News, 16 September 1924. 26 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 16 September 1924. Dr. Arthur Nelson for Governor: The 1924 Campaign 175

Can the Republican Party afford to permit him [Nelson] to lie like a tree toad, amid the protective coloring of the leaves, facing in both directions and attempting to demand support in both directions on three such issues as these [the Ku Klux Klan, schools and roads]?27 Hyde, who had gone on record in 1921 as an outspoken opponent of the KKK, attacked Nelson's equivocal stand on the Klan in a speech: [Nelson] cannot be both for and against anything. He must be either for the Klan or against the Klan, or neutral on the Klan. Common honesty ought to have persuaded him to take a stand. If he was pro-Klan he should have said that, if he was anti-Klan he should have shown the faith that is in him. If he was neither . . . then he should have said that. The people had a right to know. Nelson's denial of Klan affiliation appeared suspect, Hyde implied, because Klan members were expected to deny membership under oath.28 Hyde also denounced Nelson's tax proposal. In the widely circu­ lated January 9, 1924 letter to N. H. Gentry, Nelson wrote: "Taxes on land should be reduced through a decrease in valuation of land for taxation purposes." Hyde said that if Nelson wanted to reduce taxes by lowering tax rates he had no quarrel with him. But lowering assessments

27 Arthur M. Hyde to J. E. Cannaday, 1 October 1924, Arthur M. Hyde Papers, folder 750, Western Historical Manuscript Collection, University of Missouri-Columbia. 28 Washington Franklin County Observer, 11 October 1924. State Historical Society of Missouri

The outgoing governor, Arthur M. Hyde, campaigned vigorous­ ly against Nelson during the weeks preceding the election. 176 Missouri Historical Review on land would deprive the people, who set the tax rates, of a sufficient tax base to finance public institutions and projects. This particularly would hurt local school districts, Hyde warned.29 In the same letter to Gentry, Nelson had written: Transportation affecting the movement of farm products from producer to consumer on farm-to-market roads is of great importance both to the farmer and consumer of farm products. The road fund must be expended in a manner which will effect the construction of the greatest number of miles of durable roads to serve the greatest number of people.30 Hyde assailed Nelson and the Democrats for their "stand in favor of dirt roads." The $60,000,000 Centennial Road money was being spent on what would become the state's primary road system. Hyde called Nelson's "farm-to-market" road system unfeasible and not a new idea. The legislature had proposed one in 1921—a half-constructed dirt road system that would soon wash away. It would take an impossible $1,000,000,000 to hard-surface all the state's 110,000 miles of road, Hyde claimed, defending his limited program of paving only main arteries.31 On this issue Hyde proved out of touch with the people. In 1928 the progressive and able Lloyd C. Stark of Louisiana, Missouri, future governor of the state, chaired the Citizens Road Bond Committee. Stark successfully promoted a $75,000,000 bond issue to the voters.32 Some of the money raised by this bond issue was earmarked for a farm- to-market road system, with Stark considered its father. After Hyde denied a published report that a still and several gallons of mash had been found in the basement of the Governor's Mansion, the politicians took a break on October 6 to belatedly dedicate the handsome new capitol building with an elaborate ceremony and pageant. This done, the campaign continued for four more weeks. Davis lost to Calvin Coolidge on November 4. Coolidge received 54 percent of the vote, Davis 28.8 percent, LaFollette 16.6 percent and minor candidates .6 percent. Coolidge's coattails just barely pulled Sam Baker into the governor's office, by a margin of 5,872 votes out of 1,296,119 cast. Baker won with 49.4 percent of the vote to Nelson's 48.9 percent; two minor candidates received 1.7 percent. The Republicans captured the other state offices with wider margins. Nelson won 61 29 Ibid. 30 Jefferson City Daily Capital News, 9 January 1924. 31 St. Louis Missouri Times, 29 September 1924. This and the above-mentioned clippings in Hyde Papers, folder 57. 32 Shoemaker, Missouri and Missourians, 2: 377. Dr. Arthur Nelson for Governor: The 1924 Campaign 111

State Historical Society of Missouri Daniel Fitzpatrick depicted the sorry condition of the state's road system in this 1920 cartoon, "Ship­ ping By Truck on Missouri Roads." counties to Baker's 53, but Baker won the City of St. Louis, 147,079 to 104,160. Nelson lost Boonville, the Cooper County seat, but managed to carry the normally Republican county by 251 votes—out of almost 9,000 cast. Although Nelson ran well in Klan areas, he drew his greatest strength from the hard-pressed farmers. The election remained in doubt for several days while Baker's already narrow lead shrank as the last of the rural counties reported returns. In the other contests, Missouri Democrats won nine of sixteen congressional races, retained control of the state senate but narrowly lost control of the house.33 Baker's margin of victory proved so slim that if less than 3,000 voters had changed their votes from Baker to Nelson, the latter would have won. Nelson must have wondered what he might have done differently to give him those 3,000 votes. The Republicans had por­ trayed him as "a farmer who never farmed, a banker who never banked, a doctor who never doctored, and a Kluxer who never Kluxed."34 Although neither entirely fair nor relevant, there appeared some truth

33 Official Manual, State of Missouri 1925-1926, 243-244. 34 "Don," Lexington, Missouri, to Gov. Hyde, 27 October 1924, Hyde Papers, folder 750. 178 Missouri Historical Review to it, and the negative portrayal may have influenced some voters' perception of Nelson. Black Missouri voters supported the Republicans, mostly because of their lingering impression of the Democrats' weak stand on the Ku Klux Klan; moreover, the party had accepted its endorsement. The 1924 Democratic platform contained no plank for blacks; there would be one in 1926.35 While the black vote may have been a factor in Nelson's defeat, the Democrats did not offer the voters a progressive or even an interesting alternative to the Republicans on either the national or the state level. Davis, although more qualified for the presidency than Coolidge, did not take effective advantage of the Harding administration's debris. Coolidge's personal reputation for honesty seemed to nullify most of the bad publicity generated by the Harding scandals. Nor were the people ready to repudiate Harding's political philosophy of "less government in business and more business in government." It would take the Great Depression to discredit that slogan. "Normalcy" was hard to beat. In addition, there might have been at least 3,000 disgruntled barbecue guests who went home tired, hungry and wet and vented their anger on Nelson by voting for Baker. Through no fault of his own other than underestimating the size of the crowd, Nelson was probably more hurt than helped by the barbecue. If nothing else, one can imagine the damage done to muddy Eastwood pastures by 60,000 people and 20,000 cars and the trash left behind. In 1925 Nelson became president of the Boonville National Bank and moved from Eastwood into Boonville. His last service to the party came in 1928, when Democrats elected him a Missouri delegate-at-large to the national convention at Houston, Texas. On Sunday, March 13, 1932, he went fishing with his son-in-law, Walter D. Semple, Cooper County prosecuting attorney, on the newly impounded Lake of the Ozarks. Their boat overturned in a sudden gale about ten miles west of Bagnell Dam, and Nelson, fifty-four, apparently drowned immediately. Semple, thirty-one, clung to the boat for over an hour. Although finally rescued by the seventeen-year-old son of a resort owner, he died four hours later from exposure.36 Nelson's body was recovered that summer and buried at Walnut Grove Cemetery in Boonville. Before recovery of the body, however, the circumstances regarding the untimely deaths of Nelson and Semple took on slightly mysterious overtones when the

35 Richard S. Kirkendall, A History of Missouri Volume V1919 to 1953 (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1986), 68-69. 36 Sedalia Democrat, 14 March 1932. Dr. Arthur Nelson for Governor: The 1924 Campaign 179

NATIONAL & STATE

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Western Historical Manuscript Collection-Columbia The 1924 Democratic party slate did not fare well in Missouri. 180 Missouri Historical Review

Boonville National Bank failed on June 15, 1932. But there appeared no evidence of foul play on March 13.37 With Dr. Nelson's defeat in 1924, the Sappington-Marmaduke family's political ambitions came to an end after some one hundred years. Despite their successes, there remained an element of happen­ stance or unfinished business about their accomplishments. M. M. Marmaduke became governor in 1844 because Governor Thomas Reynolds committed suicide in office; Claiborne F. Jackson, routed from office by the Union army, died in exile in Arkansas; General John S. Marmaduke died in office and was buried in Jefferson City a few feet from Thomas Reynolds, whose death had made his father governor. And Arthur Nelson, privileged descendant and heir of two distinguished Missouri families, discovered that neither his heritage nor his party was quite enough to put him in the chair occupied by four of his ancestors. His party returned to power in 1932, but by then he had died.

37 E. J. Melton, Melton's History of Cooper County, Missouri (Columbia: E. W. Stephens Publishing Company, 1937), 115; Robert L. Dyer, Boonville: An Illustrated History (Boonville: Pekitanoui Publications, 1987), 242. When the Boonville National Bank closed three months after Nelson's death, it dragged a Bunceton bank down with it.

Good Substitutes for Money Jackson Missouri Herald, September 25, 1819. Notwithstanding the dullness of the times[,] any person, having money to lend, may be furnished with customers on the shortest notice. From the absence of Specie it is thought that some of the Western Banks will have to pay their notes in Bacon, or suspend their operations. Should Bacon be substituted for Specie as a circulating medium it is thought that Irish Potatoes might be advantageously made use of for small change.

A Year for Rough Weather Jefferson City People's Tribune, May 29, 1872. Sunday night the thunder and lightning were very severe. Mr. Dawson, who lives just east of town, had a cow killed by lightning. The only marks were zig-zag abrasions along the side. Mr. Dawson is firmly of the opinion that no country can beat this for thunder and lightning. ... He will hear a louder peal in November, shaking the whole nation . . . killing not cows, but rats, vampyres [sic], shysters, scallawags and carpet­ baggers by the thousand. Historical Notes and Comments 181 HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS

State Historical Society of Missouri President Robert C. Smith presided at the Society's annual business meeting and luncheon. Society Holds Annual Meeting On September 21, 1991, State Historical Society of Missouri officers and members gathered at the Memorial Union on the University of Missouri-Columbia campus for the annual meeting. President Robert C. Smith of Columbia presided. Executive Director James W. Goodrich opened the meeting with a reading and disposition of the minutes of the annual meeting held November 10, 1990, and the minutes of the special membership meeting held May 11, 1991, and presented the financial report on the Member­ ship Trust Fund prepared by Albert M. Price, treasurer. Dr. Arvarh E. Strickland then read a statement on behalf of the audit committee, and William Aull III gave a financial report on behalf of the executive committee. Trustees elected for a term ending at the annual meeting in 1994 were James W. Brown, Harrisonville; Ilus W. Davis, Kansas City; John K. Hulston, Springfield; James C. Olson, Kansas City; Bob Priddy, Jefferson City; Dale Reesman, Boonville; Arvarh E. Strickland, Co­ lumbia; and Blanche M. Touhill, St. Louis. Dr. Goodrich presented his annual report on Society activities for fiscal year 1990-1991. Despite the recession and nearby parking prob- 182 Missouri Historical Review lems, he reported an increase in usage of the Society's resources, in particular, in the reference and newspaper libraries. During the year, over 55,000 patrons, through on-site visits, telephone requests and letters of inquiry, availed themselves of services at the Society and the Western Historical Manuscript Collection. The acquisitions program remained strong throughout the year, with over 1,800 volumes added to the reference collection. The news­ paper library located and microfilmed over 104,000 pages of borrowed newspapers, in addition to the 500,000 pages of older contemporary papers it films annually. In conjunction with the Missouri Newspaper Project (a National Endowment for the Humanities grant-funded pro­ gram) and the Missouri Historical Society in St. Louis, the newspaper collection will be adding another 113,000 pages to its holdings. The four branches of the Western Historical Manuscript Collection acquired several significant collections during the year, including the M. Fred Lyon KATY Railroad collection and materials concerning the Cassville and Exeter Railroad; the papers of Lucile Morris Upton, a well-known Ozarks writer and of Civil War Colonel Richard G. Woodson; the

Among those seated at the head table ;%;- ^K for the luncheon were (left) Society trustee Henrietta Ambrose and her hus­ band, Walter, and (below left) trustees Blanche M. Touhill and Virginia G. Young, with Joseph Touhill. (Below) James Goodrich and Robert Smith visit with Steve and Rush Limbaugh. The senior Mr. Limbaugh is a permanent trustee of the Society. Historical Notes and Comments 183 archives of the Native Sons of Greater Kansas City; the American Royal records; the St. Louis Gaslight Square Oral History and Photo­ graph Collection; and the papers of Marlin Perkins. Two major additions to the George Caleb Bingham collection were received: the portrait of Francis M. Black, prominent Kansas City lawyer and judge and a member of the 1875 Missouri Constitutional Convention; and the portrait of Odon Guitar, a Civil War general, state legislator and attorney. Dr. Goodrich also noted the acquisition of Society art curator Sidney Larson's portrait of Richard S. Brownlee, former executive director of the Society. The painting will be on permanent display in the Reference Library. In other comments about the Society's past fiscal year, Dr. Good­ rich noted the effect of the individual membership dues increase. Membership stands at over 8,500, and 1,150 persons have paid the increased annual dues. He then discussed the bleak financial picture facing state government. At the time of the report, the Society had experienced a 6 percent reduction in state funds for the 1991-1992 fiscal year. This occurred, however, after a state appropriation which had somewhat increased funding for Society programs. In line with most state agencies, the Society can grant no salary increases to its staff. Additionally, in view of anticipated future withholding, two vacant staff positions will remain unfilled to absorb the revenue losses. Dr. Goodrich concluded his annual report by commenting on Proposition B and the effect its passage would have on the Society and education in Missouri. Following the reading of a resolution of appreciation of wildlife artist and biologist Charles Schwartz by Lynn Wolf Gentzler, associate director, and the conclusion of business, the meeting adjourned. Society members and guests then attended the annual luncheon and awards ceremony in the Memorial Union Ballroom. President Robert C. Smith presided. Two 1991 Distinguished Service Awards and Medals were pre­ sented—the first to Jean Tyree Hamilton, longtime member and trustee of the Society from Marshall, and the second to James C. Kirkpatrick, newspaper publisher and five-term Missouri Secretary of State. Dr. Goodrich presented four cash awards from the Richard S. Brownlee Fund. The Western Historical Manuscript Collection-Columbia received monies to assist with the funding of 1992 History Day in Missouri, and William Foley and C. David Rice, professors of history at Central Missouri State University, received an award to continue work on their history of the second generation of the Chouteau family. On behalf of the Missouri Division of the American Association of University Women, Grace Butler, state president, accepted a check to help fund 184 Historical Notes and Comments

James C. Kirkpatrick and Jean Tyree Hamilton (left) received Distinguished Service Awards. (Above) Bonnie Step- enoff winner of the Best Article Award, is pictured with Robert Smith.

Grace Butler (above) accepted a Brownlee Fund award on behalf of the American Association of Univer­ sity Women, Missouri Division. James Goodrich also presented awards from the Brownlee Fund to Dick Steward (above right), William Foley and C David Rice (right).

the second volume of Show Me Missouri Women. Dick Steward, professor of history at Lincoln University, received a Brownlee Fund award to complete his research on the history of dueling in Missouri. President Smith presented the Society's Missouri Historical Review best article award to Bonnie Stepenoff, librarian/archivist for the Historical Notes and Comments 185

Right, Lewis O. Saum, the annual luncheon speaker, visited with trustee Jean Tyree Hamilton. Trustee Arvarh E. Strickland and his wife, Willie, are pic­ tured below.

Trustee Avis Tucker and James Goodrich (left) chatted during the luncheon. Former Missouri Secretary of State James C. Kirk­ patrick is shown with permanent trustee Francis M. Barnes III and his wife, Mary Shore (above). 186 Missouri Historical Review

Missouri Division of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, for her contribution, "Mother and Teacher as Missouri State Penitentiary Inmates: Goldman and O'Hare, 1917-1920," which appeared in the July 1991 issue. The featured speaker, Lewis O. Saum, professor of history at the University of Washington, Seattle, spoke on "Missouri's 'Monumental Ananias': 'Gene Field Looks Back." Dr. Saum received his M.A. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Missouri-Columbia and has compiled a distinguished teaching and publication record. His latest book, The Popular Mind of America 1869-1890, was published in 1990. Dr. Saum's address appears in this issue. Following the luncheon, the Society held an open house in its quarters in Elmer Ellis Library. The Art Gallery featured the colored engravings of Karl Bodmer and a special exhibit entitled "Remembering the War ... 50 Years Ago." Included in the latter were Thomas Hart Benton's Year of Peril series and examples of Daniel Fitzpatrick's wartime editorial cartoons. A selection of Andy Tau's salon photo­ graphs were displayed in the north-south corridor, and editorial car­ toons from the 1880s through the 1970s were hung in the east-west corridor gallery. The reference and newspaper libraries contained ex­ hibits on newspaper coverage of World War II, Eugene Field, Karl Bodmer and book and paper preservation. In conjunction with the annual meeting, the Society sponsored three workshops. Rheba Symeonoglou, assistant director of the Mis­ souri Humanities Council, presented "Grant Writing," and Virginia Easley DeMarce, immediate past president of the National Genealogical Society, advised interested participants on "Publishing Your Gene­ alogy." A special day-long workshop for elementary and high school teachers focusing on "History Day for Classroom Teachers" was con­ ducted by the History Day in Missouri staff. Historical Notes and Comments 187 188 Missouri Historical Review

NEWS IN BRIEF On August 8, 1991, in the Memorial American Association for State and Local Union on the University of Missouri-Co­ History and retired assistant director of lumbia campus, the State Historical So­ the Kansas State Historical Society, will ciety hosted a retirement reception for be the featured speakers; both will focus Mary K. Dains, associate director of the on the role and significance of state and Society and associate editor of the Mis­ local history in understanding the nation souri Historical Review. Dains joined the as a whole. For further information, or to Society's staff in 1963; she became an as­ submit a paper or panel proposal, contact sociate editor of the Review in 1972 and the Department of History, 101 Read Hall, served as assistant director of the Society University of Missouri, Columbia, Mis­ from 1986 to 1990. In addition to her souri 65211. editorial work, she coauthored both edi­ tions of Historic Missouri: A Pictorial Narrative, coedited Thomas Hart Benton: The 35th annual Missouri Valley History Artist, Writer and Intellectual and wrote Conference will be held in Omaha, Ne­ several historical articles which have ap­ braska, on March 12-14. For further infor­ peared in the Review. She also edited Show mation, contact William C. Pratte, Pro­ Me Missouri Women: Selected Biographies gram Coordinator, MVHC, Department for the American Association of University of History, University of Nebraska at Women, Missouri Division, and has pub­ Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska 68182-0213. lished numerous articles in popular and regional journals. Dains and her husband, Jay, have moved to near El Dorado The Missouri Folklore Society held its Springs, where she will continue her free­ annual meeting, October 24-26, 1991, in lance writing and editing work. Flat River, Missouri. The meeting featured displays of books and crafts, concurrent sessions on musical heritage, men and Lynn Wolf Gentzler has been named minerals, heritage pieces, uses of folklore, associate director of the Society, effective quilting and mining, a remembrance ses­ September 15, 1991. She began work at sion, a benefit auction, musical perfor­ the Society in 1990, as assistant director mances, storytelling and the annual busi­ and an associate editor of the Review. ness session. Prior to coming to the Society, Gentzler had been assistant director of the Western Historical Manuscript Collection-Columbia On November 7-9, 1991, archivists and from 1982 and on the staff there since historians gathered on the campus of Con­ 1972. She has a B.S. degree in education cordia Seminary in St. Louis for the 21st and a M.A. degree in American history Conference on Archives and History spon­ from the University of Missouri-Columbia. sored by the Concordia Historical Institute. Participants attended sessions and work­ shops on archival and genealogical topics The 34th annual Missouri Conference ranging from using congregational histories on History will be held on the University for genealogical research to reading Ger­ of Missouri-Columbia campus on April man Gothic handwriting. On November 9, 10-11. The Conference's theme will be re­ Dr. Myron Marty, dean of the College of gional and local history. Don W. Wilson, Arts and Sciences at Drake University, archivist of the United States, and Robert Des Moines, Iowa, presented a workshop W. Richmond, former president of the for conference participants and area resi- Historical Notes and Comments 189 dents on local history—interpreting family Submissions should be mailed, by April and local history from nearby resources. 10, to the Illinois History Symposium Committee, Illinois State Historical So­ ciety, Union Station, 500 East Madison The Missouri Press Association held its Street, Springfield, Illinois 62701. 125th convention at the Holiday Inn Ex­ ecutive Center in Columbia on September 19-21, 1991. The Association inducted ten The Daughters of Union Veterans of the members into its newly created Missouri Civil War, 1861-1865, Julia Dent Grant Newspaper Hall of Fame. Living inductees Tent #16 toured White Haven, the Dent included William A. Bray, retired director family home in St. Louis County, on July of the Association; Earl English, dean 16, 1991. On August 24, Tent #16 members emeritus of the University of Missouri gathered at the home of Ruth Funck in School of Journalism; and James C. Kirk­ Florissant to celebrate the sixty-first anni­ patrick, former publisher of the Windsor versary of the group's founding. Tom Review and the Lamar Democrat and re­ Willmering spoke on "Prisons During the tired Missouri secretary of state. Other Civil War." Persons interested in member­ inductees were C. L. Blanton, Jr., Joseph ship in the organization can contact Sue Charless, James L. Miller, Sr., William Ladage, President, 8521 Eulalie, Brent­ Rockhill Nelson, Joseph Pulitzer, Walter wood, Missouri 63144. Williams and L. Mitchell White. On Sep­ tember 21, members buried a time capsule containing contemporary newspapers at the The Missouri River Outfitters Chapter Association's Newspaper Museum in Ar­ of the Santa Fe Trail Association organized row Rock. on June 27, 1991, at the National Frontier Trails Center in Independence. Chapter officers include Roger Slusher, Lexington, The Indiana Historical Society will offer president; Michael H. Tatham, Raytown, two $6,000 graduate fellowships for the vice president; Anne Carter, Centerview, 1992-1993 academic year to doctoral can­ secretary; Pauline Fowler, Independence, didates whose dissertations are in the field treasurer; and Roy Stubbs, Arrow Rock, of the history of Indiana or Indiana's part historian. Visitors are welcome at all meet­ of the history of the Old Northwest or the ings, which are held at 7 P.M. on the fourth Midwest region. The deadline for receipt Thursday of even-numbered months at the of applications, letters of recommendation Trails Center, 318 West Pacific, Indepen­ and transcripts is March 13, 1992. For dence, Missouri. further information and application forms, write Dr. Robert M. Taylor, Jr., Director, Research Projects and Grants Division, On October 12, 1991, the Museum of Indiana Historical Society, 315 West Ohio Anthropology at the University of Mis­ Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202. souri-Columbia dedicated its new exhibit hall. The Museum, which focuses on ex­ hibits of American Indian artifacts, had The Illinois State Historical Society has been closed for five years while undergoing issued a call for papers for the 13th annual renovation. Located in 100 Swallow Hall, Illinois History Symposium to be held the Museum is open from 9:00 A.M. to 4:00 December 4-5, 1992. Proposals regarding P.M., Monday through Friday. all facets of the state's history are welcome, particularly those exploring the history of the Mississippi River valley and showing The special events program of Heritage Illinois' relationship to a particular region. Museums and Programs, Jackson County 190 Missouri Historical Review

Parks and Recreation Department, has in­ mas," from November 12 through Decem­ stituted two new programs, country wed­ ber 31, 1991. Drawn from the collections dings and old-time outings, which utilize of Richard and Suellen Meyer of St. Louis museum settings for private parties. Other and the Museum's holdings, the nostalgic ongoing special events at Missouri Town- exhibit of historic toys included cloth, wax, 1855 and Fort Osage have included taste porcelain and wooden dolls, teddy bears, of the town, sampling mid-nineteenth-cen­ toy furniture and accessories. A special tury food; sundown overnights for chil­ collection of original photographs of Vic­ dren, with hayrides, games, storytelling and torian children and their toys supplemented campfire cooking; a festival of arts, crafts the display. and music; and spirits from the past, a Halloween celebration for children. A memorial sculpture, just outside the main gate to the Minnesota Historical So­ On October 20, 1991, a ribbon-cutting ciety's Historic Fort Snelling, honors Dred ceremony marked the dedication of the Scott, an African American slave whose Grand River Chapel on the campus of quest for freedom was denied by the U.S. William Jewell College in Liberty. College Supreme Court in 1857. Dedicated on Oc­ chaplain Jerry B. Cain and the Alumni tober 6, the sculpture resulted from a col­ Commission on Religious Life headed the laboration headed by Saint Paul artist project to relocate and restore the historic Seitu Jones. It consists of twelve concrete building, which had served several genera­ tiles inscribed with words and images and tions of Missouri Baptists. Grand River laid into the ground to form a 14-foot- Church of Jameson, constituted in 1833, wide cross on a grassy area overlooking had nurtured the northwest area of Mis­ the Minnesota River. A wooden bench souri, giving birth to seven new churches reminiscent of West African Shanti stools and producing thirteen licensed or ordained sits at the center. ministers. Imo C. Brown and Joyce Smith, representatives of the former congregation, were recognized for donating the building to the college. On October 4, 1991, Dr. James W. Goodrich, executive director of the State Historical Society of Missouri, presented a The Museum of Ozarks' History in the program at the luncheon meeting of the historic Bentley House, 603 East Calhoun, Pachyderms in the Ponderosa Restaurant, Springfield, featured the exhibit, "Babes in Columbia. He spoke about the Society Toyland: A Victorian Children's Christ­ and answered questions from the audience.

The Most Valuable Animals Canton Press, August 25, 1870. Joshua Billings says of cows: The most valuable of all household animals are brindle cows. They are composed entirely of vittles and drink, shoe leather and horn tooth combs. They are the poor man's necessity and the rich man's luxury. They hold the [original patent] for butter, cheese, custards and ice cream. Their importance don't [sic] make them feel big. They are mother's-in-law [sic] to every man's baby. If I had the making of statutes it should be a misdemeanor to sass a cow and tew abuse one a penitentiary offence [sic]. Historical Notes and Comments 191

LOCAL HISTORICAL SOCIETIES Affton Historical Society in Marble Hill displayed "Christmases With the Landmarks Association of St. Past." The Society met October 13 in the Louis, the Society sponsored an evening Bollinger County Courthouse, Marble Hill. of music and opera at Oakland, October Frank Nickell, professor of history at 5. Ray Nichols presented "A Visit with a Southeast Missouri State University, dis­ Missouri Confederate Surgeon—1864" at cussed last year's Mississippi River Valley the October 24 meeting. Scenic Tour. Barton County Historical Society Boone County Historical Society The Society met October 13 in the Laws Mildred Knowles, librarian at Centralia Chapel of Lamar Methodist Church. Reba Public Library, presented "Love Letters of Young, a cousin of Wyatt Earp, presented Adam Rodemyre," founder of the Cen­ "Wyatt Earp—Part Two." tralia Fireside Guard, at the August 18 meeting. The Society sponsored Boone Bellevue Valley Historical Society County Heritage Days, September 21 and The Society meets at 4 P.M. on the third 22, at the museum and Maplewood Home, Saturday of January, April, July and Oc­ Columbia. Members gathered on October tober at various places in Caledonia. The 20 to hear Francis Pike, Columbia Daily Society's 1983 publication, Bellevue, Beauti­ Tribune columnist and author of Ed Wat­ ful View, is available again for $50.00, son, Country Editor, discuss Ed Watson. which includes postage. For more informa­ New officers are Don Sanders, vice presi­ tion or to order the book, contact Muriel dent, and Dorothy Rankin, secretary. On E. Akers, Route 1, Box 146, Caledonia, November 3, the museum began winter MO 63631. hours: 1 P.M. to 4 P.M., Wednesdays and Belton Historical Society Sundays. The Society opened Maplewood The Society met July 28 in the Old City Home for Christmas tours, December 7, 8, Hall, and Billie Pinkepank presented a Hand 15. video about the restoration of the Gov­ Boone-Duden Historical Society ernor's Mansion. At the October 27 meet­ The Society met August 16 in the Im- ing, James J. Fisher, a columnist for the manuel U.C.C. Church Hall in Holstein. Kansas City Star, discussed interesting Herman Brewe presented a history of Hol­ facts about Missouri and Kansas towns. stein and the Immanuel Church. Members Bethel German Colony then viewed a videotape provided by Mr. Bethel celebrated its Harvest Fest, Oc­ and Mrs. Walter Stemme, The Life of tober 5 and 6, with German band concerts, Daniel Boone, produced by James Pauld­ German food displays and a homes tour. ing, professor of history at Northeast Mis­ souri State University. Blue Springs Historical Society Members gathered in the museum in Boonslick Historical Society Blue Springs on October 1 and heard On September 28, the Society hosted a dinner at the Hain House Garden, Boon­ Nancy Ehrlich discuss the early churches ville, for attendees of the Santa Fe Trail in Jackson County. The Society held its Symposium. The Society met in the Santa annual Holiday Festival, December 7, with Fe Restaurant, Boonville, on October 11 refreshments, a bake sale and a silent and heard Claudia Powell, document con­ auction. servation specialist with the Western His­ Bollinger County Historical Society torical Manuscript Collection in Columbia, Beginning October 5, the Massey House discuss the preservation of paper and 192 Missouri Historical Review

photographs. The Society's reprinted pub­ Cass County Historical Society lication, Bicentennial Boonslick History, At the September 22 meeting in Pearson sells for $8.95, plus postage. For more Hall in Harrisonville, members viewed information, contact the Society at P.O. Paul Pippin's photographs of the Brown Box 324, Boonville, MO 65233. House, Harrisonville.

Bridgeton Historical Society Cedar County Historical Society At the May 23 meeting, held in the Members met July 29 in the community Carrollton Club, John Crowley presented building in Jerico Springs where Owen a program about Indian artifacts found in Elliott, assistant fire chief of El Dorado the Bridgeton vicinity. Springs, discussed the fire department. New Brush and Palette Club, Inc. officers include Roland Swaim, president; The Club sponsored the 40th annual Rodney Shipley, vice president; Marguerite Arts and Crafts Festival in the Hermann Brandom, secretary; and Margaret Land­ Middle and Elementary Schools, October reth, treasurer. Marie Heinemann related 12 and 13, during Oktoberfest. Anna old newspaper items at the September 30 Hesse, local historian, artist and a found­ meeting, held in the museum building, ing member, gave the history of the Club Stockton. and showcased the Hermann area in a Centralia Historical Society presentation during a banquet in the Her­ From October 20 through November mann United Methodist Church on Oc­ 17, the museum exhibited area "Gourmet tober 12. Painters," featuring over eighty works. The Camden County Historical Society museum was decorated for Christmas and Meetings occur the third Monday of Thanksgiving, November 20 through De­ each month in the museum at Linn Creek. cember 8. New officers are Mary Alice In May through October, from 3 to 7 P.M., Reinhardt, president; Al Burkhardt, vice members serve dinner in conjunction with president; Carlene Bartee, secretary; and the meeting. Jerry Waisner, treasurer. Campbell Area Genealogical and Chariton County Historical Society Historical Society The Society held its annual meeting Oc­ The Society meets in the public library tober 20 in the Salisbury Historical Mu­ in Campbell, the second Monday of each seum. Adolf Schroeder, professor emeritus month at 7:00 P.M. of German at the University of Missouri- Campbell House Foundation Columbia, gave a slide presentation explor­ From November 4 to December 8, the ing "The Origins of German Heritage in Museum featured an exhibit of antique Missouri." and replica miniatures and dollhouses. The Civil War Round Table of Kansas City Museum is open March 1 through De­ Members gathered in the Homestead cember 31, 10 A.M. to 4 P.M., Tuesday Country Club, Prairie Village, Kansas, on through Saturday, and noon to 4 P.M., September 24 and heard Herman Hatta- Sunday, excluding holidays. way, currently teaching at the U.S. Mili­ Carondelet Historical Society tary Academy at West Point, discuss Mr. and Mrs. Vernon Schertel discussed "Teaching the Civil War at West Point." "Carondelet: Then and Now" at the Oc­ At the October 22 meeting, Steven D. tober 27 meeting, held in the Carondelet Fratt, assistant professor of history at Historic Center. The Society sponsored a Trinity College, Deerfield, Illinois, pre­ series of walking tours on Saturdays in sented "Weapons and Tactics of the Civil October. War: A Reappraisal." Historical Notes and Comments 193

Civil War Round Table of St. Louis many Liberty Trees, named in 1976, and The Round Table met in Garavelli's Res­ Richard Guyette, of the School of Natural taurant on September 25. Christopher Resources at the University of Missouri- Phillips, assistant professor of American Columbia, presented "Telling Time With history at the University of Georgia, pre­ Trees." sented "The Punitive Crusade: Nathaniel Creve Coeur-Chesterfield Lyon and the Campaign for Missouri." Historical Society On October 23, Terry Winschel, National Lois Waninger, from the Carondelet Park Service historian at Vicksburg, dis­ Historical Society, gave a presentation cussed "Walker's Texas Division and the about Susan Blow, founder of the first Relief of Vicksburg." Marshall Krolick of kindergarten, to members gathered in Pat the Chicago Civil War Round Table talked Corich's home in Creve Coeur on Novem­ about "The Boy Generals: The Promotion ber 19. of Custer, Farnsworth, and Merritt" at the December 3 meeting. Dade County Historical Society The Society sponsored a celebration of Clark County Historical Society Dade County's Sesquicentennial, October At the October 22 meeting, held in the 12 and 13, in Greenfield. The festivities Society's museum in Kahoka, Robert Wust- included crafts, food, dancing, a gospel row of the Lee County Historical Society, sing and a special postage stamp cancella­ Keokuk, Iowa, presented "The Hubinger tion. Mansion and Keokuk in the 1800's." Dallas County Historical Society Concordia Area Heritage Society On September 29 the Society sponsored The Society sponsored Heritage Day, a walking tour of historic sites and homes October 5, on the lawn of the Lohoefener in north Buffalo. Robert Gilmore, pro­ House Museum in Concordia. Old-fash­ fessor at Southwest Missouri State Uni­ ioned crafts and skills, such as apple butter versity, presented "Ozarks Baptisings, and cider making and butter churning, Hangings and other Diversions" at the were demonstrated. October 17 meeting, held in the museum in Buffalo. Concordia Historical Institute The Institute held its biennial member­ DeKalb County Historical Society ship meeting on November 7 in the Con­ The Society entered a float featuring cordia Seminary, St. Louis. Individuals past and present wood-cutting and grass- and organizations that had made signifi­ mowing tools in the Octoberfest parade in cant contributions to Lutheran history over Maysville, October 5. the past year received awards of com­ Dent County Historical Society mendation; Harold M. Olsen, of Spring­ Alex T. Primm presented "Will a Real field, Illinois, was the keynote speaker. Ozarks Hillbilly Please Stand Up?" at the September 13 meeting, at the Salem Com­ Cooper County Historical Society munity Center. At Dick's Mill, Cotton, on August 4, Society members toured the mill and pic­ Ferguson Historical Society nicked. On September 9, members met in The Society held its annual picnic, Sep­ the New Lebanon Church, near Boonville; tember 21, in January-Wabash Park. Greg Fox, of the Archaeological Society Foundation for Restoration of of Missouri, gave a program about the Old Ste. Genevieve archaeological evidence of some Cooper The Foundation sponsored a colloquium County settlements. The Society met Oc­ on early travel, "The First Roads West," tober 14 in the Zion Lutheran Church in October 11-13, in the Hotel Ste. Gene­ Lone Elm. Bob Dyer discussed the fate of vieve. 194 Missouri Historical Review

Franklin County Historical Society Golden Eagle River Museum The Society met on September 28 in the A large model of the gunboat Caronde­ Rock Island Railroad Depot in Gerald; let, made by Ronald Bolte, was exhibited members toured the depot and the recently at the Museum during the summer season. restored telephone office. Following the Grain Valley Historical Society tour, Opal Schulte, local resident and his­ The first meeting of the Society was torian, presented the history of Gerald. held on September 19 in Grain Valley. Friends of Arrow Rock Winona Burgess is president. Society dues, On September 27 the Friends dedicated which are $10, can be mailed to Shirley the Christopher Collection of Early Mis­ Morgenroth, P.O. Box 414, Grain Valley, souri Firearms, donated by Byron Shutz. MO 64029. For more information, contact In the same ceremony, due to the generos­ Morgenroth at (816) 229-1255. ity of Byron and Marilyn Shutz, the Grandview Historical Society Friends rededicated the J. P. Sites, Jr., The Society operates the Depot Mu­ Gun Shop. Extensive security and climate seum, 1205 Jones Avenue, Grandview, control improvements have recently been which is open Fridays 1 P.M. to 4 P.M. and made to the shop. Saturdays 10 A.M. to 4 P.M. On August 5, after a quarterly business meeting in the Friends of Keytesville Depot Museum, members described an­ The Friends met at the home of Anna tiques and curiosities brought to the meet­ Hughes, October 1. Members recently ing. Jim Beckner presented a program completed a project to protect the stained about the role of preachers and churches glass windows of the Presbyterian Church during the Civil War at the September 9 in Keytesville with a plastic covering. meeting. At the October 7 meeting, David Boutros, associate director of the Western Friends of Missouri Town-1855 Historical Manuscript Collection in Kansas The Friends demonstrated cooking, knit­ City, discussed writing local history. On ting, spinning, blacksmithing and many October 26, the Society hosted its annual other crafts on August 17, at the Civil Hobo Supper, featuring stew and brownies. War commemoration in Lone Jack, and on September 21, at Pleasant Hill. Will Greene County Historical Society Simpson from the Heart of America Indian Ellen Massey presented "Wear It Out, Center spoke about "Indian Activities Use It Up, Make It Do, Or Do Without" along the Missouri Border in 1850" at the at the September 26 meeting, held in the September 29 meeting, held in Woods Glenstone Heritage Cafeteria, Springfield. Chapel. At the October 24 meeting, Betty Mowrer, of Boys Town of Missouri, presented a Gasconade County Historical Society history of the Springfield Children's Home. The Society met November 10 in the Officers for 1992 are Eleanor Williamson, VFW Hall in Owensville. Discussion about president; Arthur Marx, vice president; renovating the Owensville Hotel highlighted and Louise Hull, secretary. the meeting, and members held a drawing for a quilt. The Society participated in the Grundy County Museum Hermann Oktoberfest with a food booth The Museum featured Rock Island rail­ and tours of the courthouse. road memorabilia and an antique car show during the celebration of Grundy County's Glendale Historical Society Sesquicentennial and Missouri Days, Oc­ The Society met on September 12 in the tober 17-20. City Hall auditorium. Mary Reedy dis­ Harrison County Historical Society cussed "Gardening in Glendale." The Society held an open house during Historical Notes and Comments 195

Town and Country Days, October 5. Nine meeting, September 9, in the Chateau Beta Sigma Phi sororities across Harrison Girardeau. Angels served as the decorative County helped the Society decorate the theme for the Christmas season at the Cuddy House in Bethany for Christmas. Glenn House. Phoebe Apperson Hearst Historical Association of Greater St. Louis Historical Society, Inc. At its third annual Father William The Society celebrated its thirtieth an­ Barnaby Faherty, S.J., Award Dinner, held niversary, August 4, with a dinner at Hearst October 25 at the Holiday Inn, Clayton, Friendship Park, south of St. Clair. the Association honored Carl Teichman, Henry County Historical Society publisher emeritus of the St. Louis Daily Members held an ice cream social at the Record and the St. Louis Countian; museum in Clinton on August 16 and a Thomas B. Curtis and Robert Young, yard and bake sale on September 14. On former U.S. representatives; and Arthur J. October 12 the Society celebrated its twenty- Litz, first president of the Association, for fifth anniversary and the listing of the their community contributions. William museum's Anheuser-Busch building in the Miller, professor of history at St. Louis National Register of Historic Places. University, spoke about baseball's role in the American Dream. On November 3, Heritage Seekers NiNi Harris, author of A History of The Society met July 15 in the Palmyra Carondelet, conducted a tour of Carondelet State Bank. Boy scout Mark Meade pre­ for Association members. Ann and Joseph sented his completed "Palmyra Historic Rogers gave the slide presentation, "Lewis Main Street" audio walking tour; cassettes and Clark—The Great Journey," for mem­ and players can be rented from the Society. bers gathered in the Pius XII Library at On July 29, the Palmyra Chamber of Com­ St. Louis University on November 24.^ merce and the Heritage Seekers cospon­ sored a concert by the Muisik Kappella Historical Society of Polk County Kupprichausen German Band from Kup- Members gathered at the North Ward prichausen, Germany, on the lawn of the Museum, Bolivar, on September 26 and Marion County Courthouse. The Society heard Alex Primm deliver a program en­ held a business meeting on August 19. At titled "Will a Real Ozarks Hillbilly Please the September 16 meeting, Laura Blick- Stand Up?" ham, summer hostess at the Gardner Iron County Historical Society House, reported on the 1991 season and On October 21, the Society met in the conducted a tour of the house, pointing First Baptist Church, Ironton. Members out recent acquisitions and exhibits. viewed Treehouse: An Ozarks Tale, a video Hickory County Historical Society about "Treehouse" Brown, and approved On October 11 and 12, the Society starting a long-term project to publish a sponsored Pioneer Days at the museum in history of Iron County. Hermitage. Jackson County Historical Society Historic Florissant, Inc. The Society sponsored a living history The historic Gittemeier House was trans­ weekend at the Wornall House, Kansas ferred to the group from Shell Oil Com­ City, September 28 and 29. It featured pany on July 30, 1991. Historic Florissant house tours, a soup kitchen and medical plans to restore and maintain the house as reenactments. With the Civil War Round a historic site. Table of Kansas City, the Society spon­ Historical Association of sored a "Civil War Historical Tour" to Greater Cape Girardeau Glasgow on October 26. The Society held The Society held a general membership its annual dinner at the Holiday Inn 196 Missouri Historical Review

Crowne Plaza, November 14. Don Whit­ Kingdom of Callaway Historical Society man Wilson, archivist of the United States, Members gathered at the Callaway presented "Preservation Is Not Enough." County Library, Fulton, on September 16, where Charles Jones presented "Artist as Jasper County Historical Society Historian." The Society met September 8 in the Dorothea B. Hoover Historical Museum, Kirkwood Historical Society Joplin. Steve Weldon presented a history The Society held a social meeting, Sep­ of Cox Pioneer Cemetery and the efforts tember 10, at the History House in Kirk­ to restore it. wood. Jennings Historical Society Lafayette County Historical Society On November 16 and 17, the Society On October 27, members gathered at participated in the craft fair at the Jennings the REA building, south of Higginsville, High School. Members held their annual and heard Harmon Mothershead, professor Christmas Party, December 10, in the Jen­ of history at Northwest Missouri State nings Civic Center. The Society is attempt­ University, discuss "The Wide Missouri." ing to mark all Jennings-area homes which Lawrence County Historical Society are over 100 years old. Charles Jones, professor of history at Joplin Historical Society William Woods College, Fulton, discussed On September 13-15, the Society staffed "Art as History" at the July 21 meeting in a booth at the Joplin Fall Fiesta. The the Jones Memorial Chapel, Mt. Vernon. Society hosted the Jasper County Gene­ At the September 15 meeting, Mary Ellen alogical Society's regional meeting and Gifford, Rosemary Bain and Amy Miller workshop on September 28 and partici­ presented monologues based on the experi­ pated in the Joplin Women's Show, Oc­ ences of five Ozarks women in southwest tober 11-13. Missouri during the Civil War. Kansas City Fire Brigade Lexington Historical Association The Brigade held a fire muster, Septem­ The Association meets at 7 P.M. every ber 28, at the museum. Teams from sur­ second Wednesday in the Cumberland rounding areas competed in contests such Room of the Lexington Historical Mu­ as the three hose section layout, the bucket seum, 1601 Main Street. On September 14 brigade and the water barrel fight. and 15, the Society held its biennial Old Homes Tour in Lexington. Members con­ Kansas City Westerners ducted a tour and constructed special ex­ At the July 9 meeting, held at the Here­ hibits in the Museum during the Santa Fe ford House, the Westerners presented Milt Trail Symposium, September 27-30. Perry, past president of the Civil War Round Table of Kansas City, with a scroll Macon County Historical Society in appreciation of his work as a regional The Society met September 12 in the historian. Debbie Dribben, from the Na­ Macon County Courthouse. Jack Lee tional Frontier Trails Center in Indepen­ spoke about "Presidential Campaign Items" dence, spoke about the new Center and and displayed his collection. the history of trails at the August 13 meet­ Meramec Station Historical Society ing. Members heard about a modern trail In conjunction with history students trek from Ann Carter at the September 10 from Valley Park High School, the Society meeting. Harmon Mothershead, professor has compiled a "Service Record" for Valley of history at Northwest Missouri State Park residents who have served in any University, discussed the importance of branch of the military service. The Society the Missouri River at the October 8 helped sponsor a service in memory of meeting. Pearl Harbor on December 7. Historical Notes and Comments 197

Miller County Historical Society Dornan, secretary; William G. Johnson, The Society met October 13 in its mu­ treasurer; and Dorothy Bartram, chaplain. seum in Tuscumbia; Harmon Mothershead, Neelyville Area Historical Society professor of history at Northwest Missouri State University, spoke about "The Wide On September 13 the Society met at the Missouri." The Society has published a former Washington School. Mary Cox and combination history book/ cookbook, Mil­ others discussed the 1938 tornado in Neely­ ler County Heritage and Vittles. It is avail­ ville. Members viewed and discussed local able from Peggy L. Hake, Route 1, Box Indian artifacts at the October 10 meeting. 52, St. Elizabeth, MO 65075, for $7.00, John G. Neihardt Corral of the Westerners plus $1.50 postage. The Westerners met September 12 in the Days Inn, Columbia. Jeffrey Ball dis­ Missouri Historical Society cussed the "Missouri Murals" in the state A new exhibit, "The Architect's Mark: capitol. At the October 10 meeting, A Century of St. Louis Architectural Johnnye Coulter, professor of art history Drawings," continues through March 15. and archaeology at the University of Mis­ On display through 1991 was "Ragtime to souri-Columbia, spoke about "Thomas Rock 'n Roll: St. Louis African-American Hart Benton, American Artist." Music." On November 2, Katharine T. Corbett, the Society's interpretation direc­ New Madrid Historical Museum tor, led a tour of Bellefontaine Cemetery. Charles Jones, professor emeritus of Robert Hume, film critic for The River­ American history at William Woods Col­ front Times, discussed "Here's Looking at lege in Fulton, discussed "Artist as His­ You, Kid: American Movies of the 1940s" torian" at the October 11 meeting at the in the Jefferson Memorial Building in Museum. Forest Park on November 13. Newton County Historical Society Monroe County Historical Society Officers of the Society are Sybil Jobe, New officers elected at the Society's an­ president; Jim Taylor, vice president; Lois nual dinner meeting, held October 29 in Bush, secretary; and Dennis Burr, trea­ the Senior Citizens' Nutrition Center, Paris, surer. are Mrs. John Roegge, president; Marge Nodaway County Historical Society Starrett, vice president; Mrs. Thomas The Society meets at 2:00 P.M. the fourth Callis, secretary; and Mary Daniel, trea­ Monday of January, March, May and Sep­ surer. In addition, Jeffrey Bergmann, a tember in the American Bank of Northwest senior at Paris High School, discussed his Missouri, Maryville. Officers are Frances trip to Russia. Stuart, president; Elizabeth Bird, Dan Cor- Montgomery County Historical Society nelison and Edgar Williamson, vice presi­ The Society held its annual Fall Tour dents; Clarence Lloyd, secretary; Harriet on October 13. Members visited Mt. Horeb Cain, corresponding secretary; and Thomas Church and cemetery, Bryan cemetery and Carneal, treasurer. On September 25, Le- the H. E. Scanland farm, "Valley Farm," land Nichols, of Pickering, presented a in Mineola. history of Pickering, and Everett Brown, state representative, discussed "Historical Morgan County Historical Society Places in Missouri." Sally Tennihill gave a Members met in the Pioneer Restaurant program entitled "Black women writers of in Versailles, October 21. President Calvin the Civil War Period" at the November 25 Draegert reported on the summer season meeting. at the museum. Officers for 1992 are Leonard Campbell, president; Calvin Drae­ Old Mines Area Historical Society gert and Bud Green, vice presidents; Kay On October 6 the Society sponsored 198 Missouri Historical Review

Fete De L'Automne in Old Mines. The presentation about the beginnings of Luth- festivities included a country store, crafts eranism in Australia. Officers for 1992 are demonstrations and a viewing of the paint­ Leonard Kuehnert, president; Norbert ing, Immaculate Conception, which hung Meyr, vice president; Milda Weber, secre­ behind the altar in St. Joachim Church. tary; and Vernon Meyr, treasurer. Old Trails Historical Society Pike County Historical Society The Society held its 22nd annual Antique At the October 8 meeting in Mary Queen Show and Sale at the Bacon Log Cabin in of Peace Church, Clarksville, Gene Ditch, Manchester, September 29. At the October assisted by several members of the Louisi­ 16 meeting, Judy Slifer of Slifer's Winery ana High School and Junior High choirs, in Augusta, provided a wine-tasting eve­ presented a program of Stephen Foster ning for members. music. New officers are Arlene McNutt, president; Millie Betz and Debbie Lewis, Oregon-California Trails Association, vice presidents; Ruth Scoggin, secretary; Trails Head Chapter and Lucile Creamer, treasurer. Members gathered in the Grinter House, Kansas City, Kansas, on November 10 for Pleasant Hill Historical Society the annual meeting. Rodney Staab, curator Edith Coleman, director of education of Grinter Place Museum, discussed the for the Kansas City Housing Authority, history of the site, a ferry crossing over the discussed education at the October 27 Kansas River. meeting, held at the museum. Osage County Historical Society Ralls County Historical Society The Society sponsored a homes tour, Members reminisced about school days September 29, in Rich Fountain. The tour at the September 16 meeting, held in featured the Sacred Heart Catholic Church Mason Park in Center. At the November and rectory, the Fick-Scherf and Krieg- 18 meeting in the Senior Citizens building, Vaughan homes and the Gasconade River New London, Galen and Jenny Clark de­ Bed & Breakfast Guest House. At the livered a program about the history of November 18 meeting, held in the Most music. Pure Heart of Mary Church Hall in Cha­ mois, State Representative Merrill Townley Ray County Historical Society read from the diary of his grandfather. Adolf Schroeder, professor emeritus of Verda Townley Leonard presented the deed German at the University of Missouri in to the Townley House in Chamois to the Columbia, discussed "Missouri's German Society. Heritage" at the September 9 meeting, held in the museum in Richmond. Overland Historical Society Raytown Historical Society The Society held Christmas Candlelight The Society participated in Raytown's Tours at its Log House in Overland, De­ Round-Up Days, September 27-29, with a cember 8 and 15. variety of activities: a country store, a Perry County Historical Society white elephant sale, a quilt show and a Tours of the Faherty house in Perryville raffle. Larry Olpin, of Central Missouri are available upon request; phone (314) State University, presented "The Stuff of 547-6493 or 547-6391 for further informa­ Legends: John Brown and William Quan­ tion. trill" to members gathered at the museum on October 23. Perry County Lutheran Historical Society Members gathered in the Trinity Luth­ St. Charles County Historical Society eran School, Altenburg, on October 20; The Society held its quarterly dinner member Vernon R. Meyr gave a slide meeting, October 24, at the Mother-In- Historical Notes and Comments 199

Law House restaurant, St. Charles. James Spring Creek Mill and the second volume Fitz, of the St. Charles Gas Company, of the history book. The Society meets the discussed the history and growth of the first Sunday of even-numbered months. company. Texas County Missouri Genealogical and St. Clair Historical Museum Historical Society Meetings are held at 7 P.M., the second At the September 27 meeting, held in Tuesday of each month, in Traveler's Re­ the courthouse in Houston, Raymond Oeth pose, 25 West Main, St. Clair. informed Society members about new ma­ terial at the LDS libraries. The Society Schuyler County Historical Society has a new publication, Post Offices & "Commemoratives and Mementoes" was Post-Masters of Texas County, Missouri, the title of the fall exhibit at the Society's 1846-1974, a composite of articles which William P. Hall Home Museum in Lan­ appeared in the Houston Herald in 1974. caster. The Society held its annual meeting, To order, contact the Texas County Mis­ October 27, in the museum. Brenda Pfan- souri Genealogical and Historical Society, nenstiel, of the Missouri Newspaper Project Box 12, Houston, MO 65483. at the State Historical Society of Missouri, discussed efforts to locate and microfilm Harry S Truman Independence local newspapers. Officers for 1992 are 76 Fire Company Nelle George, president; Beulah Tallman The Company sponsored its First An­ and Claire Bolton, vice presidents; Marilyn nual Classic Fire Truck Gathering on the Beeler and LeNore Schafer, secretaries; courthouse square in Independence, Oc­ and Margaret West, treasurer. tober 26. Seventeen classic fire trucks were on display and then participated in the Scott County Historical Society 43rd annual Halloween Parade. The Society met September 3 in the courthouse in Benton. Warren Masterson, Union Cemetery Historical Society Roger Russell and Jack Morgan, members Members gathered at the cemetery, of the American Mountain Men, gave a August 31, for a tour, led by Sonny Wells, presentation about Rocky Mountain fur concentrating on old Jackson County ceme­ traders, 1810-1840. At the October 1 meet­ teries and the Santa Fe Trail. The Sep­ ing, Gerald Lyne discussed Indian artifacts tember 28 meeting, held in the Sexton's and displayed his personal collection. Cottage, was a member-participation meet­ ing, with members displaying artifacts re­ Sons and Daughters of the Blue and Gray lated to the cemetery or to someone buried Members gathered August 18 in the there. Members gathered on October 26 American Bank, Maryville, and tested their for a program by Dorothy Early on "The Civil War knowledge during a trivia con­ Evolution of the American Flag." test conducted by member Harley Kis­ singer. At the September 15 meeting, Bill Vernon County Historical Society Mauzey introduced a video entitled The John Post and Lee Earl Shearburn Battle of Cedar Mountain. Harley Kis­ guided Society members on a field trip to singer presented "Haunted Places of the historic sites in southwest Vernon County, Civil War" to members at the October 20 September 12. The September 29 meeting meeting. was held in the city-county community center in Nevada. Ed Woodington, an Stone County Historical Society adopted member of two Indian tribes, gave Members gathered in the Hurley Com­ a program on contemporary Indians. On munity Center, Hurley, December 1, and October 20 members met in the old stone discussed ongoing projects such as the his­ schoolhouse in Montevallo. Eldon Steward, toric sites survey, the purchase of the Old of El Dorado Springs, discussed the Civil 200 Missouri Historical Review

War and displayed his collection of the Hawken House, September 21 through memorabilia. November 4. Esley Hamilton, of the St. Louis County Parks Department, discussed Warren County Historical Society the history of the Webster Park subdivi­ Gary Kremer, state archivist, discussed sion at the October 15 meeting. The 17th George Washington Carver at the August annual Antique Quilt Show was held No­ 15 meeting, held at the museum in War­ vember 2 and 3 at the Hixson Junior High renton. At the annual meeting, held Oc­ School. November 4 through December 8, tober 24, Linda Pickle, professor of Ger­ the Hawken House exhibited miniatures man at Westminster College, Fulton, from private collections. On November 4 presented "Where Were They All? At the Society cosponsored a progressive Home, Under Our Nose," about using homes tour and gourmet lunch. photographs, letters and diaries to recon­ struct society in the nineteenth century. Weston Historical Museum New officers are Charlotte Bradshaw, presi­ On November 10 members met in Yes­ dent; Herman Brewe, vice president; terday's restaurant, Weston, for the annual Alouise Marshall and Marilee Barry, secre­ meeting. Mark Megehee, director of the taries; and Ruth Drosselmeyer, treasurer. Frontier Army Museum at Fort Leaven­ worth, Kansas, discussed Army history in Washington Historical Society the West. For information about the The Society held a general membership Heritage Homes Tours to be held in the meeting on September 10 in Jim Rennick spring, contact the Museum at 601 Main Riverfront Park in Washington. Walter Street, P.O. Box 266, Weston, MO 64098. Hatcher talked about the development of the Marbach, Germany-Washington Sister Westport Historical Society City agreement. On September 12-14, the The Society sponsored a tour to Jeffer­ Society conducted its annual book sale in son City on October 19 and 20. Sonny the museum. Wells led the group through Graystone Wayne County Historical Society Park in Lexington; Ravenswood, near Jack Smoot, site administrator of Bol­ Bunceton; Cedarcroft Farm, near War­ linger Mill State Historic Site in Burford- rensburg; and historic sites in the capital. ville, gave a slide presentation about the White River Valley Historical Society evolution of water power and the Bollinger Members gathered in the Friendship Mill at the October 7 meeting, held in the Patterson Community Building. In con­ House at the College of the Ozarks, Point junction with the U.S. Army Corps of Lookout, on September 8. Carly Andrus, Engineers, the Society is participating in history teacher at Republic High School, the Old Greenville renovation project, un­ discussed "The Creative Writing of Local covering sidewalks and foundations of old History." buildings. Winston Historical Society Webster Groves Historical Society The Society held a community picnic, The Society sponsored a quilt show at September 20, in the Rock Island Depot.

The Short and Long of It Cameron Daily Vindicator, June 11, 1881. The short and long of it is this: ... the born orator you will find only on the stage, the self-made orator you will generally find in politics.—Globe Democrat. Historical Notes and Comments 201

GIFTS Audrain County Area Genealogical Society, donor, through Frances Quisenberry, Mexico: Death Notices from the Mexico, MO Newspapers, 1897-1899, by Frances Quisen­ berry. (N)* Ava High School, Ava, donor: Yearbook, Docomo, 1991. (R) Lindsay Lomax Bagnall, Rolla, donor: Victor W. Lomax Papers. (M) Deri H. Barnett, Dunlap, Illinois, donor: Obituaries, A Collection . . . in the Roscoe, Osceola, El Dorado Springs and St. Clair Co., Missouri, compiled by donor. (R) Arlo Dwight Baty, Torrance, California, donor: Selected excerpts from the Kirksville Weekly Graphic, May 1, 1880-December 26, 1884, by donor. (N) Bernie High School, Bernie, donor: Yearbook, Cotton Boll, 1991. (R) Boone County Fair Board, donor, through Kay Kirtley, Columbia: Programs for the Boone County Fair and Horse Show. (R) Boonville High School, donor, through Nancy R. Singer, Boonville: Yearbook, The Buccaneer, 1973, 1975, 1981, 1982, 1984, 1985, 1991. (R) Robert T. Bray, Columbia, donor: Memoirs, Personal and Historical of a Fourth Generation Boy of the Ozarks, including Genealogies and Military Histories of the Bray Family, by donor. (R) Ellyn T. Brothers, Columbia, donor: Missouri Federation of Square Dance and Round Dance Clubs publication, Show- Me Doin 's, single issues. (R) Fern L. Bryant, Los Altos, California, donor: Colored prints by Louis Biedermann of Louisiana Purchase Exposition, 1904, St. Louis. (A) Charles M. Buckner, Marshall, donor: Material on Pennytown, Missouri. (R) Bruce B. Cannady, Gresham, Oregon, donor: Ancestral Families of Alison Cannady, by donor. (R) Carnegie Public Library, Shelbina, donor: Telephone directories for Canton-Shelbina area and "Supplement to Shelby County, Missouri, Cemeteries," 1990. (R)

•These letters indicate the location of the materials at the Society. (N) refers to Newspaper Library; (E), Editorial Office; (M), Manuscripts; (R), Reference Library; (RFC), Reference Fitzgerald Collection; (B), Bay Room; and (A), Art Room. 202 Missouri Historical Review

Ruby Dodge Case, Merrillville, Indiana, donor, through R. V. Smith, Bartlesville, Oklahoma: "History and Recollections of Bynumville, Chariton County, Missouri," by donor. (R) D. M. Christisen, Columbia, donor: Over 75 postcards and view cards of the Lake of the Ozarks region, circa 1950. (E) Daughters of the American Revolution, Missouri State Society, donor, through Mrs. Hamlet Jeff Wade, Jr., Bragg City, and Mary Louise Fricke, Kingdom City: Catalog of Genealogical and Historic Works in the Library of the Missouri State Society Daughters of the American Revolution. (R) Ron Donaldson, Kansas City, donor: Irish Edition of Alexander Ban Donaldson, Our Ancestor, 1691-1776, by donor. (R) Charles V. Duncan, Jr., Modesto, California, donor: John T Hughes: From the Pen, by Charles V. Duncan. (R) Robert L. Dyer, Boonville, donor: Big Canoe Songbook: Ballads From the Heartland', cassette tapes, "River of the Big Canoes" and "Treasure in the River," all by donor. (R) Tony and Beverly Ezell, Neosho, donors: The Ezell's on the Move, by donors. (R) Jim D. Feagins, Grandview, donor: Cultural resource survey and archaeological testing reports for proposed Adams Dairy Parkway, Blue Springs, Jackson County, and recollections of 1920s on Holland farm, Dearborn, Missouri, by Thelma Payton-Snedden. (R) A. Irene Fitzgerald, Columbia, donor: Over 45 books for the reference and Fitzgerald collections. (R) & (RFC) James W. Goodrich, Columbia, donor: Real photo postcards of Springfield Hospital and Training School for Nurses and Moniteau County Courthouse, California, Missouri. (E) Opal McKinzie Haas, Springfield, donor: William Christopher and His Mc Kinzie Clan, by donor. (R) Jean Tyree Hamilton, Marshall, donor: Eight single issues of Saline County newspapers, 1870s to 1890s. (N) Vickie Harrison, Poison, Montana, donor: Information by donor on descendants of John Duncan, Abraham Musick and Jeremiah Clay and Sabrina and Elezer Clay. (R) Notley Hawkins, Columbia, donor: Oil painting, Vermont Nocturne, by donor/artist. (A) Paul and Margaret Henbest, donors, through Ted W. Roller, Purdy: Loaned for copying, Barry County in Pictures, (R); Purdy Community Leader, October 4, 1934. (N) Peter Hilty, Cape Girardeau, donor: Book of poems, How Far Is Far?, by donor. (R) Historical Notes and Comments 203

Carol Hines, Luther, Oklahoma, donor: Research on Donnell, Hines and Quakenbush and related families, by donor. (R) Bill Holmes, Colorado Springs, Colorado, donor: Dissertation, "Nineteenth Century Hemp Culture in the Missouri River Valley," by William C. Holmes, Jr. (R) Goldena Howard, New London, donor: Material on First Christian Church, New London. (E) & (R) Howard A. Johnson, Slater, donor: Material on Thomas Roger Haynie family, by donor. (R) Clarence R. Keathley, Ironton, donor: Items on the Civilian Conservation Corps, public welfare, mining, a Missouri geological survey and the history of Southeast Missouri. (R) Roy Keller, Cape Girardeau, donor, through Kay Pettit, Fulton: Missouri Football, 1990 and 1991. (R) Edward M. Kemble, Lincoln, Nebraska, donor: Thirteen photographs of the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair. (E) Nancy E. Kennedy, Columbia, donor: Joseph Estes Papers, 1816-1880. (M) Martha E. King, Manassas, Virginia, donor: Letters of Mollie A. Garr and her daughter, Alice. (M) Mrs. Robert King, Kansas City, donor: Admittance cards of Dr. William Dillard Halliburton to various medical lectures. (R) Kirkwood High School, Kirkwood, donor: Yearbook, Pioneer, 1991. (R) Mrs. Gwen Klein, Marceline, donor: Marceline Coordinated Welfare Council Records, 1950-1980. (M) Janet Dunn Kochevar, Lincoln Park, Michigan, donor: An Irish Legacy: The Family of William Dunn . . . To Many Present Day Descendants, by donor. (R) Mr. and Mrs. Sidney Larson, Columbia, donors: Two figure drawings by Fred Shane and lithograph, Auction Barn, by Jackson Lee Nesbitt. (A) Eddie Linebarger, donor, through Ted W. Roller, Purdy: Several single issues of school newspapers from Purdy and Purdy High School yearbook, Black & Gold, 1936, loaned for copying. (R) Mary Beth Lozo, Canyon Lake, Texas, donor: Genealogy of Thomas Conn and Mildred Ann Conley and Their Descendants from Virginia to Kentucky, to Missouri, on to Texas. (R) Elizabeth Pattrick Mackenzie, Glendale, California, donor: Theodore Gary: A Sketch of His Life, Some of His Writings and a Record of His Public Services, by Henry P. Robbins. (R) 204 Missouri Historical Review

Ruby T. McVean, Lee's Summit, donor: Ruby T. McVean Papers, 1938-1939. (M) Maneater, University of Missouri, Columbia, donor, through Mary Biddle, Columbia: Bound volume of Maneater, January-July 1991. (N) Mansfield High School, Mansfield, donor: Yearbook, El Leon, 1987-1990. (R) Effie Marshall, donor, through Ted W. Roller, Purdy: "Barry County Up-To-Date, 1922." (R) Metropolitan Publishing Corporation, Springfield, donor: Three volumes of area telephone directories for Missouri. (R) Missouri Federation of Square and Round Dance Clubs, donor, through Harold (Bud) Edwards, Moberly: Missing issues of donor's publication, Show-Me Doin 's. (R) Missouri Mule Skinners Society and University of Missouri Extension Division, donors, through Melvin Bradley and Duane Dailey, Columbia: Recollections of Missouri Mules, Volumes 1-8, by Bradley and Dailey; "The Mule Industry of Missouri Remembered," by Bradley. (R) Montgomery County R-II High School, Montgomery City, donor: Yearbook, 1991. (R) Leona S. Morris, Columbia, donor: Brochures, newsletters and publications relating to Missouri tourism, businesses, churches, libraries, educational and cultural organizations and agencies, book by Mort Walker, (R); photographs of Macon, Missouri. (E) Kathleen Mullen, Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, donor, through Joe Webber, St. Louis: A History of the Jewish Hospital of St. Louis, by David A. Gee. (R) Jeff Munzinger, Springfield, donor: A History of the First Baptist Church, Springfield, Missouri, 1852-1977, by Wayne C. Bartee. (R) Kenneth A. Neth, Kansas City, donor: Membership directories, Real Estate Board of Kansas City, 1973-1976, 1978, items on Silver Dollar City and First Christian Church, Ferrelview, and Proceedings, Odd Fellows, Grand Lodge of Missouri, 1897-1898. (R) Jean B. Nichols, Waynesboro, Virginia, donor: Material on the George Caleb Bingham boyhood home. (R) Miller and Jeannette Nichols, Kansas City, donors: Ancestors and Descendants of Jesse Clyde Nichols and Jessie (Miller) Nichols, by Joan Ferris Curran. (R) Larry R. Niedergerke, Columbia, donor: Let's Go To America! The Path of Emigrants From Eastern Westphalia to the USA. (R) Nodaway County Historical Society, donor, through Frances R. Stuart, Maryville: Items published by and about the Society including "Maryville Historical Land­ marks." (R) Historical Notes and Comments 205

Oak Ridge R-6 High School, Oak Ridge, donor: Yearbook, Charter Oak, 1991. (R) Cheryl Oberhaus, Columbia, donor: Loaned for copying, "Vandalia City Cemetery," compiled by donor, indexed by George W. Giles, and update, "Central Union Cemetery." (R) Charles A. O'Dell, Columbia, donor: Ad for Professor S. A. Weltmer, Nevada, Missouri, material on Wabash Railroad and "A Columbia, Missouri Black Newspaper: 'A Professional World': 1901-1903." (R) Park College, Parkville, donor, through Registrar's Office and Donald J. Breckon: Park College Bulletin, 1968-1984 and 1986-1988, A Chronicle of Memories: Park College - 1875-1990, by Mary L. Tipton, and "Park College and Parkville's Black Heritage," by Donald J. Breckon. (R) Park Hill High School, Kansas City, donor: Yearbook, Troyian, 1988-1990. (R) Elizabeth Payne, Columbia, donor: Memorable historic front pages of St. Louis Post-Dispatch. (R) Brenda Pfannenstiel, Columbia, donor: Women's History Newsletter, volumes 1 and 2. (R) Beverly H. and Walter L. Pfeffer II, Columbia, donors: Miscellaneous publications, programs, invitations and brochures from a variety of business, educational, civic, conservation, cultural, charitable and political organizations and associations. (R) Peggy Platner, Columbia, donor: Color negatives taken by donor at retirement reception for Mary K. Dains, August 8, 1991, (E); several Walt Disney books. (RFC) R. L. Polk & Co., Kansas City, donor: City directories for Neosho, 1989, and Blue Springs, Clinton, Jackson and Sedalia, 1990. (R) Floyd Thomas Pratt, St. Peters, donor: Pratt Family History with Related Families of the Washington, Crawford, Franklin Counties of Missouri, 3 volumes, by donor. (R) Pamela Putman, Columbia, donor: Material on Mark Twain, speeches by George G. Vest and David DeArmond, 1896. (R) Mr. and Mrs. William J. Reagan, Columbia, donors: Missouri Federation of Square Dance and Round Dance newsletter, Show-Me Doin's, Volume 1-Volume 23, #8. (R) Fred Redeker, Jefferson City, donor: Loaned for copying, Chamois Parrot, May 2 and 9, 1935. (N) Mrs. John H. Renner, Montgomery City, donor: Genealogy of Johann Georg Renner and Anna Maria Groessle and Their Descend­ ants from Germany to Pennsylvania, on to Missouri, by Helen Ruth Renner. (R) 206 Missouri Historical Review

Elizabeth McReynolds Rozier, Jefferson City, donor: Allen McReynolds, Sr., Papers, concerning his 1940 campaign for Missouri gov­ ernor; George A. Rozier Papers of a Missouri state senator, 1930s and 1940s. (M) Bonnie C. Sanders, Las Vegas, Nevada, donor: Frey to Fry: One Branch of the Heinrich Frey Family, 1675-1991, by donor. (R) Walter A. Schroeder, Columbia, donor: Over 45 plat books for Missouri counties. (R) Frances Doutt Smith, St. Louis, donor: Material on the Doutt family, (R); "Cooper County, Missouri Index: 1910 Census," by donor. (N) Mary Ann Smith, Fayette, donor: "Mount Moriah Christian Church, Fayette, MO" history and deed. (R) Robert Durant Smith, Columbia, donor: Books on the Civil War. (R) Charles Spires, Cassville, donor, through Frances Quisenberry, Mexico: Loaned for copying, yearbook, Wellsville High School, 1921. (R) Stephens Life, Stephens College, donor, through Greg Erickson, Columbia: Stephens Life, bound volume, 1990-1991. (R) Jean Nipps Swaim, Stockton, donor: The Era of the One-Room Rural Schools in Cedar County, Missouri, by donor. (R) Duane R. Thompson, Silver Spring, Maryland, donor: "Some Descendants of Anthony Thompson (1759-1834)," by donor. (R) Donald L. Thurston, Carlsbad, New Mexico, donor: Palmer-McCauley Papers. (M) United Methodist Church, Missouri East Conference, donor, through Rebecca Meiner- shagen, Columbia: Publications of Women's Society of Christian Service for various conferences in Missouri, 1940s-1960s, and newsletter, Centenary Methodist Church, St. Louis, Volumes 1-8. (R) University of Missouri-Columbia, Department of Geography, donor, through Walter Schroeder, Columbia: Gazetteer of Missouri Place Names and set of microfiche of Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps of Missouri. (R) Virginia L. Wekenburg, New Bloomfield, donor: Kauffelds (Coffelt) in America, by R. J. Coffelt and J. W. Coffelt. (R) John G. Westover, Tucson, Arizona, donor: Selected Memories, Volumes II and III, by donor. (R) Robert G. and Margie McDaniel Woods, St. Louis, donors: Brochure on Muny Opera, St. Louis, 1990-1991 season, and map of Sunset Hills, Missouri. (R) Historical Notes and Comments 207

MISSOURI HISTORY IN NEWSPAPERS Adrian Journal August 29, 1991—"A 1908 Bates County Wolf Hunt." October 10—"Freeman Barrows was Bates County's 1st County Clerk 1840-1853 and 1st Postmaster." This and the article above by Art Evans. October 31—An article about the First Methodist Episcopal Church. Anderson Graphic October 16, 1991—"Tripoli: unique mineral found only in Seneca," by Marilyn Sarratt. Ash Grove Commonwealth September 19, 1991—A special section, "First Annual Nathan Boone Review." Bethany Republican-Clipper August 7, 1991—"Willow Row [Methodist Church] to observe centennial." Bolivar Herald-Free Press September 4, 1991—"Living history, Turkey Creek [Missionary Baptist Church] looks at county from 150-year perspective." Bourbon Beacon August 8, 1991—"Benjamin Harrison—Pioneer." This and the article below by Harry H. Missey and James King. September 12—"Tracing Crawford County Beginnings." Branson Beacon August 3, 1991—"Beauty, history found in area churches," by Jodie Thompson. Brunswick Brunswicker June 6, 1991—"'Battle' of Brunswick fast if not furious." June 13—"Corrections to eight historical articles submitted by writer." This and the article above by Blake Sasse. August 29, September 5, 12, 19, 26, October 3, 10—"Sol Smith Russell, America's Greatest Comic-Actor," by Tom Kenny, a series. Buffalo Reflex September 4, 1991—A special section about Prairie Days. Butler news-Xpress September 20, 1991—"Business, way, way back when . . . ," by Willene McElwain Henry. September 27—"Lone Oak Journal one of many papers," by C. A. Moore. Camdenton Reveille and Lake Sun Leader August 22, 1991—A special section, "Stitches in time," commemorating Camden County's sesquicentennial. Cameron Citizen Observer August 15, 1991—"Berhns fought for freedom in 'War to End All Wars,'" by Scott L. Gordon. August 15—"Cpl. [Robert] Henderson recalls amphibious assault on Inchon," by Marge Hayden. 208 Missouri Historical Review

Canton Press-News Journal September 26, October 17, 24, 31, 1991—"Yesteryear's Pictures," a series, featured respectively: the C. N. Adams home, La Grange; view of Canton; the First Baptist Church; and the 1914 Ewing High School. *Cape Girardeau Southeast Missourian August 7, 1991—"The River City of Cape Girardeau and its environs," a series by K. J. H. Cochran. August 14—A special issue featured articles on Cape Girardeau's American Legion baseball state champion teams. Carthage Press July 9, 1991—"On Depression Era farm there was plenty for all." This and the following stories by Marvin L. VanGilder. July 13—Hercules, Inc. plant "Blast shook Carthage 25 years ago Sunday." July 15—"Article from Press archives recalls historic news event," explosion at Hercules, Inc. plant. July 17—"Plowmen opened the land; then the wind had its day." July 24—Article about the drought of 1934. August 3—"Oldest building [First Congregational Church] is to house the newest church mission," Fellowship Baptist Mission. August 6—"Roads brought the world to Esrom; [M-126] bridge took it away." September 3—"Webb City history is the story of John Webb, a man of destiny." September 3—"Sarcoxie history recalled." September 13—"Faith always a strong voice among pioneers at Esrom." Clinton Daily Democrat September 24, 1991—"Remember When" featured Artesian Park, near Clinton. Columbia Daily Tribune August 13, 20, September 10, 24, October 8, 1991—A series of articles by Tom Ladwig featured respectively: Col. Edward Butler; new colleges in Missouri, 1850s; Missouri's maritime heritage; increases in lawsuits; and medical training in Missouri. August 25, September 22, October 3, 20—"Whatever Happened To . . . ," a series by Francis Pike and Midge Crawford featured respectively: Orscheln Heights, Moberly; the Laura Matthews home; the Teapot House, built by L. Edwin Baurichter; and Watson Place. October 18—"Discovery [of thousands of glass negatives under Columbia house] astounds historians," by Scott S waff ord. Columbia Missourian August 18, 1991—Columbia "Municipal Airport." August 25—"The Old Boone County Courthouse [built] in 1848." September 15—"Memorial Stadium." October 14—University of Missouri homecoming, "A Tradition is Born," in 1911, by Melissa Peters. October 20—Ravenswood, near Bunceton, "Ghostly Home," by Amy Walker. Cuba Free Press October 10, 1991—"Class of '41 share fond memories," by Pam Smith and Jenny Horsefield. October 10—An article about the 75th anniversary of St. Paul's Lutheran Church in Cuba. October 10—"Owensville Presbyterian Church celebrates 85 years of ministry." •Indicates newspapers not received by the State Historical Society. Historical Notes and Comments 209

Dixon Pilot September 12, 1991—A special section, "Dixon's 8th Annual Cow Days Fall Festival." September 12—"John Dixon, the namesake of our hometown," by Joe Welsch­ meyer. Doniphan Prospect News August 28, 1991—This edition featured several historical articles commemorating Doniphan's centennial as a fourth-class city. September 11—"The Hungerford and Harmon Families," by Ruth Allen McNail. October 2—"Gatewood Happenings In 1891," by Betty Faye Murdock. October 23—"1929 Storm Caused New Design For Courthouse." Eldon Advertiser September 5, 1991—"Olean gearing up for 100th anniversary." Ellington Reynolds County Courier August 15, 1991—"A History of Centerville." This and the following articles by Gerald Angel. August 22—"A History of Redford." August 29, September 5—"A History of Ellington." September 12—"A History of Black." Fairfax Forum September 12, 1991—Tarkio First "Christian Church 100 years old." Gainesville Ozark County Times October 9, 1991—"1899 Description Praises Quality Of Ozark County Character­ istics," reprinted. Hamilton Advocate September 11, 1991—"Past Peeks: The Citizens Trust Company." Independence Examiner August 24, 1991—Bonnots Mill "Historic town offers quiet pleasure," by Scott Charton. October 1—"Historian details city's diverse roots," by Forrest Martin. Ironton Mountain Echo July 31, October 30, 1991—A special section, "Prime Time," featured many historical articles. Jackson Cash-Book Journal August 14, 1991—"Souvenir Edition, Cape County Post,'" reprinted. Jefferson City Catholic Missourian September 6, 1991—"Carmelite centennial at St; Joseph's Home" for Aged in Jefferson City. October 2—"Notre Dame Sisters honor U.S. foundress," Mother Caroline Friess. October 4—"St. Michael, Kahoka, slates centennial program Sunday." Jefferson City Post-Tribune August 6, 1991—"Steamboat era conveys wealth of history, adventure," by Bob Watson. 210 Missouri Historical Review

Kansas City Star August 9, 1991—"Postcard From Old Kansas City," Elm Street—U-Smile Camp, by Mrs. Sam Ray. La Plata Home Press October 30, 1991—"La Plata At Her Finest!" by Debbie Clay. Liberal News August 1, 1991—"History of Irwin, Missouri," by Nadine Walters. Linn Unterrified Democrat August 7, 1991—"History of Osage County," by Hallie Mantle, reprinted. September 25—Osage County "Historical society schedules Rich Fountain homes tour." Louisiana Press-Journal August 14, 1991—"A walk through downtown Louisiana in 1920," by Mark Hodapp. September 4—A special section, "A Tribute to Stark Bro's Nurseries and Orchards' 175th Anniversary." *Macon Journal October 7, 1991—"Rural Monroe City Man Scours The Countryside For Pieces Of History," by Chuck Herron. Mansfield Mirror September 5, 1991—"Umpire Post Office—1905." Marshall Democrat-News September 3, 1991—1909 photograph of Henry C. and Amanda Fink Frese in their 1908 Model T Ford. October 2—"Building remains found," in Arrow Rock on site of visitors' center construction, by Jo Woodward. Maryville Daily Forum October 3, 1991—"Nodaway County Historical Society formed in 1964," by John Harr. October 17—"Maryville as viewed from the years of 1869-1882," by Mary Jackson. Memphis Democrat September 12, 1991—A special section commemorating Scotland County's sesqui­ centennial. Moberly Monitor-Index & Evening Democrat September 25, 1991—This edition featured many articles commemorating Moberly's 125th anniversary. Mound City News-Independent August 29, 1991—This edition featured many articles relating to Holt County's sesquicentennial. Mount Vernon Lawrence County Record October 31, 1991—"Big Spring Cumberland Presbyterian Church." Neosho Daily News September 26, 1991—"Piece of Newton County Black history found at local auction." Historical Notes and Comments 211

Nevada Daily Mail September 17, 1991—Hotel Mitchell, "Landmark to come down." New Madrid Weekly Record October 10, 1991—"Hunter-Dawson House State Historic Site," by Joe Scott, reprinted. Palmyra Spectator August 14, 1991—Catharine Bowen "Juette was first [1933] Marion County Queen." Perryville Perry County Republic October 15, 1991—"Perry County Album" featured 1930s-era Perryville. Piedmont Wayne County Journal-Banner August 29, September 19, 26, 1991—"Historical Wayne County," a series, featured respectively: Piedmont, about 1949-1950; Greenville flood, 1933; and Piedmont fair, 1910. September 5, 19, 26, October 10—A series of articles on Josie Forbes, early 1900s Taskee fortune teller. September 12, October 24, 31—"Old Greenville Extra," a series, featured respec­ tively: the Old Bedwell Tavern/Stage Coach Stop; Laclede Hotel/Hastings Barber Shop; and Harriet Smith's residence. Pleasant Hill Times August 14, 1991—Civil War "Order 11 drove families out," by Robert Boisvert. Potosi Independent-Journal August 8, 1991—"Bellevue Presbyterians Marked 175 Years Service" in Caledonia, by Frances Tiefenauer. August 8—"History of Breton Creek Missionary Baptist Church," by Ruth Mc- Colloch. Puxico Press August 14, 1991—"Wappapello Man [Al McCullum] Says Old Picture is Indeed of Seeress Josie Forbes." August 14—"Reporter's Family Called On Her [Josie Forbes] Too," by ElFreda Cox. Richmond Daily News August 5, 1991—"Ray County Museum contains many features for history buffs." Rolla Daily News August 5, 1991—Barnwell, "'Mansion House' receives facelift," near Vichy, by Isabelle Moreland-Strong. St. Charles Journal August 21, 1991—"Local DAR members join to honor veteran of Revolutionary War," John Pitman. St Joseph News-Press/Gazette September 4, 1991—"150-year-old [Carroll-Lenz] inn still stands today," near Oregon, by Allen Seifert. October 13—Bonnots Mill, "Tiny multi-cultured Missouri town seeks to preserve place in history," by Scott Charton. October 25—A special section, "Young at Heart," featured many historical articles. 212 Missouri Historical Review

St. Louis Post-Dispatch October 13, 1991—St. Louis Browns, "The Day The Brownies Won The [1944 American League] Pennant," by Rod Fadem. October 20—"As The River Rose" in the flood of 1938, by Mary K. Evanoff. October 27—"Time To Remember: 'Flower Clock' From 1904 Fair May Bloom Again," by Judith VandeWater. St. Louis Review August 23, 1991—"School Is 'Centerpiece' At Christ The King" Parish in University City. September 6—St. Anthony of Padua, "Sullivan Parish Set To Celebrate Colorful 100-Year History." September 13—"Holy Rosary Noting 100 Years of Faith And Service." September 13—"St. Stanislaus KostkaTo Note [100th] Anniversary." September 20—"Sts. Mary And Joseph Marks 170 Years." September 27—"Fr. DeSmet Blessed Florissant's Sacred Heart Church in 1866." September 27, October 11—A series of articles by Elizabeth Wimmer about ethnic Catholic churches in St. Louis included Eastern European, Maronite, Byzantine-Rite, Vietnamese, Korean and Phillipino parishes. October 4—"60-Year-Old [Holy Angels] Parish Supports Only School Left In Kinloch." *St. Louis Southwest City Journal October 9, 1991—"Centennial [Immanuel Congregational] Church celebrates 100 years," by Lois Kendall. Salem News October 31, 1991—"Gentle spirit haunts historic Salem home," the Henderson house, by Renee J. Raper. Salisbury Press-Spectator June 13, 1991—"The Battle of Brunswick," by Blake Sasse. August 8—"Kaseyville [Baptist] Church celebrates 125 years." Sedalia Central Missouri News August 7, 1991—"Notes of early Sedalia," by Lawrence Roe. Seneca News-Dispatch October 24, 1991—A special section about American Tripoli, Incorporated's 100 years of incorporation. Seymour Webster County Citizen September 18, 1991—"Liberty [Free Will Baptist] church to celebrate 100th." Shelby ville Shelby County Herald August 7, 1991—"Red Star schoolhouse now 100." August 14—A special section featured the Old Settlers celebrations. Sikeston Standard-Democrat October 2, 1991—First General Baptist Church "Homecoming recalls revival" in Morehouse, by John Launius. Smithville Lake Democrat-Herald June 5, 1991—Trimble "Sunnyside Circle Club celebrates 70th anniversary at May 18 luncheon." Historical Notes and Comments 213

Southwest City Republic August 28, 1991—"When McDonald County almost seceded from Missouri," by Gerald Elkins. * Springfield Daily Events August 15, 19, 20, September 20, 24, October 17, 23, 24, 30, 1991—"Tales of History," a series by Tom Ladwig. Springfield Mirror July 26, 1991—"St. John's Regional Health Center Celebrates Centennial of Care." Overview of Sisters of Mercy who opened Springfield's first hospital in 1891. Tipton Times October 24, 1991—An article on the house built for William Ferguson, Sr., in Tipton, by Iola Potts.

Trenton Republican-Times August 15, 1991—"The Marlay Home: A Stately Presence." This and the article below by Terri Henderson. October 17—"Architecture Prominent In Area Home," John Southers residence. Troy Free Press August 20, 1991—"Circuit court history of [Lincoln] county unique," by Margaret Clare. September 25, October 16—"Lincoln County Recollections," a series by Charles R. Williams, featured respectively: the first issue of the Free Press and the old town spring. October 16—"Troy Presbyterian Church 160th anniversary Sunday."

Troy Lincoln County Journal October 15, November 5, 1991—Articles about the 160th anniversary of the Troy Presbyterian Church. Vienna Maries County Gazette August 1, 1991—"The [Barnwell] Mansion House Restored," near Vichy. Warsaw Benton County Enterprise September 12, 1991—"The Old Narrow Gauge" Sedalia-Warsaw and South Western Railroad.

Washington Missourian October 9, 1991—"Tidbits of History" featured the building at 316 Frisco Street.

Webb City Sentinel September 20, October 25, 1991—"Ancestors, Legends & Time," a series by Jeanne Newby.

West Plains Daily Quill August 21, 1991—"Caney Mtn. 'open book' of Ozarks history."

Willard Cross Country Times August 1, 1991—"Progress Edition" featured many historical articles. August 15—"Olive Van Bibber Boone: Nathan's better half." 214 Missouri Historical Review

MISSOURI HISTORY IN MAGAZINES

American Heritage November, 1991: "The Conversion of Harry Truman," regarding civil rights, by William E. Leuchtenburg. American Studies Spring, 1991: "'Saving the West from the Pope': Anti-Catholic Propaganda and the Settlement of the Mississippi River Valley," by Bryan Le Beau. Artlogue, The Missouri Arts Council October, 1991: "The Branson Story: A Treasure of Talent." Assemblies of God Heritage Fall, 1991: "Thomas F. Zimmerman: Pentecostal Statesman, Part 3," by Edith L. Blumhofer. Blue & Gray October, 1991: "13 Haunted Places of the Civil War, II . . . number 9, Jesse James' Farm," in Clay County, Missouri. Boone-Duden Historical Review August, 1991: "Daniel Boone, A Chronological Summary Of His Life - Part 1," by Ken Kamper. The Bulletin, Johnson County Historical Society, Inc. September, 1991: "Velocipedianarianism," by Susan Pentlin; "Hickory Grove School 1897-1898." Carondelet Historical Society Newsletter Summer/Fall, 1991: "Cleveland High School 75th Anniversary." Chariton County Historical Society Newsletter October, 1991: "The History of Wien, Missouri," by D. Rodgers; "Chariton County Towns: Chraneville," by Blake Sasse. Cherry Diamond, Missouri Athletic Club September, 1991: "St. Louis: Gateway City Serves As Medical Frontier," by Shirley Althoff. Christian County Historian Fall, 1991: "The Civil War Death of Green Melton and Jim Cox," submitted by Geraldine Day Willis; "My McConnell and Inman Ancestors," by Randy L. McConnell. Collage Of Cape County September, 1991: "Joseph McFerron and Related Families." Constitution, Foundation for the U.S. Constitution Fall, 1991: "A view of the painter as political activist: George Caleb Bingham," by Alan R. Martin, Jr. The Courier, Missouri Conference of the United Church of Christ October, 1991: "Churches of the Month: The United Church of New Cambria," by Linda Sehrt and "Emmanuel UCC, Weldon Spring," by Cami Leeke. Historical Notes and Comments 215

November, 1991: "Church of the Month: St. John's Church of Reconciliation, St. Charles," by Linda Sehrt. DeKalb County Heritage October, 1991: "First Baptist Church of Stewartsville Celebrates 125th Anniversary on June 30, 1991." Diggin'History, Andrew County Historical Society October 15, 1991: "Reminiscences of an Old Pioneer: George Boyles," reprinted. Essayons, Fort Leonard Wood October 3, 1991: "Hospital Observes Gen. Leonard Wood Day." Fence Painter, Bulletin of The Mark Twain Boyhood Home Associates Summer, 1991: "Murder in Huckleberry Finn Drawn from Real Life." The Florida Historical Quarterly, Florida State Historical Society October, 1991: "A Forgotten Sacrifice: Richard Gentry, Missouri Volunteers and the Battle of Okeechobee," by Phillip Thomas Tucker; "Missouri Volunteers at the Battle of Okeechobee: Christmas Day 1837," by John K. Mahon. Florissant Valley Quarterly July, 1991: "Gittemeier House," by Rosemary Davison; "Early Florissant Families," by Margaret Archambault; "Landmark Anniversary," Sacred Heart Parish. October, 1991: "Col. John C. Sullivan, Local Pioneer," by John Steele McCormick; "Sacred Heart Church and Its 'High Altar.'" The Flyer, Smoky Hill Railway and Historical Society Fall, 1991: "Belton Depot Remembered," by Bob McKeighan. Friends of Arrow Rock Fall, 1991: "The Boonslick Country," by Augs Storrs, reprinted; "Chronology of William Becknell: 'Father of the Santa Fe Trail,'" by Richard Forry. Gasconade County Historical Society Newsletter Fall, 1991: "Then and Now: Mission Fest Celebrations . . . Presbyterian Style," related by Dorothy and Ruben Englebrecht and Sophia Rodenberg. Gateway Postcard Club News July/August/September, 1991: "Show Me Cards: Bellefontaine Cemetery," by Skip Gatermann. Grundy Gleanings Fall, 1991: "Parkerton," Missouri; "History of the Cooksey Family," by Mary Jane Carlson. Hill 2000 September, 1991: "Vince Dombeck—The Hill's Award Winning Architect," by Fred Neal. Historic Kansas City Foundation Gazette Fall, 1991: "Kansas City Landmarks Endangered by Tax Sale," by Joseph Romano; "Janssen Place has Rich History," by Leslie Bayer. Historic Preservation September/October, 1991: Architect Eugene Mackey "Salvaging St. Louis," by Andrea Oppenheimer Dean. 216 Missouri Historical Review

Iron County Historical Society Newsletter October 21, 1991: "Dorothy Reese: Ironton/Arcadia Valley's Cheerleader, Friend, Historian, Leader, and Teacher—A Tribute," by Randall Cox. Jasper County Missouri Journal September, 1991: "Robert Moore," by Robert M. Hitner. Journal Of The Missouri Bar July/August, 1991: "Chief Justice Edward D. Robertson, Jr., Supreme Court of Missouri." Journal of the West July, 1991: "The Origin and Development of the St. Louis Public School Library, 1865-1894," by Sara J. Van Ausdal. Kansas City Genealogist Summer, 1991: "Sacking of Lawrence, Kansas - August 21, 1863: Participant's Letter Sheds New Light," by Fred L. Lee; "Larkin Steele, of Jackson County, Loses His Horses to Lawrence, Kansas Jayhawkers," transcribed by Marjorie Nadine Stark Davis; "Larkin Steele Genealogy," compiled by Marjorie N. Davis; "Gone But Not Forgotten," Richard O. Steele; "John Bartleson Wagon Train to California in 1841," by Joanne Chiles Eakin; "Little Known Facts on John Bartleson," by Joanne Chiles Eakin. Kansas History Autumn, 1991: "Blazing a Trail to Oregon: Jumping-Off at St. Joe," by Morris Werner; "'Desperate Characters': The Development and Impact of the Confederate Guerrillas in Kansas," by Gary L. Cheatham; "The Mexican Revolution in Kansas City: Jack Danciger Versus the Colonia Elite," by Michael M. Smith. Landmarks Letter September/October, 1991: "St. Louis Architects: Famous & Not So Famous (part 17)"featured Louis Clemens Spiering. Lawrence County Historical Society Bulletin October, 1991: "The Murder of James Goodin"; "The Blue and the Gray: Sgt. Brad Samuels"; "Genealogical Studies," Moses Hurt Shelton, by Fred G. Mieswinkel. Lincoln Herald Summer, 1991: "Mary Todd Lincoln's Missouri Relatives," by Waldo W. Braden. Material Culture Summer, 1990: "The Duclos-Pashia House: Survival of Creole Building Traditions into the Twentieth Century," in Washington County, Missouri, by C. Ray Brassieur; "Early Twentieth Century Concrete Bridge Engineering and Aesthetics in the United States and the Y-Bridge at Galena, Missouri," by David Quick. Mid-Missouri Magazine September/ October, 1991: "Arrow Rock ... A Place Outside of Time," by Mary K. Dains; "The Jewell Cemetery," in Boone County, by Mary K. Dains. November/December, 1991: "Blind Boone's Columbia Legacy," by David Rogers. The Midwest Motorist September/October, 1991: Mississippi River, "The Father of Waters is Bringing New Life to His Old River Towns," by Patrick Martin. Historical Notes and Comments 217

Mineral Museum News, Tri-State Mineral Museum Spring, 1991: "Explosives and Mining: Black Powder and Its Uses," Summer, 1991: "Mining with Dynamite." Missouri Alumnus Fall, 1991: Gene McArtor, "Diamonds are Forever," by Terry Jordan. Winter, 1992: Richard Hardy, "Political Made Personal," by Deborah Beroset Diamond; Cliff Edom, "A Man of Vision," by Rob Hill. Missouri Archaeological Society Quarterly January-March, 1991: "Report of the Archaeological Excavation of a Brick Chamber Adjoining the Maus House, Jefferson City, Missouri," by Thomas D. Holland and Christopher B. Pulliam. Missouri Community Summer, 1991: Wooldridge General Store, "A Place for Belonging," by John M. Hall; "Mere books do not a library make," about the new library in Elsberry; Pleasant Hill, "A Proud Past, An Exciting Future." Missouri Farm October, 1991: "Logging With Horses: Preserving A Tradition, Protecting the Future," by D. G. Rood. Missouri Magazine Fall, 1991: "Oldest [football] Rivalry West of the Mississippi," University of Missouri vs. University of Kansas, by Mary K. Dains; "The Hole Story," Silver Dollar City, by Bill Nunn. Missouri Municipal Review August, 1991: "Nixa: Rubbing Out Growing Pains," by Brendan K. Griesemer. September, 1991: "Windsor: Pride and Determination," by Joe R. Smith. Missouri Press News August, 1991: Linn " Unterrified Democrat Is 125," reprinted. September, 1991: "MPA Rooted in Volatile Era: Early Publishers Sought Orderly Development of Their Industry." October, 1991: "Francis Pike's Focus at Age 81—Youth," reprinted. Missouri Resource Review Summer, 1991: "Cleaning Up the Weldon Spring Site: Missouri's Legacy from the Nuclear Age," by David Bedan; "Rock and Iron on the River: Geologic antiquity gives the St. Louis riverfront a historic elegance," by Arthur W. Hebrank; "Hunter-Dawson House State Historic Site," by Joe Scott. Missouri Wine Country Journal Fall/ Winter, 1991: "Grandpa and the Pickle Barrels," by Dorothy H. Shrader. Newton County Saga Summer, 1991: "M. Waldo Hatler," by Sybil Jobe. Old Mill Run, Ozark County Genealogical and Historical Society July, 1991: "The Naming of Theodosia and Nearby Communities," by L. B. Cook; "Patton Kessee (Kissee)," by Jana Holt. Our Clay Heritage, Clay County Museum & Historical Society Fourth Quarter, 1991: "Towns and Villages in Clay County: Harlem, Missouri," by Walter Ploud. 218 Missouri Historical Review

Ozar'kin, Ozarks Genealogical Society Fall, 1991: "Washington County Research Sources," by Betty Ammerman, Melba Rector and Vera Wood. Ozarks Mountaineer August, 1991: "The Ozarks, Then & Now," by Russell Hively; "When Weather Predictions Were Windy, Windy," by Fern Nance Shumate; "When Vigilante Justice Prevailed—Refugees From Taney County," Coggburn and Van Buskirk families, by Kathleen Van Buskirk; "Visions of the Old Ice Cream Parlor During an August Heat Wave," by Vesta-Nadine Severs. October, 1991: "Doug Mahnkey—A Story Teller in the Old Tradition," by Clay M. Anderson; "The Ozarks Then and Now," by Russell Hively; "The Ozarks: Alive and Well," by Phyllis Rossiter; "Pawpaws: Treasured Fruit of the Ozarks," by Jim Long; "A Baseball Dream Come True: From the Ozarks to the Big Leagues," for Frank "Goldie" Howard, by Michelle Waters; "When Aunt Jemima Came to the Ozarks," by Leland May; "Apple Butter Time," by Harold Matthes and Rita Fay Farnham; "Memories of a Country School," by Harold Matthes with Rita Farnham; Lowell Davis, "His Inspiration Lies at his Doorstep," by Diana West; "A New Life for an Old Church," Salem Methodist Church formerly near Carthage, by Carol M. Stark; "Thanks to Santa, She's [Linda Lindquist Baldwin] Living An American Dream," by Marti Attoun; "A Tour Through a Three-Story Ozarks Landmark: Aid Hardware Dry Goods Furniture," in West Plains, by Grace Lampitt; "In Memory of the Dearly Departed Passenger Train," by Stella T. Janes; "When Murder and Mayhem Reigned in Protem, Missouri," by Mary Hartman. Panhandle-Plains Historical Review Volume LXIV, 1991: "'Dear Bill:' The Letters of W. Herbert Dunton to Harold D. Bugbee," by Michael R. Grauer. Patrol News August, 1991: "Patrol History Trivia," by E. M. Raub. The Phunn, Excelsior Springs Historical Museum September, 1991: "Is the Snapp (Oaks) [Hotel] a Phoenix?" by Edna Swafford. Pioneer Times July, 1991: "Madison County, Missouri," wills of Theodore F. Long and Richard Farrar. Platte County Missouri Historical & Genealogical Society Bulletin July/August/September, 1991: "Daughters College, Platte City, Missouri," by Colby R. Hamilton; "A Narrative by T. J. Singleton 1925," contributed by Cecil B. Stone. Pleasant Hill Historical Society Newsletter October 15, 1991: "Historic First Presbyterian Church of Pleasant Hill Destroyed by Fire." Pop Flies, St. Louis Browns Fan Club October, 1991: "Denny Galehouse: 1944 World Series Hero," by Erv Fischer; "St. Louis Browns Memories," by Art Richman; "Memories of the Streetcar Series," the 1944 World Series in St. Louis. Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society April, 1991: "'Go West and Grow Up with the Country': An Exhibition of Nineteenth-Century Guides to the American West. . . ," by George Miles. Historical Notes and Comments 219

Ray County Mirror September, 1991: "Prohibition, Bootleggers, and Moonshine," by Belle C. Barchers; "National Register Historic Marker for New Hope Church"; "Miller—Smoot—Thorn­ ton" families, by Edgar C. Smith. Reporter Quarterly, Genealogical Society of Central Missouri Summer, 1991: "The Rocheport Area and the Lloyd—Faris—Kurtz Tribe," by Tom Lloyd, submitted by Laura Pace Crane. Rural Missouri October, 1991: "Coal Miners' Sons," by Jim McCarty; "Farming some Understand­ ing: [Borman] Family takes the farm to Washington, D.C," by Bob McEowen. November, 1991: "Where Mules are Majestic," Kahoka, Missouri, by Jeff Joiner; "A Wide Spot in the Road: A Crossroads Community [Florence, Missouri] Struggles to Stay Alive," by Bob McEowen; "Reconsider Narvel Felts," by Jim McCarty. St Charles Heritage October, 1991: "The First Daniel Boone Bridge," by Louis J. Launer; "Historical Series: St. Charles Factories," by Edna McElhiney Olson, reprinted. St. Louis September, 1991: "T. S. Eliot," by Mark Lasswell. St. Louis Bar Journal Fall, 1991: "The Early Years of the St. Louis Criminal Justice System," by Marshall D. Hier. St. Louis Commerce September, 1991: "Playing to Win: Rawlings Sporting Goods Company marks its 104th year." October, 1991: "Steady as She Grows," Mark Twain Bancshares, Inc.; "Not Getting Older, Just Better," Fleishman-Hillard, Inc. South Dakota History Fall, 1991: "Indians on the Midway: Wild West Shows and the Indian Bureau at World's Fairs, 1893-1904," by L. G. Moses. Springfield! Magazine September, 1991: "Growing Up in the 1940s [Part] XXX—Tree House," by Steve Widders; "The Stockstills of Ash Grove: Building Railroad Town USA," by Carole Bills; "Noreene Doss: Aide to Three Superintendents," by Sherlu Walpole; "Cavalcade of Homes, Part XXIX—Farrington-Meyer-Baker House," by Mabel Carver Taylor; "The Ozark Jubilee Saga, Part VI," by Reta Spears-Stewart. October, 1991: "When TV Was Young: Colonial Journalism"; "Growing Up in the 1940s, Part XXXI—Running Away," by Steve Widders; "Octogenarian Ruth Williams: Painting Flowers Brightens Her Days," by Mabel Carver Taylor; "They Married Young: Betty and Jerry Hoover," by Charlene Purvis; "Cavalcade of Homes, Part XXX: Abbott-Diemer-Petty-Hoover House," by Mabel Carver Taylor; "The Ozark Jubilee Saga, Part VII," by Reta Spears-Stewart; "Drury College's Founding Congregation Closing [First Congregational] Church October 6," by Ann Fair Dodson. November, 1991: "Remembering an Hour with Harry Truman," by Robert C. Glazier; "Growing Up in the 1940s, Part XXXII—The Glue Pot," by Steve Widders; "Cavalcade of Homes, Part XXXI: Abbott-Stewart House," by Mabel Carver Taylor; "A Hideaway in the Hills," Table Rock Lake, by Susan Atteberry Smith; "The Ozark 220 Missouri Historical Review

Jubilee Saga, Part VIII," by Reta Spears-Stewart; "Bill (Jinx) Thomas," by Rex Glaze; "Neal & Betty Grubaugh: Ozark's First Family Emeritus," by Susan Atteberry Smith; "Mae Williams: Shifting Gears . . . ," by Mary I. West. Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis Historical and Technical Society Newsletter July-August-September, 1991: "The St. Louis Merchants Bridge Terminal Railway," by Ruth Trask, Wayne Yenawine and Robert Moore. Todays Farmer August, 1991: "The long journey of Fox Trotters," by Robert Burns. Travel Holiday July/August, 1991: Hannibal, "Mark Twain, Missouri," by William Zinsser. United Daughters of the Confederacy Magazine September, 1991: "Life and Times in a Border State: Letters of a Pro-Southern [Berry] Family," introduction by Agatha F. Dunham. United Methodist Reporter, Good News Notes Edition October 18, 1991: Cape Girardeau "Centenary Honors Rush Limbaugh"; "Arcadia Valley Member [Edna Price] Celebrates 104 Years." United Methodist Reporter, Mid-Missouri Advocate Edition September 20, 1991: "Down by the Riverside: A history of Rocheport United Methodist Church." October 18, 1991: "A Cathedral for Methodism in Missouri: A History of Missouri United Methodist Church." United Methodist Reporter, Missouri East Edition October 11, 1991: "Centenary [16th and Olive, St. Louis] to Renovate Historic Pipe Organ." Wagon Tracks, Santa Fe Trail Association Quarterly August, 1991: "Missouri Newspaper Monument," by Virginia Lee Fisher; "Lexing­ ton and the Santa Fe Trail," by Roger Slusher. Waterways Journal October 21, 1991: "Mechanic's Rock was Well-Known Obstacle," by James V. Swift. The Waybill, Bulletin of the Mid-Missouri Railfans October, 1991: "Robertson," Missouri, excerpts from Gateway City Stations, by Eric P. Fogg. We Proceeded On, Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation August, 1991: "General [William] Clark and the Jesuits," by William Barnaby Faherty. Whistle Stop Volume 19, Number 3, 1991: Harry S. "Truman and the Hoover Commission," by William E. Pemberton. White River Valley Historical Quarterly Summer, 1991: "Cliff Edom Remembered," by Ben Harris; "A Sketch of the Many Ups and Downs in Life of Ben T. Stults, As a Boy to a Man, As a Hunter (Part IV)," edited by Lynn Morrow and Linda Myers-Phinney; "History of the McCullah-Wasson Family Reunion," by Jane Staiger. Historical Notes and Comments 221

IN MEMORIAM

MILTON F. PERRY EMERY, JOSEPH D., Winchester: November 29, 1911-July 27, 1991. Milton F. Perry, recently retired well- FORD, THOMAS H., Curryville: known historian and preservationist, Kan­ February 24, 1922-March 19, 1989. sas City, died August 20, 1991, in Reno, Nevada, where he and his wife planned to HALBERT, JUDGE SHERRILL, San Rafael, move for his retirement. Born August 14, California: October 17, 1901-May 31, 1991. 1926, in North Carolina, he served as a HALL, MRS. JAMES P., Lexington: curator of history at the West Point Mu­ August 30, 1904-February 17, 1991. seum, U.S. Military Academy in West Point, New York. From 1958 through HENRY, MRS. HUBERT W., SR., St. Louis: 1976, Perry was curator at the Truman May 26, 1923-February 5, 1991. Library and Museum in Independence. In HORN, CLAUDE, Kansas City: 1978 he began his duties as curator of May 30, 1914-September 25, 1991. historic sites for Clay County and directed the restoration of the Jesse James birth­ HUTCHESON, ROBERT, St. Louis: place cabin near Kearney. Active in area December 4, 1917-July 24, 1991. and national historical organizations, Perry MAYES, DR. MARTIN, Arlington, Virginia: was past president of the Civil War Round July 3, 1905-April 13, 1991. Table of Kansas City and the National PECK, MRS. ALBA MCGIRK, Lakewood, Association for Outlaw and Lawman His­ California: July 1, 1904-January 1, 1991. tory (NOLA). In July 1991, the Kansas City Posse of the Westerners presented the PRICE, HAZEL AUSTIN, West Palm Beach, Perrys with a framed scroll recognizing his Florida: October 26, 1891-September 1, work as a regional historian. Survivors 1991. Formerly of Glasgow, great-grand­ include his wife, Janet. daughter of Missouri governor and Con­ federate general, Sterling Price.

RELLER, PAUL, Louisiana: BARRON, W. J., Northridge, California: October 5, 1900-August 16, 1991. December 11, 1910-May 20, 1991. TARABA, GILBERT C, Bethany: March 5, 1918-December 13, 1990. BARTON, ELMA GRAVES, Columbia: November 14, 1909-September 30, 1991. VOGT, ELAINE, Concordia: September 26, 1920-June 14, 1991. BRADEN, WALDO W., Columbia: March 7, 1911-April 19, 1991. WELSH, WARREN A., Fulton: January 11, 1921-October 6, 1990. Past president CUSHING, JOSEPH W., Steelville: of the Kingdom of Callaway Historical January 23, 1903-August 6, 1990. Society.

DRY, MORRIS E., Blairstown, New Jersey: WILLER, IRVIN P., St. Louis: October 7, 1896-December 20, 1990. February 14, 1911-September 29, 1990.

DUNHAM, DENNIS EUGENE, California: WOOD, HANSEL, Des Moines, Iowa: August 22, 1924-August 18, 1990. September 16, 1909-February 11, 1991. 222 Missouri Historical Review

BOOK REVIEWS Damned Yankee: The Life of General Nathaniel Lyon. By Christopher Phillips (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1990). 287 pp. Illus­ trations. Bibliography. Index. $26.00. Another biography of a Civil War general? Any convention of Civil War scholars would say that what we need is more research into the experiences of Billy Yank and Johnny Reb, not more savorings of the famous and familiar. Well, perhaps there is room for just one more. There has never been a full-dress biography of Nathaniel Lyon, except for Ashbel Woodward's hagiographical effort in the year after Lyon's "martyrdom" at Wilson's Creek in Missouri. Surely, libraries and pertinent collections will welcome Phillips's charming study of this single-minded zealot whose impetuous conduct in 1861 drew a clear if bloody line between truly Unionist Missourians and that amorphous gaggle of "conservatives,""conditionals" and Confederates also abound­ ing there. The second son and fifth child of a small-town sawmill operator, the subject of this work was born in 1818 at Ashford, Connecticut. "Attached" to his pious mother and rather ignored by his freethinking father, Lyon passed through the local common schools to head for West Point and a career as a Regular Army officer and a confirmed bachelor. Much to the author's credit, we are spared vacuous "psycho­ babble" about bonding and quality time—and trendy musings about "alternative life styles." Still, Phillips cannot entirely stifle a nagging suspicion of mental pathology in this child of a home torn between the Enlightenment and the Great Awakening, a man fascinated in his adult years with "Mesmerism." The biographer takes pains to portray for the reader a self-righteous martinet with few real friends, given to heated and controversial remarks in awkward settings, repeatedly under fire from superiors and often conniving to ruin their careers, and brutal to subordinates to the point of outright physical violence. The all-consuming passion of Lyon's intellectual life was his boiling hatred of the secessionist mentality. Long service at stations on the Great Plains enabled him to witness the Kansas-Nebraska controversy, the squabbles dooming the Missouri Compromise and the calvary of Bleeding Kansas. Upon his transfer in early 1861 to the St. Louis Arsenal with a detachment of infantry, Lyon quickly forged a political- military partnership with Congressman Francis P. Blair, Jr., that effectively strong-armed a state administration trying to secede. Phillips insists—and he does so in revered company—that Lyon's Historical Notes and Comments 223 method of "saving" Missouri triggered "polarizing" tendencies that led to incredible yet avoidable sufferings, provided an excuse for the Quantrills and Andersons to drench the landscape with blood, and drove decent and patriotic Missourians into treasonous pursuits. At various points the author hints at the domestic felicity a true-blue Unionist Missouri could have enjoyed had only Blair and Lyon shown forbearance and given those "conditional" and "conservative" obstruc­ tionists time to cool off and regain their composures. The fatal flaw in such an argument, Albert Castel has eloquently reminded us, is that Lyon and Blair could not know that they had four years to fan all those brows and pin up those political diapers. Like any "true" American, these "radical" operators surely viewed the war with the "short effort" mentality apostrophized in H. L. Mencken's study of our national personality. The alternative paths history might have taken will always mock confident claims. Central Missouri State University Leslie Anders

Manuel Alvarez, 1794-1856, A Southwestern Biography. By Thomas E. Chavez (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1990). 243 pp. Illustra­ tions. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $24.95. Manuel Alvarez, a Spaniard who emigrated to the New World early in the nineteenth century, became a successful frontier fur trader and merchant and served as an American consul in New Mexico. Since he served in this office during the pre-Mexican War period when Mexican authorities tried to protect their isolated province from American and Texan expansion, Alvarez was at the center of important developments. An important territorial political leader between 1847 and 1851, he took an active role in trade with California. Some aspects of Alvarez's life, particularly his roles as fur trader and American consul, have been discussed by David Lavender and David Weber. Thomas E. Chavez, director of the Palace of the Governors Museum in Santa Fe, has now published the first full-length account of Alvarez's life. Born in Spain in 1794 to an apparently prosperous family, Manuel Alvarez received thorough grounding in literature before moving to Mexico in 1818. He shifted to Cuba in 1823, and shortly thereafter migrated to Missouri, where he became a fur trader. He accompanied the Robidoux brothers on several expeditions to New Mexico, com­ manded other trade expeditions and continued to sell beaver fur as late as 1840. Alvarez gradually became a full-time New Mexico resident, acquired 9,300 acres there in 1837, and helped start a sheep trade with 224 Missouri Historical Review

Californians. He inevitably became involved with businesses operated by Charles Bent and Ceran St. Vrain and organized petitions to Mexican and American officials to protect American lives and property. Alvarez claimed either American or Mexican citizenship whenever appropriate, but these steps clouded his status and caused him problems. Alvarez became the United States consul in 1840 and faced many problems protecting his American charges from economic and physical threats. He was stabbed during a mob protest when he tried to rescue one American who had taken part in the 1841 Texas expedition to Santa Fe. He worked to close down American traders who illegally sold alcohol to Indians, although his efforts helped competing traders like his friend Charles Bent. He urged local officials to protect Americans, tried to restore confiscated property and generally advanced American interests. His role in arranging the surrender of New Mexico during the Mexican-American War remains unclear, but he clearly was upset after 1847 when new Anglo-American officials did not bring him into office. Alvarez organized New Mexico voters behind a statehood movement, served as acting territorial governor in 1850 and remained a prosperous merchant active in trade with California. He died in 1856. This is a well-written book which discusses both Manuel Alvarez's life and the events swirling around him. It goes beyond earlier studies to discuss his California trading, his role in territorial politics and his continued contacts with European relatives. It will help scholars to understand this complex period. New Mexico State University Jeffrey P. Brown

Water Mills of the Missouri Ozarks. By George G. Suggs, Jr., with paintings and illustrations by Jake K. Wells (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1990). 224 pp. Illustrations. Notes. Glossary. Bib­ liography. Index. $35.00. This beautifully illustrated volume, Water Mills of the Missouri Ozarks, tells the stories of twenty Ozark mills. Jake K. Wells, a professor emeritus of art at Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, visited and captured these mills in paintings and black and white line drawings. George G. Suggs, Jr., a professor of history, also at Southeast Missouri State University, provided the narrative, tracing the history of water mills from Europe to North America. Mills in early America contributed to rural settlements and com­ munity development. They became trading and social centers for farmers who exchanged information and took care of business while waiting for their grain to be ground into flour and meal. Blacksmith shops, postal Historical Notes and Comments 225 service, a general store, a sawmill, a barber shop and a tavern often accompanied the mill. The milldam provided a picturesque setting for fishing, swimming, skating, baptizing and picnicking then and in later years. The Ozarks' rough, hilly topography, average to poor soil, fast- flowing streams and forests of oak, hickory and pine, with many caves, springs and sinkholes, provided an ideal setting for the development of grist mills. But technological advancements over the years made the mills obsolete, and hundreds have disappeared. A few stand today, tucked away in isolated spots. The narrative includes a brief introduction of each mill featured in the book, an account of its physical location, origin, owners, character­ istics, role in local affairs and its present status. Of the twenty mills, Alley Spring, Bollinger, Dillard and Jolly mills have been restored and are located in park settings; Cedar Hill, Dawt, Dolle and Hodgson remain operational to some extent; Falling Spring, Greer and Hammond mills have deteriorated, and their fates hang in the balance; Noser Mill has been renovated into apartments; Byrnesville is a private home; and Zanoni provides a showpiece for a private residence; Topaz and Richey, along with their machinery, are in good condition; Old Appleton, Drynob, Schlicht and McDowell no longer stand. Each mill had a personality of its own the author tells us. The artist provides the visual evidence. His paintings capture the romantic settings of the old mills, built of mortar, wood and stone. The reviewer is hard pressed to find any fault with this excellent volume. The map, which pinpoints locations of the mills, might have been more helpful if the authors had used separate designations to distinguish between those mills still standing and those that have disappeared. And some mills are missing from the book. The reader may question the omission of Rockbridge in Douglas County, Montauk in Dent County and Orla in Laclede County, all of which still stand, along with the remnants of Klepzeig Mill on the Ozarks National Scenic Riverway. But these minor criticisms should not detract from this delightful volume. Tourists, mill enthusiasts and armchair historians and travelers will want to own the book for their private libraries. State Historical Society of Missouri Mary K. Dains

Truly Spoken Maysville Weekly Western Register, August 20, 1868. Truth travels by stage coach—Falsehood by telegraph. 226 Missouri Historical Review BOOK NOTES The Wagon Trains of '44. By Thomas A. Rumer (Spokane, Wash.: Arthur H. Clark Company, 1989). 273 pp. Illustrations. Maps. Bib­ liographical notes. Index. $35.50. Written as part of the American Trails Series, this volume focuses on four Oregon-bound wagon trains which traveled the Oregon-Cali­ fornia Trails in 1844. Using the travelers' diaries, journals, letters and reminiscences, Rumer has written a comparative history of their journeys. Trip preparations, weather and health concerns during the journey, train leadership and encounters with Indians represent some of the experiences which the author compares. The book presents a thorough look at migration on the trails in 1844.

Guide to the Manuscript Collections of the Presbyterian Churchy U.S. By Robert Benedetto, assisted by Betty K. Walker (New York: Green­ wood Press, 1990). 584 pp. Bibliography. Index. $75.00. This guide to the unpublished writings of Presbyterian Church, U.S. (PCUS), ministers seeks to make these materials more accessible to church and academic scholars. The focus is on collections housed at the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) Department of History, Montreat, North Carolina; a second section describes materials located in other repositories. A detailed name and subject index provides easy access to the numerous collection descriptions. Researchers and genealogists interested in Southern Presbyterian history will find the volume bene­ ficial.

The Prelude, 1890-1990, A History of the Border. By Clarence W. Long (Marceline, Mo.: Walsworth Publishing Company, 1990). 136 pp. Maps. Illustrations. Index. $25.00. This volume traces the history of the Kansas-Missouri border area bounded by Cass and Bates counties in Missouri and Miami and Linn counties in Kansas. The author chronicles white exploration and settle­ ment of the area, including information about the founding of towns and the impact of the Civil War on the region. He also explores some facets of the history of Drexel (Cass County) not included in its centennial history published in 1989. The book can be ordered from Clarence W. Long, Route 2, Box 350, Nowata, Oklahoma 74048.

Jazz Cleopatra: Josephine Baker in Her Time. By Phyllis Rose (New York: Doubleday, 1989). 321 pp. Illustrations. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $22.50. This biography traces St. Louis-native Josephine Baker's life from Historical Notes and Comments 227 childhood poverty through her dazzling success as a dancer and singer in Paris in the late 1920s and 1930s to her work on behalf of the French resistance during World War II and her career as a performer and civil rights activist during the 1950s and 1960s. The author also examines "the cultural and historical circumstances that shaped and mirrored" Baker's career. Numerous photographs depict the dancer's professional and personal lives.

Baring, Come See Your Friends 1888-1990. By Baring Centennial Committee (Marceline, Mo.: Walsworth Publishing Company, 1990). 128 pp. Maps. Illustrations. Index. $20.00, plus $2.00 postage. Through essays and photographs, this volume depicts the history of a small Knox County town from its founding along the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad route. The Centennial Committee has compiled histories of the town's churches, schools, public services, businesses and clubs and included personal reminiscences by residents. A name and subject index facilitates use of the book. Interested persons can order the volume from Leanna Holdren, Treasurer, Baring Centen­ nial Committee, P.O. Box 45, Baring, Missouri 63531.

Desloge, Missouri and Surrounding Area, A Pictorial History. By Dave Darnell (Marceline, Mo.: Walsworth Publishing Company, 1990). 128 pp. Illustrations. $20.00, plus $2.50 for shipping. This volume is an outgrowth of Dave Darnell's longtime interest in collecting postcards, photographs and advertising items pertaining to the Desloge-Farmington area. He has compiled a detailed history of the Desloge business district to accompany his photographs, and shorter essays focus on such topics as the fire department, schools and churches. Photographs, captioned and dated, depict buildings and activities in the nearby communities of Flat River, Elvins, Bonne Terre and Farming- ton. This pictorial history can be ordered from Dave Darnell, 207 North School Street, Desloge, Missouri 63601.

Encyclopedia of Western Gunfighters. By Bill O'Neal (Norman: Univer­ sity of Oklahoma Press, 1991). 386 pp. Illustrations. Bibliography. Index. $16.95, paper. In this volume, O'Neal examines the lives of 255 men involved in 587 gunfights during the latter half of the nineteenth century. Arranged alphabetically, the entries include biographical information, aliases, oc­ cupations and brief descriptions of each gunfight in which the subjects participated. Readers interested in the history of the West will find this comprehensive work both entertaining and useful as a reference tool. 228 Missouri Historical Review

STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY

MEMBERSHIPS AND GIFTS

Memberships in the State Historical Society of Missouri are available in the following categories:

Individual Annual Membership $10.00 Contributing Annual Membership $25.00 Supporting Annual Membership $50.00 Sustaining Annual Membership $100.00 to $499.00 Patron Annual Membership $500.00 or more Life Membership $250.00

Each category of membership is tax deductible. Memberships help the State Historical Society preserve and disseminate the history of Missouri. The Missouri Historical Review is included as a membership benefit of the Society.

Gifts of cash and property to the Society are deductible for federal income, estate and gift tax purposes. Inquiries concern­ ing memberships, gifts or bequests to the Society should be addressed to:

James W. Goodrich, Executive Director The State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street Columbia, Missouri 65201 Phone (314) 882-7083 NATIONAL REGISTER SITES CARUTHERSVILLE WATER TOWER For most of the twentieth century, the Caruthersville water tower, 115 feet tall, was the tallest structure in Pemiscot County. Built in 1902-1903, the "Lighthouse" served both as part of a function­ ing public water works system and as a local recreation spot. Until the tower's closing in the 1950s, area residents could climb the interior wooden staircase to an observation deck located some fifty feet above the ground and look across the Mississippi River into Tennessee. Still visible to passing river traffic, the water tower remains today as a local landmark. In 1982 it and the adjacent concrete building which housed the pump and machinery were accepted on the National Register of Historic Places. Like many growing communities at the turn of the century, Caruthersville saw the need to install a public water works system. Unlike many towns which designed their own systems, Caruthersville contracted with the Chicago firm headed by George Cadagan Morgan to design and install a water works. Morgan's elevated standpipe design included a 40,000-gallon capacity steel tank set atop a brick masonry tower. The tower, with walls twenty-four inches thick, featured four pointed arched openings in the upper third for observa­ tion and illumination and other "Gothic-derived embellishments." A bracketed cornice and belt course capped the structure. Decorative wrought ironwork, similar to that found on residences of the period, originally topped the cornice. The removal of this ironwork cresting and the addition of stucco to the exterior of the brick tower mark the main alterations to the original structure. The area immediately around Caruthersville became the site of European-American settlement as early as 1794. In that year Francois LeSieur established La Petite Prairie (Little Prairie) as a trading post a short distance below present-day Caruthersville, and the settlement thrived until the devastating earthquakes of 1811-1812. Apparently State Historical Society near the epicenter of the quakes, Little Prairie was almost completely of Missouri destroyed. Although few residents stayed in the region after the earthquakes, John Hardeman Walker, who had settled near Little Prairie in 1810, did remain. Walker, a large landholder, proved influential in establishing the Missouri-Arkansas boundary and creating the bootheel configuration which eventually included Dunklin, Pemiscot and part of New Madrid counties. People began to drift back into the area, and before 1846 a settlement called Lost Village had been established. In December 1856 the post office name was changed to Caruthersville; in 1857 Walker and George W. Bushey laid out the town. Despite periodic flooding by the Mississippi, Caruthersville thrived during the latter half of the nineteenth century. Nearby timber resources and convenient river access led to its development as a lumbering center. The Kennett and Southern Railway arrived in 1896, and in 1899 Caruthersville replaced Gayoso as the county seat of Pemiscot County. Levees constructed during the first part of the twentieth century successfully kept the river from overflowing the town. Over the years Caruthersville became a regional agricultural and shipping hub. Today, the town has an active shipyard and port area. Although the "Lighthouse," located on West Third Street near the river, no longer functions as part of Caruthersville's public water works system, it remains as a symbol of the town's civic development.