Managing Water Conflicts through Dialogue in PanganiBasin, Tanzania
PRESENTATION AT THE FAO/NETHERLANDS CONFERENCE ON WATER FOR FOOD AND ECOSYSTEM- —MAKE IT HAPPEN“ 31.01.2005 -05.02.2005 J. D. SARMETT Water Officer PanganiBasin Water Office P. O. BOX 7617, MOSHI, TANZANIA TEL. DIRECT LINE:+255 27 2752727 GENERAL LINE:+255 27 2752780 TELEFAX:+255 27 2753097 Email [email protected]
L`m`fhmfV`sdqBnmekhbsrhmO`mf`mhQhudqA`rhm 0 Introduction to Pangani Basin Area:56,300 km2 Rivers:Pangani, Umba, Msangazi, Zigi, Mkulumuzi, Coastal Rivers. Climate: Varies with altitude Popolation.3.7 m. Livelihoods- NR
L`m`fhmfV`sdqBnmekhbsrhmO`mf`mhQhudqA`rhm 1 Important Contributions to the National Economy: Irrigated agriculture: Livelihood to 3.7 million people Hydropower production Biodiversity - Eastern Arc Mountains Paddy Irrigation
Pristine catchment Intake Tower at NYM Dam
L`m`fhmfV`sdqBnmekhbsrhmO`mf`mhQhudqA`rhm 2 Importance of the PanganiBasin cont………. • Minerals : Tanzanite, Ruby Rhodilite, Red Granite, etc • Tourism : 3 NP, 2 Game Reserve. 8 PA • Fishery : Lake Jipe, NYM reservoir, along Pangani River • Industries: Growing • Fertile soils
L`m`fhmfV`sdqBnmekhbsrhmO`mf`mhQhudqA`rhm 3 Role and mandates of PanganiBasin W ater Office
• Allocating water for different uses, • Managing and controlling utilization of water, • Monitoring and controlling pollution, • Water use conflict resolution, • Awareness creation on effective and efficient use of water, • Collection of water user and waste water discharge fees, using it for management purposes, • Participating in water conservation programmes. • Preparation of Basin Plans and Budgets • Coordinating and harmonizing externally funded projects and programmes affecting water resources within the Basin • Facilitating formation of water user associations and Sub- Catchment committees. • O&M of Hydrometeorological and Hydrogeological network.
L`m`fhmfV`sdqBnmekhbsrhmO`mf`mhQhudqA`rhm 4 Water situation in the Pangani Basin • Disappearing ice caps on Mt Kilimanjaro • 6-9 % annual reduction in surface flows • Reduced in-stream flows from 300+ to 40 m3/second
Mount Kilimanjaro 5895m asl
L`m`fhmfV`sdqBnmekhbsrhmO`mf`mhQhudqA`rhm 5 Water situation in the Pangani Basin cont…. • Current supply does not meet demand (1,000 WR , 1800 Trad. Furr. Without WR) • Water is over-allocated
Water Level at Nyumba ya Mungu
690 689 688 1997 1998 687 )
l 1999 s a 686 2000 m (
l
s 685 2001 e v e 2002
L 684
r e
t 2003
a 683
W 2004 682 NyumbayaMunguWater Levels 2005 681 Mean71-97 680 679 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 W eek Number
L`m`fhmfV`sdqBnmekhbsrhmO`mf`mhQhudqA`rhm 6 Water use conflicts Three categories( scale, tenure and location)
• Scale; modern versus traditional ‹ Large scale commercial agriculture companies versus small-scale users ‹ Municipalities versus village governments
Flower farm Small-scale irr Vandalized c/gate
L`m`fhmfV`sdqBnmekhbsrhmO`mf`mhQhudqA`rhm 7 Water use conflicts cont…………. • Tenure; adversity to control ‹ Reluctance to apply and pay for water rights by traditionalists
Traditional irrigation Authority
L`m`fhmfV`sdqBnmekhbsrhmO`mf`mhQhudqA`rhm 8 Water use conflicts cont…………. •Location; U/s vsD/s ‹Upstream irrigation causes low inflow to hydro-electric dam, which is of national importance ‹Reduced flows have led to saltwater intrusions near the coast compromising agricultural activities in lower basin ‹Municipality VS Commercial farmers VS communities
Nduruma- Kikuletwa Ndurumawithin u/sKikuletwa confluence R/forest-Mt Meru Ndurumaconfluence
L`m`fhmfV`sdqBnmekhbsrhmO`mf`mhQhudqA`rhm 0/ Dialogue Project (a process to resolve conflicts)
BUILDING PARTNERSHIPS (2002- todate) Bn PBWO, PAMOJA, IUCN and SNV • Awareness raising on water sector reforms, IWRM and climate change • Supporting the water allocation process with technical data (environmental, economic and social )
L`m`fhmfV`sdqBnmekhbsrhmO`mf`mhQhudqA`rhm 00 Dialogue Project (process to resolve conflicts) cont…
• Detailed SA at five pilot sites • Establishment of dialogue platforms • Bridging gaps bnPBWO and communities
L`m`fhmfV`sdqBnmekhbsrhmO`mf`mhQhudqA`rhm 01 Lessons learnt in the Dialogue Process • Recognise traditional arrangements • Devolve decision making to lower levels • Strengthen WUAs& stimulate formalization of WUAs • Better chance of success if they are initiated prior to a crisis situation • Willingness to negotiate equitable solutions • Capacity and strength of local institutions • Site specific approach
L`m`fhmfV`sdqBnmekhbsrhmO`mf`mhQhudqA`rhm 02 Future Plans • Strengthen WUA thutraining, seminars, workshops and meetings • Establishment of sub-catchment forums on a pilot basis with main activities to: ‹ Conduct situation analysis. ‹ Organise stakeholders meetings.
‹ Develop training modules and testing.
‹ Conduct Training and Awareness Raising.
‹ Form sub-catchmentand basin level forums.
L`m`fhmfV`sdqBnmekhbsrhmO`mf`mhQhudqA`rhm 03 Conclusions: Dialogue as process to resolve conflicts:
• Requires time & resources; • Increase transaction costs of wrm; • Strengthens WUA & foster relationships between government and communities • Better chance of success if initiated prior to a crisis situation; • Can contribute to a sustainable and equitable outcome.
L`m`fhmfV`sdqBnmekhbsrhmO`mf`mhQhudqA`rhm 04 Thank you
L`m`fhmfV`sdqBnmekhbsrhmO`mf`mhQhudqA`rhm 05