Influence of Fly Ash and Fine Aggregates on the Characteristics of Pervious Concrete

Home , Pervious concrete

International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 12, Number 8 (2017) pp. 1598-1609 © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com Influence of Fly Ash and Fine Aggregates on the Characteristics of Pervious Concrete

Uma Maguesvari, M*,1 and Sundararajan, T*,2 *- Dept. of Civil Engineering, Pondicherry Engineering College, Pondicherry-605014, India. 1Corresponding author,

1ORCID: 0000-0002-0818-4866, 2ORCID: 0000-0002-0922-4268

Abstract the need for a separate storm water retention pond and may also result in the use of smaller capacity storm sewer. Apart from The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of partial the above, pervious concrete when used in a pavement system replacement of cement by 10% and 20% of fly ash, partial has structural, economic and road - user benefits (Mc Cain et replacement of coarse aggregates by fine aggregates (ranging al, 2009; Nguyen et al, 2014). Due to the above, there is from 5 - 15%), on the characteristics of pervious concrete. sustained research interest in the use of pervious concrete in Class C fly ash, coarse aggregates ranging in size from19 mm pavement applications, in various regions of the world since the to 9.5 mm and 9.5 mm to 4.75 mm blended in the ratio of 60:40 last decade (Huang et al, 2009). However, sustained and respectively, and a constant water / binder ratio of 0.34 were comprehensive research leading to the use of pervious concrete used and ACI method of mix proportioning, was adopted for as a pavement material in many developing / emerging various mixes. Altogether 32 mixes were designed. countries, like India, has not happened, mainly due to lack of Compressive strength, flexural strength, split - tensile strength, standardized technique for material preparation, testing and total voids, permeable voids, density and permeability by construction (Chandrappa et al, 2016). falling head method, were determined. It is seen that the compressive strength range achieved for pervious fly ash - Several studies have been carried out and reported using cement concretes with a minimum binder content of 300 kg/m3, various aggregate grading and types, different cement paste with fines (10% and 15%), has the potential application as a content and water-binder ratios on the properties of pervious typical sub-base / base layer for flexible/rigid pavements. concrete such as compressive strength, permeability and void Further, replacement of cement by fly ash (up to 20%) has content (Huang et al, 2009; Ibrahim et al, 2014; Cheng et al, reduced the compressive strength only marginally, whereas, 2011; Lian et al, 2010; Girish et al, 2011; Yang et al, 2003 and addition of fine aggregates (5 - 15%) has increased the above Bhutta et al, 2012). Cement has been partially replaced by rice strength, ranging from ‘marginal’ to ‘high’. Incorporation of fly husk ash (RHA) for evaluating the properties of pervious ash has the effect of reduction in total voids in pervious concrete (Hesami et al, 2014). Further to improve the strength concretes. and abrasion characteristics, super plasticizer, silica fume and

polymer have been introduced and investigated (Huang et al, Keywords: Pervious concrete, Pervious fly ash-cement 2009; Lian et al, 2010; Wu et al, 2011 and Dong et al, 2013). concrete, Mechanical properties, Density, Permeability, Voids Fibers have been incorporated to enhance the performance of freeze - thaw properties (Kevern et al, 2014). Attempts have also been made to introduce rubber on pervious concrete INTRODUCTION (Gesog et al, 2014). Recycled aggregates, sea shell, brick bats and Municipal solid waste incinerated bottom ash as Pervious concrete is a special concrete with porosity, in which aggregates, have been used as a partial replacement for coarse the voids are intentionally created. It allows water and other aggregate and various studies have been carried out (Cheng et sources to pass through. Pervious concrete generally consists of al, 2011; Nguven et al, 2013; Bhutta et al, 2013; Guneyisi et al, Portland cement, coarse aggregate, little or no fine aggregate, 2014; Hossain et al, 2012 and Kuo et al, 2013). Studies using admixture and water. It is also called porous concrete, no - fine image analysis have revealed the interface of microstructure on concrete, gap graded concrete etc. Concrete pavements by pervious concrete (Sumanasooriya et al, 2011; Neithalath et al, virtue of their impervious nature contributes to the increased 2010 and Deo et al, 2010). Studies have also been carried out surface runoff into the drainage system and also causes to improve the fatigue strength and toughness of pervious excessive flooding in built - up areas. The surface runoff that concrete (Chen et al, 2013) and geo polymer as a binder for flows over the land or impervious surface, accumulates with it making pervious concrete (Tho - in et al, 2012 and Sata et al, debris, chemicals, sediment or other pollutants that could 2013). adversely affect water quality, if it is ultimately discharged untreated into any natural water body. Pervious concrete (Aoki et al, 2012) have considered seven mixes (3 control; 3 reduces the surface runoff from paved areas, there by reduces mixes with 20% class F fly ash; one mix with 50% class F fly

1598 International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 12, Number 8 (2017) pp. 1598-1609 © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com ash) for evaluating the compressive strength, permeability and Table 2: Chemical properties of fly ash void content. The reported results were more focused towards the relationship between strength and permeability and strength Sl. No Chemical composition Value (%) and voids. However, the potential applications of the reported 1 Loss of ignition 2.52 work have not been indicated. (Hager et al, 2016) have used 2 Silica as Sio2 51.56 20% of class C fly ash along with Portland cement admixtures 3 Iron as Fe2o3 7.15 etc., for the construction of the top layer of pavement for a parking lot test section in the Denver metropolitan region, 4 Alumina as Al2 03 23.23 Colorado, USA. The water quality of storm water after the 5 Calcium as Cao 10.78 construction of the parking lot with the above pervious concrete 6 Magnesium as Mgo 2.90 was used to highlight the hydrologic benefit of the system 7 Sulphur as So3 1.85 during storm events. In spite of the above types of studies carried out and reported, it can be seen that the use of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) in the Chemical composition of fly ash is given in Table 2 and particle production of pervious concrete and comprehensive studies size distribution of fly ash is shown in Figure 1. The above fly thereof, including various application, especially for ash is categorized as class C fly ash and hence it is expected to pavements, is still rare. On the other hand, such studies, if exhibit its cementitious property. Further, as the fly ash has carried out and reported, will contribute for sustainable substantial quantity of particles less than 450 microns, it is development. Hence, the focus of this study is to evaluate the expected to contribute for the micro - filler effect in concrete. various characteristics of pervious concrete with and without fine aggregates, cement was partially replaced by fly ash (10% 120 Percentage passing and 20%) to produce pervious concrete. The potential of the 100 above concretes has also been evaluated as a possible pavement 80 material, with reference to the relevant Indian codes, and reported. 60 40 20 EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM 0

Materials and properties of passingPercentage 10 1 0.1 0.01 Particle size ( mm) Cement, cementitious material as fly ash, crushed gravel as coarse aggregates, river sand as fine aggregates and potable Figure 1. Particle size distribution of fly ash water were the constituent materials used in pervious concrete. Fly ash belonging to (class C) obtained from the thermal power plant located nearby (Neyveli, Tamilnadu, India) was used in Mix proportioning all the mixes. Specific gravity of coarse aggregate used was Four distinct binder contents for proportioning pervious 2.71. Coarse aggregates of size 19 mm to 9.5 mm and 9.5 mm concrete mixes were considered, namely, 250, 300, 350 and to 4.75 mm, as suggested in ACI 522R - 10 for pervious 400 kg/m3 and cement was partially replaced by fly ash by 10% concrete was used in the present study in the ratio of 60:40 for and 20% (by weight). The above range of binder contents cover the mix. Fine aggregates conforming to Zone II of IS: 383 - the wide range of possible applications and also cover the range 1978, with the specific gravity of 2.62 was used. Salient prescribed by Indian standards for use in cement concrete. The characteristics of the cement and fly ash used are given above four binder contents formed the basis for the mix in Table 1. proportioning of ‘control mixes of pervious fly ash – cement Table 1: Physical properties of cement and fly ash concrete’, without ‘fines’ (i.e. without fine aggregates), but using coarse aggregates. Coarse aggregates were partially Sl. No Property Cement Fly ash replaced by fine aggregates by 5%, 10% and 15% (by weight). About 60% of the total coarse aggregates content in the size 1 Standard consistency 33.5% 35% range of 19 mm to 9.5 mm and 40% in the size range of 9.5 mm 2 Initial setting time 35 min 40 min to 4.75 mm, were used for the production of pervious concrete 3 Final setting time 160 min 250 min mixes. A constant water- binder (w/b) ratio of 0.34 was 4 Soundness 1 mm 0 mm maintained for all the mixes. The above w/b was adopted from earlier studies conducted and reported (Lian et al, 2010) . All 5 Specific gravity 3.15 2.45 the mixes were designed according to ACI 522 R - 10 as there is no Indian code available for pervious concrete. All together 8 control mixes without fines (i.e. 4 with 10% and 4 with 20% of fly ash replacement); 24 mixes with fines (12 each for each

1599 International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 12, Number 8 (2017) pp. 1598-1609 © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com level of replacement of 10% and 20%), were proportioned for casting various specimens for determining the strength, permeability and void characteristics of pervious concrete. The designations of various mix series and the corresponding mixes in the series are given in Table 3. Further, details of a typical mixes (for binder content 250kg/m3) are given in Table 4.

Table 3: Designation of mix series and the corresponding designation of mixes in the series Sl. No Designation Designation of No. of Remarks of mix series ‘mixes’ mixes 1 CF1 C1F1S1 to C4F1S1 4 Control mixes with 10% replacement of cement by fly ash, but without fines 2 CF2 C1F2S1 to C4F2S1 4 Control mixes with 20% replacement of cement by fly ash, but without fines 3 CF1S1 C1F1S2 to C4F1S2 4 CF1 mix series with 5% fines 4 CF2S1 C1F2S2 to C4F2S2 4 CF2 mix series with 5% fines 5 CF1S2 C1F1S3 to C4F1S3 4 CF1 mix series with 10% fines 6 CF2S2 C1F2S3 to C4F2S3 4 CF2 mix series with 10% fines 7 CF1S3 C1F1S4 to C4F1S4 4 CF1 mix series with 15% fines 8 CF2S3 C1F2S4 to C4F2S4 4 CF2 mix series with 15% fines

Table 4: Details of typical mix proportion of 250 Kg/m3 100mm cubes have been used, as an alternative to the standard size of cube of 150 mm, as recommended in the above code. Sl. Mix Cement Fly ash Fine Coarse However, in order to assess the potential applications of 3 No designation content (kg/m ) aggregate aggregate pervious concretes investigated in the study for pavement 3 3 3 (kg/m ) (kg/m ) (kg/m ) application, it becomes necessary to investigate the ‘size effect’ on cube compressive strength of pervious concretes, as the 1 C1F1S1 225 19.5 0 1640 strength requirements specified in the relevant IS codes 2 C1F1S2 225 19.5 82 1590 correspond to the values based on tests conducted on 150 mm cube specimens. Accordingly, the size effect on compressive 3 C1F1S3 225 19.5 164 1540 strength was carried out on a typical series of mixes and the 4 C1F1S4 225 19.5 246 1474 average value of size effect for pervious concrete was determined as 0.91, which compares well with the size effect 5 C1F2S1 200 39 0 1640 for conventional concretes are on reported by (Neville, 2006). 6 C1F2S2 200 39 82 1590 The above factor was used latter, to assess the suitability of pervious concrete for various types of pavement applications, 7 C1F2S3 200 39 164 1540 based on the strength requirements stipulated in the relevant IS 8 C1F2S4 200 39 246 1474 codes. Note: C1, C2, C3 and C4 – denote cement content 250, 300, 350 and Flexural strength 3 400 in Kg/m , in the mixes Flexural strength of pervious concrete specimens was S1, S2, S3, S4 – denote the percentage of fine aggregates 0%, determined by three-point load test on beam specimens of size 5%, 10%, 15%, respectively. 100 mm x 100 mm x 500 mm, and in accordance with the Indian standard IS: 516 - 1959, after 28 days of normal curing. F1 and F2 – 10%, 20% replacement of cement by fly ash in The above size of specimen is chosen, for the reasons stated the mixes above.

Preparation and testing of specimens Split tensile strength Compressive strength Split tensile strength was determined in accordance with the Cubes of size 100mm x 100mm x 100mm were cast for each Indian standard IS:5816 - 1999, on cylindrical specimens of mix and moist cured for 24 hours before demoulding and curing size 100 mm diameter and 200 mm height, after 28 days normal in water continued at 24◦C until testing at 7 days and 28 days. curing. Even though, 150 mm diameter cylinder specimen is Compressive strength was determined in accordance with the recommended in the above code, 100 mm diameter was chosen Indian standard IS: 516 - 1959. As the largest nominal size of so as to limit the consumption of materials. Hence, all the the coarse aggregate used in this study does not exceed 20mm,

1600 International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 12, Number 8 (2017) pp. 1598-1609 © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com reported results in this paper, are based on the above size of Total and Permeable voids specimen only. Specimens of size 90 mm diameter and 150 mm height were Permeability cast and tested after 28 days of normal curing, and the total voids were determined in accordance with ASTM C 1754/C Specimens of size 90 mm diameter and 150 mm height were 1754M - 12. Permeable voids (∅ ) were calculated using the cast and tested after 28 days of normal curing. An experimental 푝푣 set up [Figure 2] was exclusively fabricated for determining the procedure in the above code and using Equation (1). (푤 − 푤 ) permeability of pervious concrete specimens, based on the ∅ = [1 − 2 1 ] x 100 ----- (1) falling head permeability method, proposed and reported by 푝푣 휌푣 (Neithalath et al, 2006), as there is no equivalent standard where w1 is the specimen weight under water, w2 is the weight prescribed in Indian codes. The above procedure has also been of the specimen with the SSD condition, ρ is the density of prescribed as the standard procedure in ACI 522R - 10. water and v is the volume of the specimen (Seo, 2006).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The compressive strength of pervious concretes for different binder contents (with 10% and 20% replacement of cement by fly ash) and percentage of fines are shown in Figure 3.

Figure 2. Experimental setup of permeability testing

250 300 20 350 400 15

0 Fly ash %

Compressive strength (MPa) 10 20 10 20 10 20 10 20 0 5 10 15 Fines %

Percentage of fines and percentage of fly ash

Figure 3. Compressive strength (28 days) of pervious fly ash- cement concrete for various binder contents (two levels of fly ash replacement) and percentage of fines

The actual compressive strength of pervious concretes in CF1 days) for the range of binder contents considered. Incorporating and CF2 - series (i.e. zero fines) increase with increase in binder the size effect, the estimated value of the above compressive content and the strength ranges from 5.70 to 8.83 MPa (at 28 strength ranges from 5.19 to 8.04 MPa (at 28 days) and the

1601 International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 12, Number 8 (2017) pp. 1598-1609 © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com above strength range falls within the typical compressive flexible pavement. However, the strength range achieved even strength reported (i.e. 2.8 to 20MPa) for pervious concretes in up to 20% replacement of cement by fly ash, (i.e. in CF1 and ACI522R - 10. CF2 series of mixes) is less than the typical strength range prescribed for use in DLC in the relevant Indian codes. Thus, The above strength range also satisfies the typical strength there is scope for improvement in the strength of pervious fly range prescribed in the relevant Indian codes (Table 5) for use ash - cement concretes, for potential application / (s) as a sub – in lean cement concrete (LCC) as a base / sub - base layer of a base / base material in pavements. Table 5: Strength requirements for LCC and DLC as per Indian Standards

Sl. No Purpose Compressive strength (MPa) Reference

Lean cement concrete (LCC) for base / sub base 1 3.7 - 7.2 (at 28 days) IRC: 74 - 1979 of flexible pavement.

Dry lean Concrete (DLC) for sub - base of rigid 7.0 (at 7 days) IRC: SP: 49 -2014 2 pavement. 10 (at 28 days) IRC:58 - 2015

Addition of “fines” has increased the compressive strength of of binder contents considered, and is independent of fly ash pervious fly ash - cement concretes, for all the range of fines- replacement levels. As the minimum compressive strength of content considered. This is attributed to better packing of the 10 MPa (at 28 days) is required for DLC to be used as a sub - matrix and improvement in interfacial bond, when compared to base in a rigid pavement (Table 5), the strength range achieved ‘no fines’ pervious concrete. Further, there is continuous pervious fly ash - cement concrete, excluding the binder improvement in the compressive strength due to the addition content of 250 Kg/m3 alone, fulfils the above requirement. fines, ranging from marginal to high as the Binder content Therefore, it can be stated safely that the minimum binder increases. content for pervious fly ash - cement concretes, to be used in DLC in a rigid pavement with fines (10 and 15%) is 300 kg/m3. The strength behaviour of pervious fly ash - cement concrete, with and without fines, is similar, (Figure 4 and 5) for the range

18 16 0 14 5 12 10 10 8 15 6 4 2

Compressive Strength (MPa) 0 200 250 300 350 400 450

Binder content with 10% fly ash replacement (Kg/m3)

Figure 4. Compressive strength of pervious fly ash-cement for various binder contents and percentage of fines (10% fly ash replacement).

1602 International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 12, Number 8 (2017) pp. 1598-1609 © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com

20 0 5 15 10 10 15

0 200 250 300 350 400 450 Compressive Strength (MPa) Strength Compressive Binder content with 20% fly ash replacement (Kg/m3 )

Figure 5. Compressive strength of pervious fly ash-cement for various binder contents and percentage of fines (20% fly ash replacement). The variation of 7 - days compressive strength of pervious Ravindrarajah et al, 2012 and Kevern et al, 2008) for pervious concretes is shown in Figure 6. It is observed that the average cement concrete. Further, the trend in the compressive strength ratio of 7 to 28 - days compressive strength of pervious fly ash at 7 - days and 28 - days are also similar. The above behaviour - cement concretes reported in this study, is 0.83 and 0.8, for is in line with the reported behaviour of pervious cement with and without fines respectively, and for the range of concrete ( Joshaghani et al, 2015; Aoki et al, 2012; parameters and binders considered. The above value is within Ravindrarajah et al, 2012 and Kevern et al, 2008). the range (0.75 to 0.87), reported by several earlier investigators (Joshaghani et al, 2015; Aoki et al, 2012;

250 300 14 350 12 400 10 8 6 4 2 0 10 20 10 20 10 20 10 20 Fly ash % Compressive strength (MPa) 0 5 10 15 Fines %

Percentage of fines and percentage of flyash

Figure 6. Compressive strength (7 days) of pervious fly ash - cement concrete for various binder contents (two levels of fly ash replacement) and percentage of fines.

Density with compressive strength conventional concrete and comparable to the reported value of earlier investigators, for pervious concretes. The effect of Density of pervious fly ash - cement concrete with and without density on the compressive strength of pervious concretes is fines ranges from 1849 to 2087 kg/m3, for the two levels of fly shown in Figure 7. As the density of pervious fly ash - cement ash replacement. The influence of fly ash content on the density concrete increases, its compressive strength also increases. of pervious concretes, is negligible. Considering the lowest value of density reported in this study for pervious fly ash - cement concrete, it is about 77% of the standard density of

1603 International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 12, Number 8 (2017) pp. 1598-1609 © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com

18 Flexural and split- tensile strength 16 y = 0.0021e0.0043x Variation of flexural and split-tensile strengths of pervious fly 14 R² = 0.882 ash - cement concrete for different binder contents with two 12 levels of fly ash replacements and fines are shown in Figure 8 10 and 9, respectively. Both the above strength behaviour of 8 6 pervious fly ash - cement concrete is similar to that of the 4 corresponding compressive strength behaviour with respect to 2 no fines and range of fines considered. 0 Compressive strength (MPa) strength Compressive 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 Density(Kg/m3)

Figure 7. Effect of density on the compressive strength of pervious fly ash- cement concretes.

3 250 2 300 2 350 400 1

1 Flexural Flexural strength (MPa) 0 10 20 10 20 10 20 10 20 Fly ash % 0 5 10 15 Fines % Percentage of fines and fly ash

Figure 8. Flexural strength of pervious fly ash - cement concrete for various binder contents (two levels of fly ash replacement) and percentage of fines.

3 250 2 300 2 350 400 1

0 Split Split Tensile strength (MPa) 10 20 10 20 10 20 10 20 Fly ash %

0 0 5 5 10 10 15 15 Fines % Percentage of fines and fly ash

Figure 9. Split tensile strength of pervious fly ash - cement concrete for various binder contents (two levels of fly ash replacement) and percentage of fines.

1604 International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 12, Number 8 (2017) pp. 1598-1609 © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com

The actual flexural strength attained is in the range of 1.40 to The total voids contents are in the range of 17.58 to 28.76% 2.06 MPa and 1.45 to 2.75 MPa for pervious fly ash - cement (for 10% fly ash content) and 13.55 to 24.76 % (for 20% fly ash concretes with no fines and fines, respectively. Similarly, the content), and the corresponding compressive strength ranges split tensile strength attained is in the range of 1.45 to 1.86 MPa from 6.30 - 16.95MPa (for 10% fly ash content) and 5.70- and 1.49 to 2.57 MPa for pervious fly ash-cement concretes 15.03MPa (for 20% fly ash content) respectively (Figure 10 with no fines and fines, respectively. It is observed that and 11). The above total voids contents and the compressive replacement of cement by fly ash, up to 20%, has only a strength of pervious fly ash - cement concrete (with 10% marginal reduction in the flexural and split tensile strengths. replacement of cement by fly ash) ranges are within the typical void content and strength ranges of pervious concrete reported

in ACI 522 R - 10, whereas the total void content of pervious Influence of total voids on compressive strength fly ash - cement concrete 20% replacement of cement by fly characteristics ash is slightly lesser.

18 -0.072x 16 y = 53.414e R² = 0.799 14 12 10 8 (MPa) 6 4

Compressive strength 2 0 15 20 25 30 Total voids (%)

Figure 10. Effect of total void on the compressive strength of pervious fly ash - cement concretes (10% fly ash replacement).

16 14 y = 39.214e-0.073x R² = 0.783 12 10 8

(MPa) 6 4 2 Compressive strength 0 10 15 20 25 30 Total voids (%)

Figure 11. Effect of total void on the compressive strength of pervious fly ash - cement concretes (20% fly ash replacement).

In general, replacement of cement by fly ash has resulted in 40.14%) by several earlier investigators (Joshaghani et al, reduction in total voids content, and this is primarily attributed 2015; Bhutta et al, 2013; Hossain et al, 2012; Kuo et al, 2013; to the micro-filler effect of fly ash, thereby reducing the total Ravindrarajah et al, 2012 and Kevern et al, 2008). voids in the pervious fly ash - cement concrete. In spite of the above effect, the resulting compressive strengths are within the typical range reported in ACI 522R - 10 for pervious concrete. Permeability Thus, addition of fly ash has resulted in beneficial effects from technical, economic and environmental considerations. The The permeability of pervious concretes for different binder contents (with 10% and 20% replacement of cement by fly ash) range of total voids of pervious concretes reported in this study, and percentage of fines are shown in Figure 12. Permeability of are within the range of void content reported (i.e. 14.95% to pervious fly ash - cement concrete without fines, decreases with

1605 International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 12, Number 8 (2017) pp. 1598-1609 © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com increase in binder content, and it ranges from 1.19 cm/s to 0.641 Influence of permeable voids on permeability cm/s. Permeability of pervious fly ash - cement concrete with characteristics fines are in the range of 1.028 cm/s to 0.324 cm/s. The trend in the compressive strength behaviour and Addition of fines has decreased the permeability of pervious fly permeability are inversely related, for all the range of binder ash - cement concretes, for all ranges of fines considered and contents (with 10% and 20% replacement of cement by fly ash) that the average reduction in permeability is 15.63%, for and percentage of fines considered, which is on expected lines pervious fly ash - cement concrete. However, the overall (Figure 10,11 and Figure 13 and 14). Increase in permeable reduction in permeability due to fines in pervious fly ash - voids increases the permeability and it is independent of the cement concretes is even up to 60%. The above reduction in binder content in pervious concretes (Figure 13 and 14). permeability is attributed to the combined effect of fines, and Permeable voids content range from 11.08 to 25.89%, the type of binder (cement / fly ash) and binder content. The considering all the range of parameters considered in this study. permeability of pervious concretes in this study is observed to It is seen that the above range is 75% to 91% of the be within the range (i.e. 0.1 to 2 cm/s) reported for pervious corresponding total voids, obtained in this study and the above cement concrete, by various researchers (Kevern et al, 2008; Li fact can be considered as an advantage for various applications et al, 2013; Martin et al, 2014; Qin et al, 2015; Haselbach et al, of pervious concrete. 2005 and Deo et al, 2011). It is to be noted that the higher value reported by a group of earlier researchers is for the case of using higher size coarse aggregates (i.e. 12.5 mm to 19 mm) (Joshaghani et al, 2016).

400 350 300 1.500 250

1.000

0.500

0.000 10 20 10 20 10 20 10 20 Fly ash % Permeability (cm/sec) 0 5 10 15 Fines % Percentage of fines and percentage of fly ash

Figure 12. Permeability of pervious fly ash - cement concrete for various binder contents (two levels of fly ash replacement) and percentage of fines.

1.4 1.2 y = 0.0596x - 0.3662 R² = 0.865 1 0.8 0.6 0.4

Permeability Permeability (cm/s) 0.2 0 10 15 20 25 30 Permeable void (%)

Figure 13. Effect of permeable voids on the permeability of pervious fly ash- cement concretes (with 10% replacement of fly ash).

1606 International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 12, Number 8 (2017) pp. 1598-1609 © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com

1.2 y = 0.0617x - 0.3714 1 R² = 0.851

0.8

0.6

0.4 Permeability Permeability (cm/s) 0.2

0 10 15 20 25 Permeable void (%)

Figure 14. Effect of permeable voids on the permeability of pervious fly ash- cement concretes (with 20% replacement of fly ash).

CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES The actual compressive strength of pervious fly ash - cement [1] Mc Cain, G.N., and Dewoolkar, M M., 2009, “Strength concrete with no fines, ranges from 5.70 to 8.83 MPa (at 28 and permeability characteristics of porous concrete days) for binder contents ranging from 250 to 400 kg/m3 and pavements”, Transp Res. Board, pp.1–13. the above strength range achieved has potential applications for [2] Nguyen, D.H., Sebaibi, N., Boutouil, M., Leleyter, L., use as a typical sub-base / base layer in flexible pavement, and Baurd, F., 2014, “A modified method for the design especially, in Indian conditions. Replacement of cement up to of pervious concrete mix”, Construction and Building 20% by fly ash has reduced the above compressive strength Materials 73, pp.271– 282. range only marginally, and therefore it still has potential [3] Huang, B., Wu, H., Shu, X., and Burdette, E G., 2009, applications in flexible and rigid pavements, after improvement “Laboratory evaluation of permeability and strength of in the above strength by various established methods. However, polymer-modified pervious concrete”, Construction if a minimum binder content of 300 kg/m3 is used in pervious and building materials 24, pp.818–823. fly ash - cement concrete with 10% and 15% fines, then, it can [4] Chandrappa, A K., and Biligiri, K P., 2016, “Pervious be used for DLC as a sub - base in a rigid pavement, satisfying concrete as a sustainable pavement material – Research Indian standard code provisions. Addition of fine aggregates findings and future prospects: A state-of-the-art (ranging from 5 to 15%) has increased the compressive strength review”, Construction and Building Materials 111, pp. of pervious fly ash - cement concretes, ranging from ‘marginal’ 262–274. to ‘high’. Strength behaviour of flexural and split- tensile [5] Ibrahim, A., Mahmoud, E., Yamin, M., and Patibandla, strength is similar to that of the corresponding compressive V C., 2014, “Experimental study on Portland cement strength behaviour of pervious fly ash - cement concrete, for all pervious concrete mechanical and hydrological the parameters and their ranges considered in this study. properties”, Construction and Building Materials 50, Replacement of class C fly ash has resulted in reduction of total pp. 524–529. voids, which may be attributed primarily to the micro - filler [6] Cheng, A., Hsu, H M., Chao, S J., and Lin, K L., 2011, effect of fly ash. There is a reduction of about 12 - 16% in the “Experimental Study on Properties of Pervious permeability of fly ash - cement pervious concretes, Concrete Made with Recycled Aggregate”, Internal considering all the effect of no fines and fines in the above two Journal of Pavement Research and Technology 4(2), systems. pp. 104-110. [7] Lian, C., and Zhuge, Y., 2010, “Optimum mix design

of enhanced permeable concrete – An experimental ACKNOWLEDGEMENT investigation”, Construction and Building Materials 24, pp. 2664–671. The authors would like to acknowledge the support and [8] Girish, G., and Manjunath Rao, R., 2011, “A step cooperation extended by the Department of Civil Engineering, towards mix proportioning guidelines for pervious Pondicherry Engineering College, Pondicherry, India, to carry concrete”, International Journal of Earth Sciences and out this work. Engineering 4, pp. 768 -771.

1607 International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 12, Number 8 (2017) pp. 1598-1609 © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com

[9] Yang, J., and Jiang, G., 2003, “Experimental study on [23] Deo, O., and Neithalath, N., 2010, “Compressive properties of pervious concrete pavement materials”, behavior of pervious concretes and a quantification of Cement and Concrete Research 33, pp.381–386. the influence of random pore structure features”, [10] Bhutta, M A R., Tsuruta, K., and Mirza, J., 2012, Materials Science and Engineering 528, pp.402–412. “Evaluation of high-performance porous concrete [24] Chen, Y., Wang, K., Wang, X., and Zhou, W., 2013, properties”, Construction and building materials ,31, “Strength, fracture and fatigue of pervious concrete”, pp. 67-73. Construction and Building Materials 42, pp. 97-104. [11] Hesami, S., Ahmadi, S., and Nematzadeh, M., 2014, [25] Tho-in, T., Sata, V., Chindaprasirt, P., and “Effect of rice husk ash and fiber on mechanical Jaturapitakkul, C., 2012, “Previous high-calcium fly properties of pervious concrete pavements”, 53, pp. ash geopolymer concrete”, Construction and Building 680-691. Construction and building materials Materials 30, pp. 366–371. [12] Wu, H., Huang, B., Shu, X., and Dong, Q., 2011, [26] Sata, V., Wongsa, A., and Chindaprasirt, P., 2013, “Laboratory Evaluation of Abrasion Resistance of “Properties of pervious geopolymer concrete using Portland Cement Pervious Concrete”, Journal of recycled aggregates”, Construction and Building Materials in Civil Engineering 23(5), pp. 697-702. Materials 42, pp.33–39. [13] Dong, Q., Wu, H., Huang, B., Sh, X., and Wang, K., [27] Aoki, Y., Ravindrarajah, R S., and Khabbaz, H., 2012, 2013, “Investigation into Laboratory Abrasion Test “Properties of pervious concrete containing fly ash”, Methods for Pervious Concrete”, Journal of Materials Road materials and pavement design ,13(1), pp. 1-11. in Civil Engineering 25(7), pp.886-892. [28] Hager, A., Durham, S A., and Rens, K., 2016, [14] Kevern, J T., Wang, K., and Schaefer, V R., 2014, “Sustainable design of pervious concrete pavement “Effects of Macro Synthetic Fibers on Pervious” systems”, submitted to the transporatation research Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering: ISSN 0899- board (TRB) for presentation at the TRB and 1561/06014031(6). publication in the Transportation Research Record. [15] Gesog, M., Guneyisi, E., Khoshnaw, G., and [29] ACI 522R-10, “Report on pervious concrete”. Suleymanpek., 2014, “Investigating properties of [30] Neville, A.M., 2006, “Properties of concrete”, Pearson pervious concretes containing waste tire rubbers”, Education, South Asia, Size effects in compressive Construction and Building Materials 63, pp. 206–213. strength, Chapter 12, pp. 605-607. [16] Nguyen, D H., Boutouil, M., Sebaibi,L, N., Leleyter., [31] Neithalath, N., Weiss, J., and Olek, J., 2006, and Baraud, F., 2013, “Valorization of seashell by- “Characterizing Enhanced Porosity Concrete using products in pervious concrete pavers”, Construction electrical impedance to predict acoustic and hydraulic and Building Materials 49, pp.151-160. performance”, Cement and Concrete Research 36, pp. [17] Bhutta, M A R., Tsuruta, K., and Mirza, J., 2013, 2074-2085. “Properties of porous concrete from waste crushed [32] ASTM C 1754/C1754M-12, Standard test method for concrete (recycled aggregate)”, Construction and Density and Void content of Hardened pervious building materials 47, pp. 1243-1248. concrete. [18] Guneyisi, E., Mehmet Gesoglu, M., Kareem, Q., and [33] Seo, DS., 2006. “An experimental study on sound Ipek, S., 2014, “Effect of different substitution of absorption properties of multi- functional porous natural aggregate by recycled aggregate on concrete for building material”, Ph.D, Thesis, performance characteristics of pervious concrete”, Chungnam National University. Material and structures: DOI 10.1617/s11527-014- [34] Joshaghani, A., Ramezanianpour, A A., Ataei, O., and 0517-y. Golroo, A., 2015, “Optimizing pervious concrete [19] Hossain, T., Abdus Salam, M D., and Abdul Kader, M., pavement mixture design by using the Taguchi 2012, “Pervious concrete using brick chips as coarse method” Construction and Building Materials 101(1), aggregate: An experimental study”, Journal of Civil pp.317–325. Engineering (IEB) 40(2), pp.25-137. [35] Ravindrarajah, R S., Wang, N D H., and Ervin, L J., [20] Kuo, W T., Liu, C., and Su, D., 2013, “Use of washed 2012, “Mix Design for Pervious Recycled Aggregate municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash in Concrete”, International Journal of Concrete Structures pervious concrete”, Cement and concrete composites and Materials 6(4), pp.239–246. DOI 10.1007/s40069- 37.pp. 328-335. 012-0024-x. [21] Sumanasooriya, M S., and Neithalath, N., 2011, “Pore [36] Kevern, J. T., Schaefer, V R., Wang, K., and Suleiman, structure features of pervious concretes proportioned M T., 2008, “Pervious Concrete Mixture Proportions for desired porosities and their performance for Improved Freeze-Thaw Durability”, Journal of prediction”, Cement & Concrete Composites 33, pp. ASTM International 5(2), pp.1- 778-787. 12. https://doi.org/10.1520/JAI101320.. [22] Neithalath, N., Sumanasooriya, M A., and Deo, O., [37] Li, H., Kayhanian. M., and Harvey, J T., 2013, 2010, “Characterizing pore volume, sizes, and “Comparative field permeability measurement of connectivity in pervious concretes for permeability permeable pavements using ASTM C1701 and NCAT prediction”, Materials Characterization 61, pp.802 – permeameter methods”, J Environ Management 118, 813. pp. 144–152.

1608 International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 12, Number 8 (2017) pp. 1598-1609 © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com

[38] Martin, WD III., Kaye, NB., and Putman, BJ., 2014, “Impact of vertical porosity distribution on the permeability of pervious concrete”, Construction and Building Materials 59, pp. 78–84. [39] Qin, Y., Yang, H., Deng, Z., and He, J., 2015, “Water permeability of pervious concrete is dependent on the applied pressure and testing methods”, Advanced Mater Sci Engg, pp.1–6. [40] Haselbach, LM., Valavala, S., and Montes, F., 2005, “Permeability predictions for sand-clogged Portland cement pervious concrete pavement systems”, J Environ Management 81, pp. 42–49. [41] IRC58-2015, Guidelines for the Design of Plain Jointed Rigid Pavements for Highways - 4th Revision. [42] IRC74-1979, Tentative Guidelines for Lean-Cement Concrete and Lean Cement Fly Ash Concrete as a Pavement Base or Sub Base. [43] IRCSP49-2014, Guidelines for the Use of Dry Lean Concrete as Sub-base for Rigid Pavement - 1st Revision 2014.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR Uma Maguesvari, M, is a Research scholar in the Department of Civil Engineering Pondicherry Engineering College, Pondicherry, India. Her research interest is in pervious concrete and its characterization. Her teaching experience in the similar field for more than 10 years.

Dr. Sundararajan, T, is currently Professor of Civil Engineering at Pondicherry engineering college, Pondicherry, India. He has a total of over 38 years of experience covering all facets of civil engineering. He earned his Ph.D. from Indian Institute of Technology, Madras. His areas of research interests include: water resources engineering, computer applications in civil engineering, construction management. He has made extensive/overseen studies in the areas of natural fibre cementitious composites, fly ash activation and applications and in general in the area of supplementary cementitious materials and applications.

1609