ENSC 430 Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Society and Culture in the Frontenac Arch Biosphere Reserve
FINAL REPORT
Authors: Leora Smith, Carly Rosenblat, Mobolaji Joseph
December 8, 2010
1 ENSC 430 Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Table of Contents Pages
Document 1:
Introduction 4
Sustainability 5
Goals and Objectives 8 Methods 9 The Research Process 10 Methodology for Housing Research 11 Methodology for History of FAB Research 13 Methodology for Access to Health Care Research 16
Housing 18 Background to Social Housing 19 Present Situation 20 Metrics of Social Housing 22 Indicator: Proximity of Social Housing to Urban Centres 22 Indicator: Examining Conditions of Housing Stock 27 Indicator: Cost and Supply of Housing 39 Indicator: Age of Housing Stock 33 Indicator: Age and Quantity of Social Housing Stocks 36
Document 2:
Accessibility to Health Care 1 Present Situation 1 Metrics of Health Care 2 Indicator: Waiting Times 2 Indicator: Number of Doctors per Population 5
Historical Representation in FAB Present Situation 8 Metrics of Heritage 9 Indicator: Themes of Heritage Plaques throughout FAB 9 Indicator: View of FAB 14 Indicator: Collaboration among historical groups in FAB 16 Indicator: Knowledge of First Nations’ history in FAB 17
Conclusion 20
Recommendations for Future Indicators 21 Recommendations for Future Opportunities 22
2 ENSC 430 Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
References 24
Appendices Appendix A 1 Appendix B 2 Appendix C 8 Appendix D 26 Appendix E 28 Appendix F 31 Appendix G 49
3 ENSC 430 Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Introduction The Frontenac Arch Biosphere (FAB) is a unique area located in Eastern Ontario, dedicated to promoting sustainability throughout the region. Commencing in 2009, Queen’s University Environmental Studies students became involved in a partnership with FAB to work on addressing issues pertaining to sustainability. These students will work in groups to produce a ‘State of the Environment’ Report to document and analyse their findings over five years. Our 2010 ENSC 430 class is the second class to work on this five year commitment and developed a report pertaining to indicators of sustainability. The present activity and documentation of history within FAB is important to measure. A statement made by Marcuse in 1998 says, “To think that their present circumstances and their present societal arrangements might be sustained- that is an unsustainable thought for the majority of the world’s people” (Quoted in Gunder,2006, p.213). This statement sheds light on the fact that current circumstances in any one place may or may not be sustainable and therefore FAB members must analyse their current state before deciding if they want to sustain it.
FAB assesses sustainability in terms of four pillars, economy, environment, society, and culture. This paper will address society and culture in the format of a State of the Environment Report. In the Action Plan for the Frontenac Arch Biosphere 2009- 2012 FAB defines ‘social sustainability’ as “...Our institutions and infrastructure must foster healthy family and community life over the long term” and ‘cultural sustainability’ to mean “.... an atmosphere that encourages expression, communication and interaction in the arts, recreation and well-being of our citizens and visitors; and we must preserve our cultural heritage” (2008). Within this framework of sustainability, we have chosen to focus on housing, access to health care, and heritage. These three topics will be thoroughly explored in this paper and used to produce a snapshot in time of FAB’s sustainability.
Metrics for analysing the aforementioned indicators will be used to establish a baseline of information for ongoing assessments of FAB’s progress in the development and maintenance of sustainability. Attempts to qualify and quantify information about
4 ENSC 430 Society and Culture Final Report, 2010 what makes communities sustainable has been conducted through a variety of techniques such as literature review, statistics, communication with FAB members and mapping the sites of interest investigated in this report. This mapping will be useful for FAB in the creation of a community atlas, one of their set priorities in the brochure on their website (FAB Brochure, 2009). The purpose of this paper is to distinguish characteristics which are representative of FAB inhabitants and institutions and contextualize these features in relationship to sustainability. Our indicators will be of benefit to FAB’s allocation and management of resources by providing documentation of relevant data for community members and a means to measure changes over time for evaluating progress of sustainability.
Sustainability
The FAB’s document “Action Plan 2009-2012” sets out the FAB network’s goal of becoming a “world class model of successful, sustainable development” (“Becoming World Class,” 2008, p.6). Defining the meaning of “sustainable development” has been an ongoing process since the first definition of “meeting the needs of today without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs” was presented at the Brundtland Commission in 1987 (Vargas, 2000, p.377). More recently due to the influence of publications such as John Hawkes’ book Culture as The Fourth Pillar of Sustainability: Cultures Essential Role in Public Planning, and projects such as the Boston Indicator project, sustainable development has come to be viewed in the framework of four pillars: Environment, Economy, Society and Culture (“Arts and Culture”, 2009, p. 2). The development of each of these pillars is now seen as crucial to building communities that can prosper and provide for their citizens and the natural world in both the present and future. For this reason the FAB has adopted the four pillars approach to evaluate their own progress of sustainable development as they work toward their stated goal (“Becoming World Class”, 2008, p. 6).
In an effort to streamline indicators around the theme of sustainability, we framed our research questions by asking “What does it take to build a sustainable community?”
5 ENSC 430 Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Two documents were used to answer this question. Numerous UN Summits and particularly the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change inextricably link social equity with sustainable development (Vargas, 2000, p.378). Taking inspiration from these works, all of the indicators have been chosen with the overarching theme of social equity1 in mind. Gillette and Duxbury present Roseland et. al’s “foundations for sustainable community development” which was the second tool used for guidance in answering the framing question (Gillette and Duxbury 2007; 7). The foundations discussed are six forms of community capital that must be built in order to be sustainable. These are natural capital, economic capital, physical capital, human capital, social capital and cultural capital (Gillette and Duxbury, 2007, p.7). Three of these categories – human, physical, and social – focus on societal provisions, emphasizing the importance of meeting citizens’ basic needs in order to create a sustainable society. This paper will focus on two of those basic needs suggested –housing and access to health care. Roseland defines cultural capital as traditions and values, heritage and place, the arts, diversity and social history (Gillette and Duxbury, 2007, p.7). Heritage and place were studied in depth in last year’s ENSC 410 Indicator reports and a number of interesting questions for further study were put forward by the students who conducted that work. To build off of that work the themes and processes involved in designating heritage sites in FAB were chosen as cultural indicators for this paper.
What is interesting about Roseland’s “capitals” model is its emphasis on the interconnectedness of all these forms of “capital” which correspond directly with the
1 This paper is using John Rawles’ definition of social equity. Rawles defines the phrase according to two principles. The first principle is that all people should have basic liberties and freedoms in society, such as religious freedom. The second principle calls for the acknowledgement and management of social and economic barriers to the full participation of marginalized members of society. The goal of such management should be the provision of equal opportunities for success in life to all members of society (Beckett and Koenig, 2005, p.209).
6 ENSC 430 Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
FAB’s four pillars model.2 Clearly none of these elements alone can create a sustainable community. In the specific case of the indicators chosen there are obvious connections to all the aforementioned pillars. Without access to local health centres, residents of FAB will be in poorer general health. This might lead to a strain on the economy through lost workdays. Lack of affordable housing, or the struggle to pay for housing, means that people will be less productive at work due to tiredness or health effects of being without shelter. It also means that people will have less leisure time to enjoy, and therefore appreciate and work towards sustaining the environment. Alternatively, people who are healthy, and based in affordable homes have time and energy freed up to dedicate to the natural environment and progressing the economy. Finally, heritage sites create opportunities for education which is vital in creating greater awareness and appreciation of environmental and cultural resources (Vargas, 2000, p.385). Heritage sites also have the potential to boost the local tourism economy by creating a strong regional identity and points of interest for visitors.
The aforementioned indicators of affordable housing, access to healthcare, and heritage sites have been chosen to contribute to the FAB’s State of the Environment Report. According to Pietro Bertollo (1988) “State of the Environment [SOE] reporting exists to aid sustainable development initiatives” (p. 38). It is for this reason that a SOE must focus on all four pillars of sustainable development within a framework of social equity. From the SOE reports reviewed by this group it appears that it is still quite rare to include in depth reporting of societal and cultural indicators in SOE reports. By doing so the FAB is acting as a model for thorough investigations into sustainable development and thereby fulfilling its responsibilities as a Biosphere Reserve (“Becoming World Class”, 2008, p.3). SOE reporting also exists to “provide the public with information; to act as a basis for comparison; to improve decision making; to evaluate policies and programmes; to measure progress towards sustainable development; (and) to make
2 Natural capital corresponds to the pillar of Environment, economic capital to the pillar of Economy, physical capital, human capital and social capital corresponds to the pillar of Society and cultural capital to the pillar of Culture.
7 ENSC 430 Society and Culture Final Report, 2010 recommendations for new or improved programmes or policies.”(Sharp,1998, p.82). This research attempts to provide valuable insight of these indicators for the FAB network.
Goals and Objectives The purpose of this report is to determine measurable indicators of FAB’s sustainability as they relate to social equity. An objective of housing indicators and in particular, social housing indicators, is to gather information on resources available to economically marginalized people in FAB. At various times, any member of society may require greater social assistance. In order to retain these populations in FAB and to provide incentives for people to move to the area, these resources will need to be available. Investigating the housing market and a profile of social housing units can assist FAB’s understanding of the properties that fall within their boundaries. This would benefit future investment into FAB’s society and culture and essentially empower community living. This inquiry into affordable housing aims to provide knowledge on the ways in which the supply and demand of social housing in FAB are being met.
Our team values access to health care as a key component in understanding the sustainability of the FAB’s health care system. Measuring accessibility to health care allows for a better understanding of the performance of FAB’s health care system, which facilitates the development of evidence based health policies. This research is meant to improve the overall health of FAB in the long run by addressing different components within health care, but has an immediate, measurable objective of providing potential improvements of health care access in FAB. The goal of improving accessibility to health care will be attained by measuring the number of doctors in the area, and the waiting times for specific services.
The objective of evaluating heritage sites within FAB is to help identify which themes are well represented and which are underrepresented with a focus on First Nations representation. This focus was chosen as last year’s ENSC 410 group specifically
8 ENSC 430 Society and Culture Final Report, 2010 mentioned the lack of First Nations’ representation in the region as a point for future inquiry (Arts and Culture, 2009). The goal is to create a way for heritage societies in different municipalities to have a shared map that they can work from to designate future sites that tell the rich story of FAB as a unique region. Inquiry into the network of historical societies and committees in the region has been conducted, as have opportunities for expanding and formalizing this network. As well, primary research has been conducted that documents the extent of collaboration with First Nations representatives in the historical designation processes in FAB. Opportunities for future projects to help increase representation of First Nations’ historical narratives will also be identified. This research will also help contribute to FAB’s Community Atlas and to the Explore the Arch, a program which maps trails in the region, including cultural trails (FAB Brochure, 2009).
Methods
The format of this report is based on the Prince Edward Island State of the Environment Report from 2003. Using this format will allow the information included to be more readily comparable to other reports. The PEI report is also a Canadian example, a relatively new study, and an approach being adopted by the Economic Indicators group thus making our reports more in sync with simultaneous research being conducted for FAB. Furthermore, we anticipate this format will be user friendly for the FAB network.
The methodology for studying each indicator in this report was quite different, however there were methods that were common to all the indicators. The research for all indicators began with extensive literary reviews to identify relevant research that has already been conducted on the topics of social housing, health care accessibility and heritage both inside and outside of FAB. Sources such as town and city official websites; Statistics Canada census data; Official Plans; scholarly journal articles; GIS mapping tools a; archival data; previous ENSC 410 class reports; the FAB website; government websites; communication with FAB board members and experienced persons in the areas of heritage, social housing, and health providers.
9 ENSC 430 Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Throughout the writing and research process our group has met regularly, at least once a week and often twice or three times. A consensus-based decision making process has been used for all big decisions made by the group. The progress made at each meeting was summarized bi-weekly in journal reports, along with personal reflections on the happenings of each week.
The Research Process The research for this report can be divided into three stages. Stage 1 was our exploratory research stage that included a visit to FAB and initial conversations about potential indicators. In Stage 2 we decided on specific indicators as well as the spatial and temporal scope of those indicators. In this stage we also conducted our research using all the sources already mentioned, in addition to our own interviews and primary research. Stage 3 of our research process including analyzing the data we had gathered, compiling it into accessible formats such as graphs and charts and thinking of recommendations for FAB and for the groups who will work on this topic in future years as part of Queen’s University’s partnership with the FAB Board of Directors.
Stage 1 Direct documentation of FAB began with a fieldtrip to the area on October 2, 2010. Each group member took down a series of field notes ranging from key words and phrases to photographs of the area. These notes and photographs were later analysed for value and synthesised into a report discussing reflections on the trip and on FAB. We then came together as a group and looked for patterns, or common themes in our notes to help us choose our indicators For example, we noted that each of us had been interested in the representation of First Nations’ people that was provided in the Delta Mill National Heritage Site. After discussing our notes, reading last year’s ENSC 410 reports on society and culture, and looking through material on FAB’s website, we decided to study the three indicators that are represented in this report.
10 ENSC 430 Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Stages 2 and 3 In stage 2 of our research each member of the group was assigned a particular indicator and asked to conduct a literary review and identify information about that indicator. This research was then presented to the group. Together we came up with a list of metrics for each indicator. Due to time constraints we recognized that we would not be able to study the entire FAB or its entire population. Therefore, we decided together on the spatial scope of our research. For the indicators of housing and accessibility to health care the townships of Athens, Gananoque, and Brockville were chosen. These townships differ by population size: 3086 people live in Athens, 5285 people in Gananoque and 21 957 in Brockville (Statistics Canada, 2006). The rationale for choosing these cities was the availability of required data, as well as the desire to explore ways in which population size may affect resources available in a given community.
During these stages, information was shared among group members during face- to-face group meetings, telephone conversations, series of e-mails, and social media networks such as Facebook. As well Don Ross, the Executive Director of FAB, was kept up to date with our group’s progress to ensure that our research was relevant to FAB (the assumption was made that Mr. Ross’ answers were representative of the FAB network). Details of the research conducted, and ways in which that research was analyzed and presented (Stage 3) vary between different indicators. Therefore, this process will be outlined according to the different Indicators.
Methodology for Housing Research Initial research into the availability of social housing in FAB began with an investigation into the demographic profiles of Athens, Gananoque, and Brockville in comparison with mean averages in Ontario. This was done using Statistics Canada data as well as discussions with Don Ross and David Bull on our ENSC 430 fieldtrip to FAB and afterwards by correspondence through e-mails. Following this, research was conducted into ‘affordable housing’ and ‘social housing’ using scholarly journal articles found through the Queens’ library database and Google scholar websites. Statistical data describing the Canadian and Ontario history of social housing as well as differences
11 ENSC 430 Society and Culture Final Report, 2010 between urban and rural communities in this regard, was also collected. This information was obtained using government websites, town websites, Statistics Canada, journal articles, and PCensus programs. Government policies were noted as they relate to social housing facilities.
Social Housing Registries provided detailed information of the location and description of social housing units and years they were built. For Athens, Gananoque, and Brockville, these social housing details were found using the Leeds and Grenville official Social Housing Registry website. One of the main criteria for deciding upon these three places for the study was the availability of data on them relating to social housing. For clarifications of the data, telephone calls were made to the ‘GIS Coodinator’ and ‘Affordable Housing Developer’ in the county of Leeds and Grenville, simply asking if the registry information was up to date.
Once a large set of data had been collected, our team had a consultation with Queen’s Librarian Susan Greaves for guidance on using GIS programming tools and the program ArcGIS9, to compile researched data into maps. These maps were eventually produced using Google’s BatchGeo program due to time constraints and our group’s lack of experience using GIS systems. Social Housing units were by addresses and organized based on their target audience (i.e housing for seniors, families, etc).
With the goal of gaining more specific knowledge than what was found in library and online searches, our team planned to conduct interviews with persons of interest in the area of social housing. We contacted potential interviewees as recommended to us by Don Ross, and developed a series of questions to be used in interviews. Two persons of interest were contacted by e-mail with letters of introduction. Once initial contact was made with the potential interviewees, a meeting with Professor Whitelaw was set up for recommendations on interviewing techniques. After this meeting, questions were revised and further e-mail and telephone correspondence took place with the persons of interest regarding establishing an interview, and explaining FAB’s, and the ENSC 430 class’ collaborative project. Although both persons initially responded positively, neither
12 ENSC 430 Society and Culture Final Report, 2010 responded to emails when it came time to set up appointments for interviews. As a result, interviews were not part of the research process for this indicator. Instead, our team concentrated on further published research to gather more quantitative information pertaining to social housing. Data found was organized using Excel spreadsheets and tools to produce graphs and tables summarizing findings.
Difficulties in locating information about average percentages of income spent on housing in Canada led to a telephone conversation with a representative from Statistics Canada. To help locate this information, a secondary consultation was set up with Susan Greaves. The program Pcensus was used to harness further detailed information on the state of housing conditions and infrastructure in Ontario and our project’s places of interest. Ms. Greaves was able to provide our team with access to general dwelling and population data using Pcensus and to sift through this agglomeration of data. To isolate Athens, Gananoque, and Brockville from this massive data set, dissemination codes were researched and organized. It was impossible to find data specifically about social housing through Pcensus, so general housing information was gathered such as the number of homeowners compared to renters and the years these dwellings were built.
The next phase of research involved formatting data found and using statistical calculations to find patterns in the data set of places of interest (i.e. calculating means and percentages, population per capita, etc.). These findings were then compared with results that had been recorded in scholarly research journals Once an extensive literary search was conducted, the data was analysed by producing histograms, further comparative calculations and making visual observations of trends which appeared. Once all of this information was consolidated, our team attempted to explain the measurements and interpret our findings.
Methodology for Historical Representation of FAB Research
For Indicators relating to history and heritage in FAB, two kinds of research were used. The goals of this research were twofold – to identify and map out common themes
13 ENSC 430 Society and Culture Final Report, 2010 represented in heritage sites in FAB, and to better understand the workings and views of individuals involved in representations of history and heritage in FAB.
Classifying Historical Sites:
In order to classify designated heritage sites by theme, we first had to build a database of designated historical sites in the region. Such a database does not currently exist. Instead, a number of incomplete databases exist that nonetheless include a large number of designated historical sites in the region. The FAB Board of Directors has compiled an extensive list of both designated and non-designated historical sites in the region, as well as the GIS coordinates of these sites. Sites in this database are classified according to their form or function, i.e “plaques”, “schools”, “churches”, etc but are not classified as to whether or not they are “designated”. Last year’s ENSC 410 Group that studied indicators of Arts and Culture in FAB, built a list of 137 designated historical sites in FAB. Originally, we thought that this was a list of all designated sites, but upon further research into some of the sites included in FAB’s list, it was found that there were a number of sites left out of last year’s report. This is understandable as designations are constantly changing and sites such as the Ontario Heritage Trust (OHT) which claim to have a cohesive list of all provincial heritage plaques, used by last year’s group, are not necessarily up-to-date with all current sites (interviewee #4). To create our database the two lists were cross-referenced and any site that appeared in both lists was included in the database. As well, sites included under “plaques” in the FAB Board of Director’s database were searched for in the “Ontario Plaques” website, which has a similar function to the OHT website but is more up-to-date, and included if found there. Originally we had hoped to include, and conduct analysis on all designated sites that were catalogued according to this method. Time constraints, however, proved this to be an unreasonable goal. Instead, a random sample of seventy designated sites was used for this research. The list of these seventy sites can be found in Appendix F.
To find the content of each plaque we used two websites. The first was the Ontario Heritage Trust, a website hosted by the Provincial government that catalogues
14 ENSC 430 Society and Culture Final Report, 2010 historical plaques about provincially designated sites in Ontario. The second was “Ontario Plaques”, a website which lists all plaques in Ontario, both federally designated and provincial, and also includes photographs of each plaque. In the case of sites that were designated, but did not have plaques, municipal websites were searched for information. Often information about sites with no plaques was found in guides to walking tours of different cities. Included in Appendix F is a list of all sites and either the content on their representative plaques, or other information found about them.
Once the information provided about each site had been entered into the database, common themes were noted. Next, sites were classified by these themes: gender, content, military history and years represented. The number of sites relating to different categories within each theme (i.e “men”, “women”, “men and women” or “neutral” were the categories for the theme of “gender”) was divided by the total number of sites in the sample, and a percentage was found. These percentages can be seen in the graphs included in the following section.
Conducting Interviews
The second form of research conducted for this group of indicators was qualitative, exploratory interviews. Five residents of FAB were contacted, all of whom are active in working with, and studying history in the region. Three of the five interviewees were recommended to us by Don Ross, Executive Director of FAB, and the other two were chosen to ensure that there was representation from throughout the region and for their knowledge of First Nation's history in the area. Interviewees were residents of Brockville, Gananoque, The Township of Leeds and the Thousand Islands, and The Township of Rideau Lakes. They work with history in different ways including as museum employees, Municipal Heritage Committee Members and educators. One interviewee specialized in teaching about First Nations' history. We did attempt to speak with members of Municipal Heritage Committees in three other townships, to include representation from a greater number of people and regions in FAB, but unfortunately these people did not return either emails or phone calls in which we described our
15 ENSC 430 Society and Culture Final Report, 2010 request.
Semi- structured interviews were conducted with each interviewee. Before each interview, an introductory email was sent to the interviewee that included a description of this project, an ethics form and a consent form that was signed and returned to us. Interviews were conducted over the phone. Due to our inability to procure a recording device for the telephone, we transcribed the interviews as they occurred. Four of the five interviewees were asked the same set of questions. These can be found in Appendix G. The fifth interviewee who specialized in First Nations' education did not work for a particular city council as the others did, and so a number of the questions normally asked did not apply to this person's area of expertise. Therefore, this interview was conducted as more of a conversation, with a particular emphasis on First Nations’ history in the area. Interviewees tended to deviate quite a lot from the questions asked, and not all questions asked were directly answered by all interviewees. Once all interviews had been conducted, the transcription of each was coded with a different colour. Common themes were found, and quotes from each interview were compiled under these common themes. Answers and topics that were commonly expressed by interviewees are provided later in this report. For the sake of this report, each interview has been assigned a number from 1- 5 and will be referred to by their number.
Methodology of Access to Health Care Research
Our team initiated research into this topic by consulting the report on Community and Health written by one group in last year’s ENSC 410 class. This group did do some initial research into wait times and number of health care centres in FAB, and this research was expanded upon in this report. Research was then conducted into peer reviewed journal articles and statistical data that described health care systems within FAB. These articles included information on accessibility to health care within Ontario as well as Canada. Information gathered mostly focused on the state of health care in Canada today as well as what might be expected in the future. The information also included regional data, which helped to identify trends in FAB’s health care system and
16 ENSC 430 Society and Culture Final Report, 2010 to compare these trends with other regions in the country and in Ontario. We then consulted with librarian Susan Greaves for guidance on using GIS programming tools. As mentioned in the “social housing” methodology section, Ms. Greaves taught us to use a Google software called “BatchGeo” for our mapping in place of more complicated GIS programs. BatchGeo was used to obtain the longitudes and latitudes for the different health care centers in Brockville, Gananoque and Athens Using these coordinated, the health care centres were mapped out using Google Earth. These maps can be found in Appendix E. To better understand the state of the health care system, a list of the doctors registered in each of the mapped health care centers was obtained from the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario. From here we were able to determine the number of doctors registered in each community, and in Ontario as a whole. With this information we were able to calculate the per capita ratio of doctors to residents in Brockville, Athens, and Gananoque. It was also noted that many journal articles reported concerns over the availability of doctors in rural communities, and this led us to conduct research into available incentives for doctors working in rural communities, as well as the ways in which these concerns particularly relate to communities in FAB.
Using the website of the Ontario Ministry of Public Health and Long Term Care, information concerning waiting times for all the hospitals within, and around FAB was consolidated (figure 8). This information included the anticipated length of stay in Emergency Rooms, wait times for surgeries, MRIs and CT scans. Hospitals studied included Brockville General Hospital, Kingston General Hospital and Smith Falls General Hospital as the website of Ontario’s Local Health Integrated Networks (LHINS) showed these Hospitals to be accessible to people living within FAB’s boundaries. Wait time information was then consolidated into tables. Emergency room wait times were consolidated into one table while surgical and diagnostic procedures were consolidated into many tables (figures 8 and 9). To put this into context, wait times as found for hospitals in and around FAB, were compared to Ontario’s provincial average and provincial targets.
17 ENSC 430 Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Housing The objective of investigating social housing is that it can provide a useful tool for improving the living conditions of the people who live in social housing, as well as opportunities for people who may need it in the future. ‘Social Housing’ is “rental housing developed with government assistance and subsidized by government” (Government of Ontario; 2010). Since FAB is not its own municipality, there is limited fine scale data available on social housing in the region and so this study will take samples of social housing in Athens, Gananoque, and Brockville; all places which have social housing registries and varied population sizes.
One aim of this research is to place social housing into context of the housing market and demands of the population currently in the FAB, and furthermore the market projected to exist in the near future. In this section, a history of social housing will be discussed and indicators of social housing will be measured using information extracted from various data sources such as population censuses, maps, and a literature review.
Housing is recognized as a basic human right in Article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights; it is deemed to have the same importance as access to food and medical attention (United Nations, 1948) (Quoted in Arman et al., 2009, p.3036). This basic right to housing is not available to everybody who requires it. A division exists between urban and rural communities support systems. “New rental housing is not economically feasible in most rural markets for several reasons: small local markets, risky economic conditions, and a limited construction industry. Furthermore, “...rural communities in Ontario are demographically older than their urban counterparts, with a subset of villages and towns displaying proportions of elderly population (defines ad 65 years or older) of more than 20%” (Cloutier-Fisher, 2000, p.1038). The lack of supply or choice in the rental market affects not only low income people but can also inhibit moderate income immigrants and economic growth” (CMCH, 2003, p.1). The support and availability of resources between urban and rural communities is a central issue which contributes to access to housing. This section will seek to provide measures of
18 ENSC 430 Society and Culture Final Report, 2010 social housing infrastructure in the places of interest, and subsequently make interpretations of this data and supply some recommendations on the findings, notably with an emphasis on care for an aging cohort.
Background of Social Housing
Ontario’s social housing dates to the 1946 National Housing Act (NHA) which emphasized subsidized single-family suburban housing in its initial development (Hackworth, 2008, p.11). As such, the data investigated in this study looks at housing from a temporal scale around this time period up to present day. Various government leaders have made a long lasting impression on the history of social housing. Mike Harris planned to ‘get Ontario out of the housing business’ in his ‘Common Sense Revolution’ and cut subsidies (ibid). Since the 1990s, government policies have withdrawn support from housing at various stages.
The Canadian federal government in 1993 moved support for non-market, also known as social housing, to the responsibility of the provinces as a means of enticing the private housing sector to cultivate a market to fill the gap of affordable housing for low income persons (Souja et al., 2004, p.225). In 2000, the Social Housing Reform Act placed ‘service managers’ across the provinces in charge of social housing issues. The logic behind government officials was that social housing, “...is best administered by local government who are closest to the people they serve and who best understand the needs of their communities” (Quoted in Souja et al., 2004, p.226). In effect, the Social Housing Reform Act provided responsibility to municipalities while retaining financial management (Souja et al., 2004, p.225). This has presented some concern for the support systems available for funding social housing units, an issue which we feel deserves some attention.
Canada’s housing market puts home owners in a better position than renters. According to David Harvey, this preference for owners marginalizes renters right to urban resources (Harvey, 2008,p.23). Consequently, the free-market system burdens
19 ENSC 430 Society and Culture Final Report, 2010 people in a low income bracket, providing few opportunities for upwards mobility. Government cutbacks of the 1990s have led to deficits of roughly 377 000 social housing units for millions of Canadians (Gilbert, 2004, p.252). These cutbacks led to a depletion in housing support ingrained in finding residents housing support. While home ownership is still favoured, government is currently expanding resources to help persons reach this stage in the housing market. Engaging with the 2010 Canada-Ontario Affordable Housing Program (AHP) marks a prime opportunity for upward mobility of people requiring assistance.
Present Situation:
The demographics of the FAB population’s aging community puts it at risk of needing greater support systems in terms of social housing (see Demographic Profile table below). In the Leeds and Grenville area, (a region which encompasses Athens, Gananoque, and Brockville) there is a projected growth of 8000 persons expected by 2024; many of whom will require some type of affordable housing (Social Housing Strategists 2004;158). An increased number of permanent residents in rural Brockville and Leeds and Grenville country are projected to move closer to urban nodes because of the amenities these nodes offer; for example, services such as hospitals and healthcare facilities (Watson and Associates, 2008, p.31). In Brockville, the city’s population of seniors (aged 55+) is forecasted to increased by 36.3-49.6% by 2031. The high percentage is largely explained by the aging ‘baby-boomer’ population (Watson and Associates, 2008, p.56). Without the means to prepare affordable housing, the presence of an aging population may fall as a burden to individuals and families.
20 ENSC 430 Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Demographic Profile:
Athens Gananoque Brockville Ontario
Percent of People aged 22.36% 27.25% 26.53% 9.72% 60+ out of total population
Count of People aged 690 1440 5 825 1182940 60+
Table 1: This table shows the number of people who are 60 years of age or older as sampled in the 2006 Census, who lived in Athens, Gananoque, Brockville and Ontario (Data Source: Statistics Canada, 2006).
Importance
Providing affordable housing for all members of society is fundamental for the well-being of a community and its members. Social housing in particular is a good overall indicator of how marginalized members of society, such as people in low-income brackets and/or an older age cohort, are supported. In this report, housing is being used as a measurement to determine whether people can meet their basic needs within the existing market. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), health is defined as “A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity” (quoted in Hyndman,1998, p.192). A similar model of health can be applied to the FAB community. A shortage of affordable housing has negative consequences for a society, while availability of affordable housing can act as a catalyst for other positive social changes (Hyndman, 1998, p.95). Rather than looking at housing for all persons in the FAB, social housing provides an overall indication of how typically marginalized members of society are treated.
21 ENSC 430 Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Metrics of Social Housing:
Indicator Proximity of Social Housing to Urban Centres
Importance Housing issues in rural areas are largely influenced by their proximity to major urban centres and subsequently the change over time in population of the Leeds and Grenville counties (Slaunwhite, 2009, p.3). Expanding on this, factors such as population density and access to social services like health care facilities or public transportation are determinants of sustainable housing locations (ibid). Care facilities in rural communities have historically been characterized as limited, relative to their urban counterparts (Cloutier-Fisher, 2000, p.1038).
Objective Provide an indication of social housing units’ proximity to urban centers and subsequently, pinpoint where they lay within this report’s points of interest: Brockville, Gananoque and Athens. To this end, all social housing units have been themed and mapped using Google’s GeoBatch program. The data used for this theming was based on information obtained from the respective Social Housing Registries of Athens, Gananoque, and Brockville.
22 ENSC 430 Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Status and Trends
Figure 1: This map illustrates the plotted social housing units within Athens, Gananoque, and Brockville. The balloon icons represent the local of each social housing unit and are colour-coordinated based on the target audience they are used for (i.e. targeting seniors, mixed use, families...etc.) (UCLG, 2010; Google Earth, 2010)
An active link to the plotted data is available at http://www.batchgeo.com/map/aa14f47d28fb9cf5cdd4331ccfa7c125. By clicking on this website, the units can be examined closer and with more clarity than the snapshot photo in the above figure illustrates.
The following photos supply a closer look at the social housing units, followed by a list of the data points’ labels.
23 ENSC 430 Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Photo 1: Gananoque Social Housing Units
24 ENSC 430 Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Photo 2: Athens Social Housing Unit
25 ENSC 430 Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Photo 3: Brockville Social Housing Units
The information used to plot this information into the Google mapping can be found in Appendix A (data source: UCLG, 2010; Google Earth, 2010).
Interpretation
As can be seen through the photos, social housing within the respective places of interest are relatively spread out. Units in Athens are the farthest from an urban node, as depicted in photo 2. Gananoque and Brockville units are less isolated. There are a total of 596 units dispersed among different locations in Brockville, Gananoque and Athens (“locations” may be apartment buildings, or houses). 10 locations exist in Brockville, 3 in Gananoque and 1 building in Athens. Of these building units, 2 are targeted at a mixed demographic, 4 are aimed at families, another 4 directed towards adults and seniors and 5 for seniors alone, 5 of these building units are aimed at an elderly cohort consisting of persons 60 years and older.
26 ENSC 430 Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Response and Suggestions
To better understand the dispersion of units in these areas, our team recommends an in depth analysis of the particular neighbourhoods these units are built in to understand the context of their places. For example, by looking at these places on a neighbourhood scale, other characteristics may be noted such as how these buildings are situated. For instance, are they located in a gentrified neighbourhood? What amenities are close by? This is beyond the scope of our project; however, the link provided can act as a stepping stone for geographic information systems (GIS) analysis by someone with expertise in this area. We feel interpreting this information using GIS would be valuable for future development, of particular use to urban planners or future developers.
Indicator Examining Condition of Housing Stock
Importance To understand the housing market, it is important to measure the state of infrastructure. From this data, a measure of safety can be obtained. It is not enough to just know how many units are available; the condition of them can provide insight on how adequate the dwellings are for living conditions. Due to the limitations of available data, this indicator was not studied in relation to social housing, rather to the housing market as a whole.
Objective This data will provide an indication of housing conditions for each of the three townships studied and also be in a comparable format, allowing for a relative ranking of housing conditions in different places.
27 ENSC 430 Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Status and Trends
Figure 2: This histogram shows the condition of private dwellings, comparing information pertaining the level of maintenance and repair noted for each location (data source: Pcensus).
Interpretation
Housing conditions and the age of dwellings varies by region. As expected, there are homes in all places which require regular maintenance. The proportion of homes in need of minor repairs in Athens, Gananoque, and Brockville is respectively 31.22%, 29.65%, and 28.83%, compared with Ontario’s average of 25%. All of these places on average are greater than the Ontario average by 3.83-6.22%. The proportion of homes in need of major repairs in Athens, Gananoque, and Brockville is respectively 7.23%, 7.79%, and 6.41% compared with the provincial average of 6.5% based on the 2006 census (PCensus; Slaunwhite, 2009, p.34). Generally, Brockville has the closest housing
28 ENSC 430 Society and Culture Final Report, 2010 relationship with the provincial average, but smaller communities such as Athens and Gananoque housing exceeds the provincial figure in both major repairs and regular maintenance. In terms of minor repairs, Athens, Gananoque, and Brockville all are above the provincial target average.
Response and Suggestions
The variation between Athens, Gananoque, and Brockville is minimal as depicted in figure 2. It is apparent that measured all collectively, attention to minor repairs of dwellings is required, and to a lesser extent, major repairs too. The conditions of social housing units could not be broken down into these categories due to lack of data, however, for people living in the FAB or looking to move to the FAB, this data provides an overall measure of the state of housing conditions for the highlighted places of interest. Further attention to details of these conditions would be useful to know if the repairs are due to conditions specific to that region. For example, investigating to see if the housing conditions are a consequence of natural environment such as climate related factors or perhaps economic reasons. It is also important to note that conditions of homes weather over time and as a result, there is likely a link between the conditions of dwellings and the age of housing stock.
Indicator Cost and Supply of Housing
Importance A primary factor which controls access to housing is the financial cost to buy or rent a home. Furthermore, the value of a home or dwelling is typically determined by its location. This value is based on a number of factors which change over time such as physical environment, quality and size of the structure, relative location and geography. These factors among other influences change over time and dictate the power of people to live in certain places and not others.
29 ENSC 430 Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Objective Illustrating trends in home values will provide a measure of relative stresses and strengths in each community. An original objective was to understand the proportion of income spent on housing to better understand the allocation of resources people living in the FAB must undertake in order to purchase or rent a home. This information was unavailable for the duration of this study. Instead, a measure of average monthly rent was obtained to provide an indication of average dwelling affordability and subsequently, what sort of financial background position members of society typically require to afford housing. Furthermore, the following information provides a measure of the ratio of dwelling owners to dwelling renters in each township. This information together provides insight into the accessibility of home owning and renting in FAB.
Status and Trends
Figure 3: This graph illustrates the average monthly cost of rental units in Athens, Gananoque, and Brockville as measured in Canadian dollars in 2006 (data source: Statistics Canada, 2006).
30 ENSC 430 Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Interpretation
Gananoque has the highest average monthly cost of rent. Compared to Athens with the lowest cost, there is a difference of around $100 more per month for people renting in Gananoque. On average, Gananoque’s average rent is significantly higher than even a larger urban node like Brockville which is somewhat unexpected.
Total Number of Percent of Number of Percent of Households Rented Households Owned Households Households Rented Households Owned Athens 1115 120 10.76% 980 87.89% Gananoque 2300 755 32.82% 1550 67.39% Brockville 15 740 4615 29.32% 11090 70.45% Table 2: This table shows the counts and percentages of households owned and rented (data source: Pcensus).
31 ENSC 430 Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
3 Figure 4: This graph illustrates the total occupied households in Athens, Gananoque, and Brockville and illustrates the division of households into categories of rented households versus owned households (data source: Pcensus).
Interpretation
As depicted above, there are significantly fewer units available for rent than for purchase. In Athens, the current rental units make up just under 11% of the market. This is the smallest proportion compared to household occupation in Gananoque and Brockville. Gananoque has the greatest proportion of rental households, making up approximately 33% of the housing market while Brockville’s rental households are around 30% of the market. The majority of households in Athens, Gananoque, and Brockville are owned dwellings, therefore establishing increased rental units may require dedication to increased rental geared infrastructure.
3 Not all numbers add up to 100% as census data is rounded and subsequently the percentage for Athens adds to 98.65%, Gananoque to 100.21%, and Brockville to 99.77%.
32 ENSC 430 Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Response and Suggestions The data represented here suggests there is presently a greater proportion of people who are home owners rather than renters in all townships studied. When compared to projected population growth for these places, this may pose a problem for elderly people who do not wish to have the responsibility associated with home ownership. Expanding a market for rental housing, may increase the affordability of the housing market. To better understand this, perhaps a polling of persons living in these regions would be useful to find out if people plan to retire in their current places or feel they are likely and would be willing to move to a different type of housing infrastructure from the one in which they are currently situated.
Indicator Age of Housing Stock
Importance Providing a measure of the age of housing stock provides an illustration on development trends. These may be indicative of cyclical economic risings and downturns or perhaps a reflection of demographic demands.
Objectives The purpose of gathering this data is to present a history of housing in the three townships studied
33 ENSC 430 Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Status and Trends
Figure 5: This graph shows current dwellings in Athens, Gananoque, and Brockville and illustrates the percentage of dwellings which were built in each township, categorized by year (Data Source: Statistics Canada 2006; Pcensus).
Interpretation
In Athens the majority of dwellings were built before 1946, with approximately 33% of currently standing housing having been built before that year. Housing construction did not peak again until 1971-1980, when around 12% of dwellings were built, and likewise from 1986-1995, when on average 11.08% were built. Since 1995, there has been few dwellings built, the lowest records ranging in 2001-2006 and 1981-1985, when roughly 6% of dwellings were built Gananoque had the largest number of dwellings built before 1946, approximately 36% of all dwellings. Since then, there has been a downwards trend of dwellings built, the smallest construction period occurred in 2001-2006 when dwellings built account for just 2.59%. Compared to Athens and Gananoque, Brockville’s housing stock was developed mostly pre 1946 up until the 1980s. The oldest housing
34 ENSC 430 Society and Culture Final Report, 2010 stock was built pre-1946, with 26.16% of houses built in that time period. Construction continued at a rate of 14017% until 1980. From 1981 to 2006, fewer dwellings were built; the greatest decline occurring post-1980 when dwellings built dropped to 5.33%, a difference of nearly 13%. Similar to Gananoque, the number of dwellings built was under 3% in 2001-2006, representing the time period in which the smallest proportion of housing stock was built
Response and Suggestions
Generally, there has been a decreasing trend in housing development in these places. This could be reflective of a plethora of reasons such as government policies, unemployment, increased means for mobility of people to emigrate elsewhere...etc. To some extent, the age of housing provides insight on historical narrative of the region and may be suggestive of varying quality of housing. Older homes tend to need more repair; however, new development is not necessarily better. At the same time, a house may be old but have had lots of renovations thus increasing its value. In other words, a house can be old but repaired, and it can also be new and in need of repair. The data provided here simply shows trends in housing development and is not capable of evaluating the quality of housing based on criteria of age alone. To further assess this data, home inspections would be required by an expert in the area to determine values of homes and other such factors specific to each place.
35 ENSC 430 Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Indicator Age and Quantity of Social Housing Stock
Importance Social housing units show the impact of government policies to enable a change in the landscape of social housing, symbolic of the welfare state. The peaks and troughs in number of units developed are indicative of these support systems. The significance of investigating social housing is that it can provide a useful tool for improving the living conditions of the people who need such housing and help guide future decision making for planning housing. “Housing affordability has been recognized as an important indicator of need because of the negative impact that high housing costs can have on reducing expenditures for other basic materials such as food, clothing, medicine and transportation, and the negative effect that poor housing conditions have on health and well-being (Moore and Skaburskis, 2004; Bryant, 2003)” (Quoted in Slaunwhite, 2009, p.2).
Objective Social housing is being used as a measurement to determine whether people can meet their basic needs within the existing housing market.
36 ENSC 430 Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Status and Trends
Figure 6: This graph shows the number of social housing units which exist and are registered under each Athens, Gananoque, and Brockville’s respective Social Housing Registry and the years they were opened (Data Source: UCLG, 2010).
Interpretation
Brockville has the majority of social housing units, this is expected as they have a much larger population than either Gananoque or Athens. A major peak of opening years for social housing was from 1971-1980 when 30.76% of the units opened. After 1995, no social housing facilities have been built in these three places. An outlier in the data are the 51 units that exist in a building in Gananoque, the year it opened is however, unavailable information.
37 ENSC 430 Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Status and Trends
Figure 7:This graph illustrates a comparative measure of social housing units per capita, organized by the year the units opened (Data source: UCLG, 2010; Statistics Canada, 2006).
Interpretation
As depicted in this graph, the majority of units in Brockville were built prior to the 1980s, whereas Gananoque social housing units were made available in the mid-80s to mid-90s; and Athens’ units were mostly built from 1981-1985. In figure 7, it appeared Brockville had the majority of social housing units but when measured per capita, it is apparent that Gananoque currently has the most capacity for social housing units, followed by Brockville, and then Athens. Brockville has units for 1.95% of the population; Gananoque has units for 2.51% of the population; and Athens has units for 0.64% of the population.
38 ENSC 430 Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Response and Suggestions
To understand the value of this data, it’s important to relate it to projected population estimates. By 2024, it’s predicted that 8000 more people will be living within the Leeds and Grenville area, a region which encompasses Gananoque, Brockville, Athens and other areas; many of whom will require some type of affordable housing (Social Housing Strategists, 2004, p.158). Thus it is important to have a measure of current social housing if a community is to be aware of how they will meet the demands of an increasingly aging population. Based on the social housing per capita, it is apparent Brockville has a shortage of social housing compared to Gananoque and Athens has the greatest shortage. This gap may pose future problems for people living in the FAB.
39 1
ENSC 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Appendix A: Locations and Characteristics of Social Housing Units in Athens, Gananoque and Brockville
Housing Units Target Group Street # Street City/Town Province Postal Code
20 60 years and over 8 Charleston Road Athens Ontario K0E 1B0
51 Adults and Seniors 150 Stone Street South Gananoque Ontario K7G 2W4
30 Mixed 9-334 Victoria Avenue Gananoque Ontario K7G 3C8
52 60 years and over 550 Emma Street Gananoque Ontario K7G 3C8
49 Mixed 12 Central Avenue Brockville Ontario K6V 3P8
30 Families 42 Liston Avenue Brockville Ontario K6V 7A6
62 60 years and over 48 Church Street Brockville Ontario K6V 6L3
62 60 years and over 19 Clarissa Street Brockville Ontario K6V 6L3
90 65 years and over 10 and 12 Charlotte Place Brockville Ontario K6V 6T1
82 Adults and Seniors 80 Water Street West Brockville Ontario K6V 3L8
48 Adults and Seniors 11 Hastings Drive Brockville Ontario K6V 2N0
41 Adults and Seniors 55 Reynolds Drive Brockville Ontario K6V 1W8
28 Families 280, 284 & 288 Bartholomew Street Brockville Ontario K6V 2S6
20 Families 5 1/2 Glengarry Crescent Brockville Ontario K6V 2N3
55 Families n/a Reynolds Drive Brockville Ontario n/a
Table (#): This table shows detailed information about the locations and characteristics of Social Housing units in the places of interest (UCLG, 2010)
2
ENSC 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Appendix B: Waiting times for surgical and diagnostic procedures as experienced by 90% of patients at a given hospital.
For each surgery or diagnostic procedure it was recorded which hospital had waiting times above or below provincial waiting times and provincial averages. In these charts “Low volume” means that the surgery or diagnostic procedure is available, and that wait times are far below provincial averages. “N/A” means that the surgery or diagnostic procedure is not available in that particular hospital.
Wait times (days) for Cardiological Surgery
Bypass Hospital Site Angiography Angioplasty Surgery Provincial Target NA NA 182 Provincial 32 17 54 Brockville General Hospital- Charles Street Site NA NA NA Brockville General Providence Continuing Care Centre - St. Vincent de Paul NA NA NA Kingston General Hospital 41 18 56 Perth and Smiths Falls District Hospital Perth Site (Great War Memorial Site) NA NA NA
Wait times (days) for Diagnostic scans Computerized Magnetic Tomogragry Resonance Imaging Hospital Site (CT) (MRI) Provincial Target 28 28 Provincial 41 126 Brockville General Hospital- Charles Street Site 22 NA Brockville General Providence Continuing Care Centre - St. Vincent de Paul NA NA Kingston General Hospital 35 85 Perth and Smiths Falls District Hospital Perth Site (Great War Memorial Site) NA NA
3
ENSC 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Wait times (days) for Ear, Nose and Throat Surgery Nose and Sinus Hospital Site Ear Tube Surgery Surgery Provincial Target 182 182 Provincial 108 176 Low Brockville General Hospital- Charles Street Site Low Volume Volume Brockville General Providence Continuing Care Centre - St. Vincent de Paul NA NA Low Kingston General Hospital Low Volume Volume Perth and Smiths Falls District Hospital Perth Site (Great War Memorial Site) NA NA
Wait times (days) for General surgery Haemorrhoid Gallbladder Gastrosophaegeal s, Fistulas Hernia - Hospital Site Surgery Reflux and Fissures Hernia Groin Provincial Target 182 182 182 182 182 Provincial 95 89 111 121 111 Brockville General Hospital- Charles Street Site 59 72 66 97 87 Brockville General Providence Continuing Care Centre - St. Vincent de Paul NA NA NA NA NA Kingston General Hospital 149 Low Volume Low Volume 470 127 Perth and Smiths Falls District Hospital Low Perth Site (Great War Memorial Site) 93 Low Volume 56 92 Volume
4
ENSC 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Wait times (days) for Gynaceological Surgery Surgery for Urinary Endometrial Incontinence (Bladder Neck Hospital Site Ablation Hysterectomy Surgery) Provincial Target 182 182 182 Provincial 134 149 211 Brockville General Hospital- Charles Street Site Low Volume Low Volume Low Volume Brockville General Providence Continuing Care Centre - St. Vincent de Paul NA NA NA Kingston General Hospital Low Volume 155 Low Volume Perth and Smiths Falls District Hospital Perth Site (Great War Memorial Site) 120 Low Volume Low Volume
Wait times (days) for Neurological Surgery Lumbar Carotid Cervical Disc Disc Peripheral Nerve Ventriculoperitoneal Hospital Site Endarterectomy Surgery Surgery Surgery Shaunt Surgery Provincial Target 182 182 182 182 182 Provincial 89 192 99 99 73 Brockville General Hospital- Charles Street Site NA NA NA NA NA Brockville General Providence Continuing Care Centre - St. Vincent de Paul NA NA NA NA NA Kingston General Hospital Low Volume 127 202 Low Volume Low Vomune Perth and Smiths Falls District Hospital Perth Site (Great War Memorial Site) NA NA NA NA NA
5
ENSC 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Wait times (days) for Opthamological Surgery
Glaucoma (Eye Pressure Lowering Retina - Hospital Site Cataract Cornea - Transplant Surgery) Vitrectomy Provincial Target 182 182 182 182 Provincial 127 356 97 89 Brockville General Hospital- Low Charles Street Site 64 Low Volume Low Volume Volume Brockville General Providence Continuing Care Centre - St. Vincent de Paul NA NA NA NA Kingston General Hospital NA NA NA NA Perth and Smiths Falls District Hospital Perth Site (Great War Memorial Site) 185 NA NA NA
Wait times (days) for Dental and Maxilofacial Surgery
Dental Care for Persons Wait time for Jaw Joint Hospital Site with Severe Disabilities Replacement Surgery Management of Broken Jaw Provincial Target 182 182 182 Provincial 296 495 Low Volume Brockville General Hospital- Charles Street Site Low Volume Low Volume Low Volume Brockville General Providence Continuing Care Centre - St. Vincent de Paul NA NA NA Kingston General Hospital Low Volume Low Volume Low Volume Perth and Smiths Falls District Hospital Perth Site (Great War Memorial Site) NA NA NA
6
ENSC 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Wait times (days) for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Peripheral Nerve Surgery Delayed Brest Cancer Palmar Fascia Excision for Following Hospital Site Reconstruction Dupuytren Injury Provincial Target 182 182 182 Provincial 182 157 86 Brockville General Hospital- Charles Street Site NA NA NA Brockville General Providence Continuing Care Centre - St. Vincent de Paul NA NA NA Kingston General Hospital Low Volume Low Volume Low Volume Perth and Smiths Falls District Hospital Perth Site (Great War Memorial Site) NA NA NA
Wait times (days) for Thoracic Surgery Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (Acid-Reflux Lung Hospital Site Surgery) Biopsy Pleuroscopy Provincial Target 182 182 182 Provincial 280 95 54 Brockville General Hospital- Charles Street Site NA NA NA Brockville General Providence Continuing Care Centre - St. Vincent de Paul NA NA NA Low Low Kingston General Hospital Low Volume Volume Volume Perth and Smiths Falls District Hospital Perth Site (Great War Memorial Site) NA NA NA
7
ENSC 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Wait times (days) for Urological Surgery Kidney Stone Transurethral Resection of the Hospital Site Bladder Neck Surgery Removal Surgery Prostate (TURP) Surgery Provincial Target 182 182 182 Provincial 156 70 93 Brockville General Hospital- Charles Street Site Low Volume Low Volume Low Volume Brockville General Providence Continuing Care Centre - St. Vincent de Paul NA NA NA Kingston General Hospital Low Volume 138 125 Perth and Smiths Falls District Hospital Perth Site (Great War Memorial Site) Low Volume Low Volume Low Volume
Wait times (days) for Vascular Surgery Aneurysm Carotid Leg Bypass Hospital Site Repair Endarterectomy Surgery Provincial Target 182 182 182 Provincial 111 64 83 Brockville General Hospital- Charles Street Site NA NA NA Brockville General Providence Continuing Care Centre - St. Vincent de Paul NA NA NA Kingston General Hospital 435 67 Low Volume Perth and Smiths Falls District Hospital Perth Site (Great War Memorial Site) NA NA NA
Data Source: Ontario Ministry of Health and Long Term Care
8
ENSC 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Appendix C: Registered Doctors in Brockville, Gananoque and Athens
Registered Doctors in Brockville:
Physician Name, (CPSO#) Primary Practice Location Abdelnour, George Michel (#18922) 75 Charles Street Brockville ON K6V 1S8 Phone: (613) 345-5645 Ext. 1311 Ahmed, Adekunle Garba (#75647) Brockville Psychiatric Hospital 1804 Highway 2 East P O Box 1050 Brockville ON K6V 5T1 Phone: (613) 345-1461 Ext. 3140 Fax: (613) 345-7276 Argue, Donald Robert (#26843) Brockville Mental Health Centre Royal Ottawa Health Care Group 1804 Highway 2 East Brockville ON K6V 5W7 Phone: (613) 345-1461 Fax: (613) 345-1127 Ashe, Gerald Patrick (#53433) 70 Charles Street Brockville ON K6V 1T3 Phone: (613) 345-1458 Fax: (613) 345-5296 Au, Ambrose See-Shing (#68837) Suite 106 100 Strowger Boulevard Brockville ON K6V 5J9 Phone: (613) 498-0444 Fax: (613) 498-4850 Audet, William Michael (#33275) 17 Central Avenue East
9
ENSC 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Brockville ON K6V 6K3 Phone: (613) 342-6272 Fax: (613) 342-8266 Baldock, Jane Susan (#56461) Suite 2 225 Bagot Street Kingston ON K7L 3G3 Phone: (613) 531-1217 Fax: (613) 549-8882 Balmaceda, Rufino Bringas (#42436) Royal Ottawa Hospital Mental Health Centre 1145 Carling Avenue Ottawa ON K1Z 7K4 Phone: (613) 722-6521 Ext. 6365 Fax: (613) 798-2992 Barton, Douglas Graham (#80877) Brockville General Hospital 75 Charles Street Brockville ON K6V 1S8 Phone: (613) 345-5649 Beattie, David Allan (#84032) 5 Home Street Brockville ON K6V 0A5 Phone: (613) 423-1111 Fax: (613) 423-1112 Beg-Mirza, Athar (#55948) 2-75 Charles Street Brockville ON K6V 1S8 Phone: (613) 498-1146 Fax: (613) 498-1147 Best, Sandra Joyce (#28884) 80 King Street East Brockville ON K6V 1B5 Phone: (613) 342-0184 Beveridge, Robert Campbell (#51405) Brockville General Hospital Suite 400
10
ENSC 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
75 Charles Street Brockville ON K6V 1S8 Phone: (613) 498-0365 Fax: (613) 498-1479 Bhatt, Jayant Shankerprasad (#26042) 53 Pine Street Brockville ON K6V 1G5 Phone: (613) 498-1355 Fax: (613) 498-1414 Booth, Bradley David (#74902) Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre 2nd Floor- Forensics 1145 Carling Avenue Ottawa ON K1Z 7K4 Phone: (613) 722-6521 Ext. 6365 Fax: (613) 798-2992 Bradford, John Mcdonald Wilson (#42320) Brockville Mental Health Centre Box 1050 1804 Highway 2 East Brockville ON K6V 5W7 Phone: (613) 345-1461 Ext. 2617 Fax: (613) 345-4318 Brambilla, Christa Colleen (#81952) Cornerstone Family Medical Centre Suite 106 100 Strowger Boulevard Brockville ON K6V 5J9 Phone: (613) 498-0444 Fax: (613) 498-4850 Brooks, Donald George (#33410) 7758 Kent Boulevard Brockville ON K6V 7J9 Phone: (613) 498-2211 Brook-Williams, Penelope (#25344) Brockville Mental Health Centre P O Box 1050
11
ENSC 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Brockville ON K6V 5W7 Phone: (613) 345-1461
Brown, Charlotte Elizabeth Anne (#71453) Brockville General Hospital 75 Charles Street Brockville ON K6V 1S8 Phone: (613) 345-5645 Calleia, Sarah Granville (#25753) Brockville Mental Health Centre P O Box 1050 Brockville ON K6V 5W7 Phone: (613) 345-1461 Cameron, Colin John (#61816) St Lawrence Valley Correctional and Treatment Centre 1804 Highway 2 East Brockville ON K6V 5T1 Phone: (613) 341-2870 Ext. 1331 Fax: (613) 341-2884 Carter, Thomas Perry (#27446) 359 Stewart Boulevard Brockville ON K6V 4W9 Phone: (613) 345-2020 Chawla, Harvinder Kaur (#26071) Suite 116 100 Strowger Boulevard Brockville ON K6V 5J9 Phone: (613) 342-2373 Fax: (613) 345-6559 Code, Thomas George (#16255) 331 King Street East Brockville ON K6V 1E6 Phone: (613) 345-1529 Dallaire, Stephane Andre (#86284) Brockville General Hospital 75 Charles Street Brockville ON K6V 1S8
12
ENSC 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Phone: (613) 345-5645 Fax: (613) 345-8336 Damji, Zumil (#86335) Emergency Physicians Services Brockville General Hospital 75 Charles Street Brockville ON K6V 1S8 Davis, Lestrod Alfonso (#26923) Suite 11 27 Aldershot Avenue P O Box 62 Brockville ON K6V 5T7 Phone: (613) 342-8036 Fax: (613) 342-6537 Davison, Patrick John (#72704) Department of General Surgery Brockville General Hospital 75 Charles Street - 4th floor Brockville ON K6V 1S8 Phone: (613) 345-8345 Fax: (613) 345-8318 Deshauer, Dorian Alvin (#64627) Brockville Psychiatric Hospital P O Box 1050 Brockville ON K6V 5W7 Phone: (613) 345-1461 Dufour, Daniel Mark (#71678) Brockville General Hospital 75 Charles Street Brockville ON K6V 1S8 Phone: (613) 345-5645 Earle, John Malcolm (#23658) 38 Water Street East Brockville ON K6V 2Z7 Phone: (613) 342-5668 Ebert, Danny (#59992) Brockville General Hospital 75 Charles Street
13
ENSC 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Brockville ON K6V 1S8 Phone: (613) 345-5645 Everett, Andrew Edwin (#78730) Suite 2 5 Home Street Brockville ON K6V 0A5 Phone: (613) 423-1111 Fax: (613) 423-1112 Fraser, Derek Victor Andrew (#80962) Brockville General Hospital Dept of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 75 Charles Street 1st Floor West Brockville ON K6V 1S8 Phone: (613) 498-0740 Ext. 4 Froats, Timothy Ralph (#27298) Brockville General Hospital 1st Floor West 75 Charles Street Brockville ON K6V 1S8 Phone: (613) 498-0740 Fax: (613) 345-3036 Gill, Sarbjit Singh (#63933) Brockville General Hospital 75 Charles Street Brockville ON K6V 1S8 Phone: (613) 345-5645 Ext. 1160 Gojer, Julian Abel Constantine (#65873) Suite 303 720 Spadina Avenue Toronto ON M5S 2T9 Phone: (416) 323-9939 Fax: (416) 323-3166 Grant, Doris Janette (#20878) c/o Brockville General Hospital 75 Charles Street Brockville ON K6V 1S8 Phone: (613) 345-5645 Ext. 1157
14
ENSC 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Fax: (613) 345-8324 Gray, Jonathan David (#76143) The Royal Ottawa Hospital Forensic Psychiatry 1145 Carling Avenue Ottawa ON K1Z 7K4 Phone: (613) 722-6521 Ext. 6361 Fax: (613) 798-2992 Grewal, Brinderajit Singh (#77421) Brockville General Hospital Department of Anaesthesia 75 Charles Street Brockville ON K6V 1S8 Phone: (613) 345-5645 Grynspan, Jonathan (#75305) Department of Radiology Sudbury Regional Hospital Laurentian Site 41 Ramsey Lake Road Sudbury ON P3E 5J1 Phone: (705) 523-7100 Ext. 14558 Fax: (705) 523-7282 Haywood-Farmer, Eric (#84887) Brockville General Hospital 75 Charles Street Brockville ON K6V 1S8 Phone: (613) 345-5645 Hobden, Susan Diane (#71492) Brockville General Hospital 75 Charles Street Brockville ON K6V 1S8 Phone: (613) 345-8345 Fax: (613) 345-8318 Holmes, David Nicholas Peter (#31214) Chelsea Court 779 Chelsea Street Brockville ON K6V 6J8
15
ENSC 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Phone: (613) 342-1199 Fax: (613) 342-2900 Hynd, Jamie William Harold (#52644) Suite 7 7748 Kent Boulevard Brockville ON K6V 7J9 Phone: (613) 345-1236 Fax: (613) 345-4285 Jackson, Randall Jeffrey Denton (#26723) Brockville Mental Health Centre 1804 Highway 2 East Brockville ON K6V 5W7 Phone: (613) 345-1461 Fax: (613) 345-1127 Jadot, Sabina Felicitas Carolina (#59832) Canadian Forces Health Services Centre C F B Kingston PO Box 17000 Station Forces Kingston ON K7K 7B4 Phone: (613) 541-5010 Ext. 5776 Fax: (613) 541-4465 Jaworski, Anne-France Mary (#61055) Suite 102 135 Ormond Street Brockville ON K6V 5Y2 Phone: (613) 342-8176 Fax: (613) 342-8065 Jordan, Andrew Patrick (#62759) Unit 11 P O Box 338 333 California Avenue Brockville ON K6V 5V5 Phone: (613) 345-5077 Fax: (613) 345-6024 Jordan, David Douglas (#50860) Brockville General Hospital
16
ENSC 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
75 Charles Street Brockville ON K6V 1S8 Phone: (613) 345-5645 Ext. 1350 King, Robert Joseph (#53832) Pathways to Independence 289 Pinnacle Street Belleville ON K8N 3B3 Phone: (613) 962-2541 Fax: (613) 962-6357 Kolbe, George Augustus (#78488) Suite 2 5 Home Street Brockville ON K6V 0A5 Phone: (613) 423-1111 Fax: (613) 423-1112 Laforty, Jack Morris (#63958) Brockville Mental Health Centre 1804 Highway 2 East Brockville ON K6V 5W7
Lasich, Jonathan Frank (#63154) Brockville General Hospital 75 Charles Street Brockville ON K6V 1S8 Phone: (613) 345-5649 Ext. 1256 Fax: (613) 345-8346 Lauf, Walter William (#31172) 309 Park Street Suite 204 Brockville ON K6V 6E5 Phone: (613) 498-2761 Fax: (613) 345-7787 Lindsay, Ardis Brian (#26766) 309 Park Street Suite 108 Brockville ON K6V 6E5 Phone: (613) 342-9756
17
ENSC 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Fax: (613) 342-1119 Lo, Lydia Ching Luen (#63775) Suite 106 100 Strowger Boulevard Brockville ON K6V 5J9 Phone: (613) 498-0444 Fax: (613) 498-4850 Low, Charles Thomas (#32018) Brockville General Hospital 75 Charles Street Brockville ON K6V 1S8 Phone: (613) 345-5649 Ext. 1350 Macgillis, Murray Joseph (#31964) Brockville General Hospital 75 Charles Street Brockville ON K6V 1S8 Phone: (613) 345-5645 Fax: (613) 659-2871 Malone, Robert Dale (#66673) Brockville Mental Health Centre of ROHCG 1804 Highway 2 East Brockville ON K6V 5W7 Phone: (613) 345-1461 Ext. 2553 Mansworth, Maurice Colman (#26916) 309 Park Street Suite 203 Brockville ON K6V 2H8 Phone: (613) 345-0918 McFeely, Neil Hugh (#42291) Royal Ottawa Hospital Group Brockville Campus Forensic Treatment Unit P O Box 1050 Brockville ON K6V 5W7 Phone: (613) 345-1461 Ext. 2603 Fax: (613) 345-7276
18
ENSC 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
McMurray, Stephen James (#52388) 17 Central Avenue East Brockville ON K6V 1W5 Phone: (613) 342-4386 Fax: (613) 342-5410 Miura, Carlos (#26970) Royal Ottawa Hospital 1145 Carling Avenue Ottawa ON K1Z 7K4 Phone: (613) 722-6521 Ext. 6533 Fax: (613) 798-2971 Morariu, Alin Ioan (#87739) Lifesource Medical Centre 130 Robertson Drive Nepean ON K2H 5Z1 Phone: (613) 828-3122 Fax: (613) 828-2010 Mussett, Steven Anthony (#79786) Brockville General Hospital 75 Charles Street Brockville ON K6V 1S8 Phone: (613) 498-0368 Fax: (613) 498-3961 Ng Cheng Hin, Raymond Louis Tsien Kwee (#22387) 13 Garden Street Brockville ON K6V 2B8 Phone: (613) 342-8048 Fax: (613) 342-8787 Noss, Mark Bradley (#65220) 75 Charles Street Brockville ON K6V 1S8 Phone: (613) 341-9333 Fax: (613) 342-9009 Novak, Rudolf (#78564) Brockville General Hospital Dept of Obstetrics and Gynecology 75 Charles Street Brockville ON K6V 1S8
19
ENSC 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Phone: (613) 498-0740 Fax: (613) 345-3036 Pajot, Denise (#58909) Chelsea Court Health Centre 779 Chelsea Street Brockville ON K6V 6J8 Phone: (613) 342-1199 Fax: (613) 342-2900 Parenteau, Pierre Romeo (#76524) Brockville Mental Health Centre P O Box 1050 1809 Oxford Avenue Brockville ON K6V 5W7 Phone: (613) 345-1461 Ext. 1701 Fax: (613) 498-1495 Poplove, Steven Howard (#65410) Laurier Optical 2121 Carling Avenue Ottawa ON K2A 1H2 Phone: (613) 761-8080 Fax: (613) 761-1527 Psarras, Thomas Elias (#76258) Brockville General Hospital Suite 401 4th Floor 75 Charles Street Brockville ON K6V 1S8 Phone: (613) 498-0365 Fax: (613) 498-1479 Quigley, John Dominic (#55226) Brockville General Hospital 75 Charles Street Brockville ON K6V 1S8 Phone: (613) 345-5645 Ext. 1156 Redekopp, Alan Wayne (#53503) 1972 Parkdale Avenue Brockville ON K6V 5T2 Phone: (613) 345-2841
20
ENSC 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Fax: (613) 345-6963 Redmond, William Carleton (#31450) 224 King Street East Brockville ON K6V 1C6 Phone: (613) 498-1700 Fax: (613) 498-2670 Robertson, Kerri Duff (#21362) 135 Ormond Street Suite 204 Brockville ON K6V 5Y2 Phone: (613) 342-5520 Fax: (613) 342-4006 Shim, Paul Sup (#77725) Brockville General Hospital 75 Charles Street Brockville ON K6V 1S8 Phone: (613) 498-0368 Fax: (613) 498-3961 Sim, Franklin Hindson (#69931) Brockville Psychiatric Hospital Box 1050 Brockville ON K6V 5W7 Phone: (613) 345-1461 Fax: (613) 345-1127 Slowey, Alexander (#24004) 63 Orchard Street Brockville ON K6V 2J7 Phone: (613) 342-8755 Fax: (613) 342-6925 Slowey, Patricia Isabella (#25298) 63 Orchard Street Brockville ON K6V 2J7 Phone: (613) 342-8755 Fax: (613) 342-6925 Smith, Robert George (#69504) Suite 4 25 Front Avenue Brockville ON K6V 4J2
21
ENSC 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Phone: (613) 342-2522 Ext. 5426 Fax: (613) 345-4111 Somani, Karim (#92640) 224 King Street East Brockville ON K6V 1C6 Steacie, Adam Day (#55654) Suite 203 309 Park Street Brockville ON K6V 6E5 Phone: (613) 345-0918 Fax: (613) 345-0865 Stevens, Samuel Darwin (#57250) Suite 201 68 William Street Brockville ON K6V 4V5 Phone: (613) 342-1254 Fax: (613) 342-7728 Stewart, Paula Jane (#30143) 458 Laurier Ave Brockville ON K6V 7A3 Phone: (613) 345-5685 Fax: (613) 345-2879 Steyn, Jacobus Johannes (#78540) Suite 102 135 Ormond Street Brockville ON K6V 5Y2 Phone: (613) 342-4454 Fax: (613) 342-8065 Steyn, Mariette (#78491) Suite 102 135 Ormond Street Brockville ON K6V 5Y2 Phone: (613) 342-0714 Fax: (613) 342-8065 Thomas, Andrew James (#65785) Unit 6 555 California Avenue Brockville ON K6V 5V5
22
ENSC 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Phone: (613) 342-4076 Ext. 224 Fax: (613) 342-6578 Tolton, Alexander Douglas (#71562) 75 Charles Street Brockville ON K6V 1S8 Phone: (613) 345-8323 Fax: (613) 341-8954 Trail, Carla Nadine (#84886) Unit 6 555 California Avenue Brockville ON K6V 5V5 Phone: (613) 342-4076 Fax: (613) 342-6578 Van Jaarsveld, Barend Petrus (#85855) Chelsea Court Health Centre 779 Chelsea Street Brockville ON K6V 6J8 Phone: (613) 342-1199 Fax: (613) 342-2900 Wagg, Brian Douglas (#29190) 70 Charles Street Brockville ON K6V 1T3 Phone: (613) 345-1458 Fax: (613) 345-5296 Watson, Diane Beverly (#24116) St. Lawrence Valley Correctional And Treatment Centre Box 5000 1804 Highway 2E Brockville ON K6V 7N2 Phone: (613) 341-2870 Ext. 1337 Fax: (613) 341-2884 Went, John Harvey (#21004) Perth and Smiths Falls District Hospital-Smiths Falls Site 60 Cornelia Street West Smiths Falls ON K7A 2H9
23
ENSC 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Phone: (613) 283-2330 Ext. 1281 Fax: (613) 283-3036 Wilson, James Bernard (#72644) Brockville General Hospital 75 Charles Street Brockville ON K6V 1S8 Wyatt, William Jonathan (#27266) 68 William Street Brockville ON K6V 4V5 Phone: (613) 392-1853 Yassa, Naguib Helmy (#74273) Brockville General Hospital 75 Charles Street Brockville ON K6V 1S8 Phone: (613) 345-5649 Ext. 1161 Fax: (613) 345-8329 Youssef, Magdy Boushra (#32019) 75 Charles Street Brockville ON K6V 1S8 Phone: (613) 342-7788 Fax: (613) 342-7788 Zouros, Irene Adamantia (#79199) Brockville General Hospital 75 Charles Street Brockville ON K6V 1S8 Phone: (613) 345-5649
Registered Doctors in Athens:
Physician Name, (CPSO#) Primary Practice Location Dodds, Mark Cameron (#94496) Athens District Health Services PO Box 99 9 Wellington Street East Athens ON K0E 1B0
24
ENSC 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Phone: (613) 924-2623 Stobo, Reginald Benjamin (#58380) Athens District Family Health Team P O Box 99 9 Wellington Street Athens ON K0E 1B0 Phone: (613) 924-2623 Fax: (613) 924-2276
Registered doctors in Gananoque:
Physician Name, (CPSO#) Primary Practice Location Barry, Brenda Caroline (#25568) R R 2 381 Gananoque Lake Road Gananoque ON K7G 2V4 Phone: (613) 382-9541 Fax: (613) 382-9542 Hart, Brian James (#63710) 25 Mill Street Gananoque ON K7G 2L5 Phone: (613) 382-3974 Fax: (613) 382-4417 Maitland, Alexander James Montgomery (#54421) 21 Mill Street Gananoque ON K7G 2L5 Phone: (613) 382-2558 Fax: (613) 382-7247 Malevich, Victoria Nikolayevna (#84840) Stones Mill Family Health Centre 25 Mill Street Gananoque ON K7G 2L5 Phone: (613) 382-3974 Fax: (613) 382-4417 Sajed, Sina (#84882) Stone's Mill Family Health
25
ENSC 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Centre 25 Mill Street Gananoque ON K7G 2L5 Phone: (613) 382-3974 Therrien, Arawn Alexandra Adrienne (#76022) 25 Mill Street Gananoque ON K7G 2L5 Phone: (613) 382-3974 Fax: (613) 382-4417 Tunnicliffe, Brian Warren (#21950) Carveth Family Health Centre 338 Herbert Street Gananoque ON K7G 3G3 Phone: (613) 382-7383 Fax: (613) 382-7323 CPHC Gananoque Community Whatley, Darren Jay (#88406) Family Health Team 338 Herbert Street Gananoque ON K7G 3G3 Phone: (613) 382-7383
Data Source: College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario
26
ENSC 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Appendix D: Health care centers in Gananoque, Brockville and Athens
Street Health Care Center Number Street Name City Province Postal Code Gananoque Stone Mill Family Health Centre 25 Mill street Gananoque Ontario K7G 2L5 CPHC Brockville Community Family Health Team 338 Herbert street Gananoque Ontario K7G 3G3 St Lawrence Medical Centre 1012 Prince street Lansdowne Ontario K0E 1L0 Seeleys Seeleys Bay Family Medicine Clinic 106 Drynan way Bay Ontatio K0H 2N0 DJ Cook 2293 Alder Street Kingston Ontatio K7L 4V1 Brockville Central Avenue Brockville Family Health Team 17 East Brockville Ontatio K6V 6K3 Central Park Medical Center 309 Park street Brockville Ontatio K6V 2H8 Central Avenue Brockville Family Health Team 17 West Brockville Ontatio K6V 1W5 Town Centre Plaza, Family Medical Centre 163 Ormond Street Brockville Ontatio K6V 2L2 CPHC Brockville Community FHT 333 Carlifornia Avenue Brockville Ontatio K6V 5V5 Brockville FHT 135 Ormond Street Brockville Ontario K6V 5Y2 Comstock Medical Centre 70 Charles Street Brockville Ontario K6V 1T3 CPHC Brockville Community FHT 555 Carlifornia Avenue Brockville Ontario K6V 5V5 Brockville General Hospital 75 Emma Street Brockville Ontario K6V 1S8 Strowvger CC Brambilla 100 Boulevard Brockville Ontario K6V 5J9 Prescott Family Health Team 7758 Kent Boulevard Brockville Ontario K6V 7J9 Home Street Medical Centre 5 Home Street Brockville Ontario K6V 0A5 Chelsea Court Health Centre 779 Chelsea Street Brockville Ontario K6V 6J8 Prescott Family Health Team 555 King Street Prescott Ontario K0E 1L0 FL Albert 248 King Street Prescott Ontario K0E 1L0 Athens
27
ENSC 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Athens District Family Health Team 9 Wellington Street Athens Ontario K0E 1B0 Data Source: Ontario Ministry of Health and Long Term Care
28
ENSC 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Appendix E: Map of Health Care Centers in Gananoque, Athens and Brockville
Health Care Centres in Gananoque:
Data Source: Ontario Ministry of Health and Log Term Care
29
ENSC 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Health Care Centers in Athens:
Data Source: Ontario Ministry of Health and Long Term Care
30
ENSC 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Health Care Centers in Brockville:
Data Source: Ontario Ministry of Health and Long Term Care
31
ENSC 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Appendix F: Content and/or Descriptions of Sample Designated Heritage Sites
Township of South Frontenac
Bedford mills
“In 1831 Benjamin Tett (1798-1878), later an important merchant at Newboro, anticipating the completion of the Rideau Canal, acquired a sawmill here on Buttermilk Falls. Tett and various partners, including the prominent Chaffey brothers, extensively exploited local forests and through the Canal sent timber, lumber, and cord-wood to American and St. Lawrence River market centres. Active trade and settlement of the district led him to build a store and, in 1848, construct the stone grist-mill here. After 1872 the operations, including a shingle and planing-mill and canal shipping, were continued by John Poole Tett and Benjamin Tett Jr. Depleted forests and the availability of western flour and feed seriously affected the mills and the total population declined. In 1916 the grist-mill ceased operation” (Brown, 2004)
Holleford crater
“A meteorite travelling 55,000 kilometres per hour smashed into the earth here eons ago, blasting a hole 244 metres deep and 2.5 kilometres wide. Aerial photographs revealed the crater in 1955, and since then scientists have pieced together much of its geological history. Analyses of drill samples suggest that the meteorite struck in the late Precambrian or early Cambrian period (between 450 and 650 million years ago). At first the depression filled with water becoming a circular lake. Later Palaeozoic seas swept in sediments filling the crater to its present depth of about 30 metres. The explosive impact of the meteorite (estimated to have been only 90 metres in diameter) is still evident in the hundreds of metres of shattered rock that drilling has detected beneath the original crater floor” (Brown, 2004)
Brockville
Leeds-Grenville County Courthouse (1842)
“Built in 1842, the final touch to the Courthouse was the statue ´Sally Grant´ carved by Master Carpenter William Holmes in 1844. It is a figure of a blind-folded woman, holding the scales of justice. The original ´Sally Grant´ statue was replaced in 1982 with a replica carved by Robert Kerr” (United Counties of Leeds and Grenville, 2003).
Fulford Place (1899)
“Built in 1899-1900, this eclectic mansion evokes the opulent lifestyle of Canada's industrial elite at the turn of the century. Designed by American architect A.W. Fuller, it was the spacious residence of Senator George T. Fulford (1852-1905), who made his fortune in patent medicines. The
32
ENSC 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
remarkable fine period interior includes most of the original furniture, fixtures, dinnerware, linens, and objets d'art. The grounds, of which significant elements survive, were landscaped by the prestigious Olmsted Brother's firm” (Brown, 2004)
Former Brockville Post Office
“Completed in 1886 this structure was designed under the direction of Thomas Fuller, Chief Architect of the Department of Public Works from 1881 to 1896. The Brockville Post Office shows the sensitivity often displayed by Fuller and his staff. The basic design with a double entrance and a steep roof was adapted to many small post offices across Canada, but varied here by the presence of superb stonework and a central pedimented gable with flanking gables. Each post office was unique but collectively they shared a resemblance that came to symbolize the federal presence throughout Canada” (Ontario Heritage Trust, 2010).
Sir William Buell Richards, 1815-1889
“Born at Brockville and called to the bar of Upper Canada in 1837, Richards represented Leeds in the Legislative Assembly (1848-53) and served as Attorney General for Canada West in the Hincks-Morin administration (1851-53). Appointed puisne judge of the Court of Common Pleas in 1853, he became Chief Justice of that Court in 1863 and Chief Justice of the Ontario Queen's Bench in 1868. When the Supreme Court of Canada was formed in 1875, Richards became its first Chief Justice and continued in that position until his retirement in 1879. He died at Ottawa” (Ontario Heritage Trust, 2010).
Brockville railway tunnel
“Construction of Canada's first railway tunnel, which runs from this point for 1, 730 feet in a northerly direction, began in September 1854. Designed to give the Brockville and Ottawa Railway access to the riverfront, it was opened on December 31, 1860. This railway, incorporated in 1853, ran from Brockville to Sand Point, near Arnprior with a branch line from Smith's Falls to Perth. Its first train left Brockville's Grand Trunk station on January 25, 1859., almost two years before finances permitted completion of the tunnel. The Brockville and Ottawa amalgamated in 1878 with the Canada Central Railway, which was absorbed by the Canadian Pacific Railway in 1881” (Brown, 2004).
Blockhouse Island
“On this island, formerly known as Hospital Island, stood the sheds erected to house emigrants who were victims of cholera in the great epidemic of 1832. Many persons died here, including Doctor Robert Gilmour a native of Scotland and president of the first Board of Health in Upper Canada, who was stricken while attending the sick. During the Rebellion of 1837-38, a blockhouse was erected here for the defence of Brockville.
33
ENSC 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
It was destroyed by fire in 1860” (Ontario Heritage Trust, 2010).
Forsyth’s raid 1813
“On the night of February 6-7, 1813, Major Benjamin Forsyth of the United States Army, with a detachment of regulars and militia numbering about 200 men, crossed the frozen St. Lawrence River from Morristown, N.Y. and attacked Brockville. The village was garrisoned by a company of Leeds Militia who, taken by surprise, could offer no resistance. The invaders released prisoners from the jail, took a quantity of arms, horses and cattle, and carried off a number of residents. The resentment aroused by this raid led to the successful British attack on Ogdensburg, N.Y., February 22, 1813” (Ontario Heritage Trust, 2010).
George Chaffey 1848-1932
“Born at Brockville, Canada West, Chaffey became a shipbuilder on the Great Lakes and the inventor of a new type of propeller. Subsequently he went to California where, in partnership with his brother, he built a model irrigation project and founded the city of Ontario. At the request of Alfred Deakin, later Prime Minister of Australia, Chaffey went to that continent in 1866 where he began irrigated fruit production in the Murray Valley. By proving that irrigation was practical, Chaffey was largely responsible for the successful development of the fruit industry in Australia” (Brown, 2004).
James Morris 1798-1865
“A prominent Canadian politician, Morris was born in Paisley, Scotland. His family immigrated to Canada in 1801 and later settled in Elizabethtown (Brockville). He joined his brothers, Alexander and William, in business there about 1820 and by 1836 had gained prominence in commercial and banking circles. Morris represented Leeds in the provincial legislature from 1837 until his appointment to the Legislative Council in 1844. Named first Canadian postmaster-general in 1851, when responsibility for that service passed from the British government, he introduced Canada's first stamps, and significantly standardized and reduced rates. Morris subsequently served as speaker of the Legislative Council (1853- 54, 1858) and concluded his public career as receiver-general (1862-63) in the Reform ministry of J.S. Macdonald and L.V. Sicotte” (Ontario Heritage Trust, 2010).
Johnston district court house and gaol
“In 1808 the provincial government authorized the erection of a court house and gaol at Elizabethtown (Brockville) to serve the District of Johnstown created ten years earlier. By 1811 a brick structure had been built here on land donated by William Buell, the founder of Brockville. In was replaced in 1824 by a larger building which remained the judicial and administrative centre of the region until the present court house was completed in 1843. Prominently situated at the head of a public green, this imposing Neo-classical structure was designed by the noted Toronto architect John George Howard and constructed by Benjamin Chaffey, a local contrator. Subsequently enlarged and renovated, it retains the
34
ENSC 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
arrangement of prison and court facilities so effectively integrated in the original plan” (Ontario Heritage Trust, 2010).
Ogle Robert Gowan 1803-1876
“A prominent provincial politician, Gowan was born in County Wexford, Ireland. He came to Upper Canada in 1829 and immediately immersed himself in political affairs. Drawing upon his experience with the Irish Orange Order, Gowan established the Grand Orange Lodge of British North America in 1830 and, as the first Canadian grand master, ably guided the organization during its formative years. In 1836 he was elected to the Legislative Assembly, representing this area intermittently until 1861. A shrewd strategist and an effective orator, he gradually broadened his influence, using his newspaper, the "Brockville Statesman", to promote his political views. Following his retirement from provincial politics, Gowan continued to work for the retention of strong ties with Britain, a cause he had upheld throughout his career” (Brown, 2004).
Senator George T Fulford 1852-1905
“Born and raised in Brockville, George Taylor Fulford apprenticed at his brother's drugstore and took charge of it himself at age 22. Five years later, he was elected to the first of 12 terms as alderman. Fulford entered the patent-medicine trade in 1886, and in 1890 acquired the rights to his most famous product, "Dr. Williams' Pink Pills for Pale People". His use of large-scale newspaper testimonial advertising helped expand his business internationally. His headquarters remained in Brockville and Fulford himself maintained a local presence, as businessman, politician and philanthropist. His mansion, Fulford Place, reflected his social status. He was appointed to the Senate in 1900. In 1905, at the height of his career, George Fulford was fatally injured in an automobile accident” (Ontario Heritage Trust, 2010).
William Buell SR 1751 -1832
“Renowned as the founder of Brockville, Buell was born in Hebron, Connecticut. Shortly after the outbreak of the American Revolution he moved to Quebec where he joined the British forces and eventually served as a commissioned officer in the King's Rangers. In 1784, after his unit had been disbanded, he settled on a Crown grant here in the centre of present-day Brockville. One of the area's first permanent residents, Buell became an influential local citizen. He represented Leeds in the Upper Canadian House of Assembly (1800-04). He also contributed to the development of the community of Elizabethtown (Brockville) by subdivding his holdings into lots for sale to settlers and by donating land for the Johnstown District Court House and Gaol and for several churches” (Ontario Heritage Trust, 2010).
35
ENSC 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Elizabethtown-Kitley
Louise C. McKinney, 1868-1931
“Born on a nearby farm - Louise Crummy taught school in Leeds County and in 1896, married James McKinney. In 1903 they settled at Claresholm, Alberta. A leader in the Temperance Movement and strong advocate of female suffrage, she was elected as an Independent member of the Alberta Legislature in 1917. She thus became the first woman in the British Empire to gain a parliamentary seat. In 1929 five leaders, in the struggle for female emancipation, Louise McKinney, Emily Murphy, Nellie McClung, Henrietta Edwards and Irene Parlby, presented a petition to the Privy Council, which gained for women, the right of appointment to the Canadian Senate” (Brown, 2004).
Gananoque
Colonel Joel Stone 1749-1833
“Born in Guildford, Connecticut, Stone forfeited his extensive property there by serving with Loyalist militia during the American Revolution. He came to Canada in 1786 and in 1789 received 700 acres of land on the west bank of the Gananoque River where he built a sawmill and grist-mill and established a mercantile business. Appointed a justice of the peace in 1800 and colonel of the 2nd Leeds Militia in 1809, he was in command when United States forces raided his village in September, 1812. The settlement established by Stone formed the nucleus of the present town of Gananoque” (Ontario Heritage Trust, 2010).
Gananoque Town Hall
“Built about 1831-32, and designed in the late phase of the Neo-Classic style, this structure is among the best of its type remaining in Ontario. Constructed as a dwelling for John McDonald, a local landowner, merchant, postmaster and later a member of the Legislative Council of Canada, it remained in the family until 1911. The earliest settlement at the site of Gananoque took place in the late 1790's, and the first major survey of a village site was carried out in 1842. First incorporated in 1862, Gananoque became a town on January 1, 1890. The town hall was deeded to the corporation by the McDonald heirs in October, 1911, and accepted in December of that year” (Ontario Heritage Trust, 2010).
Pirate Johnston 1782 -1870
“At nearby Wellesley Island on the night of May 29-30, 1838 a band of Upper Canadian rebels and their American supporters burned the Canadian steamer "Sir Robert Peel". The attackers, about thirteen in number, were led by William "Bill" Johnston, a former Canadian who had fled to the U.S. during the war of 1812. He became a trader and smuggler and, in 1838, was appointed Commodore of the 'Patriot' navy. He participated in several attacks upon Canada during the Rebellion and subsequently settled in Clayton, New York, where he became keeper of a lighthouse” (Brown, 2004).
36
ENSC 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Raid on Gananoque, 1812
“On September 21, 1812, a United States force of some 200 regulars and militia under Capt. Benjamin Forsyth attacked Gananoque. The village was an important forwarding point for supplies moving up the St. Lawrence from Montreal to Kingston and was garrisoned by a detachment of the 2nd Leeds Militia under Col. Joel Stone. After a spirited resistance, Stone withdrew his force comprising two subalterns and about forty soldiers, and the Americans seized the stores and burned the government depot. As a result of this raid, a blockhouse was begun in Gananoque the following month and completed in 1813” (Ontario Heritage Trust, 2010).
Leeds and the Thousand Islands
Darlingside
“Darlingside is a rare surviving example of the wood depots which provided an essential fuelling service during the early phase of steamboat navigation on Lake Ontario and the upper St. Lawrence River. Thomas Darling, a Scottish immigrant, acquired the wood depot in the late 1830s and added a general store in 1845, both of which operated until the late 19th century. Steamers supplied goods for the store and took on cordwood for fuel and other local products for export. Prior to the railroads, depots like this were a vital link between Montréal-based forwarders and farmers and lumbermen in the interior” (Brown, 2004).
Elizabeth Rabb Beatty 1856-1939
“One of the earliest Canadian female medical missionaries, Elizabeth Rabb Beatty was born near Caintown and moved to Lansdowne where she attended local schools. She taught in Leeds County before entering Queen's University, Kingston, to study medicine. Graduating in 1884, she was sent by the Presbyterian Women's Foreign Missionary Society to Indore, Central India. Two years later she was joined by another medical missionary, Dr. Marion Oliver, with whom she co-operated in the opening of a women's hospital in 1891. By winning the confidence of the local population, the doctors helped to lay the foundation of the success of the mission's educational and religious work. Forced to return to Canada because of illness, Dr. Beatty retired in 1892 and lived here until her death” (Ontario Heritage Trust, 2010).
Landsdowne Iron Works
“While the existence of local ore was well known and various petitions had been made for the right to erect a foundry, it was not until 1801 that Wallis Sunderlin, a Vermont founderer, established the first iron works in Upper Canada at Furnace Falls. The works, which included both a furnace for the production of cast iron and a forge for the manufacture of wrought iron, were operated with limited success by Sunderlin and his associates until destroyed by fire in 1811. Attempts in 1815-16 to re-establish the works to supply the Kingston dockyard were ended with the agreement to limit armaments on the Great Lakes” (Ontario Heritage Trust, 2010).
37
ENSC 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Founding of Lyndhurst
“Development of this community began after the construction of the province's first successful iron smelter and a sawmill in 1801. On the west bank of the river a grist-mill was built in 1827 and a village plot laid out by Charles and Jonas Jones of Brockville. Originally called "Furnace Falls", this community was renamed Lyndhurst by 1846. Here a post office was opened in 1851. During the next twenty years other small industries were started and in 1868 John Roddick and Henry Green purchased the Jones property. This fine stone bridge was designed by Roddick whose mills and those of Green remained for many years the principal industries of the community”((Brown, 2004).
Lyndhurrst bridge
“Reputedly the oldest bridge in existence in Ontario, this structure was built in 1856-57. It was designed by John Roddick, then an employee of a prominent local mill owner, and erected by contractors Miles Fulford and Simon Ransom. A fine example of masonry arch construction, the picturesque three-span bridge was built of local field stone, laid in random courses, and is unadorned except for the sandstone wall caps and arch surrounds. It is distinguished by the curved flare of its end walls and by the slightly oblique shape of two of its arches. In 1986 the Lyndhurst Bridge was strengthened with the erection of a reinforced concrete interior frame and completely restored to its original exterior appearance. It remains in regular use today” (Brown, 2004).
Thousand Islands International Bridge
“This international bridge system links Canada and the United States across the St. Lawrence River and islands from Ivy Lea, Ontario, to Collins Landing, N.Y. It was opened on August 18, 1938, by William Lyon Mackenzie King, Prime Minister of Canada, and Franklin Delano Roosevelt, President of the United States. The crossing was financed and constructed by the Thousand Islands Bridge Authority, a public body created by New York State in 1933, which operates and maintains it. Five bridges of four different types - two-span continuous truss, steel arch, stone-faced concrete rigid frame, and two suspension- with approaches and connecting viaducts and highways cover a distance of about 13 km” (Brown, 2004).
The Township of Rideau Lakes
Delta Old Stone Mill
“The first mill on this site was built about 1796 by Abel Stevens, a loyalist and early industrialist from Vermont. After 1800 the property passed to a member of a prominent local family, William Jones, who by 1810 had constructed the present stone mill. One of the oldest surviving mills in Ontario, it is a fine example of early Canadian architecture and a reminder of the pioneer industrial development of eastern Ontario” (Brown, 2004).
Abel Stevens
38
ENSC 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
“Born at Quaker Hill, New York, about 1750, Stevens served as a British agent during the Revolutionary War despite being enrolled in the rebel militia. After the war he lived in Vermont where, as an ardent Baptist, he became a deacon in 1786. Attracted by Lieutenant-Governor Simcoe's offer of land in Upper Canada, he moved to the province and settled in this area in 1796. A vigorous colonizer, Stevens within two years of his arrival had encouraged some 100 families, many of them Baptists, to locate in Kitley and Bastard Townships. He built mills and laid the foundation for the establishment of ironworks at present-day Lyndhurst. Stevens remained a leader in the Baptist Church in which he had been ordained a minister in 1804” (Brown, 2004).
Chaffey’s Mill
“Prominent early millers in Eastern Ontario, Benjamin and Samuel Chaffey were born in Somerset, England and came to Upper Canada in 1816. After settling briefly in Perth they moved to Elizabethtown (Brockville) where they operated mercantile and milling ventures. Encouraged by local residents to establish mills along the Rideau River, they chose this location in 1820. Samuel settled here soon after, effecting many improvements to the site. By 1827 an extensive complex including a distillery and grist, saw, carding and fulling mills had been established. A small settlement known as Chaffey's Mills gradually developed. The mills were flooded during the building of the Rideau Canal (1826-32), but shipping and, later, tourism stimulated the continuous growth of the community of Chaffey's Lock” (Ontario Heritage Trust, 2010).
Dr. Lorne Pierce 1890-1961
“Editor of the Ryerson Press 1920 - 1960, Pierce was born at Delta and devoted his life to the promotion of Canadian literature. He established scholarships at several Canadian universities and in 1926 presented the Royal Society of Canada's Lorne Pierce Medal for distinguished authorship by a Canadian. He edited the "Makers of Canadian Literature" and the "Ryerson Poetry Chap-Books". His writings include: "An Outline of Canadian Literature" (1927); "A Canadian People" (1945); "A Canadian Nation" (1960): and studies of Albert Durrant Watson (1942), Marjorie Pickthall (1925), and William Kirby (1929). In 1924 he established at Queen's University the Edith and Lorne Pierce Collection of Canadian Literature one of the best of its kind in Canada” (Brown, 2004).
Founding of Newboro
“The settlement of this area was begun during the building of the Rideau Canal in 1826-32 when a major construction camp was located here at the Isthmus. In 1833 Benjamin Tett, owner of a nearby sawmill, opened a store and three years later a post office named Newborough was established. A small community including several stores gradually developed as a trade centre for the region's lumbering industry and agriculture. About 1850 a tannery was established and within ten years two iron mines had been opened in the vicinity. The ore was exported via the Rideau to smelters in the United States. Growth was further stimulated by the erection of a foundry and a steam sawmill and in 1876 Newboro was incorporated as a Village” (Ontario Heritage Trust, 2010).
39
ENSC 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
James Philips
“Born about 1800, Philips settled here in 1825 and soon opened a store and tavern. He became active in politics and, as a Reformer, rose to local prominence during the elections in Leeds between 1834 and 1836. These contests were marked by clashes between Ogle R. Gowan's Orangemen and the Reformers and by a level of violence and intimidation unsurpassed in Upper Canada's electoral history. Philips served on the Reformer's committee of Vigilance and Management and as Vice-President of the Johnstown District Reformers' Society. After the collapse of the Rebellion of 1837, Philips and other Reformers went to the United States. On November 11, 1838, he returned with an invading force and was killed on November 13 in the Battle of Windmill Point near Prescott” (Ontario Heritage Trust, 2010).
Lieutenant colonel John By, R.E.
“Born in London, England, about 1779, By graduated from the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, in 1799. He was attached to the Royal Engineers in Canada (1802-1811) and later served in the Peninsular War. By was sent to Canada in 1826 to superintend the construction of an Ottawa River-Lake Ontario waterway from Bytown (Ottawa) to Kingston. The 123 mile long Rideau Canal, built as a military route and incorporating 47 locks, 16 lakes, two rivers, and a 350-foot long, 60-foot high dam here at Jones Falls, was completed in 1832. On By's return to England charges, including the misappropriation of funds, were laid. Although entirely refuted, they essentially ended his career and he retired to his Sussex estate where he died in 1836” (Ontario Heritage Trust, 2010).
Red Brick School
“Opened in 1887, the one-storey, two-room brick schoolhouse for School Section No. 5 South Crosby – known locally as the Red Brick School – a very early example of reformed ideas about school design introduced by the province's Department of Education in the late 19th century” (Ontario Heritage Trust, 2010).
Royal Sappers and Miners
“In 1827 the Royal Sappers and Miners, the special construction corps of the British Army, raised the 7th and 15th Companies to serve in the building of the Rideau Canal. Comprising 160 skilled craftsmen and labourers under the Royal Engineers, the companies arrived that year in Bytown, where they built military structures and locks. The 7th Company was transferred in 1829 to assist in the completion of the canal here at the Isthmus, the only section beyond Bytown built under direct military supervision. Sappers and Miners from both companies executed other major projects, including a dam at the Hog's Back, and performed guard-duty at various locks. In 1831 seventy-one were discharged in Canada and several settled along the canal as lockmasters” (Ontario Heritage Trust, 2010).
40
ENSC 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Alexander Stevens House
“Alexander Stevens House, 1882. This substantial red brick residence is representative of a successful businessman's home in the 1880s. Alexander Stevens was a great-grandson of the founder of the community and he owned and operated the Delta Centennial Carriage Factory, a bustling business in those pre-automobile decades. A flat section of the roof is surrounded by attractive wrought-iron trim. The segmental headed windows were the latest thing in the 1870s and 80s” (Delta Mill Society, 2010).
Philo Hicock House
“Philo Hicock House, circa 1845 - Recently and meticulously restored to its original elegance, this home is once again most impressive. Philo Hicock was the prosperous owner of a foundry which was kept busy serving the black metal needs of local industry and of those farming the Delta hinterland. The front facade on the ground floor is graced by a central doorway with transom and sidelights and providing a further touch of symmetry and class, a casement window to each side. The second storey manifests 3 dormers; the centre one with particularly elaborate wooden trim. Pause for a moment. Imagine the Hicock family enjoying the summer airs on their fine Regency-style porch as the local world beat a passing path to the Hicock Foundry and to the myriad other services and functions of 19th century Delta” (Brown, 2004).
St. Peters Anglican Church
“However, it is St. Peter’s Anglican Church (Bastard Ward, Lot 6, Con 3) that still forms the heart of the Newboyne community. An imposing sandstone building erected in 1873, with a cemetery and surviving vault, St. Peter’s is one of the most elegant churches in the Ward, if not the Township” (Rideau Lakes Municipal Heritage Advisory Committee, 2008).
Brown (Omer house)
“Omer Brown House, 1905 - Another prominent businessman, Omer Brown was a general merchant with his store located in the Jubilee Block.... He constructed this grand residence with a variety of features of Queen Anne style. This elegant home embodies the Victorian love of variety, industry and excess. By the end of the 19th century, factories were able to mass produce countless decorative details in diverse media. Look for its several unique features: the asymmetrical front door, the steeply-pitched roof broken by several cross gables of irregular shape and height, prominent bay windows, a single storey porch with second-storey balcony, spindle or turned railing posts and a facade textured with patterned shingles, decorative masonry and stained glass windows”
("Heritage Tour of Delta." Township of Rideau Lakes. 2010).
Denaut (Walter) house
“Walter Denaut House, 1849 - Walter Denaut was a prosperous and widely renowned mill owner,, postmaster, general merchant and politician
41
ENSC 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
(first reeve of Bastard and South Burgess Township). Befitting his wealth and status, he built this impressive 2 storey mansion of stone complete with a wing of brick containing the servants' quarters. An unusual feature of this magnificent home is the use of the casement style of window in which the two frames or sashes holding the panes of glass opens outward from hinged attachments along the sides, like twin doors. Delta peers and Ottawa potentates were among guests welcomed at the Denaut threshold. Rumour persists that under the correct conjunction of the ethers and imagination, the ghost of Mr. Denaut returns to haunt the halls of his magnificent home.”
("Heritage Tour of Delta." Township of Rideau Lakes, 2010).
Laidlaw House (Now Stepping Stone B&B)
“David Laidlaw, a mason by trade, began construction of this fine 1½ storey, 3-bay house in 1849. He quarried the stone from strata on his own land and completed his home in 1852. This beautiful heritage structure has been exquisitely enhanced in period format and now hosts guests seeking peace and reflection and/or grand festivity and reception. Welcome to Frontenac County, to the Frontenac Arch of the Canadian Shield, to hilly and winding roads, to forests, fields and farms with irregular geography”
("Driving Tour - Crosby to Salem." Township of Rideau Lakes, 2010).
O’Riley (Blair) House
“Patrick O’Riley was a school teacher who emigrated to Canada from the Emerald Isle. In the 1860s, he constructed this fine home out of beautiful local sandstone formed by waves breaking on ancient Paleozoic beaches. Carefully masoned ashlars were meticulously fitted to make this secure abode for Patrick, his wife and their 8 children. Note the typical returned eaves at the corners of the roof.”
("Driving Tour - Crosby to Salem." Township of Rideau Lakes, 2010).
Morton School "the Pimple"
“Built in 1852/53, this octagonal brick building fulfilled Morton’s plan for an innovative school. Large windows provided abundant natural light. Over a century ahead of its time, George Morton’s centre of education nurtured a "bright circle of learning. How could a teacher send an unruly student to stand in the corner when the corner was 135 degrees? Only one other octagonal school exists in the province” ("Driving Tour - Morton to Crosby." Township of Rideau Lakes, 2010).
42
ENSC 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
The Village of Westport
The Brockville, Westport & Sault Ste. Marie Railway
“This railway received its charter in 1884, and on July 1, 1888, began service between Westport and Brockville, a distance of 45 miles. Lack of funds prevented the extension of this ambitious line toward its intended destination, Sault Ste. Marie, but it operated for 15 years. In 1903, unable to meet obligations incurred during construction, it was taken over by an American trust company and reorganized as the Brockville, Westport and North-Western Railway. That company was purchased in 1910 by the Canadian Northern which was itself merged in 1923 with the C.N.R. The last train to run on this line left Westport on August 30, 1952” (Ontario Heritage Trust, 2010).
Founding of Westport
“Sawmills built by Sheldon Stoddard and the Manhard brothers in 1828-29, during the construction of the Rideau Canal, fostered the development here of a small settlement. Grist-mills and wharves were soon erected, and by 1848 a post-office "West Port", had been established. Within a decade the hamlet contained 300 residents and several prosperous businesses, including the general store of Declan Foley and mills of William H. Fredenburgh, a prominent lumber exporter. The community's growth was stimulated by agricultural prosperity and the construction of the Brockville, Westport & Sault Ste. Marie Railway, completed in 1888” (Ontario Heritage Trust, 2010).
Perth Road
“This road was surveyed in 1852 to encourage settlement of the isolated townships lying between Kingston and Perth. It was begun and completed as far as Loughborough Lake in 1854 by the Kingston & Perth Road Company, whose president, Alderman A.J. Macdonell of Kingston, was a law partner of John A. Macdonald. Though passable over its 50-mile length as a winter road by early 1855, the road was still largely incomplete by 1859-60, when lawsuits brought against the Company resulted in the disposal of its property at sheriffs' sales. Maintenance of the road was taken over in 1874 by the provincial Crown Lands Department and ultimately by the counties through which it passed” (Ontario Heritage Trust, 2010).
Front of Yonge
Chimney Island
“During the War of 1812 the St. Lawrence was the life-line of Upper Canada along which virtually all military and civilian supplies were transported from Montreal to Kingston. Fear that the Americans might attempt to block the passage of material prompted the fortification of
43
ENSC 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Bridge Island as a shelter for the supply batteaux and a base for British gunboats. A blockhouse was completed early in 1814 and a circular battery with an 18-pounder constructed. These defence works were maintained by a detachment of the 57th Regiment and artillerymen during 1814, but fell into disrepair soon after the war” (Brown, 2004).
The Township of Augusta
Lieutenant-Colonel Thain Wendell MacDowell, V.C., D.S.O., 1890-1960
“Born at Lachute, Quebec, MacDowell moved to Maitland in 1897. He attended local schools and graduated from the University of Toronto in 1915. During World War I, he enlisted, on January 9, 1915, in the 38th Battalion, C.E.F. On April 9, 1917, during the battle of Vimy Ridge, assisted by two runners, he captured two machine guns, two officers and seventy-five men. With the vision of the enemy obscured by a turn in a passage in their dug-out, he was able to convince them that he commanded a vastly superior force. His action eliminated a serious obstacle to the gaining of his battalion's objective, and he was awarded the British Empire's highest decoration for valour, the Victoria Cross” (Brown, 2004).
St. James Church
“Among Augusta Township's earliest settlers were a number of Anglican Loyalists who, by 1785, were holding services in private houses. The first resident missionary, the Reverend John Bethune, was appointed to this area in 1814. Reverend Robert Blakey served the parish from 1821 until his death in 1858, and during his incumbency construction of St. James Church was begun in 1826. A pleasing example of early Gothic Revival architecture, this structure was built by John Shephard, a local mason, on land donated by a parishioner, George Longely. It was consecrated in 1830 by the Rt. Rev. Charles James Stewart, Bishop of Quebec, and it remains largely unaltered from its original design” (Brown, 2004).
Roebuck Indian Village
“Approximately 500 years ago an Iroquoian agricultural community of about 1600 persons occupied this site. Archaeological excavations suggest that approximately 40 communal longhouses, averaging nearly 30 metres in length, stood in this village, palisaded with a stout double stockade. The farmers on the site grew corn, beans, squash, sunflowers and tobacco. A similar village, Hochelaga, on the present site of Montreal, was visited by Jacques Cartier in 1535. After this first contact with Europeans, these Indians, related to other Iroquoian-speaking peoples in northern New York and southern Ontario disappeared, although archaeological evidence suggests that some of the survivors were absorbed by the Hurons on the Trent River system” (Brown, 2004).
44
ENSC 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Founding of Maitland
“In this vicinity, the site of a shipyard used during both the late French and early British periods, a village plot was laid out in 1824 for Jehiel and Ziba Phillips. Adjacent to it George Longley, a recent English emigrant, acquired an estate on which St. James Anglican Church was built in 1826. Longley constructed the nearby stone windmill, opened a store and in 1828 became Maitland's first postmaster. The community, named after Sir Peregrine Maitland, Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada 1818-28, was a point of access to the Rideau area and flourished during the building of the Rideau Canal 1826-32. Other local industries were soon established and by 1850 Maitland had 200 residents” (Brown, 2004).
Justus Sherwood
“Born in Connecticut, Sherwood settled in Vermont in 1774. On the outbreak of the American Revolution he was arrested as a Loyalist, but escaped to join the British at Crown Point. He was taken prisoner at Saratoga in 1777, and after being exchanged was commissioned as a captain in the intelligence service. From 1780 to 1783 he had charge of secret negotiations which it was hoped would result in Vermont's rejoining the British Empire. Sherwood, who took up land in this township in 1784, played a leading role in its settlement. One of the District's first magistrates, he was also a member of the local land board until his death” (Brown, 2004).
Blue Church
“On January 1, 1790, inhabitants of Augusta and Elizabethtown townships agreed to build a church here in the "burying yard" of the proposed town of "New Oswegatchie". Subscriptions were inadequate and nothing was built by 1804 when Barbara Heck, the founder of Methodism in Upper Canada, was buried here. In 1809, Anglicans of Augusta and Elizabethtown built a frame chapel, later called the "Blue Church", which served the parish until St. James, Maitland, was opened in 1826. The "Blue Church", unconsecrated, rarely used for services and in bad repair, was partially burned and taken down in 1840. The present small blue church was built in 1845 (Brown, 2004).
Merrickville-Wolford
Founding of Merrickville
“In 1793 William Merrick (1760 - 1844), a Loyalist from Massachusetts, acquired from Roger Stevens a sawmill at the 'Great Falls' on the Rideau River. Here he built new mills which formed the nucleus of a small community that grew up before 1816 and was known as 'Merricks Mills'. The establishment of new settlements on the Rideau and the building of the canal, 1826 - 32, stimulated the growth of the village. Streets were laid out and a post office named 'Merrickville' was opened in 1829. By 1850 the community contained about 700 persons, two flour mills, a cloth factory and other industries, and was incorporated as a village in 1860” (Brown, 2004).
45
ENSC 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Merrickville Blockhouse, 1832
“This is one of four blockhouses which, with some twelve other 'defensible buildings', were constructed along the Rideau Canal. The canal, built 1826 - 32 by Lieutenant - Colonel John By, Royal Engineers, was designed to serve as an alternative military supply route from Montreal to Kingston in the event of war. The Merrickville blockhouse was completed in 1832 to accommodate some fifty men. It was never the scene of military action, but has served as lockmaster's quarters, a church and a canal maintenance building. Restoration of this fine example of early military architecture was completed in 1965, and it is one of the two remaining blockhouses on the canal which have retained their original forms” (Brown, 2004).
Prescott
Bytown and Prescott Railway
“This company, incorporated in 1850, built a railway from Prescott to Bytown (Ottawa) for the shipment of lumber and farm products to the markets of the north-eastern United States and Montreal. Substantial funds were raised at Bytown, Prescott and other municipalities along the line. In 1851, Walter Shanly, Chief Engineer, started construction, and a train first ran from Prescott to Bytown on Christmas Day, 1854. The railway, renamed the Ottawa and Prescott in 1855, was the first to serve the nation's future capital, giving it access at Prescott to the St. Lawrence River and the Grand Trunk Railway. In 1867 it became the St. Lawrence and Ottawa Railway and in 1884 was leased to the Canadian Pacific Railway for 999 years” (Brown, 2004).
Prescott Barracks and Hospital
“The front portion of this structure one of the earliest surviving military buildings in Ontario, was constructed as a residence about 1810 by Colonel Edward Jessup, the founder of Prescott. Following the outbreak of the War of 1812, the stone house was appropriated for use as a barracks by local militia and, later, British regulars. It was soon enclosed within a stockade with other buildings, including a log schoolhouse also converted for barracks. Although a fort was completed nearby in 1814, the Jessup building continued to form part of the strategically located Prescott garrison. Between 1815 and 1817 it served as a combined hospital and barracks store, and in 1823 the British force purchased the house from the Jessup family” (Brown, 2004).
Major James Morrow Walsh 1840-1905
“Born and educated in Prescott, Walsh was trained at military schools at Kingston and by 1873 had attained the rank of Major in the militia. In that year he was commissioned in the newly formed North-West Mounted Police. While in charge at Fort Walsh, in present-day Saskatchewan, he became known for his influence and friendship with Sitting Bull, chief of the approximately 5,000 Sioux who sought refuge in Canada 1876-77,
46
ENSC 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
and for his role in the negotiations for their return to the United States. Walsh retired in 1883 but fourteen years later, at the height of the Klondike gold rush, he was appointed first Commissioner of the Yukon and Superintendent of the North-West Mounted Police there. In 1898 he retired to his home in Brockville” (Brown, 2004).
Forwarding Trade at Prescott
“Before the completion of the canals between here and Montreal in 1847, Prescott was the eastern terminus of Great Lakes navigation. Established at the head of Galops Rapids in 1810, it soon became a centre for the forwarding, or shipping, trade and an important centre in Montreal's commercial system. One of the earliest forwarders at Prescott was Captain William Gilkison, who began operations on this property about 1811. As the population of Upper Canada increased rapidly after 1820, the trade expanded and forwarding firms, including Henderson & Hooker and Macpherson, Crane & Co., established shipbuilding yards, wharfs, and warehouses along this waterfront. Prescott's position in the forwarding trade began to decline in 1847 when uninterrupted navigation from Montreal to Lake Ontario became possible” (Brown, 2004).
Colonel Edward Jessup 1735-1816
“Born in Stamford, Connecticut, he forfeited 202,000 ha near Albany, New York, by taking up arms for the King on the outbreak of the American Revolution. He raised the Loyal (Jessup's) Rangers and served under Burgoyne. This corps was disbanded at the end of the war, its members settling in the present Leeds and Grenville Counties, and on the Bay of Quinte. In return for his services, Jessup received extensive lands from the Crown. In 1810 a townsite was surveyed on this grant which he named after Robert Prescott, Governor-in-Chief of Canada, 1797-1807” (Brown, 2004).
Capture of Ogdensburg 1813
“On the morning of February 22, 1813, "Red George" Macdonell of the Glengarry Light Infantry set out from Prescott with a force of some 480 regulars and militia to capture the strong United States military post at Ogdensburg. The attack was made in retaliation for the recent American raid on Brockville and was contrary to the orders of the commander-in-chief, George Prevost. Advancing across the ice, Macdonell's force presented an easy target for the enemy artillery, but after a fierce battle of about two hours the American garrison of some 500 men was routed and Ogdensburg fell” (Brown, 2004).
47
ENSC 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
North-Grenville
Christ Church
“Begun in 1831 and completed the following year, this frame church was designed in the Gothic Revival style, customarily used in churches of that period. The Anglican congregation had been formed about 1822 in this part of Marlborough and Oxford Townships, where the earliest settlers on the Rideau had located. It was ministered to by the Reverend Robert Blakey, Rector of Prescott, until 1829 when the Reverend Henry Patton was appointed missionary to the region. Under his guidance plans were made to erect a house of worship. In 1830 David Burritt donated land for a church and a burying ground at the rapids bearing his name. In 1834 the church was consecrated as Christ Church by the Right Reverend Charles James Stewart, Bishop of Quebec” (Brown, 2004).
Honourable G. Howard Ferguson 1870-1946
“Ontario's ninth Premier was born here in Kemptville, son of Charles Ferguson, a local doctor and member of the House of Commons. Following graduation from the University of Toronto in 1891, Howard studied law under Sir William Meredith and practised in Kemptville. Elected in 1905 to the Ontario legislature as a Conservative, he became in 1914 Minister of Lands, Forests and Mines in the Hearst administration. From 1919-23 he was leader of the Opposition, Premier from 1923-30, and from 1930-35 served as Canadian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom” (Brown, 2004).”
Founding of Burritt's Rapids
“In 1793 Stephen and Daniel Burritt, two brothers from Arlington, Vermont, settled in this vicinity. A bridge, sawmill and school were built here at 'Daniel Burritt's Rapids' before 1826. In 1830, Henry Burritt, Daniel's nephew, began to develop his property on the Oxford side of the river. By 1831 a store, tavern and several houses were built and, on the Marlborough Township side, Christ Church was begun. A post office called 'Burritt's Rapids' was opened in 1839 and later a town plot was surveyed and several additional mills built. With the opening of the Rideau Canal this milling centre flourished but it was later bypassed by the railways and its importance gradually diminished” (Brown, 2004).
Athens
Athens Town Hall and heritage museum
“Built in 1904 this building was officially opened by Sir Wilfred Laurier. In addition to the municipal offices it also housed a library and the fire hall. A siren used to signal the volunteer firefighters to action. Today the siren is still sounded every day at noon” (Athens District Chamber of Commerce, 2006).
48
ENSC 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
The Township of Edwardsburg Cardinal
Founding of Cardinal
“The grist-mill built at Point Cardinal by Hugh Munro about 1796 fostered the development here of a small settlement. A sawmill and store were later erected, and in 1837 a post-office, "Edwardsburgh", was established. In 1858, attracted by abundant water-power and the operation of the Galops shipping canal (1846) and the Grand Trunk Railway (1855), William T. Benson and Thomas Aspden founded the Canada Starch Works. Its prosperity stimulated the growth of Elgin, as Edwardsburgh was also known, and in 1864 the hamlet, with 300 inhabitants, contained several other prominent businesses, notably the James McLatchie foundry. The community was incorporated as the Village of Cardinal, with a population of 800, by a by-law which became effective in 1880” (Brown, 2004).
St. Paul’s Church
“In 1828 Richard Duncan Fraser, the son of an early Loyalist settler, Thomas Fraser, donated land here for the building of a church to serve the Anglicans in this area. Their minister, the Reverend J.G. Weagandt, the missionary stationed at Williamsburgh, was the former Lutheran who had become embroiled in a bitter local controversy when, in 1812, he persuaded his congregations in Williamsburgh and Osnabruck to adopt the Anglican faith. Under his guidance, a stone church was erected here by 1833. Despite the efforts of other early pastors, the Rev. J.G.B. Lindsay and the Rev. E. Boswell, the congregation remained small. In 1872 a new St. Paul's Church was built in nearby Cardinal and, except for this tower, the old structure was taken down” (Brown, 2004).
Founding of Spencerville
“By 1821 Peleg Spencer was operating a grist-mill and sawmill on the South Nation River on a Clergy Lot he had leased in 1817, having previously owned a sawmill on the site from 1811 till 1814. David Spencer, son of Peleg, took over the mills in 1822 and patented the mill lot in 1831. By 1828 an Inn was located near 'Spencer's Mills' and a settlement developed. David Spencer had a village plot surveyed in the 1840's and a post-office, called 'Spencerville', had been opened by October, 1846. In 1851 the village numbered some 250 inhabitants with a tannery and other industries, as well as Spencer's mills, which were later rebuilt in stone across the river” (Brown, 2004).
St. Peter’s Anglican
“An imposing sandstone building erected in 1873, with a cemetery and surviving vault, St. Peter’s is one of the most elegant churches in the Ward, if not the Township” (Rideau Lakes Municipal Heritage Advisory Committee, 2008)
49
ENSC 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Appendix G: Questions used for telephone interviews with museum employees and members of Municipal Heritage Committees
Introduction:
Let me give you a little bit of background on this research and this interview before we begin. Last year a group of students at Queen’s University researched historical societies in FAB as part of their Honours project in Environmental Studies. This group wrote a report about their findings in which they stated that there is a very strong network of historical committees and museums in FAB. They also stated that there may be a desire for these groups to work together more often.
Another thing the group noted was the lack of representation of First Nations’ history in FAB and in Ontario as a whole. This piqued my interested and this year I am studying the themes of history that are represented in FAB, with a particular focus on First Nations’ histories. I am trying to determine what stories are well represented in the region and which are not, as well as the ways in which Municipal Heritage committees function with respect to choosing sites, researching information, etc.
All of the information shared in this interview will be kept confidential. If at any time you feel you would like to end the interview, or skip a question please say so and your request will be respected.
Questions:
1. Can you tell me a bit about the historical society/museum, how it got started and your role within it?
2. When was the last time your organization interacted with the FAB Board of Directors or other representatives?
. What was the interaction? . What was the outcome? . How frequent is this type of work? For example, weekly, monthly, annually?
3. How much communication is there among the different historical societies within FAB?
4. How do you decide where a new heritage site will be located? What are the steps you take in making this decision?
5. Who do you consult concerning the location, content, and format of the information provided on historical plaques?
. Who is responsible for writing and researching the plaque?
50
ENSC 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
. Who checks for accuracy? . How much community participation is there in producing a plaque?
6. Is thinking about plaques and sites in terms of themes something that is usually done? Do you think it is a useful way of looking at things?
. How much thought (if any) has been given to the different themes of plaques present in (local township)? In FAB as a whole? . 7. Is there regular consultation with First Nations people when considering heritage sites?
. Has this idea ever been discussed in your committee/ museum?
8. Do you know the history of First Nations’ settlement or movement through the area?
9. (Only for those who work on Municipal Heritage Committees)
How do people become members of your Municipal Heritage Committee?
• Do you recruit/advertise for members? • Is there an application process? • Where do you advertise? • How do people usually hear about you?
10. Where do you see heritage within FAB’s mission of building a sustainable region?
Ensc 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Accessibility to Health Care
Present Situation
Canada has undergone many stages of health care reform and is currently ranked among the top nations in the world in terms of the health of its citizens (Gulliford et al., 2003). However, there are still many weaknesses in the Canadian health care system that affects certain populations in the country. One of these weaknesses is accessibility to health care, which could be a potential hindrance to the sustainable development of FAB (Gulliford et al., 2003). The present situation within FAB needs to be evaluated for its strengths and weaknesses in delivery of health care. Waiting for care has been, and continues to be a major issue in the health care sector (Health Council of Canada, 2004). Recently, provincial and federal ministries of health have adopted a range of policies and strategies to address lengthy wait times for care. The federal government has proposed the development of a 10-year plan to improve access and reduce waiting times in several key areas including hip and knee replacements and cataract surgery (Health Council of Canada, 2004). The plan calls for the establishment of benchmarks for medically acceptable waiting times with regular reporting to track progress towards these targets (ibid). In an effort to improve the state of information and to meet reporting requirements, several provincial jurisdictions have recently developed wait time registries to provide up to date information on wait times for procedures (Health Council of Canada, 2004).
Another aspect of accessibility to health that raises a lot of concern in Canadian communities is the availability of adequate health care professionals. According a federally-funded study, residents of small towns and rural areas will have decreasing numbers of doctors in coming years as current doctors retire (Buske et al., 1999). According to a study conducted by a task force of the Canadian Medical Forum, which is comprised of executives from major medical organizations, urban areas may also experience access problems. All scenarios of physician supply in rural and remote areas of Canada point to a decrease in physician to population ratios for every year to the year 2021 (Buske et al, 1999). This study cites data that shows the proportion of physicians working in small towns and rural areas declined to 9.8 per cent in 1996 from 14.9 per
1 Ensc 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010 cent in 1991 (Buske et al., 1999). Canada has 2.1 doctors per 1,000 people - about a quarter less than the average of 2.8 for other leading industrialized countries (Buske et al., 1999). Doctor shortages have been blamed in part on government-imposed cuts at medical schools that resulted from budget-cuts in the 1990s (Tacket, 1989, p.109). Doctor shortages may also be attributed to a decline in the number of foreign doctors coming to Canada, the aging of the work force, the uneven distribution of doctors, and more medical students choosing specialization over general practice. Many doctors also report strongly considering reducing their hours of patient practice or have already done so, for lifestyle reasons (Buske et al., 1999).
Metrics for Accessibility of Health Care:
Indicator
Waiting Times
Importance
According to a Statistics Canada survey, waiting times in Canada is the number one barrier to access to health care (Sanmartin et al., 2003). Waiting times may be caused by too many patients for the health care system to handle or the increasing health care needs of Canada’s aging population (Sanmartin et al.,2003). This makes information on waiting times important when looking at building a sustainable community. FAB falls under the southeast region of Ontario’s Local Health Integrated Networks (LHINS). The hospitals within this region that fall in and around FAB’s boundary are Brockville General Hospital, Perth and Smith Falls District Hospital and Kingston General Hospital. Waiting times for these hospitals can be monitored for emergency rooms and surgical or diagnostic procedures by comparing them to the provincial averages and looking at how far the times are from meeting the provincial target. This comparison can be seen in Appendix B. As seen in this Appendix, emergency room waiting times show the waiting time in hours for complex conditions and minor conditions and they always have a wait period. Surgeries and diagnostic scans include the number of days a patient has to wait to receive health care service. The Ontario Ministry of Health and Long Term Care’s website also gives information about low volume waiting times for surgeries, and
2 Ensc 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
information concerning whether or not particular procedures are available at different hospitals.
Objective
Identify the efficiency of the health care units in and around FAB in handling the demand of patients needing emergency care and access to surgical and diagnostic procedures.
Status and Trends
Hospital Complex conditions/requiring Minor or uncomplicated Hospital Site more time for diagnosis, treatment conditions/requiring less time for Type or hospital bed admission (Hours) diagnosis, treatment or observation (Hours) Provincial 8 4 Target Provincial 11.7 4.3
Brockville 8 4.6 Medium- General Volume Hospital- Community Charles Hospital Street Site Kingston 19.1 5.3 Teaching General Hospital Hospital
Figure 8: Emergency room waiting times for the total time spent (hours) in emergency rooms of 90% of patients in September 2010 (data source: Ontario Ministry of Health and Long Term Care)
3 Ensc 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Interpretation
Analysis of the information about emergency room waiting times for these three hospitals showed that Ontario has not met their desired emergency room wait times target. The hours of wait expected in Kingston General Hospital is far greater than the provincial average and the provincial target for complex conditions and minor or uncomplicated conditions, while the wait times in Perth and Smiths Falls District Hospital are far below the provincial average as well as the provincial target. Brockville General Hospital is below the provincial average and is on target with provincial wait times for complex conditions while being above the provincial average and target for minor or uncomplicated conditions.
Status and Trends
Figure 9: Percentage of surgeries and diagnostic procedures below and above the provincial average waiting times (data source: Ontario Ministry of Health and Long Term Care, 2010).
4 Ensc 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Interpretation
The information in the above graph comes from wait times that are recorded in Appendix B. The figure shows that for all the surgeries the hospitals had to offer, Brockville had no waiting time above provincial average and Perth and Smiths Falls District Hospital had few surgeries above the provincial average while a majority of surgeries offered by Kingston General Hospital exceeded the provincial average.
Response and Suggestions
Increasing awareness of the availability of waiting times information to residents of FAB provides the opportunity for potential patients to make informed decisions when choosing health care options. These persons would be in a position of knowledge concerning which hospitals have wait times that are above, at, or below provincial averages and subsequently, provincial targets.
Indicator
Number of doctors per population
Importance
Although 20% of Canadians live in rural communities, only 10% of the country’s family physicians practice in these areas (Tacket, 1989, p. 1003). The shortage of physicians in many rural Canadian communities has been attributed to issues such as lack of access to teaching hospitals in these areas, less vacation time, demanding call schedules, and financial considerations (Tacket, 1989, p. 1003). The rural physician shortage has attracted the attention of the government, medical schools, and members of the medical profession (Stembridge 1996, p. 47). It should also attract the attention of FAB which contains many rural communities. Government strategies to address this shortage include the creation of the Northern Ontario Medical School and the Prince George Campus of the University of British Columbia as well as scholarships and loan remission programs for doctors who choose to work in rural areas (McCready et al., 2004, p. 97). Medical
5 Ensc 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010 schools have altered admission policies to select more students from rural areas, increased general practitioner education, and developed rotations in rural settings (Curran et al., 2004, p. 268).
Objective
Identify the number of doctors available per population in Gananoque, Athens and Brockville. Compare these numbers to communities outside of FAB to determine whether the trends viewed here are common to other regions.
Status and Trends
Figure 10: Populations per doctor in Athens, Gananoque, and Brockville compared to Ontario and other communities nearby FAB (data sources: Ontario Ministry of Health and Long Term Care, 2010; College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario.
6 Ensc 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Interpretation
Information from Appendix C was used to evaluate the number of doctors available to the population of Gananoque, Brockville and Athens. Gananoque and Brockville are larger communities in FAB and have more doctors available to the population than Athens which is a smaller community. Although Gananoque is not that much larger than Athens, further study would be needed to see what population size a community would have to experience a reduced amount of doctors for its population. Other larger communities in Ontario had more doctors available to the population than Athens which is a small community, while another small community like Hastings, Ontario had very few doctors for its population. In other words, this pattern is not specific just to the boundaries of FAB. The maps from Appendix E show the different health care centers in each of the three communities studied using information from Appendix D, as well as the concentration of health care providers in each community.
Response and Suggestions
The divide between urban and rural access to health care is still an area in need of further attention to help alleviate areas with stressed resources. A national strategy is needed instead of the current approach in which each province and territory tries to work on its own. FAB has a lot of rural communities and it is important to look at the availability of doctors in these communities. FAB would benefit from developing recruitment strategies, including frequent participation at conferences and recruitment fairs that are geared towards medical students and physicians (Kwong et al., 2005, 38). Through these recruitment strategies, financial incentives such as subsidized overhead costs and debt repayments, FAB could aid in promoting community solidarity and help keep physicians in rural communities (Stembridge et al., 1996, 47). Additionally, FAB can also work towards establishing high school outreach programs to develop an interest in local health care centers.
7 Ensc 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Indicators of Historical Representation in FAB
Present Situation
Acknowledgement of local history is an important practice in townships throughout FAB. This is made evident by the high number of historical societies and museums throughout the region that include the Arthur Child Museum in Gananoque and the Brockville Museum as well as very active Municipal Heritage Committees 1in every township throughout FAB. Last year’s group who studied heritage sites in FAB found that there are a high number of heritage sites in the region compared to the Ontario average, which is a testament to the strength of committees, museums, and volunteers in the area. Despite this high number of sites, only two sites within FAB are dedicated to First Nations’ history. As well, while there are a large number of Municipal Heritage Committees within FAB, members of the community pointed out during interviews that communication between committees in different townships is a challenge being faced in the region.
Development of heritage sites and museums is integral to sustainable development in FAB to promote the rich history of the region. By seeking out diverse histories of the many peoples who have contributed to the region throughout history, historical societies in the FAB can help to create a unique, distinct identity for citizens of the FAB region. Such representation will also express cultural values of inclusion, diversity, and engagement with the past that can create a sense of belonging in the community, and encourage more residents to become civically involved (“Heritage and Sustainability” 2004: 9-10).
To create a historical narrative in FAB that is inclusive of diverse histories,
1 Municipal Heritage Committees are made up of volunteers from a given township. The responsibility of these committees is to advise city councils on issues of historical representation in their township. In most townships these committees are the first people approached by property owners who wish to have their property designated as a historical site. It is the responsibility of the Municipal Heritage Committee to investigate the site, make recommendations concerning its designation to both the property owner and city council, and lead the property owner through the process of applying for designation. Members of these committees are also responsible for researching and writing the information on historical plaques (Interviewee #1; Interviewee #4)
8 Ensc 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010 groups from different townships would benefit from collaborating. Currently, the majority of those interviewed felt that while collaboration does happen infrequently, and in informal ways, a more cohesive network of historical societies and committees in FAB would be beneficial in working towards the goal of creating an overarching, inclusive narrative for the region.
Metrics for Historical Representation in FAB:
Indicator Themes of Heritage Plaques throughout FAB
Importance Heritage plaques play an important role in telling the story of FAB’s development as a region through time. To live up to the aforementioned United Nations ideals of social equity that are integral to sustainable development, heritage sites in the region must represent diverse peoples and narratives. Vargas iterates the importance of inclusive representation in ensuring that people of different cultures and identities do not disengage from a community (Vargas 2000, p.392). Today, immigrant and Aboriginal populations are some of the fastest growing populations in Canada (“Census Reveals”, 2006). In order to maintain population levels in coming years, FAB will want to welcome people of many backgrounds to the region, but this will happen only if it is a place where people feel represented and engaged. This argument can be extended to people of different gender identities who must also see themselves represented in order to fully engage in the history and identity of a place. Therefore, for FAB to be sustainable as a unit that transcends municipal borders it must have heritage locations that tell a story of the region as a whole, in a way that brings together diverse municipalities and their diverse peoples.
Objective
To identify topics being well represented, and those not being represented, in designated historical sites throughout FAB. A particular emphasis will be put on identifying topics related to traditionally marginalized histories, such as those of women and First Nations
9 Ensc 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010 people (Higginbotham, 1997, p.239). This data will also help to identify common themes that are being represented by designated historical sites in townships within FAB. This information can be used to help groups collaborate and to identify the unique story of FAB as a whole.
Status and Trends A number of trends were noted in historically designated sites in FAB. The strongest trends related to representations of different time periods, gender, topics covered, and military history.
Figure 11: This figure shows the percentage of designated historical sites in FAB that reference or represent different time periods (data source: see Appendix F)
10 Ensc 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Figure 12: This figure shows the percentage of designated historical sites in FAB that represent the historical contributions of people of different genders (data source: see Appendix F)
Figure 13: This figure shows the percentage of designated historical sites in FAB that represent common topics of Architecture, Churches, Industry, First Nations, Justice System, Politics, Town Founding, Transportation, War of 1812, and Other.
11 Ensc 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Figure 14: This figure shows the percentage of designated historical sites in FAB that represent military history.
Interpretation
A number of trends emerged from this set of data. It is clear that the years 1800- 1850 are extremely important in the history of the region. In fact 47% of designated historical sites either speak of events, or were built in this time period. Only one historical site, a plaque that discusses “Roebuck Indian Village” refers to years before European settlement in the region. In terms of gender representation, a site was considered to “refer” to a particular gender if plaque content, or descriptions of the site mentioned the name, or societal position (i.e “wife”) of a person of that gender. “Neutral” sites are those that did not refer to any person in particular, but rather an event or a building. 77% of sites were seen to specifically reference the accomplishments of men. The seemingly disproportionate representation of men’s contributions, and lives in the region may be attributed to a number of factors. Looking at the locations of sites that specifically discuss men, it seems that they are concentrated in the southern part of FAB, and many are located around the St. Lawrence River, which was also the site of a lot of plaques relating to military history. Therefore, it is possible that the extensive military
12 Ensc 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010 history of the area affects the gender balance in designated historical sites. However, it can also be seen in the descriptions of designated historical sites provided in Appendix F that even non-military sites, such as historical homes, tend to present the lives of their male inhabitants and not female inhabitants. In these cases, it is often the profession of the men that is discussed. As women were less likely to work outside of the home in the 19th century it may be more difficult for historical societies to learn about the women whose lives were also involved in these sites. Still, some exceptions to this rule do exist and there are some sites in the region that refer to the contributions of women showing that such histories do exist and can be researched.
In all graphs, apart from figure 13 each category was mutually exclusive (i.e in the case of gender a site could represent “men,” “women,” “men and women,” or “neutral” and no site could fall into more than one of these categories). In figure 14, however, sites were classified by the topic they represented, but these are not mutually exclusive categories. In fact, one site could speak about the architecture of a house, but also mention that its inhabitant fought in the War of 1812. Therefore, for this Graph, the only main idea being represented was used to categorize the site. However, this led to an under-representation on the graph concerning the number of sites that reference the War of 1812, and other military history. For this reason, Figure ? that specifically focused on military history was included. For Figure x all topics that were present in more than 5% of sites were graphed. Town foundings (17% of sites), architecture (14% of sites), and industry (9.8% of sites) appear to be the most common topics depicted. Despite being present in only two sites, or 2.8% of sites in the sample, the topic “First Nations” was included in the graph as one focus of this report is the representation of traditionally marginalized histories. 24% of sites were seen to represent military history in some way. Wars and battles from the early 1700s, up until World War I are represented.
Response and Suggestions
The area encompassed by FAB has a rich history that includes First Nations people, European settlers, and more recent immigrants. Topics, such as military history,
13 Ensc 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010 and industrial history that are already well represented across the region should be focused on as regional narratives. As will be further explored in the next section, regional narratives can encourage collaboration among historical committees in different regions as they can coordinate tours, and trails that connect related sites throughout FAB. Those topics that are not being very well represented, such as the history of women and First Nations people in the region, can also be a point on which different groups collaborate in order to consciously increase representation of these peoples.
Currently, FAB has an extensive list of GIS information for many of the sites in the region. This list is a great resource for both tourists and residents of FAB who are interested in the history of the region. However, accessing this information requires at least a minimal familiarity with GIS programming. Providing the information in a more accessible way would be extremely beneficial to the community and to tourists. As well, while the locations of sites are very well documented, the content of each site must be individually researched. Hosting information, or an interactive map, on FAB’s website that combined the location of different sites with information about those sites would be a great initiative.
Indicators of Historical Representation in FAB: Interviews
The following section outlines a number of common themes that were found while speaking with interviewees from FAB. While these themes are not indicators themselves, they do provide background knowledge on the ways in which Municipal Heritage Committees and Museums in FAB work, as well as information on the First Nations history in the region, and challenges to representing that history. Interviewees’ identities have been kept confidential. In order to present the opinions of these interviewees, each has been assigned a number from 1-5 and will be referred to by this number.
Theme: View of FAB
Importance
14 Ensc 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
This report is based upon the idea of identifying regional historical narratives that manifest throughout FAB. It is important to assess interviewees’ views of FAB, as the negativity or positivity of these may affect their willingness to work with FAB in building upon this regional narrative.
Status and Trends
While not all interviewees specifically discussed their view of FAB as an organization, none spoke negatively of FAB. All those interviewed expressed that they identified with FAB’s goals of sustainability, and all saw the areas of history and heritage as intricately connected with sustainability. Sentiments expressed included “we have common goals [with FAB]” and “ [we share a] like-mindedness [with FAB], we are about the same things.” (Interviewee #1; Interviewee #2).
Interpretation
Clearly the topic of sustainability is one about which both FAB and all those interviewed feel passionate. Many interviewees discussed the ways in which early settlers and First Nations people lived sustainable lifestyles, and the need to promote and spread the knowledge that these groups held. As well, one interviewee mentioned that FAB’s ecological uniqueness, the reason for which it was designated as a biosphere reserve, has been recognized for thousands of years. This interviewee said, “It was a huge hunting gathering area – there’s some unique species here and that’s why people were here (Interviewee #5).” Historical facts like these can help to build a narrative of the history of the biosphere itself, while including the voice of First Nations people.
Response and Suggestions
It appears from these interviews that FAB is expressing its message clearly to community members, and groups who are involved in history and heritage. It seems that the topics of history and sustainability are very closely related, and it may be interesting for FAB to promote their ideals of sustainability through historical venues. One museum, for example, holds classes on making preserves in the style done by local settlers hundreds of
15 Ensc 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010 years ago. As well, one educator teaches about the ways in which First Nations people used local plants for their medicinal purposes. These initiatives can be publicized by historical groups and by FAB for their promotion of local history, and sustainable living.
Theme: Collaboration among different historical groups throughout FAB.
Importance
Some of FAB’s priorities as presented in their brochure on the homepage of their website include the creation of cultural trails throughout the region, and a network of cultural educators (brochure). It is important to identify how much work needs to be done toward these goals, and how much networking is already being done among the groups.
Status and Trends
Interviewees provided a range of answers to questions that related to the current state of collaboration among museum employees and Municipal Heritage committees in FAB. Mostly, it seemed they felt that an informal network exists among people who work with history and heritage in FAB. Three of the four people interviewed who are directly involved in museums or Municipal Heritage Committees mentioned that networking usually occur through friends who live in different townships, or at historical events that are attended by people from throughout the region (Interviewee #1; Interviewee #3; Interviewee #4). One interviewee felt that the groups tended to meet with one another about bi-monthly, while another said, “I don’t see that strong network, I don’t think there is one. It’s not because of any estrangement or anything it just simply not something that has [happened] from my perspective” (Interviewee #3; Interviewee #2).
All but one of those interviewed expressed that a more formalized network would be beneficial to the region. One said, “that would be a really positive initiative to see a more formalized network developed” and another stated, “its nice to get together and share what everyone is doing and get ideas of new things [and] bounce ideas off each other” (Interviewee #2; Interviewee #3).
16 Ensc 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Interpretation
While the answers to this question were not consistent, it does appear that there is at least some collaboration occurring among groups within FAB. It is also clear that many groups would like to see more formalized collaboration throughout the region.
Response and Suggestions
A more formalized approach to collaboration among groups would help FAB to reach its goals of creating an Educator’s network and cultural trails throughout FAB (brochure). It is also important to note that Municipal Heritage Committees are staffed by volunteers, and all but one of the interviewees mentioned the fact that these volunteers are extremely busy already. Therefore, any formal networking that does occur would have to take this limited time of volunteers into consideration. Two interviewees suggested that identifying common themes in the area would be an excellent starting point for collaboration. They stated that identifying these themes could help to spread the economic benefits of tourism in the region (Interviewee # 2; Interviewee #4). “[With] the demographic we’re seeing in travelers, [we see] that history is a very marketable commodity,” said one interviewee (#2). The creation of trails that tell a story, and take tourists to different townships in the region would help all townships to share the benefits of increased tourism. Rideau Lakes Township has already created bicycle tours of historical sites that lead cyclists into surrounding townships and they have seen a lot of positive results from this initiative. One interviewee said “There is much to be gained by putting efforts together and cooperating and selling the whole package” (#4).
Theme: Knowledge of First Nations’ history in the region
Importance
Last year’s Indicator group noted that there is minimal representation of First Nations history in FAB. Because it is the members of Museums and Municipal Heritage
17 Ensc 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Committees who conduct the research for designated historical sites, it is important to understand the knowledge held by these people concerning First Nations history (information gathered from interviews). As well, it is important to determine whether there is significant history in the region that is not being represented, or whether there simply isn’t a history to represent.
Status and Trends
A number of topics came up when discussing this with interviewees. These were the lack of settlement sites in the area, the need for more research, the neglect of First Nations history, and the reasons for that neglect.
Firstly, all interviewees discussed the fact that FAB was not home to many, or potentially any, permanent settlements for First Nations communities. Rather, as one interviewee stated, “This was pretty well neutral territory probably for thousands of years. The people would come up the lake system by canoe – southern nations and northern nations would come here and harvest and hunt at various times of the year, probably more in the fall than any other time” (Interviewee #5). Many interviewees cited this lack of settlement sites as the reason for the lack of historical representation of First Nations’ history in the area. However, the two interviewees who work specifically with designating sites also mentioned that according to designation rules, a specific settlement site is not required in order to erect a plaque. One stated “it (designation site) could be as nebulous as a significant view, or a tree, if tied to a historical event” (Interviewee #1). Therefore, any place deemed significant to First Nations’ history could potentially become a designated site. One challenge to this however, is that designations are almost always initiated by property owners (Interviewee #1; Interviewee #4). Therefore, if property owners are not aware of the pre-settler history of their properties, this recognition of First Nations history will not occur. A number of interviewees mentioned the need for more research and education concerning the pre-settler history of the region, and one mentioned hoping to hire an intern to conduct this research (Interviewee #1).
18 Ensc 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Three of the five interviewees felt that the lack of representation of First Nations’ history was due to the fact that so little is known, or due to the lack of habitation sites (Interviewees #1,2,3). The other interviewees felt that this lack of representation was the result of societal attitudes. One said, “I have to confess there has certainly been ignorance and neglect in that area” and another said, “The Kingston area is very much a Loyalist one. As far as most people are concerned nothing existed prior to the loyalists. When you talk about native history there is a concern about land claims and taking away land [from current property owners]” (Interviewee #4; Interviewee #5).
Interpretation
A variety of answers were given to explain the lack of representation of First Nations’ history in the region. Some interviewees seemed very interested in taking responsibility for this, and rectifying it, while others felt that it was justified due to the history of the region. Four of the five interviewees, however, mentioned specific initiatives they were taking, or hoped to take to bring First Nations histories into the realm of public knowledge. However, none specifically mentioned increasing designated historical sites as part of their initiatives.
Response and Suggestions
The history of First Nations people is an overarching theme throughout FAB. As an area that was used specifically for hunting, gathering and traveling over thousands of years there are surely interesting stories to be told. One interviewee suggested the creation of an ancestral trail that would tell the stories of those who traveled throughout the region, highlighting the natural medicines that they used as well as information pertaining to the unique ecological communities in the area (Interviewee #5). This would be an excellent way for FAB to reach their goal of creating cultural trails throughout the region while incorporating a First Nations’ perspective into their historical narrative. As well, one interviewee who is extremely educated in First Nations history, and identifies as
19 Ensc 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Aboriginal, stated that she had offered her help to one museum in the region, but had never had her offer taken up. In fact, all but one of those interviewed stated that no consultation had been done with First Nations people, even in cases where the stories of these communities were being told (Interviewee #1; Interviewee #2; Interviewee #4). Increased efforts should be made to include First Nations community members in the telling of FAB’s regional history.
Conclusion This report has presented information relating to the state of housing, health care accessibility and historical narratives in FAB. Specifically the report has focused on issues of social equity in FAB in order to help move toward the group’s stated goal of sustainable development.
The indicators explored in this paper provide a current profile of strengths and weaknesses in FAB related to the sustainability pillars of society and culture. In terms of strengths, it is evident that FAB has a number of residents and groups that are engaged, educated and passionate in the area of historical representation. Individuals involved in these groups have a positive view of FAB’s work and are excited at the prospect of creating a network of historical experts in the region. The many common historical themes that run throughout the region provide a great opportunity for collaboration in such a network, and many of those interviewed expressed an interest in pursuing this idea. It is also evident that the physical state of dwellings in FAB does not greatly deviate from Ontario averages. While social housing has not been built in FAB since the mid-nineties, a new opportunity is available in the region which may provide the capital needed to invest in affordable housing construction. Finally, in terms of health care, residents of FAB have access to three large hospitals making a variety of procedures and surgeries available to them. Two of these hospitals have wait times that are far below provincial barriers, further increasing the accessibility to health care in the region. As well, the urban township of Brockville has a relatively low ratio residents to doctors making it a model for other townships in FAB.
20 Ensc 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
A number of areas for improvement were also identified in this report. In the case of historical representation it was noted that there is currently little formal collaboration occurring among members of historical committees and museums in different townships within FAB. As well, although historical committees are extremely active and many designated sites exist in the region, the narratives of First Nations people and women are very much underrepresented. As depicted in social housing data, there is a decreasing trend in the overall supply of social housing over time. Measures of social housing per capita also show that few options are available to those in need of this service. Furthermore, with a growing population of seniors in FAB, the need for social housing may increase in coming years. In the case of health care, the biggest challenge being faced is the predicted shortage of doctors in rural towns as current doctors retire, and the attraction of younger doctors to these areas.
To address these challenges, our team has developed a set of recommendations and opportunities for future research and endeavours in FAB. These recommendations will be split into recommended indicators, geared toward future groups working on indicators in ENSC 430, and recommended opportunities, geared toward the FAB network or future groups working on opportunities in ENSC 430 classes.
Recommendations for future indicators:
Housing 1. Percentage of income spent on housing in FAB 2. Changing Demographics of those who require social housing 3. Number of subsidized units available in Long-Term Care Facilities in FAB
History and Heritage 1. How often do tourists visit more than one township within the region 2. What percentage of tourists visit historical sites within the region
21 Ensc 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
3. What collaborative initiatives currently take place among different historical groups in different townships in FAB 4. Which townships are interested in creating cultural trails across FAB Accessibility to Health Care 1. Doctors per capita in rural communities throughout FAB 2. Age of doctors in FAB 3. Accessibility of health care in terms of modes of transportation (i.e are there public transit routes, bicycle routes, walking routes to medical clinics)
Recommendations for future opportunities:
Housing: 1. Develop social housing registries for all townships within FAB 2. Use GIS mapping to identify characteristics of neighbourhoods in which social housing is located (i.e Is this a gentrified community? What amenities and services are available? Is public transportation accessible?) 3. Engage with the Affordable Housing Program currently being offered by the Federal Government.
History and Heritage 1. Create an interactive map with locations and descriptions of historical sites in FAB 2. Identify common historical themes among townships in FAB and create cultural trails across FAB that tell the story of First Nations, as well as European Settlers 3. Identify opportunities for collaboration with First Nations people. FAB, Museums and Municipal Heritage Committees might consider amending their mandates to include requirements for participation, or representation of First Nations people. This has been included in the mandate of Parks Canada and all interviewees discussed the success of Parks Canada’s negotiations with the Akwesasne First Nation as a result.
22 Ensc 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Health 1. Advertise government incentives available for doctors who choose to practice in rural neighbourhoods 2. Increase communications between health care providers and the community to increase the attachment physicians have to their community. 3. Increase awareness of availability of waiting times and monitor new systems put in place by the provincial and federal government to increased knowledge of provided health care services.
23 Ensc 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
References
Apparicio, Philippe., Séguin, Anne-Marie., and Naud, Daniel. 2008. “The Quality of the Urban Environment Around Public Housing Buildings in Montreal: An Objective Approach Based on GIS and Multivariate Statistical Analysis”. Social Indicators Research 86: 355-380. Accessed online 25 Oct. 2010.
Arman, Michael., Zuo, Jian., Wilson, Lou., Zillante, George., and Pullen, Stephen. 2009. “Challenges of responding to sustainability with implications for affordable housing” Ecological Economics 68: 3034-3041. Accessed online 4 Nov. 2010
Arts and Culture Indicators Group, 2009. (The State of Governance: In the Frontenac Arch Biosphere Reserve). Report prepared for ENSC 410, Queen's University, Fall Semester. Available upon request from the School of Environmental Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario.
Athens District Chamber of Commerce. 2006. "Village of Athens Virtual Walking Tour." Accessed online 13 Nov. 2010. http://www.athensontario.com/walkingtour.html.
"Becoming World Class - Action Plan for the Frontenac Arch Biosphere 2009-2012." 2008. Frontenac Arch Biosphere. Accessed online 20 Oct. 2010.
Beckett, Julia, and Heidi O. Koenig, eds. Public Administration and Law. New York, New York: American Society for Public Administration, 2005.
Bertollo, Pietro. 1998. "Assessing Ecosystem Health in Governed Landscapes: A Framework for Developing Core Indicators." Ecosystem Health 4.1: 33-51. Accessed online 4 Nov. 2010.
24 Ensc 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Brown, Alan L. Ontario's Historical Plaques. Mar. 2004. Web. 30 Sept. 2010. http://www.ontarioplaques.com.
Bryman, Alan., Teevan, James J., Bell, Edward. 2009. Social Research Methods. Second Canadian Edition. Oxford University Press
Buske, LM, et al. 1999. "A National Framework of Rurality and Projections of Physician Workforce Supply in Rural and Remote Areas of Canada." Report to Health Canada.
"Census Reveals Aboriginals Fastest Growing Population.” 2006. Free News, Magazines, Newspapers, Journals, Reference Articles and Classic Books - Free Online Library. Accessed online 8 Nov. 2010.
Cloutier-Fisher, Denise., and Joseph, Alun E. 2000. “Long-Term Care Restructuring in Rural Ontario: Retrieving Community Service User and Provider Narratives.” Social Science and Medicine. 50: 1037-1045. Accessed online 29 Aug. 2010
Coburn, David, D’Arcy, Carl, and Torrance, George. “Sociological Perspectives.” Health and Canadian Society, 459-460. Accessed online 2 Nov. 2010.
Curran, V and J Rourke. 2004. "The role of medical education in the recruitment and retention of rural physicians." Med Teach. 265-72. Accessed online 2 Nov. 2010
Delta Mill Society. "Heritage Tour of Delta." Old Stone Mill, National Historic Site of Canada. Accessed online 11 Nov. 2010. http://www.deltamill.org/deltatour.html.
Duxbury, Nancy, and Eileen Gillette. 2007. "Culture as a Key Dimension of Sustainability: Exploring Concepts, Themes, and Models (Working Paper No.1)." Creative City Network of Canada - Centre of Expertise on Culture and Communities. Accessed online 3 Nov. 2010.
25 Ensc 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Frontenac Arch Biosphere Reserve, 2009. “Brochure” Accessed online 2 Nov 2010.
Government of Ontario. Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing .2010. “Social Housing Reform Act, 2000.” Accessed online 8 Nov. 2010
Gulliford, Martin and Myfanwy Morgan. Access to health care. London: Routledge, 2003.
Gunder, Michael. 2006. “Sustainability: Planning’s Saving Grace or Road to Perdition?” Journal of Planning Education and Research 26: 206-221. Accessed online 3 Nov. 2010
Hacksworth, Jason. 2008. “The Durability of Roll-Out Neoliberalism Under Centre-Left Governance: The Case of Ontario’s Social Housing Sector” Studies in Political Economy. 81:7-26. Accessed online 3 Nov. 2010
Health Council of Canada. 2001. “Issues in Equity and Responsiveness in Access to Health Care in Canada.” Accessed online 4 Nov. 2010.
Health Council of Canada. 2001. "A Ten-Year Plan to Strengthen Health Care." Accessed online 5 Nov. 2010.
Higginbotham, Elizabeth. 1997. “Designing an Inclusive Curriculum: Bringing All Women into the Core.” Women's studies quarterly. 25.1: 237-253. Accessed online 25 Nov. 2010.
Hyndman, Sophie. 1998. “Making Connections Between Housing and Health” In: Kearns, R., and Gesler, W., (Ed.’s). Putting Health into Place. Syracuse, Syracuse University Press, pp.191-207. Accessed online 28 Aug. 2010.
26 Ensc 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Iglehart, John. 1986. "Canada's Health Care System." The New England Journal of Medicine 202-208.
Joseph, A E and D R Phillips. 1984. Accessibility and Utilization: Geopragphical Perspectives on Health Care Delivery. London: Harper and Row.
Kwong, JC, et al. 2005. "A comparison of Canadian medical students from rural and non-rural backgrounds." Canadian Journal of Rural Medicine. 36-42. Accessed online 12 Nov. 2010.
Lehtonen, Markku. 2004. "The Environmental-social Interface of Sustainable Development: Capabilities, Social Capital, Institutions." Ecological Economics 49.2: 199-214. Elsevier. Accessed online 6 Nov. 2010.
Martin, D. 1992 "Market area analysis and accessibility to promary health care cantres." Environment and Planning. 1009-19. Accessed online 10 Nov. 2010.
McCready, W, et al. 2004. "The first 25 years of the Northwestern Ontario Medical Programme." Canadian Journal of Rural Medicine. 94-100. Accessed online 12 Nov. 2010
McLaughlin, B. 1986. "The rhetoric and reality of rural deprivation." Journal of rural Studies. 291-307. Accessed online 6 Nov. 2010.
New South Wales Heritage Office. 2004. “Heritage and Sustainability: A Discussion.” Accessed online 9 Nov. 2010.
Oliver, A and E Mossailos. 2004. "Equity of acess to health care: outlining the foundations for Action." Journal of Epidemiology Community Health. 655-658. Accessed online 6 Nov. 2010.
Ontario. “Health Care Options directory”. Published 25 Feb. 2010. Accessed online 16 Oct. 2010
Ontario. The college of Physicians and Surgeons. “All Doctors Search.” Accessed online 16 Nov. 2010.
27 Ensc 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
OReilly, M. 1997. "Medical recruitment in rural Canada: Marathon breaks the cycle." Canadian Medical Association Journal: 1593-6. Accessed online 29 Oct. 2010.
Penchansky, R and J Thomas. 1981. "The concept of access." Med Care. 127-140. Accessed online Nov. 2010.
Prince Edward Island. Department of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Environment. “State of the Environment Report”. Published June 2003. Accessed online 1 Nov. 2010.
Rideau Lakes Municipal Heritage Advisory Committee. 2008. “The Heritage Map of the Township of Rideau Lakes and the Village of Westport” Accessed online 12 Nov. 2010. http://www.twprideaulakes.on.ca/heritage/rideaulakes-heritage-communities.pdf
Sanmartin, C, et al. 2003. For Statistics Canada. “Access to Health Care Services in Canada.” Accessed online 4 Nov. 2010. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/82-575-x/82-575- x2006002-eng.htm.
Sharp, Elizabeth. 1998. "Local State of the Environment Reporting: Lessons from Experience in Britain and Canada." Planning Practice & Research. 13.1: 81-89. Business Source Complete. EBSCO. Accessed online 8 Nov. 2010.
Slaunwhite, Amanda. 2009. “Under Pressure: Affordable Housing in Rural Ontario” Canada Policy Research Networks. Accessed online 10 Nov. 2010
Social Housing Strategists. 2004. “Affordable Housing Strategy for United Counties of Leeds and Grenville” Accesed online 8 November, 2010. http://www.uclg.ca/en/services/resources/Affordable%20Housing%20Study.pdf
Sousa, Jorge and Quarter, Jack. 2004. “Non-Market Housing Models in Ontario: A Stakeholder Analysis” Canadian Journal of Urban Research 13(2): 220-240. Accessed online 29 Oct. 2010
Statistics Canada. 2007. “Athens, Ontario: 2006 Community Profiles - 2006 Census.” Accessed online 8 Nov. 2010. http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp- pd/prof/92-591/index.cfm?Lang=E
28 Ensc 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
Statistics Canada. 2007. “Brockville, Ontario: 2006 Community Profiles - in 2006 Census” Accessed online 8 Nov. 2010. http://www12.statcan.ca/census- recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/index.cfm?Lang=E
Statistics Canada. 2007. “Gananoque, Ontario : 2006 Community Profiles - 2006 Census” Accessed online 8 Nov. 2010. http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp- pd/prof/92-591/index.cfm?Lang=E
Statistics Canada. 2007. “Leeds and Grenville, Ontario : 2006 Community Profiles - 2006 Census.” Accessed online 8 Nov. 2010. http://www12.statcan.ca/census- recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/index.cfm?Lang=E
Statistics Canada. PCensus for Microsoft MapPoint Version 8.73 (1989-2007). Ottawa, Canada. Tetrad Computer Applications Inc., Vancouver, BC. Available: Queens University Library.
Stembridge, A. 1996. "Recruiting physicians to rural areas." Healthc Exec. Accessed online. 28 Oct. 2010.
Tacket, A.R. 1989. "Equity and access: exploring the effects of hospital location on the population served- a case study in strategic planning." Journal of the Operational Research Society. 1001-10. Accessed online 3 Nov. 2010.
The Boston Indicators Project. 2010. Accessed online 30 Oct. 2010.
Township of Rideau Lakes. "Driving Tour - Crosby to Salem." 2010. Accessed online 12 Nov. 2010. http://www.twprideaulakes.on.ca/drivingtour2/.
Township of Rideau Lakes. "Driving Tour - Morton to Crosby." Accessed online 12 Nov. 2010.
Township of Rideau Lakes. "Heritage Tour of Delta." 2010. Accessed online 10 Nov. 2010. http://www.twprideaulakes.on.ca/deltatour/.
29 Ensc 430: Society and Culture Final Report, 2010
United Counties of Leeds and Grenville (UCLG), 2010. “Social Housing-Social Housing Registry” Accessed online 26 Oct. 2010. http://www.uclg.ca/en/services/communityhousing_registry.asp#Map
United Counties of Leeds and Grenville. "Tourism." Accessed online 10 Nov. 2010. http://www.uclg.ca/en/tourism/index.asp
Vargas, Claudia M. 2000"Sustainable Development Education: Averting or Mitigating Cultural Collision." International Journal for Academic Development 20.5: 377-97. EBSCO. Accessed online 5 Nov. 2010.
Wilson, DR, SC Woodhead-Lyons and DG Moores. 1998. "Alberta’s Rural Physician Action Plan: an integrated approach to education, recruitment and retention." Canadian Medical Association Journal 351-5.
30