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Dissertation Ist an Der Hauptbibliothek Der Technischen Universität Wien Aufgestellt ( Die approbierte Originalversion dieser Dissertation ist an der Hauptbibliothek der Technischen Universität Wien aufgestellt (http://www.ub.tuwien.ac.at). The approved original version of this thesis is available at the main library of the Vienna University of Technology (http://www.ub.tuwien.ac.at/englweb/). TU WIEN Technische Universität Wien DISSERTATION Untersuchungen an Kirchenglocken unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Klangverhaltens, der Konstruktion und der Werkstoffeinflüsse ausgeführt zum Zwecke der Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der technischen Wissenschaften unter der Leitung von O. Univ. Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Dr. techn. Manfred Schreiner E164 Institut für Chemische Technologien und Analytik eingereicht an der Technischen Universität Wien Fakultät für Technische Chemie von Dipl. Ing. Jörg Wernisch Matrikelnummer 91/26254 Obere Donaustr. 3/13 1020 Wien Wien, im September 2004 Untersuchungen an Kirchenglocken unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Klangverhaltens, der Konstruktion und der Werkstoffeinflüsse von Jörg Wernisch Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird über eine Reihe von Messungen an Kirchenglocken des deutschsprachigen Raumes vom 10. Jh. bis in die Gegenwart berichtet. Den ersten Schwerpunkt setzen hierbei Untersuchungen hinsichtlich des Klangverhaltens, wobei hier gezielt Meßmethoden mittels EDV zum Einsatz kommen. Gemessen wurde nicht nur der Teiltonaufbau, sondern vor allem die Klangfarbe von Glocken; insbesondere wird gezeigt, wie man mittels Klanganalyse mit Hilfe des Computers, eine Methode, die in der Glockenkunde völlig unüblich ist und bis jetzt auch praktisch keine Anwendung gefunden hat, den Glockenklang auswerten und beurteilen kann. Den nächsten Schwerpunkt setzen Untersuchungen bezüglich der Konstruktionen von Glocken (Glockenrippen). Einerseits wird gezeigt, wie die Form der Glocke sich auf deren Klangverhalten auswirkt, andererseits werden hier Methoden demonstriert, mit denen man Eigenschaften von Glockenrippen bestimmen kann. Dadurch ist es nun möglich, die Entwicklung der Glockenform bzw. die Arbeitsweisen von früheren Gießern der Gotik, Renaissance und des Barocks viel tiefgründiger zu erforschen als man bis jetzt in der Lage ist. Weitere Untersuchungen beschäftigen sich mit den verschiedenen Werkstoffen, aus denen Glocken gegossen wurden. Gezeigt wird nicht nur, wie die jeweiligen Werkstoffeigenschaften sich allgemein auf das Klangverhalten von Glocken niederschlagen, sondern auch alle im Glockenguß bis jetzt verwendeten Materialien (Bronze, Sonderbronze, Messinge, Stahl, Gußeisen und Zinklegierungen) werden diskutiert. Abschließend wird noch über Armaturen (Klöppel, Joch) und deren Einfluß auf das Klangverhalten von Glocken, aber auch über Turmakustik berichtet. Summary hi the present work a report on a series of measurements at church bells in the German speaking countries from the 10. century till the present time is given. Examinations of the acoustical behaviour by means of EDP place the first main focus. The partial construction and above all the timbre of bells was measured; especially it is shown, how one can appraise bell sound by means of sound analysis, a method that is completely unorthodox in the bell tidings and practically has not found any application. Examinations of the constructions of bells (bell shape) place the next main focus. It is shown on the one hand, how bell shapes have an effect on their acoustical behaviours, on the other hand methods, with which one can determine qualities of bell shapes, are demonstrated. These methods facilitate to explore the development of the bell shapes as well as the operations of former bell-casters of the Gothic, Renaissance and the Baroque much more profoundly than it is possible up to now. Further examinations occupy themselves with the different bell alloys. It is shown how the respective material qualities settle generally on the acoustical behaviour of bells. Additionally a discussion of all materials which have been used for bell casting (bronze, special bronze, brass, steel, casting iron and zinc alloys) takes place. Finally, bell-fittings (clappers, headstocks) and their influence on the acoustical behaviour of bells, but also aspects of tower acoustics are reported. Inhaltsverzeichnis Einleitung 1. Einführendes 3 1.1. Über die Angabe von Tonhöhen 3 1.2. Klanganalysen 4 1.2.1. Meßprinzipien 4 1.2.2. Klangspektren 5 1.2.3. Amplitudendiagramme 6 1.2.4. Zeit-Frequenz-Intensitätsdiagramme (Sonagramme) 6 1.2.5. Klanguntersuchungen - Meßgeräte 7 2. Klanglehre 9 2.1. Charakteristik des Glockenklanges 9 2.2. Teiltöne - Die Grundbestandteile des Glockenklanges 9 2.2.1. Definition, Benennung 9 2.2.2. Eigenschaften 11 2.2.3. Charakteristika der wichtigsten Teiltöne 14 2.2.4. Einteilung von Teiltönen 16 2.3. Der Schlagton 18 2.3.1. Definition 18 2.3.2. Schlagtonbestimmung 22 2.3.3. Dispositionen 23 2.4. Nebenschlagtöne 24 2.4.1. Quart-Nebenschlagton 24 2.4.2. Sekundnebenschlagton 25 2.4.3. „Terzschlagton" 26 2.5. Der Glockentyp 27 2.5.1. Definition 27 2.5.2. Beschreibung des Glockentyps; Tonanalyse 30 2.5.3. Reduzierte Analysen 31 2.6. Die Tongebung 32 2.6.1. Definition 32 2.6.2. Tonfülle 33 2.6.3. „Tönigkeit" 37 2.6.4. „Tonspanne" 39 2.6.5. „Geräuschanteil" 40 2.6.6. „Anschlag" 42 2.6.7. Beschreibung der Tongebung 44 2.7. Bewertung des Glockenklanges - Die Klangqualität 45 2.7.1. Beurteilung des Glockenklanges 45 2.7.2. Angabe der Klangqualität 46 2.7.3. Angabe von Klangdaten bei Glocken 47 3. Die Glockenrippe 49 3.1. Aufbau einer Glocke - Die Glockenrippe 49 3.1.1. Definition 49 3.1.2. Glockenabmessungen - „Relativmaße" 50 3.1.3. Glockengewicht 51 3.2. Eigenschaften und Einteilung von Glockenrippen 56 3.2.1. „Bezugsglocke" 56 3.2.2. Die Rippenstärke - Der „RS-Wert" 56 3.2.3. Die Rippenschwere 59 3.2.4. Die „Dimensionierung" 62 3.2.5. Einteilung von Glockenrippen 62 3.3. Einfluß der Glockenform auf das Klangverhalten 63 3.3.1. Einfluß der Glockenform auf den Teiltonaufbau 63 3.3.2. Einfluß der Glockenform auf die Tongebung 67 II 3.4. Entwicklung der Glockenform - Die „charakteristischen Glockenformen" 73 3.4.1. Die Bienenkorbform 73 3.4.2. Die Zuckerhutform 74 3.4.3. Die Übergangsformen 75 3.4.4. Die Gotische Rippe 76 3.4.5. Die „Sekundären Rippen" 78 3.4.6. Die „Barockrippe" 82 3.4.7. Die „Modernen Rippen" 85 4. Glockenwerkstoffe 90 4.1. Werkstoffeigenschaften 90 4.1.1. Akustische Eigenschaften 90 4.1.2. Mechanische Eigenschaften 92 4.1.3. Korrosionsbeständigkeit 94 4.2. Einfluß des Materials auf das Klangverhalten 95 4.3. Bronze 98 4.4. Sonderbronze 106 4.5. Messing und Sondermessing 107 4.6. Stahl 110 4.6.1. Eigenschaften 110 4.6.2. Die Stahlglocke - durch Zufall entstanden 116 4.7. Gußeisen 117 4.8. Zinklegierung (Weißbronze) 119 5. Ton-und Glockenrippenberechnungen 121 5.1. Konstruieren von Glockenrippen 121 5.2. Errechnen der Tonlage einer zu gießenden Glocke 124 5.2.1. Allgemeine Grundlagen 124 5.2.2. Das Proportionalitätsgesetz 126 5.2.3. Verhältniszahlen 129 5.2.4. Nachweis der Anwendung des Proportionalitätsgesetzes 130 6. Armaturen und Turmakustik 135 6.1. Läuten 135 6.1.1. Definition 135 6.1.2. Die „Dynamik" 136 6.2. Der Klöppel 139 6.2.1. Allgemeines 139 6.2.2. Einteilung von Klöppeln 140 6.2.3. Die „Anschlagbedingung" 142 6.3. Das Joch 146 6.3.1. Allgemeines 146 6.3.2. Gerade Joche 147 6.3.3. Leicht gekröpfte Joche 147 6.3.4. Stark gekröpfte Joche 148 6.4. Einfluß der Armaturen auf das Klangverhalten 149 6.4.1. Einfluß der Armaturen auf die Tongebung 150 6.4.2. Einfluß der Armaturen auf die Dynamik 156 6.4.3. Einfluß des Jochmaterials auf das Klangverhalten 158 6.4.4. Optimieren der Armaturen bezüglich des Klangverhaltens 161 6.5. Turmakustik 166 Zusammenfassung 171 Literaturverzeichnis 174 Abbildungsverzeichnis 177 Lebenslauf 178 IV Einleitung Glockenkunde (fachlich „Campanologie"), so wie sie in den aktuellen Büchern gelehrt wird, ist teilweise recht mangelhaft und enthält sogar drastische Irrtümer und Vorurteile. So ist man z.B. mit den in der Glockenkunde derzeit zur Verfügung stehenden Mitteln kaum in der Lage, den Glockenklang auch nur annähernd zu beschreiben, geschweige denn zu messen. Dies hat seine Ursache u.a. darin, daß man (zumindestens im deutschen Sprachraum) für Klangmessungen immer noch Stimmgabeln und Stoppuhren verwendet, auf moderne Meßtechnik (z.B. Klanganalyse mittels Computer) aber weitestgehend verzichtet, wobei zu dieser Haltung ideologische Gründe eine gewichtige Rolle spielen. Die Voreingenommenheit vieler Glockensachverständiger hat maßgeblich zu den in der Glockenkunde verbreiteten Irrtümern beigetragen (es sei hier nur auf die „Anti- Stahlideologie" hingewiesen, die Stahlglocken, Stahljoche und Stahlglockenstühle von Grund auf als minderwertig bezeichnet und nur Bronzeglocken, Holzjoche und Holzglockenstühle als einzig zulässig betrachtet); sie beruhen aber auch auf dem Umstand, daß man hier einfach nicht in der Lage ist, grundlegende Eigenschaften von Glocken qualitativ und quantitativ zu bewerten, zu messen bzw. falsche Ansatzpunkte zu deren Bestimmung heran zu ziehen, was dann zu Fehlern geführt hat, die aber bis heute nicht als solche erkannt wurden (wie etwa die Bestimmung der Rippenstärke über das Glockengewicht, eine Methode, die teilweise völlig falsche Ergebnisse liefert). Der stark interdisziplinären Charakter der Glockenkunde erschwert überdies Forschungsarbeiten auf diesem Gebiet, denn die für Glocken zuständigen Experten sind meist Musiker oder stammen aus geisteswissenschaftlichem Umfeld und verfügen daher in der Regel über wenig naturwissenschaftliche
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