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Insect Fauna of Korea Insect Fauna of Korea Volume 12, Number 25 Eucnemidae Arthropoda: Insecta: Coleoptera: Elateroidea Flora and Fauna of Korea National Institute of Biological Resources Ministry of Environment Insect Fauna of Korea Volume 12, Number 25 Eucnemidae Arthropoda: Insecta: Coleoptera: Elateroidea 2019 National Institute of Biological Resources Ministry of Environment Insect Fauna of Korea Volume 12, Number 25 Eucnemidae Arthropoda: Insecta: Coleoptera: Elateroidea Copyright © 2019 by the National Institute of Biological Resources Published by the National Institute of Biological Resources Environmental Research Complex, 42, Hwangyeong-ro, Seo-gu Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea www.nibr.go.kr All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the National Institute of Biological Resources. ISBN: 978-89-6811-411-3(96470), 978-89-94555-00-3(Set) Government Publications Registration Number: 11-1480592-001629-01 Printed by Junghaengsa, Inc. in Korea on acid-free paper Publisher: National Institute of Biological Resources Authors: Seunghwan Lee, Jinbae Seung (Seoul National University) Project Staff: Jinwhoa YUM, Junmi Hur, Seon-Yi Kim Published on November 30, 2019 Insect Fauna of Korea Volume 12, Number 25 Eucnemidae Arthropoda: Insecta: Coleoptera: Elateroidea Seunghwan Lee and Jinbae Seung Seoul National University The Flora and Fauna of Korea logo was designed to represent six major target groups of the project including vertebrates, invertebrates, insects, algae, fungi, and bacteria. PREFACE Biological resources include all organisms and their genetic characteristics. Conservation and utiliza- tion of these resources have the capacity to improve human life and to enhance the world. Therefore it is required that the practical and potential values of these organisms are conserved and used wisely. The first step towards this goal is to document our biological diversity and to investigate them in detail. Biological resources increase the competitiveness of a nation through their use as fundamental resources for making highly valued products, such as new lines of cultivar, materials, and drugs. Many countries in the world are responsible for preserving their biodiversity and using the sustainable ways. The Ministry of Environment (MOE) of Korea has established “CBD-CHM Korea” to share of infor- mation of biodiversity. Each nation in the world is investigating and clearing information of native species within its territory. The National Institute of Biological Resources (NIBR) of MOE has published the ‘Flora and Fauna of Korea’ since 2009 to manage biological resources in comprehensive ways and to enhance national compe- titiveness by building up the foundation for the sovereignty rights over biological resources. Professional research groups, consisting of professors and other taxonomic experts, have systematically examined 15,545 species of vascular plants, animals and other organisms over the past 10 years and have published their find- ings in 191 volumes in Korean and 196 volumes in English, and two volumes of monographs covering 216 species of invertebrates. This year, 21 volumes of the Flora and Fauna of Korea in both Korean and English versions including 704 species of vascular plants, invertebrates and insects are additionally published. The NIBR will continue to publish and research of flora and fauna of Korea that contribute conserva- tion and sustainable use of biological resources. Finally, I would like to express my sincere appreciation to authors who made efforts in writing the manuscripts of the Flora and Fauna of Korea. Prof. Dr. Yeon Jae Bae President National Institute of Biological Resources CONTENTS CONTENTS List of Taxa 2 Introduction 4 Materials and Methods 6 Taxonomic Notes 9 1. Feaia nipparensis (Hisamatsu) 11 2. Euryptychus vicinus Fleutiaux 13 3. Dromaeolus marginatus Hisamatsu 15 4. Fornax consobrinus Hisamatsu 16 5. Otho sphondyloides (Germar) 18 6. Dirrhagofarsus lewisi (Fleutiaux) 20 7. Dirrhagofarsus modestus (Fleutiaux) 21 8. Dirrhagofarsus unicolor (Hisamatsu) 22 9. Farsus ainu Fleutiaux 24 10. Microrhagus foveolatus (Fleutiaux) 26 11. Microrhagus jejuensis Seung and Lee 27 12. Microrhagus mystagogus (Fleutiaux) 28 13. Microrhagus ramosus Fleutiaux 29 14. Hylis harmandi (Fleutiaux) 31 15. Hylochares harmandi Fleutiaux 33 16. Isorhipis foveata Hisamatsu 35 17. Bioxylus natsumiae Watanabe 37 18. Bioxylus galloisi Fleutiaux 38 19. Bioxylus pilosellus Hisamatsu 39 20. Proxylobius helleri Fleutiaux 41 21. Proxylobius longicornis Hisamatsu 42 22. Xylophilus ainu (Fleutiaux) 43 Literatures Cited 45 Plates 51 Index to Scientific Names 66 1 INSECT FAUNA OF KOREA Eucnemidae LIST OF TAXA Class Insecta Linnaeus, 1758 Order Coleoptera Linnaeus, 1758 Suborder Polyphaga Emery, 1886 Superfamily Elateroidea Leach, 1815 Family Eucnemidae Eschscholtz, 1829 Subfamily Eucneminae Eschscholtz, 1829 Tribe Mesogenini Muona, 1993 Genus Feaia Fleutiaux, 1896 Feaia nipparensis (Hisamatsu, 1957) Subfamily Macraulacinae Fleutiaux, 1922 Tribe Euryptychini Mamaev, 1976 Genus Euryptychus LeConte, 1852 Euryptychus vicinus Fleutiaux, 1923 Tribe Macraulacini (Fleutiaux, 1923) Genus Dromaeolus Kiesenwetter, 1858 Dromaeolus marginatus Hisamatsu, 1965 Genus Fornax Laporte, 1835 Fornax consobrinus Hisamatsu, 1963 Subfamily Melasinae Fleming, 1821 Tribe Calyptocerini Muona, 1993 Genus Otho Lacordaire, 1857 Otho sphondyloides (Germar, 1818) Tribe Dirhagini Reitter, 1911 Genus Dirrhagofarsus Fleutiaux, 1935 Dirrhagofarsus lewisi (Fleutiaux, 1900) Dirrhagofarsus modestus (Fleutiaux, 1923) Dirrhagofarsus unicolor (Hisamatsu, 1960) Genus Farsus Jacquelin du Val, 1860 Farsus ainu Fleutiaux, 1923 Genus Microrhagus Dejean, 1833 Microrhagus foveolatus (Fleutiaux, 1923) Microrhagus jejuensis Seung and Lee, 2018 2 LIST OF TAXA Microrhagus mystagogus (Fleutiaux, 1923) Microrhagus ramosus Fleutiaux, 1902 Tribe Epiphanini Muona, 1993 Genus Hylis Gozis, 1886 Hylis harmandi (Fleutiaux, 1923) Tribe Hylocharini Jacquelin du Val, 1859 Genus Hylochares Latreille, 1834 Hylochares harmandi Fleutiaux, 1900 Tribe Melasini Fleming, 1821 Genus Isorhipis Lacordaire, 1835 Isorhipis foveata Hisamatsu, 1955 Tribe Xylobiini Reitter, 1911 Genus Bioxylus Fleutiaux, 1923 Bioxylus natsumiae Watanabe, 2009 Bioxylus galloisi Fleutiaux, 1923 Bioxylus pilosellus Hisamatsu, 1959 Genus Proxylobius Fleutiaux, 1900 Proxylobius helleri Fleutiaux, 1900 Proxylobius longicornis Hisamatsu, 1958 Genus Xylophilus Mannerheim, 1823 Xylophilus ainu (Fleutiaux, 1923) 3 INSECT FAUNA OF KOREA Eucnemidae INTRODUCTION The family Eucnemidae (Coleoptera: Elateroidea) are a cosmopolitan group, especially tend to be more abundant and diverse in tropical areas (Muona, 2010). The family consist of approximately 1,900 species and 200 genera in the world (Otto, 2016). Much of the diversity in tropical regions is still veiled, so the virtual number of species seems to exceed 3,000 (Muona, 2010). They are commonly referred as ‘false click beetles’ to distinguish from the ‘true click beetle’, Elateridae, for a number of reasons. There is a common belief that eucnemids lack ability of ‘clicking’, but several observations of clicking-mechanism in eucnemids have been reported (Ahrens, 1812; Kirk, 1922; Bura- kowski, 1989; Muona, 1993). Clicking-mechanism of the Eucnemidae involved the contraction of muscles within the well-developed prosternal process in the mesosternal cavity allowing the beetle to jump when the connection is released (Otto, 2016). Clicking-mechanism is utilized as defensive strategy, not only escape from dangers, but also making some audible sounds to startle their enemies (Muona, 1993). However, they usually drop off to ground or pretend to be dead when disturbed, because clicking-mechanism is excessive in energy efficiency (Kaschek, 1984; Muona, 1993). The eucnemids are very similar to elaterids in adult morphology, but can be distinguished by following features: body more convex and cylindrical; second antennomere attached subterminally to first one; labrum hidden underneath frontoclypeal region; abdominal ventrite strongly connate (Laterille, 1834; Bonvouloir, 1871; Fleutiaux, 1935; Muona, 1993; Otto, 2016). Most known eucnemids are nocturnal and excellent fliers. They are also very active and rarely encountered as they are running on trunk, especially broken or barkless surface (Muona, 2010). Chemical communication is certainly important in their behavior, like the swarm- ing of Melasis buprestoides (Linnaeus, 1761) and mating behavior of other species of genera Hylochares, Hylis, and Microrhagus (Palmqvist, 1952; Muona, 2010). It is unclear whether they feed or not, however, some identified eucnemid groups lack a functional gut (Dodelin et al., 2005). Larvae are more or less sclerotized and diverse in body form, either elateriform, buprestiform, fusiform, or onisciform (Németh and Otto, 2016; Otto, 2016). They have diagnostic morphological features as follow- ing: legs reduced, close to immobile; microtrichial patches and areoles well-developed on most segments of body (Mamaev, 1976; Lucht, 1981; Burakowski, 1989; Muona and Teräväinen, 2008). They were observed to penetrate into rotten wood using their wedge-like head and microtrichial patches, with help of fluid pres- sure (Lucht, 1981). Another characteristic organ, areole is clearly verified to remove excessive water from their body (Muona and Teräväinen,
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