DOCSLIB.ORG

Switching Overvoltages in Offshore Wind Power Grids

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Dec 20, 2017 Switching overvoltages in offshore wind power grids Arana Aristi, Ivan; Nielsen, Arne Hejde; Holbøll, Joachim; Jensen, Kim Høj; Sørensen (fratrådt), Troels Publication date: 2011 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Arana Aristi, I., Nielsen, A. H., Holbøll, J., Jensen, K. H., & Sørensen (fratrådt), T. (2011). Switching overvoltages in offshore wind power grids. Kgs. Lyngby: Technical University of Denmark (DTU). General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Iván Arana Aristi Switching overvoltages in off- shore wind power grids. Measurements, modelling and validation in time and frequency domain. PhD Thesis, November 2011 Iván Arana Aristi Switching overvoltages in off- shore wind power grids. Measurements, modelling and validation in time and frequency domain. PhD Thesis, November 2011 Switching overvoltages in offshore wind power grids. Measurements, modelling and validation in time and frequency domain. Author(s): Iván Arana Aristi Supervisor(s): Joachim Holbøll, Arne Hejde Nielsen, Troels Stybe Sørensen and Kim Høj Jensen Department of Electrical Engineering Centre for Electric Technology (CET) Technical University of Denmark Elektrovej 325 DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark www.elektro.dtu.dk/cet Tel: (+45) 45 25 35 00 Fax: (+45) 45 88 61 11 E-mail: [email protected] Release date: December 2011 Class: 1 (public) Edition: First edition Comments: This report is part of the requirements to achieve PhD in Electri- cal Engineering at the Technical University of Denmark. The report represents 30 ECTS points. Rights: © Iván Arana Aristi, 2011 2 Introduction Con amor para mi familia que está, que se fué y que vendrá. 3 Introduction 4 PREFACE The present PhD thesis is submitted as part of the requirements for achieving the Danish PhD degree at the Department of Electrical Engineering, Electric Components at the Technical University of Denmark. The research has been conducted from the 1 Decem- ber 2008 to the 30 November 2011. This thesis shows the main results of the work made as part of the Industrial PhD project "Overvoltages and protection in offshore wind power grids" supported by the Danish Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, project number 08-041566. Firstly, I would like to thank my academic and industrial supervisors for their guidance and encouragement during the entire period of the project; Associate Professor Joachim Holbøll and Associate Professor Arne Hejde Nielsen from the Department of Electrical Engineering at DTU; Lead Specialist Troels Stybe Sørensen from the Electrical Systems at DONG Energy Renewables and Development Engineer Kim Høj Jensen at Siemens Wind Power R&D. Secondly, I would like to thank my colleagues from DONG Energy, since thanks to them I felt part of the Department right from the beginning: Lukasz Kocewiak, Ole Holmstrøm, Jan Okholm, David Taus Johnsen, Jesper Hjerrild and Asger Jensen. I would like to thank specially my Manager, Søren Ranneries, for his support and help during these three years. During the project I was involved with different Offshore Wind Farm projects at DONG Energy on different stages of design, construction and operation. I would like to extend my gratitude to the people that helped me in Nysted Offshore Wind Farm, Gunfleet Sands Offshore Wind Farm, Avedøre Offshore Wind Farm, Burbo Bank Offshore Wind Farm, Walney Offshore Wind Farm, Anholt Offshore Wind Farm and London Array Offshore Wind Farm. I would like to express my gratitude as well to Assembly Line Manager, Carsten Mad- sen, at Siemens Wind Power in Brande for his help and support during the measure- ments of different components in Brande. 5 Introduction I received extensive support from the people at the High Voltage Laboratory and Work- shop at DTU. I would like to thank Freddie Fahnøe, Jens Chr. Jensen, and specially Flemming Juul Petersen for their help, patience and understanding. Different cooperation with international research centres, universities and companies were started along these three years, and thanks to these people the work reported here has been enriched; Bjørn Gustavsen from SINTEF in Trondheim, Rosemary King from Alstom in Stafford, Hans Kristian Høidalen from NTNU in Trondheim, Andrzej Holdyk from DTU in Kgs. Lyngby, Alvaro Hernandez from Siemens AG in Erlangen, Unnur Stella Gudmundsdottir from Energinet.dk in Fredericia, Peter Werelius from Megger in Täby, and Sadegh Mir Ghafourian from The University of Manchester in Manchester. In particular, I would like to thank SINTEF and Siemens AG for their enriching support during my stay in Trondheim and Erlangen, respectively. Thanks to Peter Weinreich-Jensen from Siemens A/S in Ballerup, for having made it possible for me to start communication with Friedemann Augsburger, Manager of the team ―System Integration & Grid Access‖ (E T PS EN 14) at Siemens AG in Erlangen. In this team, I was kindly received in 2010 for three months and the whole team made me feel very welcome during my time with them. Personally, I am very happy to have many friends around the world and in Copenhagen. You are too many to be named, thank you for making these years unforgettable. I want to express all my gratitude to my father Javier, mother Patricia, sisters Lucia and Teresa and aunt Enriqueta. Thank you for always believing in me, I could never have made it so far without your support as a family. You will always be in my heart even if I will not be so close to you – geographically. To all my relatives from the Monterrey and Mexico City, thank you for making me feel always close to you and being a large united family. Finally, the most important person in my life is my wife Esperanza. Thank you for be- ing supportive in these years. You have shared with me every moment, good and bad, in this PhD journey; and every time I had problems you were reassuring and caring. This would not have been achieved without you. I will always be there for you. Kgs. Lyngby, November 2011 Iván Arana Aristi 6 ABSTRACT Switching transients in wind turbines, the collection grid, the export system and the ex- ternal grid in offshore wind farms, during normal or abnormal operation, are the most important phenomena when conducting insulation coordination studies. However, the recommended models and methods from international standards and guidelines are in- sufficient to take into account considering the special conditions in offshore wind farms. This thesis focuses on the improvement of models and methods used in specialized elec- tromagnetic transient programs. In this thesis, an introduction to offshore wind farm electrical systems and the topic of transients is given in Chapter 1. In Chapter 2 it is described how the component and sub-system models are developed and used from an applied point of view, where com- mon and detail models are mentioned. In Chapter 3 results from frequency domain measurement on transformers and cables are presented. In Chapter 4 results from time domain measurements and simulations of switching operations in offshore wind power grids are described. Specifically, switching operations on a single wind turbine, the col- lection grid, the export system and the external grid measured in several real offshore wind farms are shown together with simulation results. Switching operations in offshore wind power grids can be simulated with different elec- tromagnetic transient programs. Different programs were used in the project and com- pared results are included in Chapter 4. Also in Chapter 4 different models were used in the same program, and in several switching operations sensitivity analysis was made. General models and methods to study switching transient overvoltages in offshore wind farms have been shown in this work. These models and methods are valid for all off- shore wind farms, or other systems to be analysed. As long as the required frequency domain measurements are performed in the appropriate components, the information used is correct and the system is created in a suitable simulation tool. The general method used to validate and create detailed models was proven to be very powerful and efficient. This method is also valid for all offshore wind farms, or other systems to be analysed. Once this method has been completed, the predictive simula- tions can be performed with certainty. 7 Introduction The specific method to adapt FRA measurements for transformer wide band modelling proposed in [54] was used successfully in 100kVA, 4MVA and 120MVA transformers. Based in the positive sequence voltage ratio comparison from different wind farm trans- former, it was concluded that the first resonance frequency from low to high voltage side is around 10kHz. This frequency match the low-frequency-end of the frequency range for natural frequencies on large transformer windings according to [52]. On the other hand, after the positive sequence voltage ratio comparison from different wind turbine transformer, it was concluded that the first resonance frequency in some transformers, from low to high voltage side are within range of the frequency range for natural frequencies on medium transformer windings according to [52]. It was found that some of the resonance frequencies from the offline diagnostics of transformers based on SFRA measurements, match the positive sequence voltage ratio resonance frequencies from low to high voltage side.
Recommended publications
  • TOP 100 POWER PEOPLE 2016 the Movers and Shakers in Wind

    TOP 100 POWER PEOPLE 2016 the Movers and Shakers in Wind

    2016 Top 100 Power People 1 TOP 100 POWER PEOPLE 2016 The movers and shakers in wind Featuring interviews with Samuel Leupold from Dong Energy and Ian Mays from RES Group © A Word About Wind, 2016 2016 Top 100 Power People Contents 2 CONTENTS Compiling the Top 100: Advisory panel and ranking process 4 Interview: Dong Energy’s Samuel Leupold discusses offshore 6 Top 100 breakdown: Statistics on this year’s table 11 Profiles: Numbers 100 to 41 13 Interview: A Word About Wind meets RES Group’s Ian Mays 21 Profiles: Numbers 40 to 6 26 Top five profiles:The most influential people in global wind 30 Top 100 list: The full Top 100 Power People for 2016 32 Next year: Key dates for your diary in 2017 34 21 Facing the future: Ian Mays on RES Group’s plans after his retirement © A Word About Wind, 2016 2016 Top 100 Power People Editorial 3 EDITORIAL resident Donald Trump. It is one of The company’s success in driving down the Pthe biggest shocks in US presidential costs of offshore wind over the last year history but, in 2017, Trump is set to be the owes a great debt to Leupold’s background new incumbent in the White House. working for ABB and other big firms. Turn to page 6 now if you want to read the The prospect of operating under a climate- whole interview. change-denying serial wind farm objector will not fill the US wind sector with much And second, we went to meet Ian Mays joy.
  • Final Annual Load Factors for 2018/19 Tnuos Tariffs

    Final Annual Load Factors for 2018/19 Tnuos Tariffs

    Final Annual Load Factors for 2018/19 TNUoS Tariffs October 2017 NGET: Final ALFs for 2018/19 TNUoS Tariffs October 2017 1 Final Annual Load Factors for 2018/19 TNUoS Tariffs This information paper contains the Final Annual Load Factors (ALFs) that National Grid will use in the calculation of Generation TNUoS charges from April 2018. October 2017 October 2017 Contents Executive Summary 4 Annual Load Factors For The 2018/19 Charging Year 5 Table 1: Annual Load Factors By Generating Station 5 Table 2: Generic Annual Load Factors For The 2018/19 Charging Year 10 Changes to the Draft ALFs 11 The Onshore Wind Generic ALF has changed 11 Edinbane 11 Pen Y Cymoedd 11 Inactive Generators 12 How Are ALFs Calculated? 13 Five Years Of Data 13 Four Years Of Data 14 Three Years Of Data 14 Fewer Than Three Years Of Data 14 Calculation Of Partial Year ALFs 15 Generic ALFs 15 Next Steps 15 Appendix A: Generation Charging Principles 16 CMP268 16 The TNUoS Wider Tariff 16 Other Charges 17 Contact Us If you have any comments or questions on the contents or format of this report, please don’t hesitate to get in touch with us. Team Email & Phone [email protected] 01926 654633 NGET: Final ALFs for 2018/19 TNUoS Tariffs October 2017 3 Executive Summary This document contains the Final Annual Load Factors (ALFs) to be used in the calculation of generator Transmission Network Use of System (TNUoS) tariffs for 2018/19, effective from 1 April 2018. The ALFs are based on generation data for five years from 2012/13 until 2016/17.
  • Advantages of Wind Power

    Advantages of Wind Power

    Moravian Women’s Association Home and Overseas Paper – April 2013 Wind power Blow me down The North wind blew on Monday As the East wind got the flu The West wind blew on Tuesday As the South wind never knew The North East wind had Wednesday As the South West wasn’t chuffed The North West blew on Thursday As the South East hardly puffed The East and West blew Friday As the others had a rest The North and South blew Saturday As the weekends were the best The lot of them had Sunday As the winds turned into storm The whole of them had Monday off As the week got back to norm © 2008 David Threadgold Rambling Riddles & Rhymes This poem seems to capture how we have been at the mercy of what seems like one of the worst winters for cold, wet, windy weather we have had for a long time. In the UK we now have wind farms, both on land, and offshore. While those on land are most obvious and cause most controversy, the offshore Walney Wind Farm produces 367 megawatts and the Thanet Offshore Wind Project 300 megawatts. The London Array in the Thames estuary (630 megawatts) which opened in March 2013, is the largest wind farm in the world, and when complete, it will cover 90 square miles. Its 175 turbines will be capable of generating enough energy to power nearly half a million homes – two thirds of the homes in Kent, and reduce CO2 emissions by over 900,000 tonnes a year.
  • Walney Extension Scoping Report

    Walney Extension Scoping Report

    Walney Extension offshore wind farm – EIA Scoping Report September 2010 Walney Extension offshore wind farm rights, 2010. All rights reserved. For other chart data copyright see Appendix C. Environmental Impact Assessment Scoping Report Co-ordinated by: Ferdinando Giammichele and Trine Hoffman Sørensen. Prepared by: Ferdinando Giammichele, Stuart Livesey, Nicola Barberis-Negra, Trine Hoffman Sørensen, Jennifer Brack, Joanne Myers, Thomas Walsh, Emily Marshall, Aja Brodal, and Shiu-Yeung Hui. Checked by: Ferdinando Giammichele, Trine Hoffman Sørensen, Jesper Krarup Holst, and Hans Lyhne Borg. Approved by: Jesper Krarup Holst. DONG Energy Power (UK) Ltd. 33 Grosvenor Place, Belgravia, London, SW1X 7HY Additional contributions and review by: Project Management Support Services Ltd., Brown & May Marine Ltd. and Bond Pearce LLP. Version: Final. Date: September 27th 2010. Submitted to the Infrastructure Planning Commission (IPC) on September 27th 2010. © DONG Energy Power (UK) Ltd, 2010. All rights reserved. This report is also downloadable from the Walney offshore wind farm website at: www.walneyextension.co.uk or a paper copy can be requested by writing to: [email protected] . Pictures: © Walney (UK) Offshore Windfarms Ltd., 2010. Front cover picture: Horns Rev 2 offshore wind farm off the western Danish coast at Esbjerg, September 2009 © DONG Energy Power (UK) Ltd., 2010. Charts: © DONG Energy Power (UK) Ltd., 2010. United Kingdom Hydrographic Office admiralty charts: © SeaZone Solutions Ltd. Licence no. 092008.004 to DONG Energy Power (UK) Ltd. United Kingdom coastline and background raster tiles (1:250,000 and 1:10,000) contain OS OpenData: Ordnance Survey © Crown Copyright and database DONG Energy Page 2 of 151 Walney Extension offshore wind farm – EIA Scoping Report September 2010 Table of Contents Summary ...............................................................................................................................................
  • 4. Codes and Section 106 Agreements

    4. Codes and Section 106 Agreements

    NIPA Insights II Programme Research Project Preparing a Flexibility Toolkit Project B Mechanisms to support flexibility: Requirements and codes Professor Janice Morphet and Dr Ben Clifford May 2019 Mechanisms to support flexibility (Requirements and codes): Summary report Contents Introduction 2 Scope for flexibility in NSIPs 4 Requirements 7 Codes and Section 106 agreements 11 Case studies 15 Suggestions for the toolkit 24 Appendices 31 Acknowledgements 37 About the authors 37 1. Mechanisms to support flexibility (Requirements and codes): Summary report 1. Introduction When the 2008 Planning Act was introduced, it was intended to create a system that guaranteed decision making about national infrastructure projects within a specified time and a process where consent for the project is granted through a Statutory Instrument, usually with some form of detailed design then following consent. The approach to flexibility and light touch on detail was enshrined in the philosophy of the Act, given that previous experience of obtaining planning consent for major infrastructure projects had frequently been lengthy. This meant that there was a focus on obtaining the Development Consent Order (DCO) for the project, leaving the flexibility required for later delivery to follow at a later stage. Since 2008, the definition of NSIPs and the requirement to assess their environmental consequences have allowed for some flexibility in the delineation of their site boundary, using the Rochdale Envelope However, in practice, some more detailed aspects of a project have been required to be included within the DCO. This included the requirements over use of land and associated Compulsory Acquisition powers. As NSIPs moved from consent to construction, the assumed flexibility in the system was found to be limited in some cases, requiring changes to the DCO.
  • Annual Report 2011 2011 Annu a L Repo R T

    Annual Report 2011 2011 Annu a L Repo R T

    Key AnnuAl RepoRt Key milestones 2011 figuRes Financial figures 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2012 2011 Revenues (€mn) 3,033 2,764 3,229 3,834 3,247 MW equivalent sold 2,802 2,405 3,145 3,684 3,289 • Gamesa consolidated its leading position in energy • Gamesa maintains its leading position in the world EBIT (€mn) 131 119 177 233 250 efficiency and environmental terms with the energy business, having installed 3,308 MW in net profit (€mn) 51 50 115 320 220 certification of the world's first ecodesigned the year net debt/EBITDA 2.0x -0.6x 0.7x 0.1x 0.5x wind turbine • Gamesa signs deal to supply 356 MW of the new Share price at 31 Dec. (€) 3.21 5.71 11.78 12.74 31.98 • Ignacio Martín appointed Executive Chairman G97-2.0 MW turbine in 2011 Earnings per share (€) 0.21 0.21 0.47 1.32 0.90 Gross dividend per share (€) 0.05 0.12 0.21 0.23 0.21 • Gamesa decides to install its first offshore prototype • Supply of 200 MW in Egypt, with a 5-year in Spain, at Arinaga (Gran Canaria) maintenance contract • Entering new markets: uruguay and nicaragua • new framework agreement with Iberdrola Social indicators 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2011 t Workforce 8,357 7,262 6,360 7,187 6,945 • European launch of large component • Type certificate from lG for the G128-4.5 MW turbine, R refurbishment service the most powerful onshore turbine on the market % international workforce 42 36 31 32 33 % women in workforce 23.2 24.55 25.52 25.34 22.30 Repo • Agreement to sell 480 MW in the united States to • New supply contracts in China: 200 MW for Huadian % permanently employed
  • Appraisal of Sustainability Site Report for Kirksanton

    Appraisal of Sustainability Site Report for Kirksanton

    Appraisal of Sustainability Site Report for Kirksanton EN-6: Revised Draft National Policy Statement for Nuclear Power Generation Planning for new energy infrastructure October 2010 Preface: Appraisal of Sustainability of the revised draft Nuclear National Policy Statement The Appraisal of Sustainability (AoS), incorporating Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA), of the revised draft Nuclear National Policy Statement (Nuclear NPS) has been undertaken at a strategic level. It considers the effects of the proposed policy at a national level and the sites to be assessed for their suitability for the deployment of new nuclear power stations by 2025. These strategic appraisals are part of an ongoing assessment process that started in March 2008 and, following completion of this AoS, will continue with project level assessments when developers make applications for development consent in relation to specific projects. Applications for development consents to the Infrastructure Planning Commission (IPC) will need to be accompanied by an Environmental Statement having been the subject of a detailed Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). The AoS/SEA Reports are presented in the following documents: AoS Non-Technical Summary Main AoS Report of revised draft Nuclear NPS Introduction Approach and Methods Alternatives Radioactive Waste Findings Summary of Sites Technical Appendices Annexes to Main AoS Report: Reports on Sites Site AoS Reports Technical Appendices All documents are available on the website of the Department of Energy and Climate Change at http://www.energynpsconsultation.decc.gov.uk This document is the Appraisal of Sustainability Site Report for Kirksanton. This report has been prepared by the Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) with expert input from a team of specialist planning and environmental consultancies led by MWH UK Ltd with Enfusion Ltd, Nicholas Pearson Associates Ltd, Studsvik UK Ltd and Metoc plc.
  • Spotlight on Northern Ireland Regional Focus

    Spotlight on Northern Ireland Regional Focus

    COMMUNICATION HUB FOR THE WIND ENERGY INDUSTRY ‘TITANIC’ SPOTLIGHT ON NORTHERN IRELAND REGIONAL FOCUS GLOBAL WIND ALLIANCE COMPETEncY BasED TRaininG FEBRUARY/MARCH 2012 | £5.25 www.windenergynetwork.co.uk INTRODUCTION COMMUNICATING YOUR THOUGHTS AND OPINIONS WIND ENERGY NETWORK TV CHANNEL AND ONLINE LIBRARY These invaluable industry resources continue to build and we are very YOU WILL FIND WITHIN THIS We hope you enjoy the content and pleased with the interest and support EDITION CONTRIBUTIONS WHICH please feel free to contact us to make of our proposed sponsors. Please give COULD BE DESCRIBED AS OPINION your feelings known – it’s good to talk. the team a call and find out how to get PIECES. THEY ARE THERE TO FOCUS involved in both. ATTENTION ON VERY IMPORTANT ‘SpoTLIGHT ON’ regIONAL FOCUS SUBJECT AREAS WITH A VIEW Our regional focus in this edition features Remember they are free to TO GALVANISING OPINION AND Northern Ireland. Your editor visited contribute and free to access. BRINGING THE INDUSTRY TOGETHER the area in late November 2011 when TO ENSURE EFFECTIVE PROGRESS reporting on the Quo Vadis conference Please also feel free to contact us AND THEREFORE SUCCESS. and spent a very enjoyable week soaking if you wish to highlight any specific up the atmosphere, local beverages as area within the industry and we will Ray Sams from Spencer Coatings well the Irish hospitality (the craic). endeavour to encourage debate and features corrosion in marine steel feature the issue within our publication. structures, Warren Fothergill from As you will see it is a very substantial Group Safety Services on safety feature and the overall theme is one of passports and Michael Wilder from excitement and forward thinking which Petans on competency based training will ensure Northern Ireland is at the standardisation.
  • Annual-Report-Summary-2014.Pdf

    Annual-Report-Summary-2014.Pdf

    gamesa 2014-01-1 INGLES (resumen)_Maquetación 1 27/04/15 09:52 Página 1 gamesa 2014-01-1 INGLES_Maquetación 1 24/04/15 14:40 Página 2 Gamesa in 2014 MW installed 18,831 MW MW installed 3,572 MW MW under O M 961 MW MW under O &M 14,498 MW & Proprietary capacity 3,971 MW Proprietary capacity 602 MW Europe & RoW 16% United States China 15% MW installed 4,151 MW 9% MW under O &M 1,348 MW Proprietary capacity 838 MW % India 26% Latin America MW installed 1,713 MW 34% MW under O &M 1,444 MW Proprietary capacity 1,041 MW MW installed 2,970 MW MW under O &M 2,519 MW Proprietary capacity 314 MW % MW sold in 2014. 31,237 MW 6,766 MW 20,770 MW installed proprietary capacity under O &M 2 gamesa 2014-01-1 INGLES_Maquetación 1 24/04/15 14:40 Página 3 Economic indicators Recurring E bit Net profit and E bit margin Sales MW sold MM € MM € MM € 2,623 92 191 2,846 129 2,336 1,953 45 5.5% 6.7% 2013 2014 2013 2014 2013 2014 2013 2014 Social and environmental indicators Employees Health & Safety CO 2 prevented MM t Workforce Frequency index 6,431 47 6,079 1.74 1.72 43 2013 2014 2013 2014 2013 2014 Gender Severity index 0.055 0.054 22% 78% 2013 2014 Gamesa in 2014 3 gamesa 2014-01-1 INGLES_Maquetación 1 28/04/15 11:36 Página 4 Index Message from the Chairman Message from the Business CEO Corporate Governance 4 gamesa 2014-01-1 INGLES (resumen)_Maquetación 1 27/04/15 10:39 Página 5 1 2 Business model 2014 Results 18 Geographic 52 Market environment diversification and outlook 21 Vertical integration 55 Financial performance 24 Innovation 28 Financial strength 32 Commitments: employees, customers, shareholders, suppliers, environment and communities Index 5 gamesa 2014-01-1 INGLES_Maquetación 1 24/04/15 14:41 Página 6 Message from the Chairman Dear shareholders, For the past couple of years Gamesa has been focused on executing its 2013-2015 business Plan, designed with the aim of making the company profitable again and adapting it to the new sector paradigm without sacrificing the flexibility needed to tap potential market opportunities.
  • Sathyajith Mathew Wind Energy Fundamentals, Resource Analysis and Economics

    Sathyajith Mathew Wind Energy Fundamentals, Resource Analysis and Economics

    Sathyajith Mathew Wind Energy Fundamentals, Resource Analysis and Economics Sathyajith Mathew Wind Energy Fundamentals, Resource Analysis and Economics with 137 Figures and 31 Tables Dr. Sathyajith Mathew Assistant Professor & Wind Energy Consultant Faculty of Engineering, KCAET Tavanur Malapuram, Kerala India E-mail : [email protected] Library of Congress Control Number: 2005937064 ISBN-10 3-540-30905-5 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN-13 978-3-540-30905-5 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springeronline.com © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2006 Printed in The Netherlands The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: E. Kirchner, Heidelberg Production: Almas Schimmel Typesetting: camera-ready by Author Printing: Krips bv, Meppel Binding: Stürtz AG, Würzburg Printed on acid-free paper 30/3141/as 5 4 3 2 1 0 Who has gathered the wind in his fists? ……………………………………………...................Proverbs 30:4 Dedicated to my parents, wife Geeta Susan and kids Manuel & Ann Preface Growing energy demand and environmental consciousness have re-evoked human interest in wind energy.
  • Transmission Networks Connections Update

    Transmission Networks Connections Update

    Transmission Networks Connections Update May 2015 SHE-T–TO SPT–TO NG–TO/SO SHE-T–TO SPT–TO NG–TO/SO Back to Contents TNCU – May 2015 Page 01 Contents Foreword ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 02 1. Introduction /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 03 2. Connection timescales ///////////////////////////////////////////// 04 Illustrative connection timescales /////////////////////////////////////// 04 Connections by area /////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 05 3. GB projects by year ///////////////////////////////////////////////// 06 Contracted overall position /////////////////////////////////////////////// 08 Renewable projects status by year ///////////////////////////////////// 10 Non-Renewable projects status by year – Excluding Nuclear /// 11 Non-Renewable projects status by year – Nuclear only ////////// 12 Interconnector projects status by year //////////////////////////////// 13 4. Additional data by transmission owner ///////////////////////// 14 National Grid Electricity Transmission plc //////////////////////////// 16 Scottish Hydro Electricity Transmission plc ////////////////////////// 18 Scottish Power Transmission Limited ///////////////////////////////// 20 5. Connection locations /////////////////////////////////////////////// 22 Northern Scotland projects map //////////////////////////////////////// 25 Southern Scotland projects map /////////////////////////////////////// 28 Northern England projects map /////////////////////////////////////////
  • Offshore Wind Market and Economic Analysis

    Offshore Wind Market and Economic Analysis

    Offshore Wind Market and Economic Analysis Annual Market Assessment Prepared for: U.S. Department of Energy Client Contact Michael Hahn, Patrick Gilman Award Number DE-EE0005360 Navigant Consulting, Inc. 77 Bedford Street Suite 400 Burlington, MA 01803-5154 781.270.8314 www.navigant.com February 22, 2013 U.S. Offshore Wind Market and Economic Analysis Annual Market Assessment Document Number DE-EE0005360 Prepared for: U.S. Department of Energy Michael Hahn Patrick Gilman Prepared by: Navigant Consulting, Inc. Lisa Frantzis, Principal Investigator Lindsay Battenberg Mark Bielecki Charlie Bloch Terese Decker Bruce Hamilton Aris Karcanias Birger Madsen Jay Paidipati Andy Wickless Feng Zhao Navigant Consortium Member Organizations Key Contributors American Wind Energy Association Jeff Anthony and Chris Long Great Lakes Wind Collaborative John Hummer and Victoria Pebbles Green Giraffe Energy Bankers Marie DeGraaf, Jérôme Guillet, and Niels Jongste National Renewable Energy Laboratory Eric Lantz Ocean & Coastal Consultants (a COWI company) Brent D. Cooper, P.E., Joe Marrone, P.E., and Stanley M. White, P.E., D.PE, D.CE Tetra Tech EC, Inc. Michael D. Ernst, Esq. Offshore Wind Market and Economic Analysis Page ii Document Number DE-EE0005360 Notice and Disclaimer This report was prepared by Navigant Consulting, Inc. for the exclusive use of the U.S. Department of Energy – who supported this effort under Award Number DE-EE0005360. The work presented in this report represents our best efforts and judgments based on the information available at the time this report was prepared. Navigant Consulting, Inc. is not responsible for the reader’s use of, or reliance upon, the report, nor any decisions based on the report.