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Brief History Of . IZMIR UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS FACULTY OF FINE ARTS AND DESIGN Alessandro Segalini, Dept. of Communication Design: alessandro.segalini @ ieu.edu.tr — homes.ieu.edu.tr/~asegalini DESKTOP PUBLISHING Desktop publishing (also known as DTP ) combines a personal computer and page lay- Early systems out software to create publication documents By today’s standards, early desktop publishing on a computer for either large scale publishing was a primitive affair. Users of the PageMaker- or small scale local economical multifunction LaserWriter-Macintosh 512K system endured peripheral output and distribution. Users cre- frequent software crashes, the Mac’s tiny 512 x ate page layouts with text, graphics, photos 342 1-bit black and white screen, the inability and other visual elements using desktop pub- to control letter spacing, kerning and other ty- lishing software such as QuarkXPress, Adobe pographic features, and discrepancies between InDesign, the free Scribus, Microsoft Publisher, the screen display and printed output. How- or Apple Pages. For small jobs a few copies of a ever, for that moment in time, it was received publication might be printed on a local printer. like a magic trick: diffi cult to believe, but ev- For larger jobs a computer fi le can be sent to a eryone wants to know how to do the trick. vendor for high-volume printing. Behind-the-scenes technologies developed by The term “desktop publishing” is common- Adobe Systems set the foundation for profes- ly used to describe page layout skills. However, sional desktop publishing applications. The the skills and software are not limited to paper LaserWriter and LaserWriter Plus printers in- and books. The same skills and software are of- cluded high quality, scalable Adobe fonts built ten used to create graphics for point of sale dis- into their ROM memory. The LaserWriter’s ad- plays, promotional items, trade show exhibits, ditional PostScript capability allowed publica- retail package designs, and outdoor signs. tion designers to proof fi les on a local printer Desktop publishing began in 1985 with then print the same fi le at DTP service bureaus the introduction of PageMaker software from using optical resolution 600+ ppi PostScript- Aldus and the LaserWriter printer from Apple printers such as those from Linotronic. Later, Computer for the Apple Macintosh computer. the Macintosh II was released which was much The ability to create WYSIWYG page layouts more suitable for desktop publishing because on screen and then print pages at crisp 300 of its larger, color screen. ppi resolution was revolutionary for both the In 1986, the GEM-based Ventura Publisher typesetting industry as well as the personal was introduced for MS-DOS computers. While computer industry. The term “desktop pub- PageMaker’s pasteboard metaphor closely sim- lishing” is attributed to Aldus Corporation ulated the process of creating layouts manu- founder Paul Brainerd, who sought a market- ally, Ventura Publisher automated the layout ing catch-phrase to describe the small size and process through its use of tags/style sheets relative affordability of this suite of products and automatically generated indices and other in contrast to the expensive commercial pho- body matter. This made it suitable for manu- totypesetting equipment of the day. Often con- als and other long-format documents. Desktop sidered a primary skill, increased accessibility publishing moved into the home market with to more user-friendly DTP software has made Publishing Partner for the Atari ST in 1986 and DTP a secondary skill to art direction, graphic later for the Amiga, GST’s Timeworks Pub- design, multimedia development, marketing lisher on the PC and Atari ST, Calamus for the communications, administrative careers and Atari TT030, Home Publisher and Newsroom advanced high school literacy in thriving econ- for 8-bit computers like the Apple II. During omies. DTP skill levels range from what may be these early years, desktop publishing acquired learned in a few hours (e.g. learning how to put a bad reputation from untrained users who cre- clip art in a word processor) to what requires a ated chaotically organized ransom note effect college education and years of experience (e.g. layouts – criticisms that would be levied again advertising agency positions.) against early web publishers a decade later. IZMIR UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS FACULTY OF FINE ARTS AND DESIGN Alessandro Segalini, Dept. of Communication Design: alessandro.segalini @ ieu.edu.tr — homes.ieu.edu.tr/~asegalini DESKTOP PUBLISHING Mature systems The improved typographic controls and im- In the early days of graphical user interfac- age handling of PC and Mac-based publishing es, DTP software was in a class of its own when systems increasingly attracted the attention of compared to the fairly spartan word process- professional publishers. The turning point was ing applications of the time. Programs such as the introduction of Quark XPress in the 1990s WordPerfect and WordStar were still mainly and an ever increasing number of digital type- text-based and offered little in the way of page faces. Xpress became dominant in the publish- layout, other than perhaps margins and line ing world until the early 2000s when Adobe spacing. On the other hand, word processing InDesign grew in popularity for its powerful software was necessary for features like index- typographic controls and integration with oth- ing and spell checking, features that are today er Adobe publishing products, especially those taken for granted. which were predominate within the design, As computers and operating systems have photography, publishing, printing, and digital become more powerful, vendors have sought media industries. to provide users with a single application plat- By the late 1990s, virtually all publishing form that can meet all needs. Software such as had become “desktop publishing.” The supe- Microsoft Word offers advanced layouts and rior fl exibility and speed of desktop publish- linking between documents, and DTP applica- ing systems has greatly reduced the lead time tions have added in common word processor for all forms of publication and accommodates features. elaborate designs and layouts that were un- fathomable in the decades before DTP. Data- Comparisons with other electronic layout base publishing has further reduced the time In modern usage, DTP is not generally said to required to develop thick manuals and catalog include tools such as TeX or troff, though both publications. can easily be used on a modern desktop system Desktop publishing helped condition a and are standard with many Unix-like operat- generation of personal computer users to be ing systems and readily available for other sys- on the lookout for “the next big thing.” In the tems. The key difference between electronic late 1980s, developers hopefully applied the typesetting software and DTP software is that “desktop” prefi x to potential new markets like DTP software is generally interactive and “desktop presentations,” “desktop forms” and WYSIWYG in design, while older electronic “desktop video.” All of these markets proved to typesetting software tends to operate in batch be important (see PowerPoint, Adobe Acrobat, mode, requiring the user to enter the process- and miniDV for example), especially desktop ing program’s markup language manually video editing. Many cinema length movies are without a direct visualization of the fi nished now edited on Apple Final Cut Pro on a desk- product. The older style of typesetting software top computer, replacing equipment and soft- occupies a substantial but shrinking niche in ware that would have cost a hundred thousand technical writing and textbook publication; dollars in the 1980s. however, since much software in this genre is now open source, it can be more cost-effective Comparisons with word processing than the professionally-oriented DTP systems. While desktop publishing software still pro- There is some overlap between desktop vides extensive features necessary for print publishing and what is known as Hypermedia publishing, modern word processors now have publishing (i.e. Web design, Kiosk, CD-ROM.) publishing capabilities beyond those of many older DTP applications, blurring the line be- tween word processing and desktop publishing..
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