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23.7 Alkylation and Acylation Reactions of Amines 1131

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23_BRCLoudon_pgs5-0.qxd 12/8/08 1:22 PM Page 1131 23.7 ALKYLATION AND ACYLATION REACTIONS OF AMINES 1131 organic phase organic phase organic phase CH3(CH2)6CH2 Br CH3(CH2)6CH2 Br CH3(CH2)6CH2 CN R4P Br R4P CN R4P Br Na Br Na Br Na CN aqueous phase aqueous phase aqueous phase (a) (b) (c) Figure 23.3 Phase-transfer catalysis by a quaternary phosphonium salt.(a) At the beginning of the reaction,the ionic nucleophile (red) is soluble in the aqueous layer. (b) Rapid equilibration of the nucleophile with the counte- rion of the quaternary salt brings the nucleophile into the organic phase. (c) The nucleophile, now in the organic phase, can come into contact with the organic reactant, and a reaction occurs, forming the product and regener- ating the phase-transfer catalyst. 23.7 ALKYLATION AND ACYLATION REACTIONS OF AMINES The previous section showed that amines are Brønsted bases. Amines, like many other Brøn- sted bases, are also nucleophiles (Lewis bases). Three reactions of nucleophiles are: 1. SN2reactionwithalkylhalides,sulfonateesters,orepoxides(Secs.9.1,9.4,10.3,and 11.4) 2. addition to aldehydes, ketones, and a,b-unsaturated carbonyl compounds (Secs. 19.7, 19.11, and 22.8A) 3. nucleophilic acyl substitution at the carbonyl groups of carboxylic acid derivatives (Sec. 21.8) This section covers or reviews reactions of amines that fit into each of these categories. A. Direct Alkylation of Amines Treatment of ammonia or an amine with an alkyl halide or other alkylating agent results in alkylation of the nitrogen. | R3N H3C I R3N CH3 I_ (23.14) 3 + L L This process is an example of an SN2 reaction in which the amine acts as the nucleophile. The product of the reaction shown in Eq. 23.14 is an alkylammonium ion. If this ammo- nium ion has N H bonds, further alkylations can take place to give a complex product mix- ture, as in the followingL example: | | | (23.15) NH3 CH3I CH3NH3 I_ (CH3)2NH2 I_ (CH3)3NH I_ (CH3)4N| I_ 2 ++++ A mixture of products is formed because the methylammonium ion produced initially is par- tially deprotonated by the ammonia starting material. Because the resulting methylamine is also a good nucleophile, it too reacts with methyl iodide. 23_BRCLoudon_pgs5-0.qxd 12/8/08 1:22 PM Page 1132 1132 CHAPTER 23 • THE CHEMISTRY OF AMINES | NH3 H3C I H3N CH3 I_ (23.16a) 2 + L L | | (23.16b) NH3 H NH2 CH3 I_ NH4 I_ H2N CH3 2 + LL + 2 L | (23.16c) H3C NH2 H3C I (CH3)2NH2 I_ L 2 + L Analogous deprotonation–alkylation reactions give the other products of the mixture shown in Eq. 23.15 (see Problem 23.17). Epoxides, as well as a,b-unsaturated carbonyl compounds and a,b-unsaturated nitriles, also react with amines and ammonia. As the following results show, multiple alkylation can occur with these alkylating agents as well. O H2O (CH3)3CNH2 H2C$ CH2 (CH3)3CNHCH2CH2 OH (CH3)3CN(CH2CH2OH)2 (23.17) ++L L L NH3 (excess) H2C A CH CN H2N CH2CH2CN HN(CH2CH2CN)2 (23.18) + L (32%L yield) + (57% yield) In an alkylation reaction, the exact amount of each product obtained depends on the precise reaction conditions and on the relative amounts of starting amine and alkyl halide. Because a mixture of products results, the utility of alkylation as a preparative method for amines is lim- ited, although, in specific cases, conditions have been worked out to favor particular products. Section 23.11 discusses other methods that are more useful for the preparation of amines. Quaternization of Amines Amines can be converted into quaternary ammonium salts with excess alkyl halide. This process, called quaternization, is one of the most important syn- thetic applications of amine alkylation. The reaction is particularly useful when especially re- active alkyl halides, such as methyl iodide or benzylic halides, are used. PhCH NMe MeI PhCH N|Me I (23.19) 2 2 EtOH 2 3 _ 2 + benzyldimethylamine benzyltrimethylammonium iodide (94–99% yield) | (23.20) CH3(CH2)15NMe2 PhCH2 Cl acetone CH3(CH2)15NMe2 Cl_ + L N,N-dimethyl-1-hexadecanamine benzyl chloride "CH2Ph benzylhexadecyldimethylammonium chloride heat CH CHNHMe MeI (excess) CH CHN|Me I HI (23.21) 3 ether 3 3 _ + + "CH2CH3 "CH2CH3 sec-butylmethylamine sec-butyltrimethylammonium iodide Conversion of an amine into a quaternary ammonium salt with excess methyl iodide (as in Eqs. 23.19 and 23.21) is called exhaustive methylation. 23_BRCLoudon_pgs5-0.qxd 12/8/08 1:22 PM Page 1133 23.7 ALKYLATION AND ACYLATION REACTIONS OF AMINES 1133 B. Reductive Amination When primary and secondary amines react with either aldehydes or ketones, they form imines and enamines, respectively (Sec. 19.11). In the presence of a reducing agent, imines and enamines are reduced to amines. O NEt NHEt S S H , Pt H2O 2 EtNH2 H3CCCH3 - H3CCCH3 30 psi H3CC"H CH3 (23.22) + LLacetoneanLL imine EtOH ethylisopropylamineLL (not isolated) Reduction of the CAN double bond is analogous to reduction of the CAO double bond (Sec. 19.8). Notice that the imine or enamine does not have to be isolated, but is reduced within the reaction mixture as it forms. Because imines and enamines are reduced more rapidly than car- bonyl compounds, reduction of the carbonyl compound is not a competing reaction. The formation of an amine from the reaction of an aldehyde or ketone with another amine and a reducing agent is called reductive amination. Two hydride reducing agents, sodium tri- acetoxyborohydride, NaBH(OAc)3, and sodium cyanoborohydride, NaBH3CN, find frequent use in reductive amination. NaBH(OAc)3 HOAc NaOH (23.23) PhCH O + H2N C(CH3)3 1,2-dichloroethane PhCH2NH C(CH3)3 + H2O benzaldehyde tert-butylamine (solvent) N-tert-butylaniline (95% yield) O Me2N S NaBH3CN " HCl (1 equiv.) KOH Me NH 2 MeOH (23.24) + dimethylamine cyclohexanone N,N-dimethylcyclohexanamine (71% yield) Both sodium triacetoxyborohydride and sodium cyanoborohydride are commercially avail- able, easily handled solids, and sodium cyanoborohydride can even be used in aqueous solu- tions above pH 3. Reductive amination with NaBH3CN is known as the Borch reaction, after Richard F. >Borch, a professor of medicinal chemistry and molecular pharmacology at Purdue University, who discovered and developed the reaction while he was a professor of chemistry at the University of Minnesota in 1971. Like NaBH4 reductions, the Borch reduc- tion requires a protic solvent or one equivalent of acid. A proton source is also required for re- duction with sodium triacetoxyborohydride. In some cases, the water generated in the reaction is adequate for this purpose, and in other situations, a weak acid can be added. (Acetic acid serves this role in Eq. 23.23.) Reductive amination, like catalytic hydrogenation, typically involves the imines or enam- ines and their conjugate acids as intermediates. % % % % R R H R O N N| NH S S S 3 H3O 2 | H _BH2CN Na| R NH2 C C C L "CH (23.25) L 2 + % % imine% % % % % % H2O + 23_BRCLoudon_pgs5-0.qxd 12/8/08 1:22 PM Page 1134 1134 CHAPTER 23 • THE CHEMISTRY OF AMINES The success of reductive amination depends on the discrimination by the reducing agents between the imine intermediate and the carbonyl group of the aldehyde or ketone starting ma- terial. Each reagent is a sodium borohydride (NaBH4) derivative in which one or more of the hydrides have been substituted with electron-withdrawing groups ( OAc or CN). The polar effect of these groups reduces the effective negative charge on theL hydride Land, as a re- sult, each reagent is less reactive than sodium borohydride itself. Each reagent is effectively “tuned” to be just reactive enough to reduce imines, but not reactive enough to reduce alde- hydes or ketones. When NaCNBH3 is used in protic solvents, hydrogen-bond donation by the solvent to the imine nitrogen (which is more basic than a carbonyl oxygen) catalyzes the re- duction. Formaldehyde can be reductively aminated with primary and secondary amines using the Borch reaction. This provides a way to introduce methyl groups to the level of a tertiary amine: % % NH2 NaBH3CN N(CH3)2 HOAc KOH H C A O (23.26) 2 CH CN/H O + 3 2 (84% yield) CH3 NaBH3CN HOAc KOH EtNH CH Ph H C A O Et"N CH Ph (23.27) 2 2 CH CN/H O 2 LL + 3 2 LL benzylethylamine formaldehyde benzylethylmethylamine (80% yield) (Quaternization does not occur in these reactions. Why?) Neither an imine nor an enamine can be an intermediate in the reaction of a secondary amine with formaldehyde (Eq. 23.27). (Why?) In this case a small amount of a cationic intermediate, an imminium ion, is formed in solution by protonation of a carbinolamine intermediate and loss of water. The imminium ion, which is also a carbocation, is rapidly and irreversibly reduced by its reaction with hydride. CH2 OH L 2 H OH| 2 1 2 1 2 L R NH R H2COA R "NR2 LL LL 2 2 + carbinolamine 2 CH2 OH| 2 CH| 2 CH2 CH3 L S 1 2 1 2 1 2 H _BH2CN Na| 1 2 R "NR2 R "NR R NR L R "NR LL LL LL LL imminium ion | 2 OH2 2 2 + 2 OH2 (23.28) 2 + 2 Suppose you want to prepare a 2given amine and want to determine whether reductive ami- nation would be a suitable preparative method. How do you determine the required starting materials? Adopt the usual strategy for analyzing a synthesis: Start with the target molecule and mentally reverse the reductive amination process.
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  • Elimination Reactions Are Described

    Elimination Reactions Are Described

    Introduction In this module, different types of elimination reactions are described. From a practical standpoint, elimination reactions widely used for the generation of double and triple bonds in compounds from a saturated precursor molecule. The presence of a good leaving group is a prerequisite in most elimination reactions. Traditional classification of elimination reactions, in terms of the molecularity of the reaction is employed. How the changes in the nature of the substrate as well as reaction conditions affect the mechanism of elimination are subsequently discussed. The stereochemical requirements for elimination in a given substrate and its consequence in the product stereochemistry is emphasized. ELIMINATION REACTIONS Objective and Outline beta-eliminations E1, E2 and E1cB mechanisms Stereochemical considerations of these reactions Examples of E1, E2 and E1cB reactions Alpha eliminations and generation of carbene I. Basics Elimination reactions involve the loss of fragments or groups from a molecule to generate multiple bonds. A generalized equation is shown below for 1,2-elimination wherein the X and Y from two adjacent carbon atoms are removed, elimination C C C C -XY X Y Three major types of elimination reactions are: α-elimination: two atoms or groups are removed from the same atom. It is also known as 1,1-elimination. H R R C X C + HX R Both H and X are removed from carbon atom here R Carbene β-elimination: loss of atoms or groups on adjacent atoms. It is also H H known as 1,2- elimination. R C C R R HC CH R X H γ-elimination: loss of atoms or groups from the 1st and 3rd positions as shown below.