Review and Prospect on the Botryoidal Structures from the Sinian Dengying Formation, Sichuan Basin, China

Petroleum xxx (2017) 1e7

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Review and prospect on the botryoidal structures from the Sinian Dengying Formation, Sichuan Basin, China

* Chengbo Lian a, b, , Guanxiong Ren a, Fang Qu a, Xiucheng Tan a, b, Ling Li a, Wei Zeng a, Guang Hu a, Hong Liu a a School of Geoscience and Technology, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan, China b Department of Sedimentology and Hydrocarbon Accumulation, PetroChina Key Laboratory of Carbonate Reservoir, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan, China article info abstract

Article history: Fabric of carbonate rock is the important foundation and one of main research contents for study on Received 15 March 2016 carbonate sedimentology, and has always been the attention of the academic circles. Botryoidal Received in revised form structures from the Sinian Dengying Formation in the Sichuan Basin is a kind of special carbonate 10 October 2016 fabric, the fabric is named after the shape of a grape. In this paper, from four aspects of the research Accepted 2 December 2016 status, the deﬁnition of the botryoidal structures and the related terms, the construction characteristics of the botryoidal structures, the component of the botryoidal structures, geochemical Keywords: characteristics and the genesis of the botryoidal structures are reviewed. It points out the current Botryoidal structures Construction research issues of botryoidal structures from the Sinian Dengying Formation in the Sichuan Basin, Lamina and put forward that future research should focus on the accurate analysis of its internal con- Genesis struction, precipitation mechanism of the major components, and the construction mechanism of botryoidal structures. Copyright © 2017, Southwest Petroleum University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co., Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction structures from the Sinian Dengying Formation in the Sichuan Basin is a kind of special structure of carbonate fabric, the fabric Carbonate rocks are known for simple mineral composition, is named after the shape of the grape. Many domestic and chemical composition and complex fabric [1]. The formation of overseas scholars have taken up research on the botryoidal carbonate rock fabric is often related to the specific environment structures, now, the research status of the botryoidal structures and diagenetic mechanism [2e10], recording the information and its related research are summarized from four aspects, and that the geochemical composition of the ancient fuild, ancient analyzed the existing problems. environment and ancient climate changes, and have important metallogenic significance. It is important foundation and one of 2. The definition of the botryoidal structures and the main research contents for study on carbonate sedimentology, related terms and has always been the academic attention. Botryoidal

The botryoidal structures is named from shape and construction, some scholars describes it as botryoidal caries texture * Corresponding author. School of Geoscience and Technology, Southwest or Grapestone. Because the botryoidal caries texture is used by a Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan, China. part of domestic scholars, and Prehnite is a kind of silicate rock E-mail address: [email protected] (C. Lian). mineral name, which easily lead to conceptual confusion, so this Peer review under responsibility of Southwest Petroleum University. paper uses the name of botryoidal structures. The botryoidal structures was the ﬁrst put forward by llling in the modern sea, which was found carbonate grain similar to the Production and Hosting by Elsevier on behalf of KeAi morphology of crystal structures of grapestone [11]. The sediment is circular, and all kinds of carbonate sand grain aggregate http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.petlm.2016.12.001 2405-6561/Copyright © 2017, Southwest Petroleum University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co., Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Fig. 1. The out statue of botryoidal structures from the Sinian Dengying Formation in the Sichuan Basin. A:strata grow up in one direction; B:botryoidal structures grow in opposite direction; C:in the structual corrosion fracture obliquing to bedding surface; (the yellow area is that the area of botryoidal structures development; the right is that the macrophotograph of the left).

There are two kinds of botryoidal structures in the rock layers, depositional-penecontemporaneous and in the interlamination one kind is that botryoidal structures attached to the upper corrosion fracture. Because some scholars ignore the output state surface of the underlying strata grow towards the overlying of botryoidal structures, and they put do much emphasis on the strata, then gradually disappear and transition to overlying strata material composition and geochemical characteristics, which (Fig. 1A); The other is that botryoidal structures grow in opposite there have many divergences in the formation of the relevant direction (Fig. 1B).The output state of botryoidal structure in the knowledge [33,58,62]. It should be emphasized that the output structual corrosion fracture obliquing to bedding surface is state of botryoidal structures is more persuasive than relevant botryoidal structures attached to fracture (Fig. 1C).There are two analysis of formation, material composition and geochemical. kinds of the output states of botryoidal structures in the corro- Because the relevant information about the formation of output sion cave, one kind attached to cavity wall grow towards cave, state of botryoidal structures is clear, and after its formation has the other is that growth adhere to previously existent ﬁlling experienced a long period of geological history, in this process, compound surface (Fig. 1C). The main reason why some scholars the present material composition and present geochemical call it the grape like cement is because some scholars only found characteristics were appeared by many different period diagen- botryoidal structures in the corrosion fracture cavity. From the esis, which lead to multiplicity about material composition and published literature, the understanding of three output places geochemical characteristics. So, the effective information that about botryoidal structures is basic the same [19,23,58,59]. relate to material composition and geochemical interpretation of The output form of botryoidal structures can determine its botryoidal structures must be extracted under the constraints of approximate formative period, most of scholars think that the its output state. majority of botryoidal structures bedding output formed in the depositional-penecontemporaneous [19,21,23], but botryoidal 4. Construction characteristics of the botryoidal structures structures in the corrosion fracture cavity of oblique strata surface formed in the non-depositional-penecontemporaneous The construction characteristics of botryoidal structures re- ﬁ [19,23,28]. Through the ne analysis about output state of fers to the internal micro morphological types, scale and its botryoidal structures can been found, botryoidal structures combination rule. A single botryoidal structures have typical bedding is not in the depositional-penecontemporaneous, and it semi circular shape and revealed a dangling, but both are shown need to base on whether botryoidal structures is one-way up- as the obvious botryoidal hemisphere construction in the plane ward growth, if botryoidal structures is bedding distribution and [12e18,28], the protruding direction of botryoidal hemisphere one-way upward growth is the depositional- points to the free growth space. penecontemporaneous, otherwise its essence and botryoidal The upper surface morphology of botryoidal structures from structures in the corrosion fracture cavity of oblique strata sur- the Sinian Dengying Formation in the Sichuan Basin presents face are the same type, which all formed in the non- botryoidal bulge (Fig. 2. A), the longitudinal section show that

Fig. 2. Upper surface morphology and internal construction. A: upper surface of botryoidal structures; B: upper surface and longitudinal section of botryoidal structures; C: longitudinal section of botryoidal structures; D: botryoidal structures cracked with hammer.

Please cite this article in press as: C. Lian, et al., Review and prospect on the botryoidal structures from the Sinian Dengying Formation, Sichuan Basin, China, Petroleum (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.petlm.2016.12.001 4 C. Lian et al. / Petroleum xxx (2017) 1e7 the internal construction is made up of discontinuous distribu- top left corner), then inherited base develop layer which thick- tion bulge basement and continuous curve layered lamina (Fig. 2. ness is similar to multiple single lamina and form continuous BeC). The morphology of botryoidal structures surface is similar distribution curve, and present botryoidal. It is found that the to the grapestone, which is the main reason why partial scholars second type of discontinuous distribution bulge basement is the call it the grapestone [21,33]. The grapestone is composed of key to the formation of botryoidal structures by a large number composite particles that is formed by the aggregation of all kinds of botryoidal structures statistics. This kind of discontinuous of round carbonate sand particles [11,32,53], and belong to the distribution bulge basement can be divided into two types. One category of grain in carbonate fabric. But there are fundamental kind is that it directly build bulge by adhering to base rocks differences between the internal construction of botryoidal surface (Fig. 2. B and D top left corner), the other kind of bulge is structures from the Sinian Dengying Formation in the Sichuan built above early formative curve layered lamina surface which is Basin and grapestone, and it presents a general layered charac- above base rock surface (Fig. 2 C lower left corner). teristics, which should belong to the category of rock structures. The internal construction of botryoidal structures is complex, In addition, botryoidal cements usually refers to cements that and the shape is different. The tangential construction is produced in a particle or between small corrosion fracture cavity composed of parallel, undulating and rhythmicity lamina, [12,13,15], it has a variety of genesis types and can not represent superimposed layers are up to ten layers, even more than one uniqueness of botryoidal structures from the Sinian Dengying hundred, lamina bent shape is different, the level of light and Formation in the Sichuan Basin, therefore, this paper agrees with shade is not the same in the interlamination, the thickness of some scholars to name it botryoidal structures [14,26,28,59e62]. single layer is different, the thin is only millimeter-scale and the Botryoidal structures is cracked with hammer from different thick is up to a few centimeters [13e17,19,20,23,26,28,29,33], the angles for three dimensional fine analysis the internal con- internal of botryoidal structures from the Sinian Dengying For- struction of botryoidal structures. The cross section of botryoidal mation in the Sichuan Basin have typical rhythmicity lamina structures show the core and concentric layers construction construction. Rhythmicity lamina construction have been one of (Fig. 2. D top right corner), its essence is that it consist of bulge the important research focuses in the academic field, because it and layered lamina (Fig. 2. D top left corner). Partial scholars are record cyclical changes of the ancient environment and the misguided in the internal construction of botryoidal structures is ancient climate, a large number of scholars have done much core and coating and call it botryoidal clots, because they analyze research [2,7,8,10,34e36]. By comparison, rhythmicity lamina it according to the characteristics of single cross section [58].In construction of botryoidal caries texture is only in a brief addition, it should be emphasized that the formation of main description stage, but research degree in detail, which curved part that is dark layered lamina have accomplished the con- shape and thickness of single layer and the combination evolu- struction of botryoidal structures (Fig. 2. B-D), and the formation tion of multi layer vertical rhythm, is not enough, and these of the white material is not the important factor about con- characteristics are one of the important basis for excavating structing botryoidal structures (Fig. 2 C-D and Fig. 3). botryoidal caries texture structure recorded information. It is found that discontinuous distribution bulge basement of botryoidal structures is basis of the formation of botryoidal structures by a large number of fine analysis, and there are two 5. The component and geochemical characteristics of the main types. One kind is that botryoidal structures develop botryoidal structures discontinuous distribution bulge basement adhering to base rock surface, this kind of bulge basement adhering to the base rock Botryoidal structures components and their geochemical surface occurred dissolution before the formation of botryoidal characteristics are important basic data for the inversion of structures, heterogeneity of denudation form discontinuous their formation and environment. Botryoidal structures is distribution bulge basement (Fig. 2 C lower left corner), then mainly composed of carbonate minerals, and it also contains inherited base develop layer which thickness is similar to mul- some other material components, there are some differences tiple single lamina and form continuous distribution curve, and between different regions and different position, the difference present botryoidal. The other kind is that bulge basement is built of composition determines that the geochemical characteristics e e on the base rocks surface (Fig. 2 C lower left corner and Fig. 2 C are also different [13 15,18 20,29,32,33]. According to the botryoidal structures from the Sinian Dengying Formation in

Fig. 3. Resolution photo of the surface characteristic and evolution of layered lamina belong to botryoidal structures from the Sinian Dengying Formation in the Sichuan Basin. A: section is perpendicular to direction of strata; B: the nature surface of botryoidal structures is exposed to weathering and eroding.

Please cite this article in press as: C. Lian, et al., Review and prospect on the botryoidal structures from the Sinian Dengying Formation, Sichuan Basin, China, Petroleum (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.petlm.2016.12.001 C. Lian et al. / Petroleum xxx (2017) 1e7 5 the Sichuan Basin component, it is mainly composed of fibrous earth element, carbonate, oxygen, strontium isotopes and other dolomite minerals, the formation time is the same term geochemical characteristics of the botryoidal structures are outcome or early stage outcome compare with the botryoidal different from underlying strata. As a whole, whether structures, and it contains a certain amount of mud, sikicon and depositional-penecontemporaneous genesis or supergene gen- organic matter [14,19e21,28,33,37]. Some data, for example esis, what they have in common they formed under the condi- lithification, cathode luminescence, microelement, lanthanon tion of near surface. There are two main types of experience in and isotopic analysis show that there are some differences the formation of the botryoidal structures, one kind is to expe- between the different lamina of the botryoidal structures rience the mechanism to form a circular grain mechanisation, [14,19,20,28,33]. The composition and geochemical character- and then form botryoidal structures by chemistry or precipita- istics provide important evidence for the research of the tion cementation with biochemical reactions. botryoidal structures. [11,21,25,31,32,53,55e57]; The other is directly formed by the In recent years, many advances have been made in the precipitation cementation of chemical reactions or biochemical analysis of carbonate rocks, geochemical correlation analysis reactions [14,17,19,20,23,27,28,33], botryoidal structures from methods and other aspects. Because the magnetic fabric of the Sinian Dengying Formation in the Sichuan Basin belongs to carbonate rock is related to the rate of carbonate deposition and the latter category. From the public publication of the results of the potential diagenesis, and it has become one of the impor- view, people pay attention to the former type of botryoidal tant research contents [38,39]. Trace elements and rare ele- structures than the latter, we should pay attention to it and carry ments are widely used in the diagenesis research of carbonate out further research work. rocks and have many analytical methods [40e43]. Oxygen, The characteristics of the botryoidal structures rhythmic su- carbon and strontium isotopes of carbonate rocks have become perimposition is mentioned by a large number of scholars in the one of the important means for the study of carbonate rocks relevant research, a small number of scholars have made analysis [44e48]. Magnesium isotopes as a new stable isotope research on the construction mechanism [13,17,19,20,27,29,33], there are method, is increasingly showing its potential research value three main standpoint: (1) The fluctuation of sea level and [49]. Due to different geochemical indicators have different rainfall cycle change control the change of environment, and advantages and disadvantages, and the combination of multiple lamina rhythmic superimposition is formed by periodic precip- geochemical indicators can effectively realize complementary itation; (2) It is similar to the formation mechanism of algal advantages. With the improvement of the fine degree of lamina; (3) Short periodic fluctuation of sea level leads to peri- research, high precision sampling accuracy has been signifi- odic exposure and alternation of underwater environment, and cantly improved, some method sampling density up to 20 mm form periodicity that control erosion-laydown. Many of these [50e52]. From the current research results, the sampling pre- ideas are simple reasoning and analysis, and lack of systemic cision and density are not high in the analysis of the botryoidal evidence, the reason is mentioned in the summary and analysis structures component and geochemical characteristics. The about research status of the botryoidal structures, we need to do sampling precision is not enough to be easy to obtain the data the fine systemic research and dig up it relevant information for which has the characteristic of the mixed sample, sampling understanding it construction mechanism, it is possible to density is thick, it could not understand the fine characteristics accurately understand the construction mechanism on the basis of the botryoidal structures and will eventually affect the depth of the comprehensive analysis. of its related research. So, with the help of advanced analysis and testing technology, the internal composition and geochemical characteristics of botryoidal structures were analyzed, studying on the characteristics of the single lamina 7. Prospect and rhythmic variation feature of the different laminas in the vertical, it has an important meaning for digging up the related From the above four aspects of the summary and analysis can information of the botryoidal structures record. know, the unique botryoidal structures from the Sinian Dengying Formation in the Sichuan Basin did not cause enough attention 6. Genesis of the botryoidal structures and lack of fine research. In the future, we should take the Sinian Dengying Formation in the Sichuan Basin outcrops and the The characteristics and genesis of the botryoidal structures in botryoidal structures developed in the core as the research ob- different regions or layers are different, the cause of botryoidal ject, we choose the typical botryoidal structures, and analyze its structures was analysed from different angles by the scholars at internal construction and its substance composition. We conduct home and abroad. The formation period of the botryoidal the fine sample analysis of rhythmicity lamina construction, structures is one of the hot spots of research, it has mainly two lamina internal component and geochemical characteristics, and origin, depositional-penecontemporaneous genesis and hyper- study on the characteristics of the single lamina and rhythmic gene genesis. There are four main aspects for the basis of variation feature of the different lamina in the vertical. We depositional-penecontemporaneous genesis should comprehensive analyze the geochemical composition, [11,21,23,25,31,32,37,53e57]: (1) The botryoidal structures is the characteristics of the ancient environment and climate, and layered, and the distribution is stable; (2) The botryoidal struc- precipitation mechanism of the main composition substance in tures is always symbiosis with algae, stromatolite ooides and the formation of a single layer, and we combined with rhyth- tempestite rocks; (3) It has syngenetic botryoidal structure micity lamina construction and the periodicity of the difference breccias; (4) Modern marine sediments develop the botryoidal of substance composition to research its genetic dynamics, structures. There are three main aspects for the basis of hyper- expound construction mechanism of rhythmic lamina overlay gene genesis [14,17,19,20,27,28,33]: (1) The botryoidal structures construction of the botryoidal structures and build genetic formed oblique bedding or alternatively filling in the dissolution model of botryoidal structures from the Sinian Dengying For- cavity or crack wall, which came up at the same time with cave mation in the Sichuan Basin. These research results have filling sediment; (2) The botryoidal structures component have important significance to enrich the basic theory of carbonate supergene environment substance; (3) Trace elements, rare sedimentology.

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