Integrated Natural Resources and Environment Management Project

Initial Environmental Examination

July 2019

PHI: Integrated Natural Resources and Environment Management Project

Improvement of Mainit Communal Irrigation System, Bontoc, Mountain Province

Prepared by Municipality of Bontoc, Mt. Province for the Asian Development Bank

CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 15 May 2019) The date of the currency equivalents must be within 2 months from the date on the cover. Currency unit = peso (PhP) PhP 1.00 = $ 0.01911 $1.00 = PhP 52.3035

ABBREVIATIONS

ADB Asian Development Bank BDC Barangay Development Council BUB Bottom-Up Budgeting CIS Communal Irrigation System CNC Certificate of Non-Coverage CSC Construction Supervision Consultant CSO Civil Society Organization DA Department of Agriculture DED Detail Engineering Design DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources DILG Department of Interior and Local Government DSWD Department of Social Welfare and Development ECA Environmentally Critical Area ECC Environmental Compliance Certificate ECP Environmentally Critical Project EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMB Environmental Management Bureau ESS Environmental Safeguards Specialist GAD Gender and Development IEE Initial Environmental Examination INREMP Integrated Natural Resources and Environment Management Project IP Indigenous People IROW Infrastructure Right of Way LGU Local Government Unit LPRAT Local Poverty Reduction Action Team MDC Municipal Development Council MPN Most Probable Number NCB National Competitive Bidding NECA Non-Environmental Critical Area NECP Non-Environmental Critical Project NIA National Irrigation Administration NPCO National Project Coordinating Office NRIMP National Road Improvement and Management Program NRM Natural Resources Management OCM Overhead, Contingencies and Miscellaneous PAGASA Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration PDR Project Description Report PMIC Project Management Implementation Consultant PPCO Provincial Project Coordinating Offices PMO Project Management Office

PMU Project Management Unit POs Peoples’ Organizations PSA Philippine Statistics Authority PWD Persons with Disability RC Reinforced Concrete RCPC Reinforced Concrete Pipe Culvert RPCO Regional Project Coordinating Offices REA Rapid Environmental Assessment ROW Right of Way SB Sangguniang Bayan SBD Standard Bidding Document SEMS Social and Environmental Management Systems SPMU Sub-Project Management Unit SPS Safeguard Policy Statement SSS Social Safeguard Specialist TA Technical Assistance TDS Total Dissolved Solids ToR Terms of Reference TSP Total Suspended Particulates WMA Watershed Management Area WMC Watershed Management Council WMPCO Watershed Management and Project Coordination Offices

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WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

˚C – degree centigrade ha – Hectare km – kilometer m – meter m asl – meter above sea level mm – Millimetre mg/L – milligram per liter mg/Nm3 – milligram per normal cubic meter ppt – parts per thousand μg/Nm3 – microgram per normal cubic meter µS/cm – microSiemens/cm % – Percent

NOTE In this report, "$" refers to US dollars unless otherwise stated.

This Initial Environmental Examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 1 II. PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 2 A. Project Overview ...... 2 B. Project Description ...... 4 C. Design and Specification ...... 7 D. Project Cost ...... 8 E. Project Duration and Schedule ...... 9 III. DESCRIPTION OF EXISTING ENVIRONMENT ...... 9 A. Project Location ...... 9 B. Physical Environmental Conditions...... 10 1. Air quality ...... 10 2. Noise and vibration ...... 11 3. Climate ...... 11 4. Topography and soils ...... 11 5. Water bodies ...... 13 6. Underground water ...... 13 7. Water quality ...... 13 8. Flooding ...... 14 9. Terrestrial flora and fauna ...... 14 10. Protected areas ...... 14 C. Social Environmental Conditions ...... 16 1. Land use ...... 16 2. Nearest residential land ...... 17 3. Infrastructure ...... 17 4. Agriculture and aquaculture ...... 17 5. Population...... 18 6. Ethnic minorities ...... 18 7. Livelihoods...... 19 8. Physical and cultural heritage ...... 19 9. Public health ...... 19 10. Traffic and transport characteristics ...... 20 IV. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT SCREENING ...... 20 V. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 23 A. Implementation Arrangement ...... 23 B. Environmental Mitigation Plan ...... 24 C. Environmental Monitoring Plan ...... 26 D. Environmental Compliance Monitoring ...... 26 E. Monitoring and Reporting ...... 27 VI. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND DISCLOSURE ACTIVITIES ...... 29 A. Stakeholder Consultations ...... 29 B. Information Disclosure ...... 30 VII. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM ...... 31 1. Grievance among IPs ...... 32 VII. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 33

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: The Project Description of the Improvement of Mainit Communal Irrigation System 4 Table 2: Preliminary Cost Estimate on Major Scope of Works ...... 8 Table 3: Indicative Subproject Implementation Schedule ...... 9 Table 4: Land uses of Barangay Mainit ...... 13 Table 6: Annual Population growth Rate of Barangay Mainit ...... 18 Table 7: Summary of potential environmental impacts resulting from the implementation of civil works ...... 20 Table 8: Implementation Arrangements ...... 23 Table 9: Environmental Impact Mitigation Plan ...... 24 Table 10: Environmental Monitoring Plan of the Proposed Subproject ...... 26 Table 12: Description of activities conducted during public consultations...... 29 Table 13: Outcomes of public consultation to date ...... 30 Table 14: Future public consultation activities ...... 30

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Existing conditions of Mainit Communal Irrigation System from intake, irrigation canal waterways to service area ...... 3

Figure 2: Location of the Improvement of Mainit Communal Irrigation System Subproject ... 10

Figure 3: Average Monthly Temperature and Rainfall in the area ...... 11

Figure 4: Elevation and Slope of the Improvement Subproject Canal 01...... 12

Figure 5: Elevation and Slope of the Improvement Subproject Canal 2 ...... 12

Figure 6: Susceptibility to flooding map of Mainit in Bontoc province (Source: DENR-MGB) 15

Figure 7: Land cover and Land Use Map of Bontoc ...... 16

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix 1: A Copy of the Certificate of Pre-condition for Bontoc, RI Subproject ...... 35

Appendix 2: Rapid Environmental Assessment of the Proposed Subproject ...... 36

Appendix 3: Details of consultation activities on April 12, 2018 ...... 44

Appendix 4: Second community consultation on October 25, 2018) ...... 54

Appendix 5: Barangay Resolution Accepting and Endorsing the INREM Project ...... 69

Appendix 6: SB resolution Accepting and endorsing the INREM Project ...... 70

Appendix 7: WMC endorsing the Rehabilitation of Mainit CIS...... 71

Appendix 8: Grievance Intake Form ...... 74

Appendix 9: Certificate of Non-Coverage ...... 74

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I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1. This Initial Environmental Examination has been prepared for the Improvement of Mainit Communal Irrigation System (CIS). This Subproject is the improvement of the two (2) existing irrigation canal with an estimated length of 2.1 km and irrigable area of approximately 36 ha. The CIS improvement primarily will be clustered into the diversion structure, and canalization and canal structures. The proposed scope of works are divided into four (4) major items: common earth excavation, reinforced concrete, grouted riprap and concrete works.

2. The subproject is located at Barangay Mainit of the Bontoc municipality. The barangay is located at the northwestern part of the municipality bounded by Brgy. Guina-ang in the south, Brgy. Tubo of Abra in the northwestern side, by the Sagada municipality in the western side and by Brgy. Belwang of Sadanga in the northern side. Barangay Mainit is one of the four (4) barangays which are considered to be the upland barangays of Bontoc. The proposed irrigation improvement has an elevation ranging from 1,277 m asl to 1,471 m asl with an average slope of 11.75%.

3. The main proponent of the project is the Local Government Unit of Bontoc, Mountain Province and assisted by the Department of Agriculture - Integrated Natural Resources and Environmental Management Project (DA-INREMP) and the Department of Environment and Natural Resources. The project implementation will be co-managed by the Municipal Environment and Natural Resources Office, Office of the Municipal Planning and Development Coordinator and the Municipal Engineering Office.

4. The total cost of the subproject is Eight Million Five Hundred Twenty-One Thousand Nine Hundred Twenty-Seven pesos and Seventeen Centavos (PhP 8,522,000.00). The project funding source is majority coming from the DENR - INREMP and LGU with a cost sharing of 88% and 12%, respectively. Construction will take seven (7) month or 180 calendar days.

5. The Subproject has been categorized by ADB as Environment Category B and this IEE was prepared consistent with the environmental assessment requirements of ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement of 2009. The IEE, based on the screening of baseline environment and review of proposed civil works, has not identified any major environmental concerns due to proposed Improvement of Mainit Communal Irrigation System given that all the proposed civil works are only asset preservation of existing CIS and are located within existing irrigation canal. There will only be localized temporary impacts during construction activities due to implementation of civil works that will be addressed in the detailed design and through implementation of the mitigation and monitoring measures specified in the environmental management plan.

6. The IEE process included stakeholder participation and consultation to help LGUs achieve public acceptance of the subproject. Consultations to include neighboring beneficiary barangays were conducted in support for the improvement of the Mainit Communal Irrigation System. The proponent and DA-INREMP have made presentation of the subproject describing the objective of the consultations, project description, proposed civil works, and anticipated environmental impacts and their mitigation measures. The EMP is included as annex in the Bid Docs of the proposed CIS subproject rehabilitation. During construction, they will closely monitor the contractor’s environmental performance and over-all EMP implementation. Semi- annual environmental monitoring reports will be submitted by LGU to the DA-INREMP and/or NPCO to ADB. These reports will be posted on ADB’s website for disclosure.

7. A grievance redress mechanism will be established by the LGU of Bontoc, Mountain, Province prior to commencement of site works to ensure that complaints of affected person

and other stakeholders regarding the project’s environmental performance are promptly addressed.

8. The main potential environmental impacts of the subproject during operation are: (i) soil erosion, scouring and siltation along the irrigation canal line can be avoided due to application of concrete canal lining; (ii) volume of water for irrigation increases; and (iii) rice production increases.

9. Based on the findings of the environmental assessment it is concluded that the subproject will have minor environmental impacts during construction and operation. These impacts will be adequately managed by implementing the mitigation measures indicated in the EMP and continuous monitoring.

II. PROJECT DESCRIPTION

A. Project Overview

10. The government have long been finding solutions to resolve the cases of poverty in the country. Agrarian reform is one of the options that will result to economic growth and will contribute to the development of one area. Hence, the government established special projects to help reduce poverty through supporting the farmers by granting of full ownership and control of the land distributed and provides the beneficiaries infrastructures that will make the land productive.

11. One of the major components of its infrastructure is the rehabilitation or construction of communal irrigation system that will provide an all-year-round easy and affordable access to irrigation water thereby improving the prompt delivery of basic services, increasing economic opportunities and conditions.

12. With this, the Municipality of Bontoc being an agricultural land area aligned its development plan in rehabilitating rural infrastructures that will elevate the living condition and the quality of life of the target community. One of the barangays identified is Barangay Mainit that has the most resident farmers. Its dire need to improve existing irrigation has been the barangay’s unanimous hope for more than a decade.

13. Barangay Mainit is one of the 16 barangays of Bontoc that is suited for agriculture. Most of its residents are dependent in farming livelihood and one of the largest producers of farm products like rice, sugarcane, camote, banana, legumes, citrus and pechay.

14. At present, the irrigation system of Mainit is an existing earth canal with intermittent wash out along the canal. It is maintained by clearing grasses, soil and rocks so that irrigation water would pass. The farmers that are using this CIS are experiencing inconvenience because of the CIS’s poor condition (Figure 1). Thus, a grouted riprap and concrete canal lining is included improvement of this subproject.

15. Advantages of canal lining works are mainly to reduce seepage loss, increase channel capacity, and less maintenance of the canal. Canal lining is not necessary if seepage losses are very small. The seepage loss of water in unlined canals of the existing Mainit CIS subproject is about 25 to 50% of total water supplied. The cost of canal lining is high but it is justifiable for its efforts in saving most of the water from seepage losses. Likewise, canal lining can also increase the channel capacity. The lined canal surface is generally smooth and allows

water to flow with high velocity compared to unlined channel. Higher the velocity of flow greater is the capacity of channel and hence channel capacity will increase by providing lining. In terms of maintenance, the lined canal is easier than unlined canals. Generally, there is a problem of silting in unlined canal which removal requires huge expenditure but in case of lined canals, because of high velocity of flow, the silt is easily carried away by the water.

Mainit CIS Intake

Irrigation Canal Waterways that Need Contrete Lining

Service Area

Figure 1: Existing conditions of Mainit Communal Irrigation System from intake, irrigation canal waterways to service area

16. The beneficial area of the proposed CIS improvement covers 36 hectares of production of rice, fruit trees and legumes, which can be real sources of income of farmers if maximized. The farmers have less enthusiasm on farming and agro forestry business due to the deterioration of the existing irrigation brought by continuous rains and typhoons. Through the years, the LGU has made some repairs but it is not enough due to lack of funds.

17. The improvement of this communal irrigation system is the request of the community to help them boost the socio-economic well-being of the barangay if these facilities are provided to them. As one of the basic support facility to achieve the goals of rehabilitating the forest and the watershed, the improvement of the CIS will be very essential.

B. Project Description

18. Details of the project is described below.

Table 1: The Project Description of the Improvement of Mainit Communal Irrigation System

DATA ITEM SUB-PROJECT DATA GENERAL INFORMATION Subproject Name Improvement of Mainit CIS Subproject Type Communal Irrigation System Subproject Owner Barangay Mainit Address of Subproject Owner Mainit, Bontoc, Mt. Province Name and Title of Head of Subproject Jhonson B. Tangchur, Barangay Captain Owner Telephone, fax and email details of Sub- CP#: 09184295026 Project Owner Name of Environmental Officer of PPMO Mr. Rudolf Val B. Degay Telephone, fax and email details of PPMO CP#: 09217990933 Environmental Officer SUBPROJECT DESCRIPTION (For upgrade projects complete the following information for the existing and future, upgraded infrastructure) New project or rehabilitation project Rehabilitation Project Underground or surface water source Surface water source Identification of water source Ingawa and Averwang Creeks For irrigation subproject, is the water No. available for domestic use also? The main sources for domestic water supply in Barangay Mainit is located at Tarun Creek and Farasig Creek which is different from the sources of this proposed rehabilitation CIS subproject. Sources for domestic water supply are sufficient all year round and are more than enough to supply the community.

Reservoir/dam inundation area and surface None area Reservoir depth 0.90 meters Length and height of weir(s), if applicable 4.80 meters Number of water intakes and off-takes 2 units Length of new primary canals/pipelines None Length of new secondary canals/pipelines None Length of new tertiary canals/pipelines None Length of upgraded primary canals/pipelines 2.1 km Length of upgraded secondary None canals/pipelines Length of upgraded tertiary canals/pipelines None Width and depth of primary canals 0.3 meter (W) and 0.3 meter (D) Width and depth of secondary canals N/A Width and depth of tertiary canals N/A Diameter of primary pipelines N/A Diameter of secondary pipelines N/A Diameter of tertiary pipelines N/A Length and width of access road(s) None Number of spillways None CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES Construction commencement date July 2019 (month/year) Construction completion date (month/year) December 2019 Number of construction workers 20 Construction camps required (Yes/No) No Construction in wet season (Yes/No) Yes List of the quantity and condition of Various hand tools construction equipment/vehicles

Identified wastes include excavated excess soil Description of types and approximate 3 volumes of solid wastes and disposal with an estimated volume of 309 m and the emptied cement bags during and after the methods rehabilitation. Disposal method will include the use of the excavated soil for backfill and the cement bags to be included in the solid waste management of the barangay. The barangay participatory monitoring and evaluation team will also help in ensuring that no cement bags will be improperly disposed as part of their monitoring for environmental safeguards. Bio-degradable waste will only include the cleared grasses and shrubs with an estimated volume of only 120 m3. Composting will be done under the Barangay Solid Waste Management, monitored by the Barangay Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation Team and coordinated to the contractor. Composting will be done in a composting pit outside the community and it will not have any negative impact to the community or to the environment. Cut / fill balance and management measures Minimal cut which can be used to fill top banks for excess spoil OPERATION & MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES 0.20 cu m per second Capacity of subproject (m3 of water) Capacity of subproject (households or 86.50 ha hectares) Water treatment processes, if any None Frequency of maintenance dredging / pipe N/A cleaning Description of solid wastes and disposal No solid waste methods RESETTLEMENT AND LAND ACQUISITION Number of Affected Persons (APs) None Number of severely affected Aps None Number of APs that must relocate None Total land area to be acquired (ha) Temporary = N/A Permanent = N/A Agricultural land area to be acquired (ha) Temporary = N/A Permanent = N/A Forestry land area to be acquired (ha) Temporary = N/A Permanent = N/A Aqua cultural land to be acquired (ha) Temporary = N/A Permanent = N/A Residential land to be acquired(ha) Temporary = N/A Permanent = N/A Garden land to be acquired (ha) Temporary = N/A Permanent = N/A Other land to be acquired (ha) Temporary = N/A Permanent = N/A SUBPROJECT COST Total subproject cost (Phil Peso and USD) PHP 8,513,000.00

C. Design and Specification

19. The proposed Improvement of Mainit Communal Irrigation System has two (2) existing irrigation canals with an estimated length of 2.1 km and irrigable area of approximately 36 hectares. It shall consist of the following works, namely: Part I: a) Common excavation, b) Reinforced Concrete and c) Grouted riprap and Part II a) Common excavation, b) Concrete works c) Reinforced concrete and d) Grouted riprap.

20. The CIS improvement primarily will be clustered into two parts: (a) Part 1 – Diversion Structure and (b) Part 2 - Canalization and Canal Structures

21. Proposed scope of works are divided into four (4) major items: common earth excavation, reinforced concrete, grouted riprap and concrete works.

22. The construction works and specification of materials shall comply with engineering and construction standards set-forth by the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) and the National Building Code of the Philippines. Materials as quantified and estimated are assumed to be available in the locality. Prevailing market price is used to achieve the approved agency estimate which subsequently will be used as basis for the anticipated evaluation of bids, since the construction of the subproject will be through National Competitive Bidding.

23. The following are the proposed technical specifications of the primary construction materials of the subproject:

Common Excavation: Item 102(2)

This item shall consist of irrigation canal and borrow excavation and the disposal of material in accordance with this Specification and in conformity with the lines, grades and dimensions shown on the Plans or established by the Engineer.

Reinforced Concrete (Item 900)

This item shall consist of cement concrete, with reinforcement, constructed on the prepared base in accordance with this specification and in conformity with lines, grades, thickness and typical cross-section shown on the plans.

Concrete Works (Item 901)

This item shall consist of cement concrete, without reinforcement, constructed on the prepared base in accordance with this specification and in conformity with lines, grades, thickness and typical cross-section shown on the plans.

Grouted Riprap (Item 505)

This item shall consist of grouted riprap in minor structures, in retaining walls at the toes of slopes, and at other places called for on the Plans, constructed on the prepared foundation bed, in accordance with this Specification and in conformity with the lines, grades, sections, and dimensions shown on the Plans or as ordered in writing by the Engineer.

D. Project Cost

24. The Subproject Cost as estimated has the total amount of PhP 8,522,00.00 which includes the costs for the indirect cost and taxes aside from the direct cost. Said Direct Cost has the amount of PhP 6,763,494.30. The OCM and Contractor’s Profit will be 12% and 8% of the indirect cost amounting to PhP 1,547,484.88 and PhP 211,020.66 respectively. Taxes will be the fixed ratio of 5% as required by the national government amounting to PhP 405, 809.68.

25. Following the agreed financing mix of the subproject, 88% of the total subproject cost as presented will be covered by the project (INREMP) equivalent to PhP 7,499,359.87 and the remaining 12% will be borne by the proponent LGU as cash equity counterpart. The amount of equity counterpart based from the presented subproject cost above is PhP 1,022,639.98.

26. It must be noted that an item for Environmental Management Plan (EMP) implementation is not included for the subproject fund, which is mainly focused on civil works. The EMP is not included on the preliminary cost estimates but it is incorporated in the bidding document. This will ensure that the EMP will be discussed with the prospective bidders during the procurement process. In addition, EMP is also an attachment to the contract agreement between the LGU and the winning contractor.

Table 2: Preliminary Cost Estimate on Major Scope of Works

Item Scope of Work % Weight Quantity Unit Unit Cost Total No.

PART I: DIVERSION STRUCTURE 102 COMMON EXCAVATION 0.03% 14.16 cu m 191.50 2,711.64 900 REINFORCED CONCRETE 2.31% 12.00 cu m 16,402.77 196,833.24 505 GROUTED RIPRAP 3.78% 51.29 cu m 6,282.02 322,204.81

PART II: CANALIZATION AND CANAL

STRUCTURES 102 COMMON EXCAVATION 0.60% 309 cu m 166.52 51,521.29 901 CONCRETE WORKS 83.52% 410.87 cu m 17,322.55 7,117,316.12 900 REINFORCED CONCRETE 0.59% 1.08 cu m 46,484.58 50,203.35 505 GROUTED RIPRAP 9.17% 88.48 cu m 8,829.24 781,209.55 Total Project Cost 100.00% 8,522,000.00 SOURCE OF FUND Breakdown of Estimated Project Cost EQUITY Total Cost ADB/IFAD INREMP Grant (LGU) A. Direct Cost 5,951,874.99 811,619.32 6,763,494.30 Equipment 12,980.00 1,770.00 14,750.00 Labor 872,884.79 119,029.74 991,914.53 Materials 5,066,010.20 690,819.57 5,756,829.77 B. Indirect Cost 1,547,484.88 211,020.66 1,758,505.70 OCM 714,222.50 97,393.98 811,616.48 Contractor's Profit 476,150.00 64,929.54 541,079.54 Taxes 357,112.38 48,697.14 405,809.68 C. Project Cost (Total A + B) 7,499,359.87 1,022,639.98 8,522,000.00 Say ,Estimated Project Cost (EPC) 8,522,000.00 D. PERCENTAGE 88% 12% 100%

E. Project Duration and Schedule

27. After the technical workshop provided by the National Project Coordinating Office (NPCO) in May 2018, the SPMU started the finalization and completion of the Subproject Proposal Document (SPD). The completed SPD will be submitted to the Department of Agriculture – Project Management Office (DA-PMO) for review and concurrence. When found substantial, it will be endorsed to the ADB for the NOL. During these stages, the detailed engineering design (DED) is simultaneously being prepared by the LGU Engineering Unit and is expected to be final and complete on or before the time the ADB NOL. The DED shall then be translated into a Bidding Document once the SPD is approved.

28. Procurement period may start on August 2019 and shall take 6 to 8 weeks to comply with the ADB Procurement Guidelines, thus the Subproject is expected to be awarded by the end of September 2019. Construction as indicated in the provided bar chart by the SPMU will take seven (7) month or 180 calendar days which may start and end on October 2019 and April 2019, respectively. After the completion of construction works, the LGU will prepare the completion documents until May 2019 and the turn-over ceremonies shall also take place at the same time. Finally, maintenance and sustainability activities will be performed after the turn- over which will include the adaptation of the require Memorandum of Agreement for maintenance of the facility. At the same time, sustainability training which will be provided and conducted by the project. See the table below for the illustration of the indicative implementation schedule.

Table 3: Indicative Subproject Implementation Schedule

2020 Subproject 2018 2019 Milestone J F M A M M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D SPD

Preparation SPD Review

and approval DED

Preparation Procurement

Stage Construction

Stage Completion

and Turn Over

O&M Activity

III. DESCRIPTION OF EXISTING ENVIRONMENT

A. Project Location

29. The project is located at Barangay Mainit of the Bontoc municipality. The barangay is located at the northwestern part of the municipality bounded by Brgy. Guina-ang in the south, Brgy. Tubo of Abra in the northwestern side, by the Sagada municipality in the western side and by Brgy. Belwang of Sadanga in the northern side (Figure 2).

30. Barangay Mainit has a land area of 12,726 hectares which is equivalent to 32 % of the total land area of the municipality. Barangay Mainit is one of the four (4) barangays which are considered to be the upland barangays of Bontoc. The upland barangays applied for land Tenurial but did not push thru due to lack funds. To date no land tenurial in the four (4) upland

barangays of Bontoc, namely: Mainit,Guina-ang, Maligcong and Dalican. A copy of the NCIP Certificate of Precondition is found in Appendix 1.

B. Physical Environmental Conditions

1. Air quality

31. Secondary data of total suspended particles, particulate matter, sulphur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide, which are common parameters for ambient air quality, are not available for the project site. Observations during site visit reveals that there is no evidence of high dust levels, odors or other air quality problems since the subproject is located along open forest and rice paddy fields.

Figure 2: Location of the Improvement of Mainit Communal Irrigation System Subproject

2. Noise and vibration

32. The noise levels in the subproject areas are most likely do not exceed to the acceptable limits during all time zones. Noise levels may be attributed to the fair weather, noise comes from crickets and insects, and other animals around the project site.

3. Climate

33. The municipality of Bontoc falls under Type I climate. Basically, dry season starts late November up to April and the rest of the year is wet season. The average annual rain fall is 2,500 mm. The average temperature reaches as much as 19.0 °C with temperature at its highest in the months of April (28.6°C) and May (28.8°C) and at it is lowest during the months of January (16.0°C) and February (16.2 °C). Other details are shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3: Average Monthly Temperature and Rainfall in the area

4. Topography and soils

34. Topography of the municipality is characterized as mountainous and rugged terrain to flat lands. The proposed Improvement the Mainit Communal Irrigation System within the Upper Chico Watershed. Figure2 shows the elevation distribution of the watershed within the Municipality of Bontoc. Central barangays (Samoki, Bontoc Ili, Caluttit and Poblacion) are within the elevation of 850-1,600 m asl. Riverside barangays (Bayyo, Talubin, Caneo and Tocucan) are within the elevation of 700-2,714 m asl. Upland barangays (Dalican, Mainit, Guina-ang and Maligcong) with elevation ranging from 1,000-2,230 m asl and other four (4) barangays (Alab Proper, Alab Oriente, Gonogon and Balili) are within elevation ranging from 900-1,600 m asl.

35. The proposed Improvement of Mainit Communal Irrigation System is found within the Upper Chico Watershed. The proposed subproject is a sloping and mountainous area. In particular, the proposed irrigation improvement has an elevation ranging from 1,277 m asl to 1,471 m asl with an average slope of 11.75%. Other details are shown in Figures 4 and 5.

Figure 4: Elevation and Slope of the Improvement Subproject Canal 01

Figure 5: Elevation and Slope of the Improvement Subproject Canal 2

36. For soil types, there are five (5) major types of soil in the municipality namely: 1) mountain soil, 2) Natonin loam, 3) rough mountainous land, 4) Sabangan, and 5) Sagada clay. These types of soil are sustainable for agriculture specifically for rice, fruit trees and other high value crops. Barangay Mainit soil type is mostly Natonin loam where it attributes to 80% and mountain soil (undifferentiated) where it attributes to 20%.

Table 4: Land uses of Barangay Mainit

Land Uses Area (ha) Percentage Forest and Forestlands 36,178 91.03 Agricultural 2,659 6.71 Water 273 0.69 Residential 434 1.10 Commercial 26 0.07 Institutional 18 0.05 Parks and Recreation 2 0.01 Cemetery/ MemorialPark 0.4 0.00 Infrastructure, Utilities, Transportation 16 0.04 Services Landfill 3 0.01 Total 39,612 100

5. Water bodies

37. The proposed subproject water sources are located on the upstream of Ingawa Creek and Averwang Creek. Surface water on creeks are available all throughout the year. The Ingawa Creek has an estimated stream discharge of 0.003 m3/sec given the width of 4.8 meters and an average stream surface velocity of 1.0 m/sec. Similarly, the Averwang Creek has estimated discharge of 0.0045 m3/sec given the 8.0 meters width and surface velocity of 0.8 m/sec.

6. Underground water

38. In Mainit CIS area, there is no underground river systems and water resources near the subproject. It was observed and validated during site visit and discussions with LGU- PPMO and local community on April 12, 2018.

7. Water quality

39. The proposed Improvement of Communal Irrigation System subproject is adjacent to the Kalawitan River in the eastern side and located at Inggawa Creek and Averwang Creek. These sources are different to the sources of the domestic water supply which are located at Tarun Creek and Farasig Creek. These rivers have still no water classification pursuant to DAO No.34, Series of 1990 and DENR Memorandum Circular No. 09, Series of 2001. In the absence of water classification and in accordance with the Manual of Procedure for Water Classification, these rivers are assumed to be a Class A waters since most of the upstream stations are under this classification. A “Class A” waters intended beneficial use is public water supply class which is usually sources of water supply that will require complete treatment (coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection) in order to meet the National Standards for Drinking Water.

40. In the absence of water quality test in the proposed project site, the water quality assessment of the BAAGMADOLI Watershed was considered in the report. The assessment was conducted by the Rural Health Unit in June 2017, Municipality of Bontoc, Mountain

Province. The water quality assessment is only limited to some physical and chemical parameters.

41. Based on the results, all tested parameters are within the permissible limit set standards by the DENR for Class A waters. Details are presented in Table 5.

Table 5: Physical and Chemical Water Analysis in Various Tributaries

Parameters DENR Standards BAAGMADOLI Inlet BAAGMADOLI Outlet (Class A Water) pH 6.0- 9 7.5 7.5 Turbidity 0-400 FTU 0 14 Nitrate - 0 0 Manganese - 0.36 0.09 Cyanide 0.05 mg/L 0 0 Lead 0.05 mg/L 0 0 Total Coliform 1000 MPN/ 100 ml >16 Fecal Coliform 1000 MPN/100 ml >16

8. Flooding

42. The proposed communal irrigation subproject is not susceptible to flooding. The irrigation alignment as well as service areas are located on a higher elevation. There are no flooding reported incidences in the area of the subproject. Other details are shown in flood susceptible map (Figure 6).

9. Terrestrial flora and fauna

43. The barangay is surrounded by forest with rich flora but due to controlled land conversion, some appear to be extinct. Among those available in the area are: wild berries, pitcher plant, ferns, sunflower, agubangbang, cogon and batnak. On the watershed are ngangay, dagway, alibangbang, alumani (blue berry), pitpitok, binnok, wild bamboos and other wild fruits and wild berries.

44. On fauna, birds of different species and sizes are often sighted particularly during the migratory period every October. Among the birds found in the forests are: martines, hawk, maya talkup (common buzzard), red jungle owl, barred rail, yellow breasted bunting, red crossbill, fire breasted flower pecker and mountain tailor bird.

10. Protected areas

45. The proposed improvement of communal irrigation system in barangay Mainit, Bontoc is about 25 km away towards south direction of the Mt. Data National Park. Similarly, the proposed subproject is about 30 km away from the Balbalasang-Balbalan National Park towards the north direction.

46. The DA-INREMP and its consultants have observed that there are no trees at the easement and right of way, and no endangered and critically endangered species of flora and fauna within the proposed CIS subproject during the field validation in April 2018.

Figure 6: Susceptibility to flooding map of Mainit in Bontoc province (Source: DENR-MGB)

C. Social Environmental Conditions

1. Land use

47. There are five (5) major types of soil in the municipality namely: 1. mountain soil, 2. Natonin loam, 3. rough mountainous land, Sabangan and Sagada clay. These types of soil are sustainable for agriculture specifically for rice, fruit trees and other high value crops.

48. The barangay has a total land area of 12,726 hectares. It is divided into five (5) sitios. Each sitio is under the direct supervision of the barangay chairman. The barangay chairman is fully supported by his Sangguniang Barangay and the entire community.

49. All the 12,726 hectares’ total land area of Barangay Mainit is considered mountainous. This area is suited for agriculture. Barangay Mainit soil type is mostly Natonin loam where it attributes 80% and mountain soil (undifferentiated) where it attributes 20%. In land classification, the biggest portion is timberland which is 64.60% and the remaining 35.40% is classified as residential and agricultural land (Figure 7).

50. The land uses near the subproject area or along the irrigation canals and service areas are mostly pinewood forest, rice fields and agricultural lands. Forest trees are dominantly composed of pines species. Other crops like sweet potatoe, bananas, petchay, sanap beans, squash, eggplant, corn, peanut and ampalaya are common along the vicinity of the proposed subproject.

Figure 7: Land cover and Land Use Map of Bontoc

2. Nearest residential land

51. The communities are organized about the village ward – ato – small political units or male council houses/ dormitory/ gathering places. Boys traditionally, sleep in these houses as soon as they can. Here they are introduced to male adult roles in the community. There is girl dormitories (olag) too under the care of elder women. Houses are usually built on the ground with stone and boards, topped by a steep pyramid roof, stonewalled pig pens are common until now.

52. According to the CBMS 2012-2013 survey, Barangay Mainit has zero (0) household living in makeshift house, and one (1) informal settler.

53. The nearest residential land is around 1 to 2 km from the service area. It is mainly rural residential land of Mainit in Bontoc province.

3. Infrastructure

54. The proposed subproject do not affect any electricity lines, roads, railways, telecommunications infrastructure, pipelines or other public infrastructure. Some of these infrastructures are not present while others are distant from existing irrigation canals.

4. Agriculture and aquaculture

55. Rice production area in the entire municipality covers 1,122.40 hectares with a total production of 3,764 MT annually. Most of the varieties planted in this area are heirloom rice. There are two (2) cropping seasons for rice production (dry and wet season) for the central barangays and one cropping season for upland, riverside and Alab-Balili-Gonogon (ALBAGO) barangays. The rice areas are irrigated by Communal Irrigation Systems (CIS), Small Farm Reservoir (SFR) and spring development projects.

56. Vegetable area in the municipality is 30.94 hectares planted with highland and lowland vegetables such as pechay, beans, squash, tomatoes, cabbage, sweet pepper and o th e r leafy vegetables, ampalaya, eggplant and okra. The vegetables produced are for home consumption and others are sold at the neighbouring barangays and at the public market.

57. In the municipality, about 80% pond culture is still expanding however, due to lack of skills and technology, fish farming and quality fingerlings production remains very low. The DA- BFAR has promoted tilapia as a priority commodity in fisheries. This is to provide employment and livelihood opportunities among rural fisher folks increase their income and contribute to food security especially at the household level, and assist the LGU-Municipal Agriculture Office (MAO) and fish farmers in accelerating the growth and development of tilapia industry in the locality by supplying quality tilapia fingerlings to fish farmers.

5. Population

58. Based on the 2014 Community Based Monitoring System (CBMS), the influence area has a total population of 1,322. As to date, Barangay Mainit has a total population of 1,338 . The population of Barangay Mainit grew 12 percent between 2014 and 2018 or at a rate of 1.2 percent annually. Using this growth rate the projected population for the year 2020 will be 1,660 and by 2025, population will reach 2,465.

Table 6: Annual Population growth Rate of Barangay Mainit

Year 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Rate .12 .12 .12 .12 .12 .12 .12 .12 Increase n/a 161 161 161 161 161 161 161 Population 1,338 1,338 1,499 1,660 1,821 1,982 2,143 2,304 Total pop. 1,338 1,499 1,660 1,821 1,982 2,143 2,304 2,465

59. The latest census of population was in the year 2015 of which the Municipality has registered a total population of 24,420. During the last three (3) preceding consecutive census of population (2005-2010-2015), Bontoc maintained an increasing population with more males than females.

60. The Municipality of Bontoc has a projected annual increase of population of 0.66%. With this rate, the Municipality will double its population in less than 50 years. The latest census was in 2015, it registered an average household size of four (4). With this information, it shows that a family in Bontoc has a mother and a father with two (2) to three (3) children in a household.

6. Ethnic minorities

61. Ninety-nine percent (99%) or 304 households of the total 308 households in Barangay Mainit belong to the Bontok ethnic group. Bontok tribe are Indigenous Peoples (IPs) of the Northern Philippines. They are part of the collective group of IP known as the Igorot people. The name Bontok came from the language which they speak. The only difference among the Bontok are the way they speak like intonation and the usage of some words. Entry of other ethnic groups like Ilocano and Tagalog is due to intermarriage. Being permanent resident, they were gradually assimilated in the local culture and dialect.

62. Like most Igorot ethnic groups, the Bontok’s built sloping terraces to maximize farm space in the rugged terrain of the Cordilleras. Women's dress has a color combination of black, white and red. The design of the upper attire is a crisscrossed style of black, white and red colors. The skirt or tapis is a combination of stripes of black, white and red. The women dress is composed of mainly red and black with a little white style, as for the skirt or tapis which is mostly called bakget and gateng. The men wore a G-string known as wanes.

63. Major dances include tayaw, pattong, takik, a wedding dance, and balangbang. The tayaw is a community dance that is usually done in weddings. Pattong, also a community dance.

64. The community of Mainit conduct yearly activity such as Sak-nit wherein they spend a month in thier home making basi or sugar cane wine usually on November. Their product "basi" and the rice wine will be reserved for the guest and household consumption. The community also conduct thanksgiving for the good harvest usually on last week of May after harvesting. during this celebration most of the household butcher chicken

65. Bontoc comes from the word buntuk, which means mountain and refers to the people of Mountain Province. The Bontoc tribes’ people were animists who had refused conversion during Spanish times. Both men and women traditionally covered their bodies with tattoos, although the men were only allowed to after having killed enemies in inter-tribal conflicts.

7. Livelihoods

66. The municipality has an agricultural-based economy. Farming remains as dominant economic activity among the people of Bontoc. Most of the people in Bontoc are dependent in farming for their livelihood.

8. Physical and cultural heritage

67. There is no physical and cultural heritage in the surrounding areas of the proposed improvement of Mainit Communal Irrigation System.

9. Public health

68. The Main Health Center of the Municipality is the Bontoc General Hospital, located at Caluttit, Bontoc, which is 13 (thirteen) kms from the project area. It has 16 Barangay health Stations. The health Staff is composed of 28 permanent Health personnel namely: 1 (one) MHO, 2 (two) nurses, one (1) medical technologist, two (2) sanitation inspector, 17 midwives, two (2) nursing assistants, two (2) aide and one (1) driver; 17 contractual employees, 16 active Barangay Health Workers (BHW).

69. The high report of mortality cases in the municipality is from the Bontoc General Hospital. Ranked with the highest number among causes of death is due to pneumonia and accident.

70. Based on the 2013 Community Based Monitoring System (CBMS), the influence area surveyed that there is less than 1% mortality rate among the community. There is also 0% reports on malnourishment among children aged 0 to 5 and women who died due to pregnancy related.

10. Traffic and transport characteristics

71. The transportation facilities that serve the municipality from Poblacion to the different barangays are public utility jeepneys, van and tricycle. However, public utility bus also serves the barangays along the national highway.

72. The residents of the upland barangays like Mainit and Guina-ang and also the people passing along the Bontoc-Mainit provincial road are experiencing inconvenience and hazards brought by its poor condition. During rainy season, it is very difficult and dangerous for jeepney and other vehicles because it is extremely dilapidated with numerous eroded surfaces.

IV. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT SCREENING

73. The IEE, based on the screening of baseline environment and review of proposed civil works, has not identified any major environmental concerns due to proposed Improvement of Mainit Communal Irrigation System given that all the proposed civil works are only asset preservation of existing CIS and are located within existing irrigation canal (Appendix 2). There will only be localized temporary impacts during construction activities due to implementation of civil works that will be addressed in the detailed design and through implementation of the mitigation and monitoring measures specified in the environmental management plan. These construction related impacts can be mitigated by 1) the contractors’ work practices, especially those related to the systematized demolition procedure consistent with approved standard safety requirements; 2) cooperation by the local authorities with the contractor in terms of use of public space and utilities; 3) project management’s strict enforcement of the correct construction practices and standards; 4) the incorporation of the mitigation measures identified in the IEE into the bid documents and specifications; and 5) close monitoring of the contractor’s implementation of the required mitigation measures.

74. The potential environmental impacts resulting from implementation of civil works are expected to be minor and likely temporary since the improvement works will not involve alignment adjustments or used of any heavy equipment as shown in table below. Detailed environmental mitigation measures have been prepared for all the identified impacts and presented in the environmental management plan.

Table 7: Summary of potential environmental impacts resulting from the implementation of civil works

Potential Impact Brief Description of Does the Is it Positive or Is it Minor or Temporary or Impact Location and Impact impact Negative? Significant Permanent Scale & Need for occur? Mitigation Pre-construction stage Effects on households from No Negative Minor Permanent loss of residential or agricultural/aquacultral land Construction Stage

Potential Impact Brief Description of Does the Is it Positive or Is it Minor or Temporary or Impact Location and Impact impact Negative? Significant Permanent Scale & Need for occur? Mitigation Erosion or sedimentation Yes Positive Minor Temporary During construction during dredging, clearing or erosion control earthworks measures will be installed like a sediment capture devices.

Construction of diversion drains to direct clean runoff away from disturbed areas.

Undertake progressive revegetation of cleared areas

Undertake dredging in wet season where practical when sediment loads are already high

Pollution of waterways, No Negative Minor Permanent aquatic environments or groundwater from waste, chemicals, or effluent. Changes to quality of water No Negative Minor Permanent due to changes in operation of salinity sluices of mobilization of ASS or contaminated sediments Clearing or resource No Negative Minor Permanent extraction from areas of sensitive vegetation Dust or exhaust emissions No Negative Minor Permanent from construction equipment Noise emissions from No Negative Minor Permanent construction equipment Increased flooding duration No Negative Minor Permanent or area Disruption to traffic or No Negative Minor Permanent property access Environmental impact screening Disruption to public No Negative Minor Permanent infrastructure such as telecommunication or electricity lines Employment or livelihoods Yes Positive Significant Temporary Prioritization of local benefits from employment of people for employment local people Yes Positive Minor Temporary Select only qualified or Social impacts from influx of skilled labor to reduce construction workers influx of migrants Effects on nearby heritage No Negative Minor Permanent items such as graves, pagodas etc. Risks to public or No Negative Minor Permanent construction worker health and safety Generation of spoil/dredge No Negative Minor Permanent material that can be reused Causes waste disposal No Negative Minor Permanent problems from solid waste generated during construction activity Water quality, air quality or No Negative Minor Permanent land use impacts from spoil/dredge disposal sites Operation stage Inundation of sensitive No Negative Minor Permanent vegetation from filling and operation of reservoir / dam,

Potential Impact Brief Description of Does the Is it Positive or Is it Minor or Temporary or Impact Location and Impact impact Negative? Significant Permanent Scale & Need for occur? Mitigation including upstream or downstream inundation Overexploitation of surface or No Negative Minor Permanent groundwater resources including changes to availability of water for other users and/or conflicts in water use Changes to quality of water No Negative Minor Permanent due to changes in operation of salinity sluices of mobilization of ASS or contaminated sediments Extraction of water from No Negative Minor Permanent ecologically sensitive water bodies and/or water bodies located in protected areas Changes to living conditions No Negative Minor Permanent and public health from clean water supply Yes Positive Significant Permanent Organize irrigation Improved productivity from association for improved availability of monitoring and irrigation water maintenance of the CIS Changes in land use from No Negative Minor Permanent conversion to agricultural land use Leaching of nutrients from No Negative Minor Permanent soils or salinization of soils due to over-irrigation Erosion or scouring of No Negative Minor Permanent streams or canals or application of irrigation water on sloped lands Blockage of distribution No Negative Minor Permanent canals or pipelines causing flooding Risks from natural disasters Yes Positive Minor Temporary Periodic monitoring and maintenance of the CIS Deterioration of water quality No Negative Minor Permanent from increased application of fertilizers or pesticides or use of water treatment chemicals Risks to public health and No Negative Minor Permanent safety including those from poor quality domestic water Effects on employment or Yes Positive Significant Temporary Prioritization of local livelihoods people for employment Impacts on ethnic minorities Yes Positive Significant Temporary Provide local employment Solid or liquid waste No Negative Minor Permanent generation

V. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

A. Implementation Arrangement

75. Institutions responsible for executing and monitoring the implementation of the EMP are presented in Table 8.

Table 8: Implementation Arrangements

Organization Roles and Responsibilities Subproject Preparation Subproject Implementation Subproject Operation LGU MPDO Approval of INREM subproject in Monitoring implementation of Monitoring implementation of (Bontoc) accordance with government EMP through their own internal EMP through their own legislative requirements monitoring system internal monitoring system DA-INREMP Provide advice to PPMO Provide advice to PPMO Provide advice to PPMO Safeguards Officer on IEE Safeguards Officer on EMP Safeguards Officer on EMP preparation implementation during implementation during first construction year of operation

Monitor progress during Monitor progress during construction first year of operation

Consolidate PPMO environmental reporting ADB Review environmental monitoring Conduct site visits to assess reports submitted by the executing status of EMP implementation agency to ensure that adverse and over-all environmental impacts and risks are properly performance of the Project addressed Review environmental Publicly disclose through posting monitoring reports submitted on ADB’s website environmental by the executing agency to monitoring reports, corrective ensure that adverse impacts action plans, new or updated IEE and risks are properly (if any) prepared by the executing addressed agency during project implementation TA-PMIC Review IEE report and endorsed to Review monitoring reports ADB for clearance. NPCO Provide guidance and fund allocation Assist to the monitoring implementation of the EMP

As per project document, the environmental safeguards specialist of NPCO under RI subprojects is tasked to assist and prepare semi-annual environmental monitoring reports of the subproject. RPCO; PENRO; Provide advice and guidance on Monitoring implementation of Monitoring implementation of CENRO environmental issues as required EMP through their own internal EMP through their own during subproject preparation monitoring system internal monitoring system PPMO Ensure staff are adequately trained Responsibility for EMP Responsibility for EMP in environmental issues implementation during pre- implementation during first construction and construction year of operation

Ensure that contract Undertake inspections and specifications and bid monitoring of environmental documents include issues during first year of environmental requirements operation

Undertake inspections and Assist project owners to monitoring of environmental incorporate environmental issues during construction requirements into infrastructure O&M Coordinate environmental procedures monitoring reporting to NPCO

Contractor None Follow detailed designs and Follow detailed designs and environmental requirements of environmental requirements of various activities. various activities.

Recruit qualified environmental Recruit qualified and safety officer to ensure environmental and safety compliance with environmental officer to ensure compliance statutory requirements, with environmental statutory contractual obligations and EMP requirements, contractual provisions. obligations and EMP provisions. Provide sufficient funding and human resources for proper and Provide sufficient funding and timely implementation of required human resources for proper mitigation and monitoring and timely implementation of measures in the EMP required mitigation and monitoring measures in the Implement additional EMP environmental mitigation measures, as necessary, to Implement additional avoid, minimize and/or environmental mitigation compensate for adverse impacts measures, as necessary, to due to construction works and avoid, minimize and/or related activities performed by compensate for adverse the contractor. impacts due to construction works and related activities performed by the contractor.

B. Environmental Mitigation Plan

76. Table 9 presents environmental mitigation measures to address anticipated adverse impacts of the Subproject. The EMP also shows responsibilities for implementation of mitigation measures and corresponding supervision and monitoring. The cost for implementation of mitigation measures are included in the contract cost during construction phase and in the LGU’s budget during operation phase.

Table 9: Environmental Impact Mitigation Plan

Potential Impact Mitigation Measure Responsibility Pre-construction stage Effects on No impact to residential land since the project site is far from the LGU/PPMO households from loss community of residential or agricultural / aqua- For agricultural land, construction of diversion drains to direct cultural land clean runoff away from disturbed areas Construction Stage Erosion or Install sediment capture devices Contractor; sedimentation LGU/PPMO; DA- during dredging, Construct diversion drains to direct clean runoff away from disturbed INREMP clearing or areas earthworks Minimise size and duration of cleared areas

Undertake progressive re-vegetation of cleared areas

Undertake dredging in wet season where practical when sediment loads are already high Pollution of Store chemicals in secure area, with concrete floor and Contractor; waterways, aquatic weatherproof roof LGU/PPMO; DA- environments or INREMP groundwater from Ensure construction equipment and vehicles are maintained in good condition

Potential Impact Mitigation Measure Responsibility waste, chemicals, or effluent Clearing or resource Minimize footprint of project and area of clearing Contractor; extraction from areas LGU/PPMO; DA- of sensitive INREMP vegetation Dust or exhaust Minimise size and duration of cleared areas Contractor; emissions from LGU/PPMO; DA- construction Cover all trucks carrying materials to or from the site INREMP equipment Ensure construction equipment and vehicles are maintained in good condition Noise emissions from Ensure construction equipment and vehicles are maintained in good Contractor; construction condition LGU/PPMO; DA- equipment INREMP Provide workers with noise protection equipment Employment or Majority of workers will be local people Contractor; livelihoods benefits LGU/PPMO; DA- from employment of INREMP local people Social impacts from Contractor; influx of construction prohibit natural resource exploitation by construction workers LGU/PPMO; DA- workers INREMP Implement HIV/AIDS and Trafficking Awareness and Prevention Campaign Risks to public or Provide safety equipment to construction workers and train them in Contractor; construction worker its use LGU/PPMO; DA- health and safety INREMP Secure construction site and restrict access by local community Generation of Provide clean spoil to farmers for use in their fields LGU/PPMO/ spoil/dredge material Contractor that can be reused Causes waste Install sanitary toilets and washing facilities at construction sites Contractors disposal problems from solid waste Collect waste and store in secure temporary storage area before generated during regular removal from site for disposal to landfill Contractor construction activity Water quality, dust or Provide clean spoil to farmers for use in their fields Contractor land use impacts from spoil/dredge disposal sites Operation Stage Overexploitation of Consult with local authorities and water users to understand LGU/PPMO surface or patterns of water use and ensure equitable distribution of resources groundwater resources including Develop regulations for irrigation and domestic water supply changes to availability allocation of water for other users and/or conflicts Limit off take to 5 m3/s in water use Improved productivity Ensure off-takes from irrigation systems are suitable for surrounding LGU/PPMO from improved farmers availability of irrigation water Changes in land use Ensure subproject complies with province’s irrigation master- LGU/PPMO from conversion to planning for development of new agricultural areas agricultural land use Blockage of pipes or Undertake regular program of inspection and maintenance of LGU/PPMO canals leading infrastructure Risks to public health Implement education campaigns and enforcement activities to avoid LGU/PPMO and safety including use of irrigation water for domestic purposes those from poor quality domestic Install warning signage in areas where high flow conditions present water a risk to public safety

Ensure water storage areas minimize areas of slow moving water, and are covered or treated to avoid mosquito breeding and other hazards Leaching of nutrients Coordinate with agricultural extension services to ensure framers LGU/PPMO from soils or are trained in efficient irrigation

Potential Impact Mitigation Measure Responsibility salinisation of soils practices due to over- irrigation Deterioration of water Coordinate with agricultural extension services to ensure framers LGU/PPMO quality from increased are trained in IPM practices application of fertilisers or pesticides or use of water treatment chemicals Risks from natural Ensure subproject design meets required engineering safety LGU/PPMO disasters standards for floods, storms and other potential natural disasters Effects on Encourage employment of local people in maintenance works LGU/PPMO employment and livelihoods Solid or liquid waste Remove all solid and liquid waste off site for treatment in LGU/PPMO generation appropriate facilities

C. Environmental Monitoring Plan

77. Environmental effects monitoring is carried out to examine impacts of project in relation to ambient environmental conditions.

Table 10: Environmental Monitoring Plan of the Proposed Subproject

Mitigation Parameters Location Methods Frequency Responsibility Measure Construction Stage Control of Sediment Water bodies Observation Weekly and Contractor water quality loads, oil or crossed by canals after large other visible rainfall pollutants events Operation Stage Surface water Color, Odor Observation Bi-weekly, Contractor; quality and Turbidity whether it Proponent rained or not

D. Environmental Compliance Monitoring

78. Table 11 presents the environmental compliance monitoring that is carried out to test compliance with operating procedures, technical standards and/or contractor specifications in the EMP. Monitoring of the contractor’s environmental performance in terms of implementation of mitigation measures during construction phases shall be undertaken by the community at the barangay level, and ESS. The ESS shall be assisted by TA-PMIC in preparing semi- annual environmental monitoring reports. Such report will be submitted by the proponent to ADB and will be publicly disclosed on ADB’s website. The monitoring reports shall describe in detail the status of EMP implementation and compliance issues as well as corrective actions, if any.

Table 11: Environmental Monitoring Plan

Mitigation Parameters Location Methods Frequency Responsibility Cost Measure Construction Stage Erosion and Sign and Throughout Observation After heavy or DA-INREMP, NPCO, sediment evidence of construction extreme rainfall RPCO controls depth of site events scouring and sedimentation Materials Security and Throughout Observation Weekly Contractor storage cleanliness construction site Construction Noise and Throughout Observation Random Contractor equipment and exhaust construction vehicles generation; site covering of trucks; oil/fuel leaks Vegetation Boundaries and Areas of Observation During clearing Contractor clearing size of sensitive works vegetation vegetation removal Observation Weekly Contractor Waste Site cleanliness Throughout disposal and condition; construction temporary waste site storage area Operation Stage Volume and Monthly Proponent Use of irrigation Households in Observation frequency of use water for vicinity of and domestic use irrigation canals consultation Observation Monthly Proponent Condition of Proper Water storage water storage maintenance areas Monthly Proponent Protection of Presence of In populated Observation public safety signage and areas and measures to avoid consultation accidents Observation Monthly Proponent Erosion or Installation of In unlined scouring of erosion control sections canals measures Prevention of Canal bank Representative Observation Monthly Proponent slumping or maintenance locations in erosion of canal subproject banks Waste Site cleanliness; Throughout Observation Weekly Proponent management proper waste subproject disposal (e.g. area MRF)

E. Monitoring and Reporting

79. The DA-INREMP and NPCO shall submit the following environmental reporting documentation to ADB:

Environmental Monitoring Reports: Semi-annual environmental monitoring reports will be submitted by NPCO to ADB. The report, which will be prepared by ESS with assistance for TA-PMIC, will provide the following information:  Background/Context of the monitoring report (adequate information on the project, including physical implementation progress of project activities, scope of monitoring report, reporting period, and the monitoring requirements including frequency of submission as agreed upon);

 Compliance with applicable government laws, regulations and requirements;  Changes in project scope and adjusted safeguard measures, if applicable;  Monitoring parameters/indicators and methods based on the monitoring plan/program in the EMP;  Monitoring results compared against the objectives of safeguards or desired outcomes documented (e.g. environmental impacts avoided or minimized, etc.);  If noncompliance or any major gaps identified, include a corrective action plan;  Records on disclosure of monitoring information to affected communities;  Summary of environmental mitigations and compensation measures implemented;  Identification of key issues, or complaints from affected people, or recommendations for improvement;  Monitoring adjustment measures recommended based on monitoring experience/trends and stakeholders response;  Information about actual institutional arrangement for implementing the monitoring program/plan provided or adjusted, as may be required;  Proposed items of focus for the next report and due date.

Project Completion Report: One (1) year after completion of the construction, the NPCO through its ESS shall submit a Project Completion Report which will include the overall environmental performance of the Subproject.

VI. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND DISCLOSURE ACTIVITIES

A. Stakeholder Consultations

80. The IEE process included stakeholder participation and consultation to help LGUs achieve public acceptance of the subproject. Consultations to include neighboring beneficiary barangays were conducted in support for the improvement of the Mainit Communal Irrigation System.

81. Table 12 shows that description of activities conducted during public consultations. Outcomes of public consultation to date (Table 13) and future consultation activities (Table 14) are also presented in this report.

82. Other details of consultation activities are shown in Appendix 3 and 4.

83. During this consultation, the proponent and DA-INREMP have made presentation of the subproject describing the objective of the consultations, project description, proposed civil works, and anticipated environmental impacts and their mitigation measures. The consultations went very well and effective and the discussions were documented. The results of the consultation were positive, with local people considering that the proposed irrigation improvement will bring significant economic benefits to the barangays agricultural production. Concerns on the subproject mainly revolved on its construction phase which can be mitigated. No long term negative environmental impact assessed by the participants.

84. As a result of the consultation meetings, the barangay council expressed their acceptance and support to the project by executing a resolution endorsing the Improvement of the Mainit Communal Irrigation System (Appendix 5).

85. The LGU of Bontoc expressly showed their interest in all the subprojects of INREMP starting from the pre-implementation phase up to implementation stage. This is manifested in their cooperation and participation during orientation, consultation, planning and training activities. A municipal resolution was issued endorsing DA-INREMP rural infrastructure improvement of irrigation system in Barangay Mainit, Bontoc (Appendix 6). Support from the LGU further heightened with the endorsement and approval of the watershed management council (Appendix 7).

Table 12: Description of activities conducted during public consultations

CONSULTATION METHOD DETAILS OF ACTIVITIES Correspondence and meetings with Date of correspondence April 5, 2018 and October 15, 2018 local authorities (LGUs and Barangay folks, Women’s Group, Youth, and other on-site Dates of meetings (if April 12, 2018 and October 25, 2018 stakeholders) requested) Minutes of meeting YES attached (Yes / No) Newspaper notification or Date(s) of notice None public/radio announcement Name of newspaper N/A Public meeting Date(s) held April 12, 2018 and October 25, 2018 Location(s) held Barangay Hall, Mainit, Bontoc, Mt. Prov. Invitees DENR,DA, Representative from Bontoc M.L.G.U & BLGU Methods of invitation Invitation paper and Verbal Invitation Agenda attached Yes Minutes of meeting YES (see attached appendix 3) attached (Yes / No) Number of attendees 50 during the Barangay orientation and 90 during the second community consultation

Table 13: Outcomes of public consultation to date

Description of Issue By Whom? Required Follow-up Actions? Raised Benefits from the CIS Community The following are the responses of the participants when asked rehabilitation expressed member what benefits they’re expecting to gain from the subproject: by on-site and off-site Minimize the workload of the women who often inspect the stakeholders leakage of CIS every now and then. Pre- construction phase Community The difficulty of manual hauling of the materials to project site is issues member discussed and agreed to adjust the labor cost indicated in the program of works. Concrete/ cement Community PO, LGU and barangay council would ensure that the contractor improper handling member will not mix cement near the farm lot or near water surface nearby. Contractor should be advised to have their own mixing board. Contractor should also be advised to concrete one line at a time so as not to hinder transport of goods and services. Improper waste disposal Community PO member suggested that maintenance activities should be of cement bags on the member regularly conducted. Canals should also be cleaned regularly area and hiring of local first must be strictly implemented so the community can also serve as the watchdog during the construction period.

Table 14: Future public consultation activities

Activity Participants Expected Outcomes Schedule Cost Estimate Community information General community Notification to general Throughout PhP 28,000.00 by means of community about construction period loudspeaker construction activities and announcements, schedule, environmental TV/radio management measures, announcements and/or and how to use newspaper notices community complaints line Community complaints General community Responses to concerns or Throughout line to be established by questions about construction period DPIU/PPMU construction works Household consultation Affected farmers Agreement on off take Detailed design with farmers to identify locations and level of work off takes and O&M O&M contribution contributions during detailed design work

B. Information Disclosure

86. After study completion, the IEE documenting the mitigation measures and consultation process will be submitted to ADB for posting on their website, DENR-FMB, the Municipality of Bontoc, Mountain Province and the affected Barangay offices, the Provincial Environmental and Natural Resource Officer, and DENR regional office, which will make them available to the public. More informal and vigorous level of disclosure and consultation will be done during implementation through setting up a formal grievance redress committee with a representation from the affected people. Field consultant in association with the Contractor will be responsible for managing the effective grievance redress program.

VII. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM

87. The Local Government Unit of Bontoc has properly conducted the consultations with the different stakeholders of the subproject site. However, it still has to make room for possible issues, concerns, or grievances and disputes arising from the communities in relation to the project implementation. Thus, it sets up a Grievance Redress Mechanism to provide a venue for resolving grievances and disputes even at the lowest level. This will be done resolve disputes as early and as quickly as possible before it escalates to an unmanageable level.

88. Since, the community consultations were conducted smoothly and no adverse or violent reactions have been noted, there are only minor grievances that are anticipated which may arise due to the project implementation, which are listed below:

a. CIS related grievances – This may include complaints from communities using the irrigation under repair or construction due to temporary obstruction, which may cause delay in travel time and other inconveniences of the travelling public. b. Construction related grievances – Community members may demand to be hired as part of the labor force in the project construction/implementation. This may also include complaints of community members regarding noise, drainage, and etc. c. Indigenous Peoples related grievances – may come from IPs residing within the influence areas concerned with potential effects to ecological and social resources of their area/abode.

89. If case grievances and disputes do arise, there are existing groups in the area which can be tapped to form part of the GRM. In fact, different active groups exist in the area such as the Barangay Development Council (BDC) with its Lupon which is mainly in-charge of settling disputes related to barangay administration.

90. The BDC then and the Punong Barangay will be the first people/group to be approached by the aggrieved party for any complaint. Both groups may then resolve the issues at their level. In case, either group cannot resolve the matters at their level, they shall make proper documentation of the case and submit the same to the Municipal Development Council (MDC). The MDC is composed of the different barangay chairman of the city, and they are mainly the policy-making body especially with regard to barangay affairs. Thus, the MDC will be the body to resolve the grievances endorsed to them by the BDC. In case, the MDC is not able to resolve the disputes, it will then be endorsed to the Sangguniang Pambayan, which shall the body to finally resolve the disputes.

91. The grievance redress committee (GRC) will be chaired by the PPCO head. Members will include the following: (i) designated GRM officer of PPCO, (ii) contractor’s highest official at the site such as the Construction Manager or the Construction Superintendent; and (iii) barangay chairperson. For the quick filing of complaints, the GRC will use the attached grievance intake form (Appendix 8). The PPCO's GRM officer will be responsible for registration of grievances and communication with the aggrieved party.

92. The steps to be followed in filing complaints and the procedures for redress are the following:

(i) complainant will provide the background and file the complaint verbally or in writing to the PPCO, and the PPCO's GRM officer will assist the complainant in filling-up the grievance intake form;

(ii) within 2 working days, the GRM Officer, contractor’s representative, and complainant will discuss if the complaint can be resolved without calling for a GRC meeting; (iii) within 3 days of lodging the complaint, the PPCO's GRM officer will provide the complainant a written feedback on the process, steps and timeframe for resolving the complaint. (iv) if the complaint cannot be resolved, a GRC meeting with the complainant will be called within 5 working days; (v) the GRC will have 15 working days to resolve the complaint; (vi) the complainant will receive feedback from the PPCO's GRM officer within 5 working days after the various steps of the GRM are completed; and (vii) if unsatisfied with the decision, the existence of the GRC will not impede the complainant's access to the Government's judicial, administrative remedies or through concerned government agencies (e.g., Community Environment and Natural Resources Office and Provincial Environment and Natural Resources Office of DENR, Regional offices of the Environmental Management Bureau, etc.)

93. The GRC will receive, follow-up and prepare monthly reports regarding all complaints, disputes or questions received about the Project and corresponding actions taken to resolve the issues. These reports will be included in the semi-annual environmental monitoring reports to be submitted to ADB.

1. Grievance among IPs

94. Giving primacy to the traditional conflict resolution system, grievances will be handled following the procedure outlined below. In resolving disputes among the indigenous peoples, the determination or decision is usually reached through dialogue and consensus. There may be several conflict resolution sessions according to the specific tribe’s customary laws before the dispute may be resolve. Thus, there is no clear definite timeline on when the conflict or dispute should be settled at the level of the clan and the Council of Elders.

a. Dispute/grievance will be resolved first among the members of the clan; b. If the said grievance/dispute is not resolved at the clan level, this will be brought to the level of the Council of Elders (COE); and c. If still unresolved at the COE level, the said dispute/grievance will be submitted to the NCIP Regional Hearing Officer (RHO), for resolution, where the decision will be final and executory. The dispute/ grievance will be heard and adjudicated in accordance with the Rules on Pleadings, Practice and Procedures before the NCIP.

VII. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

95. The Improvement of Mainit Communal Irrigation System subproject is being implemented by LGU Bontoc in the province of Mountain Province.

96. An environmental assessment of the project has been carried and the main potential environmental impacts of the subproject during construction are:

 During construction the possibilities of soil erosion due excavation works, scouring and siltation along irrigation canal;  The possibilities of soil and water contamination downstream of the working area due to usage of cements; and  It may affect aquatic productivity such faunal diversion and population.

97. The main potential environmental impacts of the subproject during operation are: (i) soil erosion, scouring and siltation along the irrigation canal line can be avoided due to application of concrete canal lining; (ii) volume of water for irrigation increases; and (iii) rice production increases.

98. A range of mitigation and monitoring measures has been developed for the subproject, which includes the following activities: (i) the use mixing board to avoid scattering of cement, (ii) cement bags must be put in one place for disposal, and (iii) minimize excavation to avoid erosion.

99. Based on the findings of the environmental assessment it is concluded that the subproject will only have minor environmental impacts during construction and operation. These impacts will be adequately managed by implementing the mitigation measures indicated in the EMP and continuous monitoring.

APPENDICES

Appendix 1: A Copy of the Certificate of Pre-condition for Bontoc, RI Subproject

Appendix 2: Rapid Environmental Assessment of the Proposed Subproject

Appendix 3: Details of consultation activities on April 12, 2018

Appendix 4: Second community consultation on October 25, 2018)

Photo documentation

CDO Archie Likigan handing the microphone to one of the participants to speak up regarding the benefits of the irrigation.

Provincial Focal Person of DENR Mr. Val Degay explains the background of INREM Project and the role of the DENR in ensuring the safeguards

NCIP representative Flora F.Puyongan explains the process of Certification Precondition on which the project must undergone Free Prior Inform Consent to the community before the project implementation.

Engr. Burke Scian Filog conveys the Program of Works and detailed Engineering Design to the community. He emphasize that the work 180 days that may cause inconvenience to the community thus targeting the implementation will be on off farm season.

List of beneficiaries

Appendix 5: Barangay Resolution Accepting and Endorsing the INREM Project

Appendix 6: SB resolution Accepting and endorsing the INREM Project

Appendix 7: WMC endorsing the Rehabilitation of Mainit CIS

Appendix 8: Grievance Intake Form

Name of Project, Subproject and Location

Project (indicate name of project) welcomes complaints, suggestions, comments and queries regarding the project implementation and its stakeholders. We encourage persons with grievance to provide their name and contact information to enable us to get in touch with you for clarification and feedback.

Should you choose to include your personal details but want that information to remain confidential, please inform us by writing/typing "(CONFIDENTIAL)" above your name.

Thank you.

Contact Information

Name Gender □ Male

□ Female Home Address Age

Phone No.

City/Province Email

Complaint/Suggestion/Comment/Question Please provide the details (who, what, where and how) of your grievance below:

How do you want us to reach you for feedback or update on your comment/grievance?

Portion to be filled in by PPCO staff (designated Grievance Redress Mechanism Officer):

Date received: Received In person mail email fax phone through: sms

Name of staff who received comment/ complaint Position of staff:

Type of Grievance:

Remarks

Signature of staff

Updates on the case:

Date: Update Updated by (Name, Signature and Design ation)

Appendix 9: Certificate of Non-Coverage