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A Sisterhood of Sculptors American Artists in Nineteenth-Century Rome a Sisterhood of Sculptors

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A Sisterhood of Sculptors American Artists in Nineteenth-Century Rome a Sisterhood of Sculptors melissa dabakis A Sisterhood of Sculptors american artists in nineteenth-century rome a sisterhood of sculptors melissa dabakis A Sisterhood of Sculptors american artists in nineteenth- century rome THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY PRESS UNIVERSITY PARK, PENNSYLVANIA Publication of this book has been aided by grants from the Wyeth Foundation for American Art Publication Fund of the College Art Association and from the Terra Foundation for American Art. Library of Congress Cataloging-in- Publication Data Dabakis, Melissa, author. A sisterhood of sculptors : American artists in nineteenth- century Rome / Melissa Dabakis. p. cm Summary: “Explores mid-nineteenth-century American women sculptors who developed successful professional careers in Rome. Draws from feminist the- ory, cultural geography, and expatriate and postcolonial studies to investigate the gendered nature of creativity and expatriation”— Provided by publisher. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 978-0-271-06219-8 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Expatriate sculptors—Italy—Rome—History—19th century. 2. Women sculptors— United States—History—19th century. 3. Sculpture, Neoclassical—Italy— Rome. 4. Sculpture, American—Italy—Rome—19th century. 5. Rome (Italy)— Intellectual life—19th century. 6. Rome (Italy)— Politics and government—19th century. 7. Feminism and art. I. Title. nb210.d33 2014 730.82’0973— dc23 2013046864 Copyright © 2014 The Pennsylvania State University All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Published by The Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park, PA 16802-1003 The Pennsylvania State University Press is a member of the Association of American University Presses. It is the policy of The Pennsylvania State University Press to use acid-free paper. Publications on uncoated stock satisfy the minimum requirements of Amer- ican National Standard for Information Sciences— Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Material, ansi z39.48–1992. Contents List of Illustrations / vii Acknowledgments / xiii Introduction / 1 Part I: Feminine Professionalism in Boston and Rome 1 The Boston- Rome Nexus / 15 2 Neoclassicism in Cosmopolitan Rome / 37 3 “A Woman Artist Is an Object of Peculiar Odium” / 63 Part II: Women Sculptors and the Politics of Rome 4 Rome in the Colonial Imagination / 93 5 Reimagining Italy / 117 Part III: The Civil War, Reconstruction, and the Suffrage Debates 6 Antislavery Sermons in Stone / 149 7 Women Sculptors, Suffrage, and the Public Stage / 181 Postscript / 207 Notes / 213 Selected Bibliography / 257 Index / 271 Illustrations Maps 1 Map of Rome, from Edward Hutton, Rome 5 Emma Stebbins, Angel of the Waters, 1862, (New York: Macmillan, 1909), frontispiece. Photo: Bethesda Fountain (cast 1870), Central Park, Daniel P. Younger. / xvi New York, N.Y. Gelatin silver print. Museum of the City of New York, N.Y. Photo: The Museum 2 Map of the Italian peninsula, April 1859, from of the City of New York / Art Resource, Bolton King, A History of Italian Unity: Being N.Y. / 34 a Political History of Italy from 1814 to 1871 (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1899), vol. 2, 6 Charlotte Cushman and Emma Stebbins, ca. 1859, frontispiece. Photo: Daniel P. Younger. / 121 cabinet card. Harvard Theatre Collection, Hough- ton Library, Harvard University, TCS2. / 34 3 Map of the Italian peninsula, November 1860, from Bolton King, A History of Italian Unity: 7 Apollo Belvedere, ca. 120–40, marble. Photograph Being a Political History of Italy from 1814 to 1871 ca. 1870. Museo Pio- Clementino, Vatican Muse- (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1899), vol. 2, ums, Vatican City. Photo: Alinari / Art Resource, frontispiece. Photo: Daniel P. Younger. / 122 N.Y. / 38 8 The Vatican by Torchlight, from Jacob Abbott, Rollo in Rome (Boston: Brown, Taggard & Figures Chase, 1858), frontispiece. Photo: Daniel P. 1 Harriet Goodhue Hosmer, ca. 1855, photograph, Younger. / 39 salt print. National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian 9 Thomas Crawford, Orpheus and Cerberus, 1843, Institution, Washington, D.C. Photo: National marble. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, museum Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution / Art purchase with funds by exchange from a gift of Resource, N.Y. / 16 Mr. and Mrs. Cornelius C. Vermeule III, 1975.800. 2 Thomas Hicks, Margaret Fuller, 1848, oil on can- Photograph © 2014 Museum of Fine Arts, vas. National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Insti- Boston. / 39 tution, Washington, D.C., lent by Constance Fuller 10 Antonio Canova, Triumphant Perseus, ca. 1800, Threinen (great- grandchild of Margaret Fuller’s marble. Museo Pio- Clementino, Vatican Muse- brother Arthur B. Fuller). Photo: National Portrait ums, Vatican City. Photo: Scala / Art Resource, Gallery, Smithsonian Institution / Art Resource, N.Y. / 43 N.Y. / 21 11 John Gibson, Tinted Venus, ca. 1851–56, tinted 3 Harriet Hosmer, Hesper, 1852, marble. Water- marble. Courtesy National Museums Liverpool town Free Public Library, Mass. Photo: Daniel P. (Walker Art Gallery). / 45 Younger. / 23 12 Harriet Hosmer, Daphne, 1854, marble. Mildred 4 Charlotte Cushman and Matilda Hays, ca. 1851, Lane Kemper Art Museum, Washington Uni- daguerreotype. Harvard Theatre Collec- versity in St. Louis, gift of Wayman Crow Sr., tion, Houghton Library, Harvard University, 1880. / 47 TCS38. / 30 viii Illustrations 13 Harriet Hosmer, Medusa, 1854, marble. Detroit 25 Harriet Hosmer, Zenobia in Chains, 1861, Institute of Arts, Founders Society Purchase, marble. © Courtesy of the Huntington Art R. H. Tannahill Foundation Fund. Photo: Collections, San Marino, Calif. Photo: Daniel P. The Bridgeman Art Library. / 48 Younger. / 68 14 Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Apollo and Daphne, 26 Hiram Powers, The Greek Slave, modeled 1622–25, marble. Galleria Borghese, Rome. Photo: 1841–43, carved 1846, marble. Corcoran Gallery Alinari / Art Resource, N.Y. / 50 of Art, Washington, D.C., gift of William Wilson Corcoran. / 70 15 Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Bust of Medusa, 1636, marble. Musei Capitolini, Rome. Photo: Andrea 27 Erastus Dow Palmer, The White Captive, 1857–58, Jemolo / Scala / Art Resource, N.Y. / 52 carved 1858–59, marble. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, bequest of Hamilton 16 Antonio Canova, Triumphant Perseus (fig. 10), Fish, 1894, 94.9.3. Image © The Metropolitan detail of the head of Medusa. / 52 Museum of Art. Photo: Jerry L. Thompson. Image 17 Door knocker, home of Harriet Hosmer, via Gre- source: Art Resource, N.Y. / 71 goriana, Rome. Photo: author. / 54 28 Louisa Lander, Nathaniel Hawthorne, 1859, 18 Door handle, home of Harriet Hosmer, via Grego- marble. Courtesy of the Concord Free Public riana, Rome. Photo: author. / 54 Library, Concord, Mass. Photo: author. / 74 19 Doorway with initials “H. H.,” home of Har- 29 Louisa Lander, Virginia Dare (fig. 24), view of the riet Hosmer, via Gregoriana, Rome. Photo: back. / 79 author. / 54 30 The Prince of Wales at Miss Hosmer’s Studio, 20 Harriet Hosmer, Oenone, 1854–55, marble. from Harper’s Weekly, May 1859. Photo: Daniel P. Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum, Washington Younger. / 82 University in St. Louis, gift of Wayman Crow Sr., 31 Harriet Hosmer, ca. 1867, photograph. Har- 1855. / 56 riet Goodhue Hosmer Papers, The Schlesinger 21 Harriet Hosmer, Oenone (fig. 20), view of the Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University, back. / 58 A162-72-7. / 87 22 Harriet Hosmer, Puck, 1856, marble. Smithsonian 32 Hosmer and Her Men, 1864, photograph. Har- American Art Museum, Washington, D.C., gift of riet Goodhue Hosmer Papers, The Schlesinger Mrs. George Merrill. Photo: Smithsonian Ameri- Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University, can Art Museum / Art Resource, N.Y. / 60 A162-74-2. / 88 23 Harriet Hosmer in Her Studio, n.d., engraving 33 Margaret Foley, Pascuccia, 1866, stone. Museum (clipping from an unidentified periodical). of Fine Arts, Boston, gift of The Prince Company, The Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Har- Inc., 1987.472. Photograph © 2014 Museum of Fine vard University, A-162-82. / 64 Arts, Boston. / 90 24 Louisa Lander, Virginia Dare, 1859–60, marble. 34 Albert Bierstadt, Roman Fish Market, Arch of The Elizabethan Gardens, Manteo, N.C. Photo Octavius, 1858, oil on canvas. Fine Arts Museums courtesy of the Elizabethan Gardens and Daniel P. of San Francisco, gift of Mr. and Mrs. John D. Younger. / 66 Rockefeller 3rd, 1979.7.12. © Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco. / 95 Illustrations ix 35 Resting Satyr, copy of a fifth- century b.c.e. Greek 42 Barberini Faun, Roman copy after Hellenistic statue by Praxiteles, formerly at the Villa D’Este, original, ca. 220 b.c.e., marble. Glyptotek, Staat- Tivoli, now in the Hall of the Galatian, Palazzo liche Antikensammlung, Munich. Photo: Vanni Nuovo, Musei Capitolini, Rome. Photo: Album / Archive / Art Resource, N.Y. / 109 Art Resource, N.Y. / 98 43 Harriet Hosmer, The Waking Faun, 1866–67, 36 Thomas Crawford, The Indian: The Dying Chief now lost. Photograph, Harriet Goodhue Hosmer Contemplating the Progress of Civilization, 1856, Papers, The Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Insti- white marble and wood. Collection of The New- tute, Harvard University, A162-175f-6b. / 110 York Historical Society, negative #8035; object 44 Anne Whitney, The Youth (Dream of Love or Boy #1875.4. / 100 with a Palm), ca. 1862–63, now lost. Photograph 37 The Sister Sculptresses Taking a Ride, early to mid- dated ca. 1862–67, courtesy of the Wellesley Col- 1850s, pen and ink on paper. Harriet Goodhue lege Archives, Papers of Anne Whitney. / 112 Hosmer Papers, The Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe 45 Anne Whitney, Chaldean Shepherd, 1862, first Institute, Harvard University, A-162-82. / 102 version now lost. Photograph courtesy of the 38 Paul Akers, Dead Pearl Diver, 1858, marble. Wellesley College Archives, Papers of Anne Portland Museum of Art, Maine, museum pur- Whitney. / 113 chase with support from Mrs. Elizabeth Akers 46 Anne Whitney, Lotus Eater, 1868, plaster. Collec- Allen, John M. Adams, F. R. Barrett, John M. tion of The Newark Art Museum, gift of Mr. and Brown, Philip H. Brown, Abba H. Burnham, Mrs. Hugh S. Hince, 1963, 63.75. / 114 A. W. H. Clapp, Nathan Cleaves, Francis Cush- ing, William G. Davis, Henry Deering, John E. 47 Anne Whitney, The Chaldean Shepherd, ca.
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