Cultural Diversity Toolkit Engaging with culturally and linguistically diverse communities in the Hume Region: A guide to assist service providers.

This initiative was funded by the State Government Department of Health TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. CULTURAL DICTIONARY 3

SECTION 1.1 AFGHANISTAN 4

SECTION 1.2 ALBANIA 5

SECTION 1.3 DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO 6

SECTION 1.4 GREECE 7

SECTION 1.5 INDIA 8

SECTION 1.6 IRAQ 11

SECTION 1.7 ITALY 12

SECTION 1.8 LEBANON 13

SECTION 1.9 SUDAN 14

SECTION 1.5 TURKEY 16

2. WORLD RELIGIONS 18

SECTION 2.1 ISLAM 19 INTRODUCTION SECTION 2.2 SIKH 21 This Cultural Diversity Toolkit aims to enhance the capacity of service providers to engage more effectively with people in the Hume region from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds. SECTION 2.4 HINDUISM 23

With a view to promoting appropriate, respectful and responsive service delivery and a greater ability to SECTION 2.7 CHRISTIANITY 25 understand the needs and preferences of clients, this resource offers information regarding country of origin, religious traditions and practices for a range of backgrounds. The information should complement, rather than replace, direct consultation with clients and carers with consideration of the individual needs of each service user 3. LANGUAGE RESOURCES 27 remaining the primary focus. SECTION 3.1 USING PROFESSIONAL INTERPRETERS 28 It is strongly recommended that readers consult the ‘resources’ and ‘contacts’ sections when referring or introducing clients to services. The tools offered will help guide appropriate and sensitive recommendations. It SECTION 3.2 PREPARING TEXTS FOR TRANSLATION 30 is also important to view ethno-cultural leaders and members as valuable resources with much to offer toward efforts in bridging knowledge gaps and linkages to community networks. 4. USEFUL RESOURCES 31 We wish you every success in achieving positive outcomes and sustainable, supportive services for our diverse community members. With greater understanding of people’s needs, differences and similarities comes the ability SECTION 4.1 LOCAL HUME CONTACTS 32 to find innovative approaches that improve the quality of our work and the quality of our clients’ lives. SECTION 4.2 GENERAL RESOURCES 33 Kind regards,

The team at FamilyCare page | four the national dress (Afghani dress) peran-n-tunban is dress) peran-n-tunban dress (Afghani the national or religious days. on national days also worn wear traditional who live in rural areas, Afghans completely cover their hair clothing. Most women cloth called chadari. Men usually and bodies with a Because the people of clothing. wear Western-style a mosaic of ethnic and linguistic Afghanistan are from group has its own national dress groups, every ethnic for men and women. AND CUSTOMS COURTESIES Afghanistan is a poor country, but it is rich in traditions Afghanistan is a poor country, and social customs. Hospitality is very important in possible food The best of honour. Afghan code the is prepared for guests even if other members of the guest is always given a A family have to go without. seat or the place of honour at the head of the room. is served first to the guest to quench his/her thirst. Tea and girls are always involved in the preparation Women philosophy claims a guest is a gift from Afghan of food. remove their shoes before Visitors Allah. (or friend of) entering carpeted areas of a home, although this is not Afghans accept gifts, but often practiced in larger cities. If offered they do not open them in front of the giver. gifts, refreshments, or invitations from a friend, it is polite to decline a few times before graciously accepting and thanking the host several times. Eating Afghanistan is on the The traditional mode of eating in sits around on large colourful cushions, Everyone floor. These cushions are normally placed called toshak. on the beautiful carpets, a disterkhan (table cloth) is Greetings Afghanistan. handshake is the customary greeting in A slight bow or nod while shaking hands shows respect. A hand unless she man does not shake a woman’s A kiss Afghans of the same sex will often it first. offers and sign of each other on the cheek as a greeting Afghans often ask about the family and the affection. Afghans generally stand when health of the other. prominent someone, especially an older or more time and again person, enters the room for the first others when someone leaves. When addressing professional titles are used. formally, Gestures or both hands, Objects are passed with the right hand the feet The soles of but not with the left hand alone. or stretching should not point at any person. Slouching Out of respect and to legs in a group is offensive. men maintain proper distance between genders, contact during and women do not always make eye display affection conversation. Men and women do not in public, even if married. Visiting General Attitudes Afghanistan has a rich cultural heritage, covering more Afghans who The mode of living for than 5,000 years. live outside of the city can be described as that of a Kinship is the basis of social peasant tribal society. life and determines the patriarchal character of the Religion plays a very important role in community. Afghans are expressive and emotional lives. people’s and are well known for their hospitality. Personal Appearance Afghanistan, style clothing is worn in Although Western THE PEOPLE Population 2002 GeoHive) Growth rate 28,060,591 (Estimate 3.48% (25%), Tajik Pashtun (38%), Ethnic groups include Hazara (19%), Uzbek groups (6%). Minor ethnic include and Baloch. Turkmen, Aimaks, Language of Pashto are the official languages Dari (Persian) and quite an extensive Although Pashto has Afghanistan. for cultural expression and literature, Dari is used of the many business and government transactions and Turkoman, Uzbek, Turkish The dialects spoken. regions. Kirgiz are most prevalent in the border Religion Afghanistan are More than 99% of the people of Most of the Muslims, mainly of the Sunni sect. notably the Hazara, belong to the Shiite remainder, and Parsis are sect. Small colonies of Jews, Hindus scattered in the towns. 1.1 AFGHANISTAN 1.1 embarassment or even offend. embarassment or even offend. Encouraging open communication with clients and their families is the best strategy in learning to build The culturally respectful relationships and practices. cultural dictionary can be used as a building block for service providers in gaining general cross-cultural knowledge. The cultural dictionary is a resource developed cultural dictionary is by the The Migrant Resource Centre Canberra & Queanbeyan. only material pertaining For the purpose of this toolkit, to the largest locally diverse communities in the Hume region has been included. The following country profiles have been prepared to assist service providers in becoming more aware of our their clients. Whilst cultural backgrounds of the community members have come from countries such Turkey, Lebanon and Albania, Italy, Greece, India, as their emigration may have taken place many years ago. preserve to important is very some people it For others however might maintain their cultural identity, some aspects while adopting many of the ways acculturation of level The country. new their to specific will drastically vary between individuals. Making country of origin can assumptions based on a person’s create needs, lead to misunderstanding the person’s 1. CULTURAL DICTIONARY 1. CULTURAL 1.3 DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC 1.2 ALBANIA OF CONGO

spread over the floor or carpet before the dishes of THE PEOPLE Eating THE PEOPLE food are brought. Food is usually shared communally; An Albanian breakfast consists of bread and butter, three or four people will share one large platter of Population milk, eggs, jam, cheese and Turkish or espresso Population rice and individual side dishes of stew (qorma), or 3,551,787 (Estimate 2002) Growth rate 0.88% Another coffee. Lunch is usually the main meal, (1-2 pm). 55,847,279 (Estimate 2002 GeoHive) Growth vegetables. Home made chutneys, pickles, as well as 3-4 million Albanians live in neighbouring countries. Vegetables are followed by rice soup flavour with rate:3.10% fresh nan (bread) usually accompany the food. The 95% of the population is Albanian, descended from veal or chicken, and salad. The main course may be traditional way of eating is with the right hand. Spoons ancient Illyrians, 3% Greek, 0.5% Romanians, 0.4% gjelle (boiled beans with meat) or stuffed eggplants or Language may be used for puddings and teaspoons for tea. Macedonians, 0.2% Montenegrins, the remainder peppers. Albanians eat with the fork in the left hand, Although French is the official language and is used Because hands are used in eating, there is a hand Yugoslav and Gypsy. knife in the right. The first toast is made to everyone’s in larger businesses, education, and government washing ceremony before and after meals. Afghans health and friendship. administration, it is spoken by only about 10 percent rarely eat in restaurants. Language of the population. Lingala is increasingly used as the The Albanian language Shqip is descended from national language. Regional languages are: Lingala, LIFESTYLE Illyrian. Albania adopted a Latin script in 1908. Two Kikongo, Tshiluba, and Swahili. dialects, Gheg and Tosk were spoken in Albania, but Family the official language (adopted after 1945) is based on The family unit is strong in Afghanistan and provides Tosk. its members with identity, security, and social organisation. The father is the undisputed head of Religion the household. Large families with many children, The majority (70%) of the population is Muslim (Sunni especially boys, are preferred. The married sons and Bektashi), while 20% are Orthodox Christians, remain until they are financially independent. and 10% Catholic. Polygamy is permitted by Islamic law, but the man should provide for each wife equally, and he may only General Attitudes take a new wife after receiving permission from his For Albanians, the family and ethnic heritage is of first wives. The elderly are respected and cared for by high value. Personal honour is also valued. Northern LIFESTYLE younger members of the extended family. Albanians, particularly in the mountains, are known to be resourceful, courageous and hardy. They honour Family Dating & Marriage a tradition called the besa, (sworn truce). Continued Urban families generally have one or two children, Dating, as practiced in the West, is not common social and economic turmoil has wearied the people. while rural families may have three or four. Usually, in Afghanistan. Members of the opposite sex are the father heads the family, while the women take rarely alone with each other unless married, related Personal Appearance responsibility for household work and caring for or engaged. Daughters are usually protected by Traditional, hand-made clothing is still worn in villages. children. Men and women have equal social rights, Religion their families to the point that they do not speak to Cotton and wool is preferred. Women in the north and both parents usually work. Adult children often 80% of the population is Christian. Fifty percent strangers until married. Boys’ schools have been wear a headscarf and a fustancelle (a full, colourful live with their parents, and take responsibility for the is Roman Catholic and 20% belongs to various separated from girls’ schools, and many girls until skirt). Men wear a xhamadan (wool vest). Urban care of the elderly parents. Protestant organisations. Another 10% of the people recently received no schooling. Afghans love an professional men wear suits and ties, while women participate in the indigenous Christian sect known as excuse for a party. Births, engagements and weddings wear dresses and skirts more than pants. Young Dating & Marriage Kimbanguism. About 10% of the people are Muslim. are celebrated in grand style. The birth of the first people wear jeans, T-shirts and sneakers. Young people make their own choice of spouse, The remaining 10% follow traditional beliefs. child, especially a male child, is a big occasion. though rural families are still involved in the selection. Afghans view marriage as a union of two families as CUSTOMS AND COURTESIES Urban youth begin dating at about age 16, and go to General Attitudes much as a union of two people. A Muslim holy man movies or small cafe bars for social interaction. Men Most Bantu peoples share a common cultural usually completes the marriage contract between the Greetings marry after age 26, while women tend to be in their heritage. Most distinctive, perhaps is the general two families. Afghanistan has a low divorce rate. Albanians greet each other with a handshake, and early twenties. politeness and genuine concern for the welfare of a hug for friends. Women greet with a kiss on each others. This politeness sometimes manifests itself as Diet cheek. Except for friends, the Albanians use: Zonja Diet a gentle disposition and shyness with strangers, which The mainstays of the Afghan diet are rice, lamb, and (Mrs), Zonjusje (Miss), or Zoteri (Mr). The Albanian diet is strongly influenced by Greek, outsiders occasionally interpret as reticence. Although bread (nan). Islamic law forbids the consumption of Turkish and Italian cuisine. they may seem shy, Zairians reciprocate open and pork and alcoholic beverages. Tea is the most popular Visiting Traditional dishes include fasule (boiled dried beans) sincere friendliness. In general, Zairians are careful drink. Visiting gives great pleasure to Albanians, and cooked with onion, tomatoes and dried salt mutton not to offend. Individualism is acceptable only if it does Kebabs or fish grilled over charcoal and served with hospitality is a cultural event. Unplanned visits are or pasterma. Dairy products include yoghurt, cottage not conflict with a group’s needs. Because schedules salads and hot fresh nan flat breads are very popular frequent. Guests are greeted with: Mire se vini or Mire cheese, feta and kach kavall cheeses. Local fruits are not as important as people, appointments may run food for picnics. se erdhet (Welcome!). Visitors bring gifts for birthdays, include apples, pears, peaches, figs and grapes. The 30 to 60 minutes late.

page | five but no gift is needed if they are invited for a meal. alcoholic drink raki is often served before the main page | six Gifts are only opened after the guests have left. meal, and wine is served during or after a meal. Burek Personal Appearance Albanian hosts like to walk the guest some way down (bread stuffed with cheese and spinach) common Western-style clothing is common in most urban the road. throughout the region probably originated in Albania. areas. Zairian women wear a pagne, a long dress Ice-cream is also popular, and Albanians living made of a five-yard length of fabric. Shorts and elsewhere are well known as ice-cream vendors. immodest attire are rarely worn by adults. 1.4 GREECE

THE PEOPLE Friends and relatives hug and kiss when they greet siblings usually help the younger finish their education CUSTOMS AND COURTESIES one another. Otherwise, people shake hands. Young and get out on their own. The elderly are respected, Population men often slap each other’s back or arm at shoulder addressed by courteous titles, served first and have Greetings 10,653,663 (Estimate 2002 GeoHive) Growth rate: level instead of shaking hands. Close friends and much authority. Greeks care for their elderly parents In urban areas, men and women generally shake 0.21% family members are called by their first names, but at home when possible. If the parents must live in a hands, smile, and greet each other verbally. Outside acquaintances and strangers are addressed by their home for the elderly, their children take care of all the urban areas, men do not usually shake hands with Language title. arrangements and make frequent visits. Children are women but will shake other men’s hands. Greek is the official language of Greece. Turkish is treated with firm discipline but their parents spend a spoken by 1% of the population and English and Gestures large portion of their income to clothe, feed and educate Gestures French are widely understood. To indicate ‘no’, one can either tilt the head backwards them. Parents believe it is their duty to provide for a Pointing directly at a person with the index finger is or side to side. To indicate ‘yes’, one nods the head good education. They will always help their children, impolite. Beckoning is done by waving all fingers. Religion slightly forward. A Greek may smile not only when married or not, if they are able. Some newlywed Objects are passed with the right hand or both hands. About 98% of the people belong to the Eastern happy but sometimes when angry or upset. A puff of couples live with their parents or in-laws until they can (Greek) Orthodox Church, which is the official religion breath through pursed lips may be a sign to ward off afford a home of their own. Visiting in Greece and quite powerful. About 1% of the the jealousy of the ‘evil eye’ after a compliment has Visiting is important in Zaire and hospitality is population (mostly of Turkish origin) are Muslim. been given or received. Hands are used a great deal Dating & Marriage traditional. Most visiting occurs in the home. Family and in conversation, both to accompany and replace verbal Traditionally, the man asks a woman’s parents for close friends often drop by unannounced, but strangers General Attitudes expressions. permission to marry her. If the parents approve, the are expected to make arrangements in advance. While women have gained greater prominence and two date and become better acquainted during a long When a person first visits a Zairian home, a gift is not rights in the last generation, Greek society is still male Visiting engagement. Such formalities have become rare, appropriate. Small gifts, such as food or an item for the dominated. Men consider it a matter of honour to fulfil It is very common for friends and relatives to drop by except among rural people. Young people socialise house, may be given after a relationship is established. personal obligations to their families and others. They unannounced in small towns. This happens less often as they do throughout Europe and it is common for a If a Zairian offers to share a meal, the guest is first may attribute their failure to external circumstances in large cities, but only because schedules are more couple to live together before or instead of marriage. expected to show reluctance to join the host’s table. But rather than to personal inadequacies. Also, a man hectic. Greeks enjoy having friends to their homes for The average age for marriage is between 20 and 26 for the guest should ultimately accept the offer. Not doing may praise the food served in his home as especially dinner or for special occasions. If Greek hosts insist women and between 25 and 35 for men. so is impolite. Zairians often judge the sincerity of their good, or be the hero of his own tales. Such self several times about anything (that a guest stay longer guests by the way they eat. praise is not considered bragging. While Greece’s or eat more, for example), they usually mean it and Diet older generations value family, religion, tradition and guests try to accommodate them so as not to hurt their While tastes vary between urban and rural dwellers, Eating education, the younger generation tends to view feelings. certain foods are common to all Greeks, such as lamb, Meals are usually eaten with the fingers of the right status and friends as very important. Greeks like to seafood, olives and cheese. Olive oil, garlic, onions and hand only. When utensils are used, the continental “pass” time, not to “ use” it. That is, they may not be Eating spices are widely used in cooking. Greek dishes such style of eating is observed. Men and women eat from prompt in keeping appointments and they consider it Traditionally, the main meal of the day is lunch, served as souvlaki have become popular in Australia as fast separate communal bowls. Hands are washed before foolish to set a specific length of time for a meeting. in the early afternoon. Due to changing work schedules, foods. Everyday dishes include moussaka, bean soup, and after each meal. Greeks are very proud of their cultural heritage, which however, lunch is becoming less important, and dinner eggplant, stuffed tomatoes and pasta. they view as being central to Western civilisation. is the largest meal. It is impolite to leave the table LIFESTYLE before everyone has finished eating, or to leave food on the plate. Family The family is the most important focus in a Zairian’s life. Although family structure varies greatly between the different ethnic groups, emphasis is placed on group goals and overall family welfare. Large extended families are the norm in Zaire.

Dating & Marriage Casual dating habits only occur among the wealthy in large urban areas. Otherwise, if two young people meet and desire to date, the boy and his family seek permission of the girl’s family for him to see her. Subsequent dating usually leads to marriage. Traditionally, marriage is a family affair and is at least Personal Appearance partly arranged by parents. Conservative dress is preferred. Traditional costumes page | seven are worn at folk festivals and on special occasions. page | eight Diet LIFESTYLE Staple foods include cassava, rice, potatoes, bananas, CUSTOMS AND COURTESIES yams, beans, corn, fish, peanuts, and various fruits and Family vegetables. Common fruits include mangoes, oranges, Greetings It is vital that no member bring shame or dishonour pawpaws, and coconuts. Greeks are often expressive in their greetings. on the family. If one’s parents die, the family’s older page | ten exchange garlands and or words before they circle around a fire three to seven times to solemnize the and flowers are marriage. Bright clothing, jewellery, Giving a dowry part of nearly every type of ceremony. land etc.) to the groom is still common for the (money, though the practice is illegal. parents, even bride’s Divorce rates are very low. Diet Foods vary widely in India, depending on the culture and region. For example rice is a staple in the south, while wheat bread (roti) is the staple in the north. types of Different Indian meals are usually very spicy. curry (eggs, fish, meat, or vegetables in a spicy sauce) is widely practiced, often Vegetarianism are popular. food castes have different All for religious reasons. The Hindus laws and customs, as does each religion. consider cows to be sacred and will not eat beef or Muslims eat no even use anything made of leather. pork and drink no alcohol. Betel leaves and nuts are commonly eaten after meals to aid digestion. families often live together or near each other. The or near each other. live together families often families. for by their respected and cared elderly are middle or A of the household. The father is head expects to financially take care of upper-class father have finished their education the children until they of how long it takes. Few and taken a job - regardless a growing the home. However, women work outside are part of the workforce, number of urban woman professional contributions to Indian making important society. Dating & Marriage common countries are not Dating practices of Western by affected in India, although urban residents are marriages are still Traditional standards. Western consent of the arranged by parents, often with the to most Indians bride and groom. Marriage is sacred death. Chastity is and is considered to endure beyond Weddings the most treasured virtue of womanhood. and feasting. are times of great celebration, expense Ceremonies are often elaborate and vary widely the bride and groom from region to region. In many, polite to say “no” to an invitation; if they cannot attend, they will more likely say “I’ll try.” Eating Eating habits vary sharply between traditional and modern settings. Modern (most often urban) families customs. will eat together and follow many Western families may use the right hand instead of Traditional Also, women may eat utensils for eating their food. after other members of the family and any guests. Diners might drink from a communal cup; if so, the lips gesture of namaste can indicate one A never touch it. has had enough to eat. Some Hindus object to having their food handled by members of lower castes. LIFESTYLE Family which takes The basic social unit in India is the family, precedence over the individual. Families are generally large, but the government is actively encouraging family planning to curb rapid population growth. Extended use titles such as professor, doctor, Mr, Shri (for men), Mr, doctor, such as professor, use titles women), or Kumari (single (married women), Shreemati The right last name to show respect. the suffix ji with a salaam gesture of greeting and hand is used for the Indians usually ask permission farewell with Muslims. of others. before taking leave Gestures do not wink or Women Whistling is very impolite. is considered unladylike. whistle; such behaviour not licked, but water is provided Postage stamps are ears expresses own Grasping one’s to moisten them. feet or shoes should One’s repentance or sincerity. do, an immediate not touch another person, and if they Beckoning is done with the palm apology is necessary. with the chin. turned down, and pointing is often done person must cover the head when entering a Sikh A shrine. Visiting visits between Most visiting occurs in the home, and The need friends or family are often unannounced. in large cities. for prior arrangements is increasing adorned with At social gatherings guests are often be immediately a garland of flowers, which should an expression of removed and carried in the hand as hospitality by giving Guests repay the host’s humility. sweets) from other gifts, such as specialty foods (fruits, or something for the children. areas of the country, bring sweets, Guests invited for a meal customarily Indians do not wear flowers, or fruit for the hosts. Many remove shoes shoes inside the home. Most at least visitors are ready before entering the living room. When namaste. to leave, they often indicate it by saying women Among the more traditional elements of society, may not be involved in social functions. Indians are too Greetings The namaste is the traditional greeting used in palms are pressed together (fingers up) India. One’s below the chin and the term namaste (in the south, namaskaram) is spoken. For superiors or to show respect, a slight bow is added. “Hello,” and “Hi” are also acceptable. Indians do not usually shake hands with This or touch women in formal or informal gatherings. It is polite to privacy. is a sign of respect for a woman’s CUSTOMS AND CUSTOMS COURTESIES and artistic masterpieces. They are equally proud of are equally proud They masterpieces. and artistic free democracy where most populous world’s being the leadership since 1947. elections have determined Personal Appearance wear a saree, a long length in India generally Women variations that can represent of fabric draped in may They and religious affiliation. socioeconomic status type of pantsuit with a long shirt also wear a colourful wear considerable knee. Women that extends to the or red Hindu women may wear a Bindi jewellery. this was a sign Traditionally dot, on their foreheads. marital status, but in gracefulness, and of femininity, an optional modern times it has become more often frequently beauty aid, with the colour of the Bindi After marriage, the matching the wearer’s outfit. on the forehead Bindi, accompanied by white powder hair), signifies (or vermilion powder in the part of her husband is alive; widows do not wear a the woman’s and specific Bindi. Men who are Sikhs wear turbans Hindus and items with religious significance, while pants, sometimes Muslims may wear a long shirt with accompanied by a jacket or a vest. 1.5 INDIA 1.5 heritage that has produced numerous architectural and spiritual refinement are highly valued. Fatalism as it is a component of is widespread in the country, the major religions of India. Indians are proud of a rich comforts and rich spiritual accomplishments. Abundant comforts and rich spiritual accomplishments. expressions of gratitude are typically saved for real favours rather than routine courtesies. Physical purity General Attitudes Indian people are religious, family oriented and believe strongly in simple material They philosophical. practice a reverence for life (ahimsa, literally “non- violence”), and self-denial (especially monks). Less than 3% of the population is Christian. reflected in offers of free food and shelter to anyone reflected in offers who comes to their places of worship. Jains, though powerful in India, also make up less than 1%. Jains privileged few. Almost 12% of the people are Muslim. privileged few. the people practice the Sikh religion, percent of Two The Sikh practice of tolerance is mostly in Punjab. has been constitutionally abolished but continues to be practiced. It limits social and economic mobility for millions of Indians, and maintains the status of the can exit life on earth to a better existence. Below the can exit life on earth to a better existence. with fourth caste (labourers) are the “Untouchables,” contact, and who whom other Hindus are to have no The caste system are usually poor and powerless. beliefs regarding the purpose of life. The caste system beliefs regarding the purpose of life. way up to dictates that individuals must work their before they the highest caste through reincarnation extremely diverse, polytheistic, rich in ceremony, and in ceremony, extremely diverse, polytheistic, rich Although Hinduism associated with the caste system. have clearly defined lacks an authority structure, it does which believe in reincarnation. It is also the adopted which believe in reincarnation. It is Slightly home of most followers of Zoroastrianism. Hinduism is more than 82% of the people are Hindu. India’s constitution proclaims the country to be a India’s in a society secular state, which is particularly important India is the birthplace of of such religious diversity. Sikhism - all of Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and India. Religion is important for business and government and is the is important for business Hindustani, a language of national communication. widely in northern blend of Hindu and Urdu, is spoken Hindi and English, there are 14 other official languages, there are 14 other official languages, Hindi and English, At least Urdu, Punjabi, and Sanskrit. including Bengali, population speaks Hindi. English 30 percent of the Language 300 known languages in India, 24 There are at least million or more speakers. Besides of which have one Population 2002 GeoHive) Growth 1,051,335,948 (Estimate rate:1.55% THE PEOPLE

page | nine page | twelve and is done either in groups or as couples. Marriage ceremonies follow general Catholic traditions. Divorce is now only granted after at least three years of legal separation. Diet An Italian breakfast is very light, consisting of a cup and a roll. Lunch, the main meal, is around of coffee, light dinner is eaten in the evening. Wine is A 1 p.m. a common drink at meals and is also widely used in cooking. Meat and tomato sauces are popular with is a favourite meat. Cheese various types of pasta. Veal is important in the diet, including ricotta, mozzarella, parmesan. Eating hurry; do not usually with guests, Italians When eating to four hours. Compliments on a meal may last one are appreciated by the hosts. It the home and meal guests to give some attention to is appropriate for The continental style of eating children in the family. hands are kept meal a person’s is used. During the have hands in the laps is improper. above the table ; to to stretch, even if the meal is At the table, it is impolite to each other on the Utensils are placed parallel over. A person does is finished eating. plate when a person before everyone is finished eating. not leave the table to help clean up. Guests do not volunteer LIFESTYLE Family family together. Strong, traditional ties bind the Italian faster pace A Family association is of great importance. With more family the extended family. of life is affecting care for their members working, fewer families can elderly members. Dating & Marriage countries Dating is much the same as in other Western 1.7 ITALY 1.7 handshake is the most common greeting. Persons of the same gender often walk arm in arm in public. Good friends may appear to greet each other with a kiss on both cheeks. Gestures The mouth should be covered when a person yawns or sneezes. Men remove their hats when entering shoes in the buildings. It is impolite to remove one’s presence of others. Italians are known for their use of hand gestures during conversation, especially in the south. Hands are often used in communication instead of words. Visiting on especially Italians enjoy visiting one another, holidays and Sundays. Guests invited to dinner often take a bottle of good wine, a box of chocolates, or flowers to the host. Unless they are told otherwise, guests wait for the hosts to sit before they are seated, and they also wait for the hosts to begin eating before they eat. THE PEOPLE Population 2002 GeoHive) Growth rate: 57,733,807 (Estimate 0.07% Language are significant There language. Italian is the official minorities, and Slovene French and German-speaking Many Italians are bilingual. is spoken by some. Religion a faith, nearly all Italians are Of the 85% professing Roman Catholic. General Attitudes life and take Italians in the warm south enjoy a leisurely contrast, those their time to accomplish business. In pressure and of industrialised northern Italy feel more Television view time as something not to be wasted. identities, and other media unite regions so their Also, one. dialects and traditions are melting into disappear, as standards of living rise and traditions and people find less time for one social relations suffer another. Personal Appearance well at all times, Italians believe it is important to dress glasses are not regardless of where one goes. Dark centre of the worn inside buildings. Italy is a major European fashion industry. AND CUSTOMS COURTESIES Greetings The guests are always introduced first. In Italy, men. Divorce is accepted, but only if it is initiated by the man. Diet Devout Muslims do not eat pork, and eat only halaal Iraq diet is based around rice, unleavened The meat. vegetables. bread, spiced meat dishes and stuffed The or tea is served before all meals. Strong coffee main meal is usually mid-afternoon. Food is prepared in abundance for the guests. The right the guests. Food is prepared in abundance for often eaten in the hand is used only to eat, and food is hand. LIFESTYLE Family extended Couples can live either with the husband’s or in a nuclear unit. Due to economic hardship, family, The oldest male heads the extended family prevails. final decisions the group, manages property and makes about issues like education, work and marriage. likely to retain all domestic and child- are Women rearing responsibilities even though they may work outside the home. Older women exercise authority over wives and children. Male children are often their son’s man inherits A given privileges over female children. twice as much as a woman. Dating & Marriage In urban settings, women and men have more choice (and outings) but introductions over their partner, Arranged are often set up by members of the family. Since the marriages used to be the norm, but not now. decreed that men can marry the government Gulf war, are forbidden to marry non-Iraqi war widows. Women Salaam Alaykom (Peace be with you) or similar. First similar. be with you) or Alaykom (Peace Salaam friends. family and only used for greeting names are Gestures passed with the right hand or both Objects are always to point with the finger or signal hands, and it is impolite with the hand. Gesturing with the left to another person the foot should never point The sole of hand is rude. Crossing the legs is generally not toward someone. considered polite. Visiting visit unannounced, but otherwise Friends and relatives at the warning is appreciated. Shoes are removed till and usually slippers are provided. Guests wait door, often sit on the host shows them to their seat. People It is polite to take a gift of flowers, cushions on the floor. The hosts may decline several wine or other small item. The male host times before graciously accepting. usually talks. Eating area, and serve the men. may eat in a different Women 1.6 IRAQ 1.6 Women do not shake hands with men. They may say not shake hands with men. do Women Greetings Men greet other men with a kiss, and commonly hold is not the case for men and women. This hands. CUSTOMS AND CUSTOMS COURTESIES The urban population dress conservatively, and most The urban population dress conservatively, women wear a scarf or head shawl. In rural areas, men is made to be wear the galabea and loose pants. Effort clean and neat even when conditions are difficult. has dropped over the last ten years. Personal Appearance they have children. There is intense pride in national they have children. expressed in solidarity shown in national sovereignty, level of women educated to university level The events. generation is a key. generation is a key. People always give up seats on the bus for older a seat to women, especially if people. Men will offer General Attitudes reserve is the norm, and respect for the older Generally, minorities include Yazidis and Kurds. Yazidis minorities include the majority Shias (Shiites), and the minority Sunnis. the majority Shias (Shiites), and the branch The Sunnies were considered the orthodox small percentage of Iraq is Christian, and A of Islam. Religion and 95% of the Islam is the recognised religion of Iraq, There is no distinction between people practise Islam. in Iraq are The two forms of Muslims church and state. and Persian. English is the most widely used foreign and Persian. English is the most widely language and is taught in Iraqi schools. Modern standard Arabic is spoken by educated Iraqis Arabic is spoken by educated Modern standard spoken and is the written language. Other languages dialects Turkish Armenian, Syriac, include Chaldean, Language with variations in Arabic, speak The majority of Iraqis to region. dialect according Chaldeans, Assyrians, Armenians, Turkomans, Iranians and Bedouins Population 2002 GeoHive) Growth rate: 24,217,910 (Estimate 2.84% Kurds (one-fifth of population), Ethnic groups include THE PEOPLE

page | eleven page | fourteen 1.9 SUDAN 1.9 Personal Appearance clothing is worn by urban men in the north, Western but traditional jalabia (long white robes) and imma (turbans) are worn in the towns as well as rural need to cover themselves from head areas. Women to ankle when in public (hijab). Southern men and attire, and jewellery is a sign of women wear Western affluence. Most women wear attractive locally made earrings and beads. AND CUSTOMS COURTESIES THE PEOPLE Population 37,426,240 (Estimate 2002 The population is rate:2.79% GeoHive) Growth Language about half the people, but it Arabic is spoken by Many dialects are spoken is the official language. dialect Arabic Juba is a unique throughout the country. areas for communicating used in southern urban languages ethnic groups. Other between different and Azanda, Bari, Nuer Dinka, spoken are Nubian, Those with education speak good English. Shilluk. Religion Muslim (70%), The majority of Sudanese are Sunni areas. 5% of the living mainly in the central and north Some population, living in the south, are Christian. animist beliefs. of the population follows indigenous role in Sudanese Religious loyalties have a significant politics. General Attitudes to be polite, Sudanese from the north are inclined They view whatever happens reserved, and cautious. Sudanese as the will of God presenting challenges. courtesy and strong family ties. value good humour, respect given to The society is highly stratified , with may be reflected those with wealth and status. Power from a in having a government position, coming being a religious leader or being respected family, measured by a chief (in the south). Rural wealth is Africans, sheep, herd (cattle among the size of one’s Arabs). Educated people earn goats, camels for respect as they are likely to obtain good positions. Greetings The northern Sudanese tend to be more formal Arabs greet with a light than those from the South. handshake to members of the same sex, and friends Muslim man does not touch a A often embrace. The common greeting is Muslim women in public. salaam aleykom (Peace be with you). Good friends sometimes exchange a casual Salaam. In the south, friends or relatives shake hands when greeting. baked, fried, or eaten raw. Lebanese families tend to be strong and closely be strong and closely families tend to Lebanese to are expected and other relatives knit. Cousins relationships. In fact, cousins have close personal as brothers and sisters. are generally as close and children show respect for their Discipline is strict, is head of the The father elders. parents and other care of the home and Mothers generally take family. who work outside the home children. Many women Family loyalty is not choice. do so out of necessity, The has a class based society. important. Lebanon to fine education, good jobs, and wealthy have access poor do not. luxuries, while the Dating & Marriage neither Christians nor Muslims Traditionally, All marriages were arranged by the family. dated. Christians and many urban Muslim families Today, dating habits. Because financial follow Western for independence is customarily a prerequisite their late 20s marriage, men often wait to marry until early 20s. usually marry in their or early 30s. Women divorce, although Christians are generally opposed to Lebanese it is allowed by Islamic law for Muslims. a separate law provides for each religion to have divorce, court system to handle matters of marriage, according to the inheritance, and other such concerns, customs. different Diet noon The main meal of the day is eaten between hours. This meal may last two or more and 3.00 pm. The cuisine stews are Lebanese specialties. Various of the warm is often spicy and hot. But because that is, they are climate, many dishes are also light, traditional meal for special occasions is A vegetarian. the Meza. Kibbeh is a popular beef dish that can be a couple of times before accepting it, the host assumes will eventually be accepted. Guests should the offer at least try the food, but they can politely decline a full the host. meal or more refreshments without offending It is not appropriate to discuss business during a meal. LIFESTYLE Family Visiting People Hospitality is a prized tradition in Lebanon. homes, and they feel honoured to have guests in their serve guests also love to visit others. Hosts always is prepared something to drink; usually tea or coffee and served without asking the guests. Hospitality requires that it be accepted, so a word of polite explanation is in order if it is refused. If invited to a meal, guests might bring flowers, a plant, a special dessert, or something for the home. Guests invited for lunch generally do not leave until after 4:00 pm and dinner guests are expected to stay the entire evening. It is extremely impolite to leave directly after eating. Eating Unspoken rules of hospitality require the host to make food is one guests feel completely welcome. Offering way to do this and Lebanese hosts will be very insistent that their guest eat even if the guest refuses the food Because it is often customary to refuse an offer initially. used with a person’s first name, but Lebanese are but Lebanese first name, a person’s used with in English and French. to hearing titles accustomed more limited Personal space is Gestures with the index finger is impolite. Pointing or beckoning wave with the beckon another person, all fingers To Objects are not handed to another palm facing down. closed A this implies servant status. person to hold, as it is many, For be waved in the air. fist should never objects with the left hand. to pass or receive offensive both hands should be used. Knees The right hand or crossing an ankle over a knee may be crossed, but bottom any person toward whom the risks offending or feet The soles of the shoes of the foot is pointed. another person. should always face the earth and never curse in front of Eye contact is important. Men never even between women. Public displays of affection, married couples, are not acceptable. 1.8 LEBANON 1.8 where appropriate. In Arabic, these titles are commonly Arabic, where appropriate. In Close friends and relatives often appear to kiss each Titles other on both cheeks upon meeting or departing. “Professor” are used consistently or such as “Dr.” the person’s health and family, and in general to make and in general and family, health the person’s polite small talk before getting down to business. Handshakes are common for both men and women. Greetings Lebanese people take social amenities seriously. When meeting strangers, acquaintances, or friends, it is important to exchange greetings, to inquire about CUSTOMS AND CUSTOMS COURTESIES important to people of all classes to be clean, neat, and stylish. Conservative suits and modest attire are appropriate. cities. However traditional Muslim clothing, such as a dress that covers the entire body chador (long woman’s and often worn over other clothing) is also worn. It is Personal Appearance clothing is the standard in Lebanese Western-style the people. Life in Lebanon is still fairly relaxed and the people. Life in Lebanon is still fairly about personal slow paced. People tend to care more The Lebanese are relationships than time schedules. very proud of their culture, heritage, and country. has been deeply influenced by it. At the same time, has been deeply influenced by it. from Western differ traditional values and attitudes that among Therefore, attitudes vary greatly culture remain. General Attitudes and with the West Lebanon has had a long association and Sunni Muslims. A significant number of Palestinian A and Sunni Muslims. There is a refugees remain, most without citizenship. small Jewish minority. While over half of the people were Christian two While over half of the people were Christian for 25% of the decades ago, Christians only account Most of the rest of the population population today. Muslims The largest groups are the Shi’ite is Islamic. Religion Every citizen Lebanese society is based on religion. religion is listed. carries an identity card on which their common for people to speak more than one language, to speak more than one language, common for people even three or four. French also enjoys official status. It and English are official status. It and English are French also enjoys Armenian minority The the educated. widely spoken by It is Turkish. speak Armenian and some also speaks Language language and is spoken by all. Arabic is the official Population 2002 GeoHive) Growth rate:1.38% 3,694,708 (Estimate Kurdish, Armenian, Arab (95%), and Ethnic groups are Greek. Assyrian, Turkish, THE PEOPLE

page | thirteen page | sixteen bad news or accounts of problems are saved for other occasions and locations. It is not polite to ask personal questions of hosts. First-time visitors to a home may Turks fruit, or flowers. bring a small gift, such as candy, work hard to make their guests feel comfortable. Eating Breakfast is usually eaten around 7am, although earlier in rural areas. Lunch is at midday and dinner is around 7 pm. Dinner is the main meal, and the family generally expects to sit down together for this meal. Many foods are eaten with the fingers. When utensils are used, the continental style of eating is followed. LIFESTYLE Family An is the family. Turkey The primary social unit in individual is loyal to and dependent upon the family. is often extended, consisting household Turkish The their unmarried children and of a mother and father, greeted, but rural people are more likely to greet the more likely to greet but rural people are greeted, person. Gestures hands a great deal during generally use their Turks gestures that add meaning and conversation, forming One Turkey. courtesies are valued in emphasis. Social a desk or table, point the sole of does not put feet on person, smoke without asking the foot toward another the legs while in the presence of permission, or cross to person. It is not proper for adults an older or superior street. Public displays of affection eat or smoke on the are not acceptable. Visiting and enjoy visiting one another in their homes, Turks Turks Many hospitality is an integral part of the culture. home and replace remove their shoes when entering a to do the same them with slippers. Guests are expected are at homes where this custom is followed. Visitors expected to bring a pleasant presence to the home; 1.10 TURKEY 1.10 fashions are especially popular among the youth. Some traditional clothing is still worn in rural areas or for region. according to Costumes differ special occasions. headdress and the type of The design of the costume’s social status. material used signify a person’s AND CUSTOMS COURTESIES Greetings When greeting friends or strangers, one shake hands and says Nasilsiniz (how are you?) or Merhaba (Hello). Greetings are followed among friends by polite inquiries Among close work. and family, health, about one’s friends of the same, and sometimes opposite, gender, clasp hands and kiss on both cheeks when Turks to an older person, their show respect To greeting. hands may be kissed and touched to the greeter’s The youth often greet each other with forehead. Salam. Upon joining a small group, one greets each When addressing person in the group individually. professional titles are used. In urban others formally, areas, strangers passing on the street are not generally THE PEOPLE Population 2002 GeoHive) Growth rate: 67,596,349 (Estimate 1.24% 3% other. 85%, 12% Kurd, Turkish Ethnic groups are Language Some of the country. is the official language Turkish small A origin speak Kurdish. people of Kurdish German Arabic. English, also speak number of people as the second language in and French are spoken German in small towns. cities and more often Religion The population is Sunni Muslim. Turkey’s 98% of Jewish. remaining is Orthodox Christian and General Attitudes East is often described as a bridge between Turkey Europe Due to centuries of interaction with and West. have incorporated features from both Turks Asia, and At the same areas into their lifestyle and thinking. a unique time, they are patriotic and have developed of The people are proud of the achievements society. of their modern state as well as the accomplishments Individually, their ancestors, who ruled great empires. considered prize a good sense of humour; it is Turks is valued over a sign of intelligence. Group orientation and honesty personal assertiveness or aggression, People value a and intelligence are admirable qualities. social status, and good education, secure employment, an honourable heritage. Personal Appearance clothing is most common. European Western-style bride’s family, preferably as cash. Wedding celebrations preferably as cash. Wedding family, bride’s feasts and parties. last for days, and both families host people in the south meet at markets, dances, Young They are often permitted schools and church functions. but parents become involved when to go out together, pay a dowry, engagement takes place. Grooms also low in The divorce rate is very often cattle or cash. Sudan. Diet like to eat beef, Where possible, Sudanese people chicken, goat or mutton to supplement the staples of millet, sorghum, and maize. In higher rainfall areas, cassava, potatoes, peanuts, mangoes and papaya are eaten. Other locally grown foods include guavas, grapes, bananas, okra, carrots, tomatoes, onions, thinly layered food A cucumbers, citrus and pineapples. made from flour paste (kisra) and thin bread with lentils, Although peas, tomatoes and cheese is called fatta. alcohol is officially prohibited, southern Sudanese often drink a sorghum beer called marisa. Many families malnutrition in some regions. from suffer Families do not often eat at restaurants. The food is restaurants. do not often eat at Families quality. and of a lesser often expensive, LIFESTYLE Family is based around the extended The Sudanese family of Three generations and is headed by males. family, and children live in the same males and their wives Men are responsible for the household or compound. and leading the family in herd, earning an income are punished harshly if they shame discipline. Children cook, look after young clean and Women the family. They may garden. children and help with the farm and Women do not leave also collect firewood and water. Southern the house for 40 days after giving birth. with men than women in general have more equality women in the North. Dating & Marriage between cousins Northern marriages are still arranged refuse couple may usually however, A within families. family must pay a dowry to the The groom’s the match. is used for eating. is shared by the family. Men and boys generally eat is shared by the family. separate from girls and women. People wash their hands before and after a meal, and only the right hand Two meals a day is the norm across Sudan, though meals a day Two urban residents eat three meals when they can afford to do so. Dinner (evening) is the main meal, and it Men and women often socialise together at social functions. Eating sheep or chicken for valued guests. In most cases, light refreshments are served. Short, casual visits are commonly exchanged between relatives and friends. For Sudanese in the South, visiting is extremely important in maintaining the extended family and social networks. Hosts will sometimes prepare a meal of goat, served tea, coffee, soft drink or water, and when visiting soft drink or water, served tea, coffee, for the first time, short stays are best. may be sleeping or eating. Men and women generally Children are requested to play socialise separately. away from adults to enable conversation. Guests are are made if the person is less known. Religious are made if the person is less known. the best opportunity holidays and special events offer best to visit for relaxed gatherings. It is considered mid-morning or evening, because at other times people as important in building and mending relationships. as important in building and mending close usually takes place in the home, with Visiting Arrangements friends and family visiting spontaneously. Visiting and relatives is seen In the north, visiting among friends rude to point the sole of one’s feet towards someone. feet towards of one’s rude to point the sole downward means ‘yes’, and nodding Nodding the head up means ‘no’. The left hand is never used for eating, and both hands used for eating, and both hands The left hand is never passing items between people. should be used for is is not polite, and in the north it Pointing with a finger are ‘do pure’ (good morning) or ‘do parana’ (good or ‘do parana’ (good morning) are ‘do pure’ afternoon). Gestures Generally, a verbal greeting is used. However, both However, greeting is used. a verbal Generally, The Bari phrases women shake hands. men and

page | fifteen Islam Sikh Hinduism Christianity equitable society. This section provides a basic outline of the following religious traditions: • • • • It is important to understand that this information can not accurately capture the beliefs, customs or values of followers to faiths described here. Each individual is unique and direct consultation should sought out with regard to preferences for service always be engagement and delivery. Further Enquiries This information has been prepared by the Western Australian Office of Multicultural Interests. For more information guidelines.asp visit http://www.omi.wa.gov.au/OMI_ Religious freedom and mutual respect for different Religious freedom and mutual respect for different religions is an important underlying principle of multiculturalism and democracy. Service providers who recognise, value and promote cultural and religious diversity can more fully address their clients. Respecting the roles of needs of the religion in various cultures is part of courteous, ethical which promotes a just and and professional behaviour, 2. RELIGIONS evening and may consist of several courses. Shish evening and may consist of several are a favourite, kebabs (chunks of lamb on a skewer) oil. as are vegetables prepared in olive Breakfast is usually light, consisting of tea, white Breakfast is usually light, consisting and marmalade or honey, cheese, bread, butter, the The main meal of the day is eaten in olives. bread is popular in countries across the world.The bread is popular in countries across a thick brew served coffee), famous kahve (Turkish every meal. in very small cups, is served with nearly Diet world. cuisine is among the finest in the Turkish Turkish meals. Lamb and rice are served with many before age 17. The average age for marriage is 22 for The average age for marriage before age 17. expect to marry Turks women and 25 for men. Most and have children. areas, dating in the Western sense is not common. Western areas, dating in the people associate more in groups. It is against Young 15, and men the law for women to marry before age Dating & Marriage universities or in large urban Except perhaps at divorce in 1934 when civil marriage contracts were divorce in 1934 when women frequently work outside the introduced. Urban home. independent. It is uncommon for a person to live independent. It is as reasons. Polygamy, alone, mostly for economic 1930. was abolished in law, permitted by Islamic vote and the right to gained the right to Women in some cases, married sons with their families. with their families. married sons in some cases, they are financially sons remain until The married

page | seventeen Dress and Appearance available for consultation and treatment of Muslim 2.1 ISLAM • The Islamic dress code for males and females is women, and male doctors for Muslim men. prescribed to be modest. • When a Muslim woman is in labour, she or her • Muslims can wear any national or chosen dress husband will always try to have a female doctor code if it loosely covers certain parts of the body, or at least a midwife available to deliver the baby. Demographics late at night). consisting of the area from the navel to knee for • Muslims will normally take the placenta home, to There are approximately 1.3 – 1.8 billion adherents to 3. Zakaat (the poor due), which is an annual the male, and the whole body with the exception be buried properly, as it is considered part of the the Islamic faith world-wide. In Australia between the payment of 2.5% of one’s net savings as a of the face and hands for the female. These body, although it is not compulsory to do so. 2001 and 2006 censuses, the number of people who purifying sum to be spent on the poor and needy. areas of the body are referred to as Awrah. identified themselves as Muslim increased by 58,823 Zakaat implies that everything people possess • The wearing of the Niqab or Purdah (face cover) Death and Related Issues or 21% to 340,401. belongs to God and therefore anyone in need has by Muslim women is not considered essential by • A terminally ill Muslim patient should always have a share in it. most Muslims. at least one of his or her relatives or Muslims by Background and Origins 4. Fasting, which is observed once each year his or her side, to pray for him or her and remind Muslims follow the teachings of the Qur’an (Holy during the month of Ramadan (the 9th month Body Language and Behaviour him or her of the Islamic faith. book) and their last Prophet Muhammad, who of the Muslim Lunar Calendar). Fasting means • Beckoning ‘come here’ with the palm upwards • When a Muslim patient has died, the family was born in 570 AC in Makkah (Mecca) in Arabia. abstention from food, drink and sensual or pointing to a person or object with your index or Muslim community should be immediately He came of a noble Arab family, the Quraysh, the pleasures from dawn to sunset, and also from all finger, hand or foot is offensive to certain Muslim informed, to enable them to make arrangements descendants of Abraham through his first son, evil intentions and desires. ethnic groups. and necessary preparations for the burial, which Ishmael. He received the first revelation at the age of 5. Pilgrimage (Hajj) to Makkah, which is obligatory • For certain Muslim ethnic groups, especially should take place on the same day or as soon as forty. As soon as he started preaching Islam, he and only once in a lifetime, provided one has the the Malays, the head is sacred, so never touch possible, unless there is an impediment to it. his followers were persecuted and had faced severe means to do so. someone’s head, as that act is considered • Either while in hospital or elsewhere, the body hardships. He was therefore commanded by God to humiliating. However, this does not apply to of the deceased must not be left naked or migrate to Madinah (Medina), a city north of Makkah. Greeting Muslims coming from the Middle East for whom uncovered. During a short span of 23 years, he completed his • Devout Muslims do not shake hands with the rubbing the head is considered a sign of love and • It is a collective duty of the Muslims that before prophet hood and died at the age of 63. He was put member of the opposite sex. respect. burial, the body has to be ritually washed, to rest in the city of Madinah, leaving no wealth or • Muslims do not expect any non Muslim to wrapped in white cloth according to Islamic rites, property. Muslims believe that he led a perfect life and greet them with the Islamic greeting “assalamu Food, Drink and Fasting and then a prayer will be offered over it. set an example for all human beings. His biography ‘alaikum” meaning “Peace be upon you”, with the • When hosting people from diverse religious illustrates in real life, the meaning and implications of response “wa ‘alaikumus salam” meaning “and and cultural backgrounds, as a matter of good Counselling/Interviews the Qur’anic teachings. upon you be peace.” So it is not necessary for a practice, always serve a selection of vegetarian • For interviews involving Muslim women, service non Muslim to learn the Islamic way of greeting, and meat foods on separate trays. providers should attempt to allocate a female Key Beliefs since it is acceptable to greet Muslims with • Islamic tradition does not allow the consumption interviewer or at least have a female staff Muslims believe in one, unique, incomparable God; normal English greetings such as ‘good morning’ of alcohol. member present during the interview. Muslim in angels created by Him, in the prophets through or ‘good evening’. • During Ramadan, the name of the ninth and women will often request the presence of a family whom His revelations were brought to mankind; in holiest month of the Muslim calendar, Muslims do member with them during any interview and this the Day of Judgement and individual accountability Names and Titles not eat or drink from dawn break to sunset. should be accommodated. for actions; in God’s complete authority over human There is no uniformity in Muslim naming systems as • Be sure to provide foods that are ‘halal’ • Should advice on Islamic legal issues be needed destiny and in life after death. Muslims believe in a Muslims come from different cultural backgrounds. (permitted). Muslims are not allowed to eat pork during counselling/interview, an Imam or Muslim chain of prophets starting with Adam and including There are however, three naming systems by which and any meat which has not been slaughtered by cleric should be contacted. Noah, Abraham, Ishmael, Isaac, Jacob, Joseph, Muslim names can be categorised and it is advisable Muslims. Similarly, Muslims do not eat any food Job, Moses, Aaron, David, Solomon, Elias, Jonah, to check with each individual if you require this that contains animal fat or animal by-product, Other Sensitivities John the Baptist, and Jesus, peace be upon them. information: unless it is derived from animals slaughtered by • Islam teaches the functional division between But God’s final message to man, a reconfirmation of 1. Muslims who have a surname or family name. Muslims. the right hand and the left hand. Each hand has the eternal message and summing-up of all that has 2. Muslims whose fathers’ names or second names different functions. The functions of the right are gone before was revealed to the Prophet Muhammad are treated as surnames. Interpreter Considerations to give and take, to eat and drink, to shake hands S.A.W (peace be upon him); through Gabriel. 3. Muslims who have only single names. • The arrangement should be made according and wave. Using the left hand for these purposes to the sex of the person: male interpreter for is offensive. The functions of the left hand are to The Five Pillars of Islam a man and female for a woman, if available. remove dirt and filth or to remove dirty or filthy The above beliefs or articles of faith are considered The interpretation can also be done by a male things and to wash and wipe the private parts the foundation of Islam, the structure of which is interpreter in the presence of her male relative. after going to the toilet. Using the right hand for supported by the following pillars: these purposes is offensive. 1. The Declaration of Faith, which is the testimony Family and Marriage • Muslim women will often not make direct eye ‘I bear witness that there is none worthy of • In Islam, ‘family’ does not denote merely the contact with members of the opposite sex. worship except Allah (God the Creator), and that nuclear family, but includes, in addition to • Gambling is strictly against the precepts of the Muhammad is His servant and Messenger.’ husband, wife and children, other close relatives Muslim faith and practising Muslims abstain 2. Five Daily Prayers, which are prescribed five as well. from alcohol. Any venue used to host a function page | nineteen

times a day as a duty towards God. They are: • In Islam, the strong bond between parents and involving representatives from these communities page | twenty (1) Subuh or Fajr Prayer (between dawn break Seating children is always maintained. Muslim children should avoid being held at licensed clubs, hotels and sunrise); (2) Zuhur Prayer (Midday or early • Muslim clerics prefer not to be seated next to are not expected to leave the parents to live on and casinos. afternoon); (3) Asar Prayer (during late afternoon women. their own until they are married. • Taking of photographs of adherents to Islam, before Sunset); (4) Magrib Prayer (at Sunset • Muslim men and women prefer to sit in two particularly Muslim women, can be sensitive. before the evening twilight disappears); (5) ‘Isha’ separate groups to avoid mixing with one another, Medical Prior permission to take photographs and video Prayer (after the twilight has disappeared until men on one side and women on the other. • Where possible, female doctors should be made footage should be obtained. suggested to a Sikh male as these form an important time of need. The eldest person in the family 2.2 SIKH part of the Sikh faith. is bestowed the appropriate respect and his/ Each of the five K’s has a special religious her views are strongly considered when making significance. The neatly tied turban over the unshorn decisions on family matters. hair represents a crown of spirituality while the Kara • Adultery, by either a male or female Sikh, is taken Demographics Guru of the Sikhs. signifies bondage to Truth. Sikh youth normally wear very seriously. Divorce amongst Sikhs is very There are approximately 25 million Sikhs around the The Sikh way of life is based on: a “patka” (cloth) on their head and with transformation uncommon. world. They are predominantly located in western • Nam Japna - Remember God’s name with every into adulthood they start wearing a “Pugg” (turban). • The trend to have arranged marriages for democracies (Canada, United Kingdom, United breath; The colour of the turban is not normally significant Sikhs is still prevalent and significant in the first States of America, Australia, New Zealand) and East • Kirat Karni - Work and earn by the sweat of except in the following: generation of families that originated from India. Africa, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and particularly the brow, live a family way of life and practise • On occasions of death a white turban for males • Sikh women have equal status and are regarded the Punjab, India. truthfulness and honesty in all dealings; and a white “chunni” or scarf for females may be as a significant part of the Sikh community. A • Vand Ke Chakna - To share and live as an used. woman receives utmost reverence for her role inspiration and support to the whole Community. • “Gyani” or priests generally wear dark blue, black in the family and society. She has an equal • Control of Kaam (desire), Krodh (anger), Lobh or white. right to grow spiritually and to attend religious (greed), Moh (attachment) and Hankar (pride). Sikhs do not wear a helmet over the turban as congregations and recite divine hymns in the Sikhs believe that reincarnation (the cycle of life death it interferes with the crown of spirituality. Legal Gurdwara. She is also eligible to participate and rebirth) - is for those who do not attain attachment to exemptions are issued from wearing a helmet for perform all ceremonies including Baptism. God during the human life cycle. religious and cultural reasons on a bicycle but not motorcycle. Medical Greeting Only in life threatening situations should hair be • Sikhs in Australia follow the normal hand shake Seating removed from the body without consent from the in greeting. The traditional preferred way of At official functions, Sikhs prefer to be seated away individual or the family. In all other instances consent greeting is with folded hands. This is especially from the bar and smoking area as Sikhism prohibits from the individual, if the person is an adult and the case when greeting a person of the opposite their use. able, or from the parents or family, if a minor or sex. Sikhs say “Sat Sri Akal”, (God is the Truth) to incapacitated, should be sought. greet. Body Language and Behaviour • Sikh males or females who have family ties or are For Sikhs, the head or turban is sacred. A Sikh’s head Death and Related Issues close may embrace one another. Sikhs do not or turban should never be touched or insulted in any • Only family members or associates generally Background and Origins exchange a kiss on the cheek. way. touch a Sikh woman even when she is grieving The Sikh religion is one of the youngest world • It is customary for elders to place the palm of Winking to females is considered offensive as it may over a death. religions and was founded more than 500 years ago their hand on the head of the younger generation imply a sexual advance or harassment. • The body should be handed over to the nearest (1469) in Punjab, North India, by Guru Nanak Dev which is symbolic of affection and the transfer of family member a few hours prior to cremation. Ji, in response to his spiritual revelation. Nanak and love/blessings. Food, Drink and Fasting This allows sufficient time for the corpse to be his nine successors are known as “gurus”, which is a • Certain Sikhs may bow and touch the feet of • Observant Sikhs do not eat meat and do not washed, dressed and to have the appropriate term for a spiritual guide or teacher. the elders as a gesture of respect of the elder’s consume alcohol. religious prayers recited over it. Cremation should Guru Nanak emphasised constant mindfulness of position at home or in society. • Sikhs who do consume meats prefer meat occur as soon as possible after death and this God, meditating on the name and attributes of God slaughtered with a single blow and not left to often results in a sense of urgency regarding and reflecting on God’s Power in all activities of Names and Titles bleed to death. funeral arrangements. Cremation occurs with daily life. Guru Nanak’s followers became known All Sikh males carry the surname of Singh (which • At multi-group functions it would be prudent to family members in attendance and the ashes as Sikhs (from the Sanskrit word shishysa), which means lion) and Sikh females carry the name Kaur place beef or other meats in separate locations. must be handed to the nearest family member. means disciple. The Holy Book, the ‘Guru Granth (which means lioness/ princess) respectively. In some • Some observant Sikhs do not eat egg. • During the official period of mourning (from 10 Sahib’, is the ultimate spiritual authority for Sikhs. It cases the ancestral names are included after the to17 days following the cremation), the scriptures contains the teachings and devotional compositions surname. Referring to a Sikh male as Mr Singh and Worship are read from beginning to end, either at the written and recorded by the Sikh Gurus and some Miss/Mrs Kaur is acceptable but it would be preferred A Sikh can worship at any time of the day or night family home or at the Gurdwara. contemporary Hindu and Muslim saints. The Guru that the full name is used when more than one Sikh is but the expected prayer times are before sunrise and • Elders and close associates may wear white (the Granth Sahib is at the heart of Sikh worship and its present. sunset and prior to going to bed at night. Generally mourning colour). presence lends sanctity to the Sikh place of worship, a Sikh meditates on the Name of God by reciting His the Gurdwara. Dress and Appearance Name even while working. Counselling/Interviews The main precepts of Sikhism include: Baptised Sikh males and females (known as Sikhs should visit the Gurdwara (place of worship) It is appropriate for a female Sikh to speak to • Universal acceptance of all humanity; Amritdhari Sikh) always wear the following five signs as often as possible to receive teachings from Guru a female for interview or counselling purposes, • Belief in one God; of their faith (known as the Five K’s): Granth Sahib and seek the company of the holy however if the situation permits and the person being • The name of God is Truth, “Sat Nam”; KIRPAN: a small sized sword placed in a shoulder congregation for spiritual guidance and upliftment interviewed agrees, it is preferable for a married • Equality of all persons irrespective of their caste, belt (accepted by the VIC Police as a symbol rather through meditation, prayer, singing of hymns and woman to be interviewed in the presence of her colour, gender, nationality and religion; than a weapon); rendering selfless service. husband or the eldest person in the family. page | twenty-one • Equality of the sexes is emphasised. KARA: an iron bangle worn on the wrist; page | twenty-two Language and Communication Other Sensitivities KACHERA: special underwear, akin to boxer shorts; • Observant Sikhs do not smoke. Key Beliefs KANGA: a small wooden comb; Most Sikhs in Victoria are fluent in written and spoken English and Punjabi (the mother tongue). • It is customary for Sikhs to cover their head in the Sikhs believe that the ten Gurus were one with the KESH: - (hair) a Sikh must not cut hair from his/her presence of the Guru Granth Sahib. Divine Being and each had divine attributes. The first body from birth to death. • No alcohol, cigarettes or meat are to be in the Family and Marriage Guru is Guru Nanak Dev Ji. and the tenth Guru is An Amritdhari Sikh must not be asked to separate vicinity of Guru Granth Sahib and Gurdwara. Guru Gobind Singh Ji. The tenth Guru anointed the any of the Five K’s from his/her body. The cutting • Whether living together or not, Sikh family members are expected look after each other in • Police, airport searches, etc are best performed Holy Book “ Guru Granth Sahib” as the living eternal of hair or removal of the turban should not even be by a person of the same sex. Medical 2.3 HINDU Dress and Appearance A disregard of modesty can cause considerable Dress codes amongst Hindus vary. The following distress to Hindus and in particular to Hindu women. dress codes are not generally applicable to all Even in a health care context, women are generally Hindus, however they provide some indication as to reluctant to undress for examination. If undressing is Demographics The reincarnation cycle of life, death, rebirth is seen Hindu dress practices: necessary, it is preferable for a patient to be served There are about 80,000 Hindus in Australia, many of to continue until the individual reaches its own divinity • A Hindu woman may put on marriage bangles by a doctor or nurse of the same sex. whom have migrated from countries such as India, and emerges into the Absolute. Hindus believe that at her wedding and breaking or removing these Fiji, Malaysia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Kenya, Uganda, self realization is possible and attainable within one’s bangles is considered a bad omen and will Death and Related Issues Mauritius and the United Kingdom. own life time and indeed it is the goal and eventual greatly distress a Hindu woman. • Autopsies are considered objectionable and destiny of all life. • Married women may wear a Thali or Mangal deeply disrespectful to the dead and his/her Background and Origins Those outside the Hindu faith are often confused Sutra, a necklace of special design around their family. The preference is not to have autopsies Hinduism is the world’s third largest religious tradition by the Hindu pantheon of Gods and Godesses. neck and traditionally it symbolises marriage. The unless required by law. after Christianity and Islam. It is somewhat misleading A high degree of symbolism is used to convey wearing of red powder in the parting in the hair • Acceptance of death does not abrogate the sense to refer to Hinduism as a religion. It is more an the truth and to determine one’s choice of path also symbolises marriage. of personal loss. Visible expressions of grief are approach to upholding the principles of virtuous to attain self realisation. Gods and Godesses are • Married women may also wear a bindi or tilak (a common and are deemed helpful to cope with the and true living. While Hinduism has numerous symbols depicting various attributes, functions and red dot between and just above the eyebrows) on sense of personal loss. schools of thought, the tradition has no founder, no manifestations of the one Supreme Divine Absolute. the forehead. • Modesty remains important even after death. organisational hierarchy or structure and no central • Some Hindus wear a thread around their bodies Corpses are bathed and dressed only by persons administration. A Hindu is enjoined to seek personal purification on which is worn at the Upanayana religious of the same sex. It is absolutely essential to the path to self realisation through one of four or any ceremony and signifies the assumption handle the dead with dignity and modesty. Hinduism is not confined to one book or one prophet. combination of the four paths: of responsibilities for becoming a link in • Hindus are generally cremated, except for It originated in the prayers and philosophy of the 1. Ritualistic worship, chanting of prayers, transmission of knowledge and for maintaining children under three, who are buried. Funerals Aryans embodied in Scriptures called Vedas or ‘the devotional surrender to a higher ideal (the Deity cosmic truth and order. It passes diagonally are deemed most sacred. Ideally, the cremation Knowledge’ and developed into a way of life. The representing the qualities); across the body from the shoulder to about should be within 24 hours of death. basic principles outlined in the Vedas include: 2. Through service; waist height and traditionally it should never be • A Hindu family will usually want the body to be 1. God is one, the wise call Him differently; 3. Through yoga and meditation; and, removed. taken home at some stage before cremation, 2. The whole world is or should be a family; 4. Through inquiry (know thyself). usually between the funeral parlour and the 3. Religion is for the happiness of many and welfare Body Language and Behaviour crematorium. of all; As a faith Hinduism is not dogmatic and does not Some Hindus from India show agreement by • The family of the deceased will want the ashes 4. The soul is immortal and man is divine; and, rigidly impose beliefs and practices on an individual or moving their head from side to side which may be for future spiritual ceremonies or to scatter in 5. Man is never satisfied by wealth. Spiritual or self a family unit. This observation is particularly valid for misinterpreted as ‘no’. a place of spiritual significance like the River realisation should be the aim of life. Hindus living in Australia. In all matters the wish of the Ganges. individual or the family unit is paramount, and cultural Food, Drink and Fasting and religious sensitivities and practices identified • Hindus believe in the interdependence of life and Counselling/Interviews in this information sheet may not be relevant for a will not eat any food that has involved the taking There are no special sensitivities with regard to second or third generation Australian Hindus. of life. Consequently, vegetarianism is common counselling or interview arrangements for Hindus. amongst Hindus. In eastern India, however, fish is Greeting part of the staple food. Other Sensitivities In greeting a Hindu, it is not customary to hug or • Most Hindus do not eat beef or beef products. Footwear used outside is not generally worn inside kiss a member of the opposite sex. Handshakes or This is because the cow is held to be sacred Hindu homes. Removal of footwear before entering a the Hindu Namaskar (clasping the palms together and, generally speaking, taking of a life to feed a Hindu home is therefore customary. Footwear must and holding them vertically near the chest ) are person is considered to be unreligious. be removed before entering a place of Hindu worship. acceptable. • Vegetarians would prefer to use separate dishes and utensils for vegetarian and non vegetarian Names and Titles foods. The use of family surnames is not universal among • Orthodox Hindus and most vegetarians are Key Beliefs Hindus. The practice varies between regions in India. unlikely to consume alcoholic drinks. Occasional Hindu beliefs are totally non exclusive and accept all A male uses the initial of his father’s name first, fasting may be common amongst elderly Hindus. other faiths and religious paths. Hindus believe that followed by his own personal name. For example, • In a health care environment, the service provider each person is intrinsically divine and the purpose of Vijay Thiruselvan is ‘Thiruselvan, son of ‘Vijay’. For has to be sensitive to the food and dietary needs life is to seek and realise the divinity within all of us. legal purposes he would be known as Mr Thiruselvan. of the patient. Hindu female names follow the same pattern: father’s The Hindu ethical code attaches great importance initial plus personal name. When an Indian woman Family and Marriage to values such as truth, right conduct, love, peace marries, she usually ceases to use her father’s initial; • Marriage continues to be a powerful and

page | twenty-three significant institution for a Hindu.

and non violence. All Hindu ceremonies, rituals and instead she follows her personal name with her page | twenty-four worships end with a prayer for universal peace and husband’s name. • Sexual relationships outside of marriage are not harmony. viewed favourably. An important principle in Hindu thinking is the law Seating • In Hindu societies there is great respect for older of Karma. It is the law of cause and effect in which There are no special sensitivities with regard to family members. each and every action has a reaction, generating seating arrangement for Hindus. However, in temples conditions to be experienced within this lifetime or the and prayer halls the males and females normally sit next. separately on different sides. Medical Ethics Other Sensitivities 2.4 CHRISTIANITY Many Christians have very strong views surrounding • Most Christians object to the use of the name issues such as abortions, euthanasia and in-vitro of God or Jesus in a non-respectful way. This is fertilisation procedures. called “blasphemy”. • Christians have great respect for the Bible and for Demographics • Female Christian leaders are not usually called Death and Related Issues their religious symbols, including the Cross. They Between the 2001 and 2006 Census, the number “Mother”, but “Reverend”. The title “Mother” For some Christians the following sensitivities are to would be distressed to see them mishandled. of people in Australia who identified themselves as usually refers to a Christian female leader of a be respected: • Churches are places in which it is usual to be Christian had decreased to 12,685,861, a decrease of group of religious women called nuns. • The Last Rites for Catholics reverent and to behave appropriately. 78,480 or 0.6 per cent. • There are other honorific titles for Christian • Baptism for dying infants • Most Christians will not worship in places where leaders who are in higher leadership positions in • Respect for the body. the religious symbols of other religious groups are Background and Origins the Church. These titles may include: Archbishop, prominent. Christianity commenced over 2000 years ago, in Bishop, Archdeacon, Moderator, President, etc. Funerals may include either burials or cremations. Israel. Christianity began with Jesus, a Jewish man • Other Christian leaders may prefer the word Some Christians have strong preferences for burials, who taught a group of disciples about a new concept “Pastor” instead of “Reverend”. and some Christians prefer crypts rather than graves. of the Judaic religion. Jesus’ teachings emphasised Funerals are always a Christian worship event, love of God and love for people. When Jesus was Seating usually led by a Minister. They may occur in a church identified by religious and political authorities of the Many Christian communities would be happy for men or at the cemetery. time as a threat, they arrested him on a trumped- and women to sit together in a public meeting, but it is up charge and executed him by hanging him on a wise for the organiser of a meeting to check this with Counselling/Interviews cross. Three days later his disciples were surprised the participants, as some Christians from different Christians wish to have a Christian counsellor for to discover an empty tomb where Jesus had been cultural groups may prefer men and women to sit many issues. Many will ask their own religious leader laid. Many resurrection appearances convinced the separately. to be called for them. Chaplains are provided in many disciples that Jesus had been raised from the dead, institutions. These chaplains may work ecumenically, and that this was God’s validation of all he had taught Dress and Appearance that is they will be available to any Christian no matter them. • Some Churches have distinctive dress to what denomination they belong to, though they would distinguish their leaders from others. Many respect the ritual or sacramental practices of the Key Beliefs churches use the ‘clergy collar’, a plain, often individual. The Christian religion and way of life is enshrined black, shirt with a white tab in the collar, as their in the Bible. The Bible is a book of writings which distinctive dress. Others wear a cross or crucifix are considered to be sacred by many Christians, prominently, as a way of defining their role in the and which includes the Hebrew Scriptures and a Church. collection of writings from the early Christian Church. • Orthodox priests wear black tunics and distinctive The Christian writings include ‘gospels’, or stories of headdresses or hats. the good news of Jesus, and letters from the church’s • Many church leaders have specific garments leaders. for use when they lead worship. If a Christian The word Christian means disciple or student of worship service is being conducted, the leaders Christ. The Christian way of life is based on: may require a room in which they can dress • Belief in Jesus as the Son of God; who is part of in their special liturgical garments prior to the a Trinitarian God - Father, Son and Holy Spirit; service. • Acceptance of Jesus’ teachings; • The significance of the life, death and Food, Drink and Fasting resurrection of Jesus for the transformed life of • Many Christians have no particular cultural the believer; practices regarding food and drink. • Prayer and worship; and • However some Christians do not drink alcohol. • Social justice and practical assistance to others These include many members of the Salvation in need. Army and other Protestant churches. It is wise to provide alternatives for these people. Greeting Christians usually shake hands when greeting one Worship another. Some Christians will embrace. The religious A Christian can worship at any time of the day or night leaders of some churches are greeted in a special but the expected worship time is Sunday mornings. way by their adherents, who will kiss their rings or the Family and Marriage crosses they carry. Non-adherents are not required to • Many Christian churches allow divorce, but some do this. do not. page | twenty-five

• The family is seen as the basic unit of society. page | twenty-six Names and Titles • Churches advise members not to engage in • Many Christian leaders are given honorific titles. sexual relations outside of marriage. The most common is that instead of “Mr” or “Ms/ • Many Christian churches do not accept the Mrs/Miss” the word “Reverend” is used, such as validity of homosexual relationships. “The Reverend Jones” or ‘The Reverend John • Christian singles are free to choose their own Jones”. The “Reverend Jones” may also be marriage partners but many Churches encourage referred to as “Father Jones” if he is male. Christians to marry other Christians. 3.1 TIPS ON USING TELEPHONE INTERPRETERS

Step Action Identify Client’s If you are having difficulty determining your client’s language, try Preferred Language these suggestions: • Use the ‘Find Your Language’ index http://www.healthtranslations. vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcht.nsf/findyourlanguage?openform; • Ask what language s/he speaks at home; or, • Look up languages spoken in the client’s home country/area of origin and then check with the client again.

Try to find out if the client speaks a specific dialect i.e. Scottish English, Maghreb Arabic, Afghan Persian (Dari).

If the preferred language is not available through telephone interpreter services (TIS), check whether the client can speak other languages and is willing to use an interpreter in another language.

Be Sensitive to Ask the client if s/he has any ethnic, religious or gender preferences Client’s Background for working with interpreters. Note: Ethnicity is not necessarily the same as country of birth (e.g. Country of birth may be Sudan but the ethnicity could be Dinka).

Prepare for Session Find out which interpreting service company is preferred by your organization. Note: Pre-booking a call is generally more expensive. Consider pre- booking in cases where the client speaks a less common language or 3. LANGUAGE RESOURCES when it may be difficult to access an interpreter at the required time. Translating of documents prior to an appointment may be beneficial.

For office or home visits: Use a room that will enable telephone access or use a mobile phone on loudspeaker. Allow extra time for the session. Arrange the seating so that you will be able to maintain eye contact with the client.

For telephone calls: Schedule a time with the client to arrange an interpreting session. You may want to call the client a few minutes in advance and let him/her know you’ll call back with an interpreter on the line. The interpreting company will phone the client and there is no need for special phone equipment.

Initiate the Call Call your interpreting company’s phone number and provide them with your organisation’s pin number.

Let the interpreter know whether the client is with you or if s/he needs to be called on another line for a phone link. Then list the following information (all requests are subject to availability): • Language / dialect • Preferences i.e. gender, religion or ethnicity • Your name and contact number • Client’s name

• Client’s phone number (if you are arranging a phone link to the page | twenty-eight client) • Do you require a telephone or face to face interpreter? page | thirty f can help you find work’ rather than ‘help f can help you find work’ 3.2 PREPARING TEXTS FOR TRANSLATION FOR TEXTS PREPARING 3.2 For example, the word ‘advantageous’ could be replaced with ‘useful’ and the word ‘magnitude’ with ‘size’ and the word ‘magnitude’ with ‘useful’ could be replaced word ‘advantageous’ For example, the providers.’ instead of ‘service clinics’ centres, hospitals, doctors’ For example, say ‘community health is difficult to translate. Early Childhood Team’ For example: ‘Mental Health Division Literacy - Do not presume that everyone can read and write well in their first language. in their first language. read and write well that everyone can Do not presume Literacy - words. ‘inflated’ Avoid such as to those from other cultural backgrounds, introduced which may be unfamiliar Explain concepts or ‘referral process.’ ‘case assessment’ ‘counselling,’ target audience. and religious backgrounds of the Consider the cultural representations when possible. Use diagrams, pictures or other visual Use specific rather than general terms. voice. For example, ‘our staf Use the active rather than the passive staff.’ with finding work is provided by our Pronouns can be grammatically ambiguous, as in the following Repeat nouns rather than using pronouns. Italian, Greek and They speak and two interpreters on duty. There are also two family workers example: workers too, speak these languages. or the family only, Arabic. It is not clear whether the interpreters untranslatable. These are usually specific references. metaphors, colloquialisms, and culturally Avoid lengthy titles - try to simplify them. Avoid The following points may assist when preparing materials for translation: when preparing points may assist The following • easily understood sentences. too much information and use short, Don’t include • • • • • • • • • Ensure any client feedback is documented and kept for future Ensure any client feedback is documented reference. An invoice will be sent to your organisation. is said during the interview must be interpreted. is said during the interview must be If you feel that the the interview. Remember that you are in control of the in a detrimental way, interpreter is interfering with the interview interview can be stopped. opportunities for the client to ask Summarise discussion and provide questions. end the session and that there Check whether the client is ready to interpreter if necessary. are no further questions. Debrief the necessary, brief the interpreter on what to expect during the call; s/he on what to expect during the call; brief the interpreter necessary, with the topic and / or terminology. may not be familiar ask you about…” in the first person, i.e. “I’d like to Speak to the client (interpreter). client directly and not to the phone Always speak to the avoid using jargon. Speak clearly and for the interpreter to relay what Speak in short intervals allowing time was said. exclude the client. Everything that Do not talk with the interpreter and Action client. Provide the interpreter to the yourself and the Introduce duration the client, the expected with the name of interpreter If session, and any other relevant information. and nature of the Arrange Payment Close Session Provide Feedback Communicate with Communicate through the the client interpreter Step

page | twenty-nine 4.1 LOCAL HUME CONTACTS

Greater Shepparton City Council Vic Legal Aid 90 Welsford Street For all rural areas in Victoria phone 1800 677 402 Shepparton, VIC 3632 Hume Office Location Ph: 03 5832 9785 36-42 High St, Web: http://www.greatershepparton.com.au Shepparton VIC 3630 Ph: 5823 6200 Fax: 5823 6235 Rural City of Wangaratta Web : http://www.legalaid.vic.gov.au Corner of Ford and Ovens Streets, Range of interpreters available. Wangaratta, VIC 3676 Ph: 03 5722 0888 Web: http://www.wangaratta.vic.gov.au

City of Wodonga 104 Hovell St, Wodonga VIC 3690 Ph: 02 6022 9300 Web: http://www.wodonga.vic.gov.au

Ethnic Council of Shepparton 158 Welsford St, Shepparton, VIC 3631 Ph: 03 5831 2395 Fax: 03 5831 3764 4. USEFUL RESOURCES Web: www.ethniccouncilshepparton.com.au

Albury/Wodonga Ethnic Communities’ Council Provides information and referral services to multicultural communities and individuals in the district. 10 Myall Place, Thurgoona NSW 2640 Ph: 02 6058 6913 Fax: 02 6043 2239 E-mail: [email protected]

Albury-Wodonga Ethnic Communities Council Migrant Resource & Information Centre Inc. 522 Smollett St, Albury, NSW 2640 Ph: 02 6021 1844

North East Multicultural Association (NEMA) NEMA represents five municipalities - the Rural Cities of Wangaratta and Benalla and the Shires of Alpine, Indigo and Mansfield. PO Box 417 page | thirty-one page | thirty-two Wangaratta VIC 3676 Ph: 03 5721 2090 Mobile: 0409 018 111 Web: http://www.nema.org.au/index.htm page | thirty-four 131 450 1300 131 450 1300 655 082 nsf/content/health-epc-dmmr.htm 18 languages. Information brochure translated into ISLAMIC WOMEN’S WELFARE COUNCIL COUNCIL WOMEN’S WELFARE ISLAMIC www.islamicwomenswelfare.org.au/about.htm and support a range of information Provides services. Health RESOURCES OF MULTICULTURAL CATALOGUE VICTORIA www.healthtranslations.vic.gov.au Web: lists a comprehensive range This website address with translations in of health related information numerous languages. LINE PRIORITY DOCTOR’S www.immi.gov.au/tis/doctor.htm Web: DIAC provides: Doctor’s Priority Line - Interpreting - Telephone On-site Interpreting - TO HOME MEDICINES REVIEW – HELPING HOME AT YOUR MEDICINES MANAGE www.health.gov.au/internet/wcms/publishing. Web: 4.2 GENERAL RESOURCES GENERAL 4.2 Services (CISS), Emergency Relief, Community Partners Program (CPP) along with HACC and services. CACP Web: www.coasit.com.au Web: Scheme, Programs provided are Community Visitor Day Respite, Community and Individual Support CO.AS.IT. ITALIAN AUSTRALIAN WELFARE ITALIAN CO.AS.IT. INC ASSOCIATION Website has extensive information about Jewish life Website and culture. Can access Hebrew songs and Israeli dances via the website address. JEWISH COMMUNITY IN AUSTRALIA IN JEWISH COMMUNITY www.jewishaustralia.com Web: multilingual service that provides an extraordinary and international programs. Australian mix of quality SBS TELEVISION AND RADIO SBS TELEVISION www.sbs.com.au Web: SBS television and radio is a multicultural and language. NATIONAL LISTING OF RADIO AND TELEVISION AND LISTING OF RADIO NATIONAL www.nembc.org.au Web: programs National listing of all radio and television search by by languages, station and times. Can more than any other broadcaster in the world. more than any other broadcaster in Web: www9.sbs.com.au/radio Web: national multilingual radio network Australia’s 68 languages, broadcasting across the continent in MULTILINGUAL RADIO STATION MULTILINGUAL 3SBS Melbourne events, festivals and days that are celebrated events, festivals and days that are celebrated Australia, for most language and throughout religious groups. Web: www.immi.gov.au/living-in-australia/a-diverse- Web: australia/diary-australia/ of important This free diary highlights the range DIARY OF AUSTRALIA - DIARY OF - DIARY AUSTRALIA OF DIARY EVENTS MULTICULTURAL correctly use ethnic names. correctly use ethnic Covers 36 languages. Web: www.publications.gov.au/?bookshop/agencis-c Web: Email: [email protected] to checklist to enable staff Guide including a Cultural & Social Cultural PRACTICES ETHNIC NAMING GUIDE TO A

page | thirty-three This publication designed by Electric Sparrow Graphic Design