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Comprehensive Survey Report COMPREHENSIVE SURVEY REPORT: RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY OF 1,497 RESOURCES WITHIN THE FREDERICKSBURG HISTORIC DISTRICT AND POTENTIAL EXPANSION AREA, FREDERICKSBURG, VIRGINIA 2010 Virginia Department of Historic Resources 2801 Kensington Avenue Richmond, VA 23221 Comprehensive Survey Report: Reconnaissance Survey of 1,497 Resources within the Fredericksburg Historic District and Potential Expansion Area, Fredericksburg, Virginia Virginia Department of Historic Resources WMCAR Project No. 09-20 PREPARED FOR: Virginia Department of Historic Resources Northern Regional Preservation Office 5357 Main Street, P.O. Box 519 Stephens City, VA 22655 (540) 868-7030 PREPARED BY: William and Mary Center for Archaeological Research The College of William and Mary P.O. Box 8795 Williamsburg, Virginia 23187-8795 (757) 221-2580 PROJECT DIRECTOR: Joe B. Jones AUTHORS: Meg Greene Malvasi Elizabeth M. André William H. Moore 2010 ABSTRACT The City of Fredericksburg, in partnership with the Virginia Department of Historic Resources (DHR), sponsored a survey of all buildings within the current Fredericksburg Historic District and a survey of buildings within a potential boundary expansion of the district. The Fredericksburg Historic District (DHR File No. 111-0132) was listed in the Virginia Landmarks Register (VLR) on March 2, 1971, and in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) on September 22, 1971. The area of potential expansion of the existing listed historic district was considered by DHR and recommended potentially eligible for listing on the VLR and NRHP. In February 2006, DHR and the City of Fredericksburg entered into an agreement to share the cost of conducting a first-phase reconnaissance sur- vey of 500 resources. In December 2006, DHR and the City entered a second cost-share agreement for a second-phase reconnaissance survey of an additional 500 resources and the preparation of a comprehensive survey report of the results of both phases of reconnaissance survey. For the third phase of the project, DHR and the City agreed in 2007 to fund recon- naissance survey of 500 additional properties and produce a second comprehensive survey report of all three phases of study; this third phase was delayed until the 2008-09 cycle of cost share applications. The City and DHR initiated and sponsored this project with the hope and expectation of identifying historic properties that may be eligible for rehabilitation using state and federal historic rehabilitation tax credits and supporting the City’s preserva- tion planning efforts. The William and Mary Center for Archaeological Research conducted the reconnaissance- level survey of 1,497 resources within the historic district and potential expansion area from the summer of 2006 through the fall of 2009. As a result, 1,370 contributing resources and 127 non-contributing resources were documented. Resources are related primarily to the commercial and domestic history of Fredericksburg; however, agricultural, religious, social, educational, ethnic, governmental, industrial, recreational, technological, and transportation- related resources also were identified and range from the Settlement to Society Period through the New Dominion Period. The commercial core, roughly bounded by Princess Anne Street to the west, Sophia Street to the east, Amelia Street to the north, and Lafayette Boulevard to the south, is under the greatest threat from physical deterioration, major alterations, and the shifting of commercial activities to the outskirts of Fredericksburg. A number of commercial blocks would benefit from state and federal rehabilitation tax credits and from efforts to reemphasize the historic commercial district as the economic focus of Fredericksburg. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are grateful to the citizens of Fredericksburg and the Virginia Department of Historic Resources (DHR) for their joint sponsorship of this study. Many thanks are due to Fredericksburg Senior Planner Erik Nelson for his advice and support throughout the three- phase survey. We also thank Graphics Coordinator Phil Brown for supplying digital property maps. The staff at DHR provided useful comments, guidance, and assistance throughout the study. In the Richmond Central Office, we would like to recognize the assistance and guid- ance of former Survey and Planning Cost-Share Program Manager Susan Smead, Archivist Quatro Hubbard, Architecture Inventory Manager Jeff Smith, and Agency Information Security Officer Karen Hostettler. In the Northern Regional Preservation Office, Director David Edwards and Architectural Historian Joanie Evans contributed helpful review com- ments and expert knowledge of Fredericksburg’s architectural history. We are grateful to the Library of Virginia, in Richmond, and the University of Mary Washington, in Fredericksburg, for allowing us to reproduce historic photographs from their archives. At the William and Mary Center for Archaeological Research (WMCAR), Director Joe B. Jones and Project Manager David W. Lewes provided general supervision of the study. The first phase of the survey was completed by Architectural Historian Meg Greene Malvasi and Field Assistant Courtney Birkett in 2007, the second by Architectural Historian Elizabeth André in 2008, and the third by Ms. Malvasi and Field Assistant Amy Garrett in 2009. This final Comprehensive Survey Report builds on a previous report prepared by Ms. André with contributions on archaeological resources by Project Archaeologist William H. Moore. In the present report, Ms. Malvasi and Mr. Moore have integrated results from all three phases of the WMCAR’s survey, reusing or updating portions of the previous report. Mr. Lewes was responsible for production of the current report, and GIS Specialist Eric Agin prepared the final illustrations. iii CONTENTS Abstract .....................................................................................................................................ii Acknowledgments .....................................................................................................................iii Contents .................................................................................................................................. iv Figures ...................................................................................................................................... v Tables ..................................................................................................................................... xii 1: Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 1 Research and Survey Methods .............................................................................................. 4 2: Historic Contexts ...................................................................................................................... 7 Settlement to Society (1607–1750) ...................................................................................... 7 Colony to Nation (1750–1789) ........................................................................................... 7 Early National Period (1789–1830)...................................................................................... 8 Antebellum Period (1830–1860) .......................................................................................... 9 Civil War (1861–1865) ........................................................................................................ 9 Reconstruction and Growth (1865–1917) ............................................................................ 9 World War I to World War II (1917–1945) ....................................................................... 10 New Dominion (1945–Present) ......................................................................................... 10 3: Thematic Contexts .................................................................................................................. 11 Architecture/Landscape Architecture/Community Planning .............................................. 11 Commerce ......................................................................................................................... 36 Domestic ............................................................................................................................ 71 Education ......................................................................................................................... 131 Ethnicity/Immigration ..................................................................................................... 142 Funerary ........................................................................................................................... 152 Government/Law/Political ............................................................................................... 155 Health Care/Medicine ...................................................................................................... 157 Industry/Processing/Extraction ......................................................................................... 162 Recreation/Arts ................................................................................................................ 168 Religion ............................................................................................................................ 168 Social ..............................................................................................................................
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