Andrea Del Verrocchio

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Andrea Del Verrocchio Andrea del Verrocchio Andrea di Michele di Cione , detto il Verrocchio ( Firenze tra il 1434 ed il 1437 circa - Venezia 1488 ) fu uno scultore, orafo e pittore italiano che lavorò alla corte di Lorenzo de' Medici . Nacque a Firenze tra 1434 ed il 1437 nella parrocchia di Sant'Ambrogio (la sua casa natale si trova oggi tra via dell'Agnolo e via de' Macci). Il primo documento che lo cita risale al 1452 ed è relativo ad una rissa dove un giovane perse la vita a causa di una sassata di Andrea. Suo fratello Simone fu un monaco di Vallombrosa e divenne abate di San Salvi . Un fratello fu operaio tessile e una sorella sposò un barbiere. Iniziò a lavorare come orafo, nella bottega di Giuliano Verrocchi , dal quale sembra che Andrea abbia in seguito preso il cognome. I suoi primi approcci alla pittura risalirebbero alla metà degli anni 1460 quando lavorò a Prato con Fra Filippo Lippi nel coro del Duomo . Resta famosa una denucia anonima di sodomia che coinvolse gli allievi della sua bottega, fra gli altri anche il giovane Leonardo da Vinci . Le prime opere autonome Nel 1465 circa scolpì il lavabo della Sagrestia Vecchia di San Lorenzo , mentre tra il 1465 e il 1467 eseguì il monumento funebre di Cosimo de' Medici nella cripta sotto l'altare della stessa chiesa e nel 1472 terminò il monumento funebre per Piero e Giovanni de' Medici , ancora nella Sagrestia Vecchia. Il Battesimo di Cristo Lo stile del Verrocchio in pittura è affine a quello del Pollaiolo e del Botticelli , intensamente realistico, con modi ripresi dalla pittura fiamminga, costruito da una linea espressiva e ricca di pathos. Tra il 1474 e il 1475 realizzò il Battesimo di Cristo , ora agli Uffizi , con il giovane allievo Leonardo da Vinci , che dipinse quasi sicuramente l'angelo di sinistra e i fondali paesistici. In quest'opera la composizione è triangolare con al vertice la ciotola nella mano di san Giovanni Battista e come base la linea che collega il piede sinistro del Battista a quello dell'angelo inginocchiato; in essa è inscritta e funge da centro visivo la figura del Cristo in piedi che da alla scena un movimento rotatorio, accentuato dalla posizione di tre quarti dell'angelo sulla sinistra, che volge le spalle all'osservatore. In questo angelo è stata riconosciuta la mano di Leonardo, diversa per la grazia e morbidezza rispetto alle altre figure monumentali e definite dalla linea incisiva del contorno; allo stesso modo il paesaggio sullo sfondo aperto su di un'ampia valle percorsa da un fiume, reso con valori atmosferici che ne hanno ammorbidito e sfumato le forme, si differenzia dalle rocce rozzamente squadrate. A partire dalla seconda metà degli anni 1470 il Verrocchio si dedicò principalmente alla scultura, secondo le leggende narrate dal Vasari per via del confronto con il suo allievo Leonardo che aveva superato il maestro. Attenendosi in un primo tempo ai modelli canonici fiorentini, come nel David bronzeo del Bargello , su commissione di Lorenzo e Giuliano de' Medici del 1475 circa, riprese lo stesso soggetto di Donatello , ma stilisticamente, vista l'idealizzata e goticizzante bellezza, si rifece al Ghiberti , risolvendo il tema dell'eroe cristiano in un paggio cortese. Il Putto con delfino Una copia del Putto con Delfino è anche al centro della fontana nel primo cortile di Palazzo Vecchio Nel 1478 circa realizzò il Putto alato con delfino , originariamente destinato a una fontana per la villa medicea di Careggi , dove l'acqua usciva dalla bocca del delfino e spruzzava in alto ricadendo, ora conservato a Palazzo Vecchio . In esso si percepiscono echi del dinamico naturalismo appreso da Desiderio da Settignano , che lo indirizzò verso la trasfigurare della materia scultorea in morbide forme levigate, mentre il soggetto deriva dall'antico, ma reinterpretato in sorridente un putto danzante, in precario equilibrio, con il manto che si incolla alla schiena e il ciuffo bagnato, appiccicato alla fronte. La Dama col mazzolino La capacità di conferire effetti di vibrazione atmosferica alle forme modellate con nitida incisività lineare è quanto maggiormente caratterizza lo stile verrocchiesco e si manifesta anche nelle sculture in marmo. la più famosa delle quali è la Dama dal mazzolino , dove per evitare una rigida visione frontale e per rendere più dinamica la composizione girò il volto della donna e, grazie all'espediente del taglio del ritratto all'altezza dell'ombelico, poté inserirvi anche le mani. in essa le sottilissime increspature della veste sul petto, le ondeggianti pieghe delle maniche e persino le arricciate e minute ciocche della capigliatura acquistano una sorta di mobile levità che ha la sua più squisita espressione nei morbidi trapassi chiaroscurali - quasi un anticipo dello "sfumato" leonardesco - delle stupende mani che per la prima volta compaiono in un busto del Quattrocento. Il Monumento a Bartolomeo Colleoni Nel 1479 la Repubblica di Venezia decretò la realizzazione di un monumento equestre per il condottiero Bartolomeo Colleoni , morto tre anni prima, da collocarsi in campo Santi Giovanni e Paolo , nel 1480 ne affidò l'esecuzione ad Andrea Verrocchio, nel 1481 il modello di cera venne mandato a Venezia, dove nel 1486 si trasferì l'artista per attendere alla fusione in bronzo del gruppo. Andrea morì nel 1488 a lavoro non terminato, l'artista aveva nominato erede ed esecutore Lorenzo di Credi , ma la Signoria veneziana gli preferì Alessandro Leopardi , artista locale. Per la realizzazione del gruppo Andrea si rifece alla statua equestre del Gattamelata di Donatello , alle statue antiche di Marco Aurelio , dei cavalli di San Marco e del Reggisole, ma tiene anche presente l'affresco con Giovanni Acuto di Paolo Uccello in Santa Maria Novella . È la prima statua equestre in bronzo a ritrarre una delle gambe del cavallo in posizione sollevata. In altre parole, l'intero peso della statua è sorretto da tre gambe invece che quattro. La statua è inoltre notevole per l'espressione attentamente osservata sul volto del Colleoni: il condottiero, rivestito dall'armatura, si erge in posa solenne e con lo sguardo, sottolineato dalla zona d'ombra data dal cimiero, aggrottato, l'effetto dinamico del gruppo è dato dall'incrocio di due diagonali una quella formata dal profilo superiore del corpo del cavallo l'altra quella che va dal busto del condottiero alla dalla zampa anteriore sinistra del cavallo, piegata ad angolo retto. .
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