Aspalathin from Rooibos (Aspalathus Linearis): a Bioactive C-Glucosyl Dihydrochalcone with Potential to Target the Metabolic Syndrome
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Protective Properties of Rooibos (Aspalathus Linearis) Flavonoids on the Prevention of Skin Cancer
Protective properties of rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) flavonoids on the prevention of skin cancer by Asanda Gwashu Thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degreeof Master of Science in the Faculty of Science at Stellenbosch University Supervisor: Prof W.C.A. Gelderblom Co-supervisor: Prof A. Louw March 2016 Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za DECLARATION By submitting this dissertation electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise state), that reproduction and publication thereof by Stellenbosch university will not infringe any third party rights and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. Signature Date Copyright © 2016 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved i Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Abstract Ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation is a major cause of skin cancer resulting in an array of events including oxidative damage, DNA damage and inflammation. The keratinocytes and skin macrophages play a pivotal role in inflammation and are known to release a wide range of cytokines in response to UV-B and/or other toxicants such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The chronic release of the cytokines, if not controlled, may be detrimental leading to a variety of skin diseases including cancer. Rooibos is well known for its health benefits which include anti-inflammatory effects that are attributed to the anti-oxidant properties of the flavonoids. In the current study the aqueous and methanol extracts of unfermented and fermented rooibos were compared in terms of their polyphenol and flavanol content, while their antioxidant properties were assessed in the FRAP and ABTS assays. -
Oberholzeria (Fabaceae Subfam. Faboideae), a New Monotypic Legume Genus from Namibia
RESEARCH ARTICLE Oberholzeria (Fabaceae subfam. Faboideae), a New Monotypic Legume Genus from Namibia Wessel Swanepoel1,2*, M. Marianne le Roux3¤, Martin F. Wojciechowski4, Abraham E. van Wyk2 1 Independent Researcher, Windhoek, Namibia, 2 H. G. W. J. Schweickerdt Herbarium, Department of Plant Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, 3 Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa, 4 School of Life Sciences, Arizona a11111 State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America ¤ Current address: South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, South Africa * [email protected] Abstract OPEN ACCESS Oberholzeria etendekaensis, a succulent biennial or short-lived perennial shrublet is de- Citation: Swanepoel W, le Roux MM, Wojciechowski scribed as a new species, and a new monotypic genus. Discovered in 2012, it is a rare spe- MF, van Wyk AE (2015) Oberholzeria (Fabaceae subfam. Faboideae), a New Monotypic Legume cies known only from a single locality in the Kaokoveld Centre of Plant Endemism, north- Genus from Namibia. PLoS ONE 10(3): e0122080. western Namibia. Phylogenetic analyses of molecular sequence data from the plastid matK doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0122080 gene resolves Oberholzeria as the sister group to the Genisteae clade while data from the Academic Editor: Maharaj K Pandit, University of nuclear rDNA ITS region showed that it is sister to a clade comprising both the Crotalarieae Delhi, INDIA and Genisteae clades. Morphological characters diagnostic of the new genus include: 1) Received: October 3, 2014 succulent stems with woody remains; 2) pinnately trifoliolate, fleshy leaves; 3) monadel- Accepted: February 2, 2015 phous stamens in a sheath that is fused above; 4) dimorphic anthers with five long, basifixed anthers alternating with five short, dorsifixed anthers, and 5) pendent, membranous, one- Published: March 27, 2015 seeded, laterally flattened, slightly inflated but indehiscent fruits. -
Skeletal Muscle As a Therapeutic Target for Natural Products to Reverse Metabolic Syndrome
Chapter 10 Skeletal Muscle as a Therapeutic Target for Natural Products to Reverse Metabolic Syndrome Sithandiwe Eunice Mazibuko-Mbeje, Phiwayinkosi V. Dludla, Bongani B. Nkambule, Nnini Obonye and Johan Louw Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.78687 Abstract Natural compounds, especially polyphenols have become a popular area of research mainly due to their apparent health benefits. Increasing the phenolic content of a diet, apart from its antioxidant benefit, has a beneficial effect on signaling molecules involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. These effects could potentially protect against metabolic syndrome, a cluster of metabolic complications such as obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes that is characterized by a dysregulated carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism. Research continues to investigate various natural compounds for their amelioration of impaired signaling mech- anisms that may lead to dysregulated metabolism to find means to improve the life expec- tancy of patients with metabolic syndrome. In this chapter, a systematic search through major databases such as MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, and Google Scholar of literature reporting on the ameliorative potential of commonly investigated natural products that target skeletal muscle to ameliorate metabolic syndrome associated complications was conducted. The selected natural products that are discussed include apigenin, aspalathin, berberine, curcumin, epigallocatechin gallate, hesperidin, luteolin, naringenin, quercetin, resveratrol, rutin, and sulforaphane. Keywords: skeletal muscle, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, natural products 1. Introduction A considerable amount of interest has been placed on the discovery of novel naturally occur- ring plant-derived compounds for the treatment and prevention of various diseases. -
Metabolic Engineering of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae for De Novo Production of Dihydrochalcones with Known Antioxidant, Antidiabetic, and Sweet Tasting Properties
Metabolic Engineering xx (xxxx) xxxx–xxxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Metabolic Engineering journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ymben Original Research Article Metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for de novo production of dihydrochalcones with known antioxidant, antidiabetic, and sweet tasting properties Michael Eichenbergera,b, Beata Joanna Lehkac,d, Christophe Follya, David Fischera, ⁎ Stefan Martense, Ernesto Simóna, Michael Naesbya, a Evolva SA, Duggingerstrasse 23, 4153 Reinach, Switzerland b Department of Biology, Technical University Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 10, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany c Evolva Biotech A/S, Lersø Parkallé 42, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark d Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark e Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Centro Ricerca e Innovazione, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige (TN), Italy ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Chemical compounds studied in this article: Dihydrochalcones are plant secondary metabolites comprising molecules of significant commercial interest as Phloretin (PubChem CID: 4788) antioxidants, antidiabetics, or sweeteners. To date, their heterologous biosynthesis in microorganisms has been Naringenin (PubChem CID: 932) achieved only by precursor feeding or as minor by-products in strains engineered for flavonoid production. Pinocembrin (PubChem CID: 68071) Here, the native ScTSC13 was overexpressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to increase its side activity in Phlorizin (PubChem CID: 6072) reducing p-coumaroyl-CoA to p-dihydrocoumaroyl-CoA. De novo production of phloretin, the first committed Nothofagin (PubChem CID: 42607691) dihydrochalcone, was achieved by co-expression of additional relevant pathway enzymes. Naringenin, a major Trilobatin (PubChem CID: 6451798) Naringin dihydrochalcone (PubChem CID: by-product of the initial pathway, was practically eliminated by using a chalcone synthase from barley with 9894584) unexpected substrate specificity. -
Fruits and Seeds of Genera in the Subfamily Faboideae (Fabaceae)
Fruits and Seeds of United States Department of Genera in the Subfamily Agriculture Agricultural Faboideae (Fabaceae) Research Service Technical Bulletin Number 1890 Volume I December 2003 United States Department of Agriculture Fruits and Seeds of Agricultural Research Genera in the Subfamily Service Technical Bulletin Faboideae (Fabaceae) Number 1890 Volume I Joseph H. Kirkbride, Jr., Charles R. Gunn, and Anna L. Weitzman Fruits of A, Centrolobium paraense E.L.R. Tulasne. B, Laburnum anagyroides F.K. Medikus. C, Adesmia boronoides J.D. Hooker. D, Hippocrepis comosa, C. Linnaeus. E, Campylotropis macrocarpa (A.A. von Bunge) A. Rehder. F, Mucuna urens (C. Linnaeus) F.K. Medikus. G, Phaseolus polystachios (C. Linnaeus) N.L. Britton, E.E. Stern, & F. Poggenburg. H, Medicago orbicularis (C. Linnaeus) B. Bartalini. I, Riedeliella graciliflora H.A.T. Harms. J, Medicago arabica (C. Linnaeus) W. Hudson. Kirkbride is a research botanist, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory, BARC West Room 304, Building 011A, Beltsville, MD, 20705-2350 (email = [email protected]). Gunn is a botanist (retired) from Brevard, NC (email = [email protected]). Weitzman is a botanist with the Smithsonian Institution, Department of Botany, Washington, DC. Abstract Kirkbride, Joseph H., Jr., Charles R. Gunn, and Anna L radicle junction, Crotalarieae, cuticle, Cytiseae, Weitzman. 2003. Fruits and seeds of genera in the subfamily Dalbergieae, Daleeae, dehiscence, DELTA, Desmodieae, Faboideae (Fabaceae). U. S. Department of Agriculture, Dipteryxeae, distribution, embryo, embryonic axis, en- Technical Bulletin No. 1890, 1,212 pp. docarp, endosperm, epicarp, epicotyl, Euchresteae, Fabeae, fracture line, follicle, funiculus, Galegeae, Genisteae, Technical identification of fruits and seeds of the economi- gynophore, halo, Hedysareae, hilar groove, hilar groove cally important legume plant family (Fabaceae or lips, hilum, Hypocalypteae, hypocotyl, indehiscent, Leguminosae) is often required of U.S. -
Aspalathus Linearis) in the Northern Cederberg and on the Bokkeveld Plateau ⁎ R.R
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com South African Journal of Botany 76 (2010) 72–81 www.elsevier.com/locate/sajb Distribution, quantitative morphological variation and preliminary molecular analysis of different growth forms of wild rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) in the northern Cederberg and on the Bokkeveld Plateau ⁎ R.R. Malgas a, ,A.J.Pottsb,N.M.Oettléc, B. Koelle d, S.W. Todd e, G.A. Verboom b, M.T. Hoffman e a Department of Conservation Ecology & Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa b Botany Department, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa c Environmental Monitoring Group, PO Box 350, Nieuwoudtville 8180, South Africa d Indigo Development & Change, PO Box 350, Nieuwoudtville 8180, South Africa e Plant Conservation Unit, Botany Department, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa Received 28 April 2009; received in revised form 3 July 2009; accepted 8 July 2009 Abstract Aspalathus linearis (Fabaceae) is endemic to the Cape Floristic Region in the Western Cape and Northern Cape Provinces of South Africa. The reddish leaves and stems, primarily of one cultivar, are used to make a commercially important tea which is marketed locally and internationally as ‘rooibos’ or ‘redbush’ tea. In historical times rooibos was collected in the wild. In the twentieth century cultivation of a single cultivar increasingly replaced wild harvest to meet growing demand. Recently, tea from wild forms of the species, which vary significantly in growth form and reproductive strategy, has been marketed by small-scale farmers in Wupperthal and on the Suid Bokkeveld plateau in the northern part of the species' distribution. -
BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES of SELECTED FLAVONOIDS of ROOIBOS (Aspalathus Linearis)
BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED FLAVONOIDS OF ROOIBOS (Aspalathus linearis) Petra W Snijman Thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Chemistry at the University of the Western Cape Study Leader: Prof IR Green Co-study Leaders: Prof E Joubert Prof WCA Gelderblom June 2007 ii DECLARATION I, the undersigned, hereby declare that the work contained in this thesis is my own original work and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it at any university for a degree. _______________________________ ____________ Petra Wilhelmina Snijman Date Copyright © 2007 University of the Western Cape All rights reserved iii ABSTRACT Bioactivity-guided fractionation was used to identify the most potent antioxidant and antimutagenic fractions contained in the methanol extract of unfermented rooibos (Aspalathus linearis), as well as the bioactive principles for the most potent antioxidant fractions. The different extracts and fractions were screened using Salmonella typhimurium tester strain TA98 and metabolically activated 2- acetoaminofluorene (2-AAF) to evaluate antimutagenic potential, while the antioxidant potency was assessed by two different in vitro assays, i.e. the inhibition of Fe(II) induced microsomal lipid peroxidation and the scavenging of the 2,2'- azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical cation. The most polar XAD fraction displayed the most protection against 2-AAF induced mutagenesis in TA98. Successive fractionation of the two XAD fractions -
Aspalathus Linearis): a Mini Review to Highlight a Gerald J
Cardioprotection conferred by rooibos AUTHOR: (Aspalathus linearis): A mini review to highlight a Gerald J. Maarman1 AFFILIATION: potential mechanism of action 1Cardiovascular Research Group, Division of Medical Physiology, A number of cardioprotective interventions have been identified throughout the years, and these include the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, use of natural antioxidants in sources like rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) tea. Recent studies have demonstrated South Africa that rooibos (either its isolated components or the crude rooibos extract/tea) confers cardioprotection in diabetic cardiomyopathy and myocardial ischaemic injury. In addition, a clinical study has shown that regular CORRESPONDENCE TO: Gerald Maarman rooibos consumption reduces the risk for cardiovascular disease in adults. However, rooibos is currently not considered an official treatment against cardiac disease, mainly because the underlying mechanisms EMAIL: for rooibos-induced cardioprotection are not fully elucidated. Physiological actions of rooibos must be well [email protected] investigated before rooibos can be used in a clinical setting as adjunct treatment for patients with heart DATES: disease. Thus, research to delineate the underlying mechanisms of rooibos-induced cardioprotection is key. Received: 08 Mar. 2018 In the light of the aforementioned, the available literature on rooibos-induced cardioprotection is reviewed Revised: 10 Apr. 2019 here, highlighting the fact that rooibos preserves and maintains -
Metabolic Engineering of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae for De Novo Production of Dihydrochalcones with Known Antioxidant, Antidiabetic, and Sweet Tasting Properties
Roskilde University Metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for de novo production of dihydrochalcones with known antioxidant, antidiabetic, and sweet tasting properties Eichenberger, Michael; Lehka, Beata Joanna; Folly, Christophe; Fischer, David; Martens, Stefan; Simon, Ernesto; Naesby, Michael Published in: Metabolic Engineering DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2016.10.019 Publication date: 2017 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Citation for published version (APA): Eichenberger, M., Lehka, B. J., Folly, C., Fischer, D., Martens, S., Simon, E., & Naesby, M. (2017). Metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for de novo production of dihydrochalcones with known antioxidant, antidiabetic, and sweet tasting properties. Metabolic Engineering, 39, 80-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2016.10.019 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain. • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing -
A Taxonomic Revision of the Genus Rafnia Thunb
A TAXONOMIC REVISION OF THE GENUS RAFNIA THUNB. (FABACEAE, CROTALARIEAE) by GAEL CAMPBELL DISSERTATION presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MAGISTER SCIENTIAE in BOTANY at the FACULTY OF NATURAL SCIENCES of the RAND AFRIKAANS UNIVERSITY SUPERVISOR: PROF. B-E. VAN WYK OCTOBER 1998 In some cases we learn more by looking for the answer to a question and not finding it than we do from learning the answer itself. Dallben, from The Book of Three by Lloyd Alexander (1988). TABLE OF CONTENTS SUMMARY OPSOMMING iii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 2 MATERIAL AND METHODS 2 CHAPTER 3 VEGETATIVE MORPHOLOGY 21 3.1 Habit 21 3.2 Fire-survival strategy 25 3.3 Mode of flowering 26 3.4 Leaves 27 3.4.1 Leaf morphology 27 3.4.2 Stomata 34 3.4.3 Midrib anatomy 35 CHAPTER 4 REPRODUCTIVE MORPHOLOGY 37 4.1 Inflorescence 37 4.1.1 Inflorescence structure 37 4.1.2 Peduncle anatomy 42 4.2 Flowers 43 4.2.1 Bract and bracteoles 49 4.2.2 Calyx 51 4.2.3 Standard petal 60 4.2.4 Wing petals 64 4.2.5 Keel petals 67 4.2.6 Stamens 72 4.2.7 Pollen 77 4.2.8 Pistil 79 4.3 Pods 81 4.4 Seeds 86 CHAPTER 5 OTHER EVIDENCE 96 5.1 Introduction 96 5.2 Distribution and geographical patterns 96 5.3 Flowering and fruiting phenology 102 5.4 Chromosome cytology 105 5.5 Secondary metabolites 106 5.5.1 Alkaloids 106 5.5.2 Flavonoids 107 5.6 Enzymes 110 5.7 Conclusions 113 CHAPTER 6 PHENETIC ANALYSIS 114 CHAPTER 7 CLADISTIC ANALYSIS 120 CHAPTER 8 CONCLUSIONS 127 CHAPTER 9 TAXONOMY OF THE GENUS RAFNIA 128 9.1 Generic position within the family 128 9.2 Historical overview of the taxonomy of Rafnia 129 9.3 The genus Rafnia Thunb. -
A Survey of Wood Anatomical Characters in the Tribe Crotalarieae (Fabaceae)
South African Journal of Botany 94 (2014) 155–165 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect South African Journal of Botany journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/sajb A survey of wood anatomical characters in the tribe Crotalarieae (Fabaceae) A.A. Oskolski a,b,⁎, A.V. Stepanova a,b, J.S. Boatwright c,P.M.Tilneya,B.-E.VanWyka a Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, Johannesburg, South Africa b Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Science, Prof. Popov Str. 2, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia c Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of the Western Cape, Modderdam Road, 7535 Bellville, South Africa article info abstract Article history: Wood anatomical data is presented for 29 southern African shrubby species representing eight genera Received 19 January 2014 (Aspalathus, Calobota, Crotalaria, Leobordea, Lotononis, Rafnia, Wiborgia, Wiborgiella) of the predominantly Received in revised form 9 June 2014 African tribe Crotalarieae (Fabaceae). The taxa examined share short vessel elements, exclusively simple perfora- Accepted 10 June 2014 tion plates and vestured intervessel pits, i.e. the wood traits that are typical for many other genera of Available online xxxx Papilionoideae. The loss of helical thickenings may be considered as a synapomorphy for Crotalarieae, with a re- Edited by JC Manning versal to this character state within Lotononis. Generally, the pattern of wood structure diversity within the Crotalarieae is related more to the growth habits of the plants and probably to environmental factors than to Keywords: their taxonomy or phylogenetic relationships. All genera (except Crotalaria) and practically all species studied Crotalarieae showed diagonal to dendritic arrangement of vessel groups, up to their fusion into large dendritic aggregations Fabaceae in Calobota species from arid (non-fynbos) regions. -
Antioxidant, Cytotoxic, and Antimicrobial Activities of Glycyrrhiza Glabra L., Paeonia Lactiflora Pall., and Eriobotrya Japonica (Thunb.) Lindl
Medicines 2019, 6, 43; doi:10.3390/medicines6020043 S1 of S35 Supplementary Materials: Antioxidant, Cytotoxic, and Antimicrobial Activities of Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Paeonia lactiflora Pall., and Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. Extracts Jun-Xian Zhou, Markus Santhosh Braun, Pille Wetterauer, Bernhard Wetterauer and Michael Wink T r o lo x G a llic a c id F e S O 0 .6 4 1 .5 2 .0 e e c c 0 .4 1 .5 1 .0 e n n c a a n b b a r r b o o r 1 .0 s s o b b 0 .2 s 0 .5 b A A A 0 .5 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 0 5 0 1 0 0 1 5 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 C o n c e n tr a tio n ( M ) C o n c e n tr a tio n ( M ) C o n c e n tr a tio n ( g /m l) Figure S1. The standard curves in the TEAC, FRAP and Folin-Ciocateu assays shown as absorption vs. concentration. Results are expressed as the mean ± SD from at least three independent experiments. Table S1. Secondary metabolites in Glycyrrhiza glabra. Part Class Plant Secondary Metabolites References Root Glycyrrhizic acid 1-6 Glabric acid 7 Liquoric acid 8 Betulinic acid 9 18α-Glycyrrhetinic acid 2,3,5,10-12 Triterpenes 18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid Ammonium glycyrrhinate 10 Isoglabrolide 13 21α-Hydroxyisoglabrolide 13 Glabrolide 13 11-Deoxyglabrolide 13 Deoxyglabrolide 13 Glycyrrhetol 13 24-Hydroxyliquiritic acid 13 Liquiridiolic acid 13 28-Hydroxygiycyrrhetinic acid 13 18α-Hydroxyglycyrrhetinic acid 13 Olean-11,13(18)-dien-3β-ol-30-oic acid and 3β-acetoxy-30-methyl ester 13 Liquiritic acid 13 Olean-12-en-3β-ol-30-oic acid 13 24-Hydroxyglycyrrhetinic acid 13 11-Deoxyglycyrrhetinic acid 5,13 24-Hydroxy-11-deoxyglycyirhetinic