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La Ilusión Del Detective: Lo Policial En Roberto Bolaño

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La Ilusión Del Detective: Lo Policial En Roberto Bolaño Sede Amministrativa: Università degli Studi di Padova Dipartimento di Studi Linguistici e Letterari (DiSLL) SCUOLA DI DOTTORATO DI RICERCA IN : Scienze Linguistiche, Filologiche e Letterarie CICLO: XXVIII LA ILUSIÓN DEL DETECTIVE: LO POLICIAL EN ROBERTO BOLAÑO Direttore della Scuola : Ch.mo Prof. Rosanna Benacchio Supervisore : Ch.mo Prof. Gabriele Bizzarri Dottoranda : Erica Cecchinato Indice Introducción 7 1 Introducción a la novela policíaca 13 1.1 Sociología del género . 14 1.2 El género policíaco como producto literario . 18 1.3 Novela enigma y novela negra . 24 2 La literatura policíaca en América Latina 35 2.1 Condensaciíon: la aparición del género y la experiencia borgeana . 38 2.2 Saturación: la novela policíaca como taller de experimentación literaria . 52 2.3 Crítica, ficción y paranoia en la producción de Ricardo Piglia . 68 2.4 Dispersión: las fronteras del género se desdibujan . 81 3 La literatura policíaca anticanónica de Roberto Bolaño 91 4 Reescribir el género dentro del género: las construcciones ‘policíacas’ de Rober- to Bolaño 101 4.1 Amberes, novela inintelegible . 109 4.2 La marginalidad del crimen en La pista de hielo ............... 116 4.3 Monsieur Pain: sospecha de complot . 122 4.4 Las diferentes estéticas de “William Burns” y “El policía de las ratas” . 128 4.5 Misterio y horror en 2666 ........................... 136 4.6 Estrella distante y Amuleto: la Historia como crimen . 149 5 “Meter la cabeza en lo oscuro”: el descubrimiento del mal en la investigación literaria 159 5.1 “La literatura es un peligro” . 159 5.2 La búsqueda del autor y el misterio de la práctica artística . 163 5.3 Encarnaciones del mal: los escritores criminales de Roberto Bolaño . 177 Conclusiones 193 Bibliografía 199 1 2 Abstract Il lavoro si concentra sullo studio del complesso dialogo che Roberto Bolaño stabilisce con il genere poliziesco. L’analisi su Bolaño è preceduta da uno studio della letteratura poliziesca d’autore in America Latina, nel quale si evidenziano le strategie adottate dai diversi autori per adattare la formula fortemente codificata del genere al proprio contesto. In particolare, il romanzo poliziesco diventa spesso il luogo di elaborazione e denuncia dei traumi della storia recente dell’America Latina, e in molti casi è anche lo spunto per una riflessione sulla letteratura, anche attraverso la produttiva analogia critico-detective e scritore-assassino. Bo- laño integra in modo fluido le diverse tipologie della scrittura di genere. Si evidenziano nel suo macrotesto due grandi categorie di investigazione: quella legata a crimini veri e propri e quella che indaga la letteratura, centro misterioso dell’intero universo testuale dell’autore. La letteratura appare come il territorio in cui si agglutinano gli elementi più complessi della riflessione bolañesca, a partire dall’idea della commistione tra pratica artistica e male, espli- citata nelle molteplici rappresentazioni di scrittori. Le investigazioni dei personaggi segnano sempre il fallimento del detective, destabilizzando in modo radicale le premesse del genere di riferimento. L’individuazione del silenzio come finale inevitabile di ogni attività di ricerca non si traduce però in un mero catalogo della sconfitta, posto che la problematizzazione del codice ermeneutico si sviluppa nella costante tensione tra il gioco ironicamente postmoderno di rivisitazione del genere e la tensione romantica che anima i personaggi, e che già giustifica la ricerca in quanto coraggioso tentativo di penetrare all’interno del mistero del male. Parole chiave: Roberto Bolaño - letteratura latinoamericana - letteratura poliziesca - male - metaletteratura. 3 This work is focuses on the study of the complex relation that Roberto Bolaño establishes with detective fiction. Before this analysis, a brief history of detective novel in Latin America will underline the main strategies used by latin american writers to adapt the formula of the genre to their context. In particular, detective novel is often used as a means to denounce the violent events of recent latin american history; furthermore, many writers reflect on literature through crime fiction, in many cases using the analogy that associates the critic with the de- tective and the writer with the criminal. Bolaño incorporates in his novels different types of crime fiction. In his works, we can identify two main kinds of investigations: those dealing with crimes, and those investigating on literature, which is always represented as the myste- rious core of Bolaño’s world. Literature is seen as the place that gather the most problematic elements of Bolaño’s poetics, such as the relation between art and evil - highlighted in the different characterizations of his fictional writers. These investigations always end with the failure of the detective, which questions the very basis of the genre. Recognizing that silence is the inevitable end of every possible research does not mean that Bolaño’s fiction is just the representation of failures: the problematization of the hermeneutic code is played between the postmodernist and ironic use of the genre and the romantic belief of the character. This seems to justify the investigation itself as a brave intent to explore the mystery of evil. Keywords: Roberto Bolaño - latin american fiction - detective fiction - evil - metalitera- ture. 4 En más de un sentido, el cr´tico es también un criminal. R. Piglia 5 6 Introducción En toda la producción de Roberto Bolaño recurren constantemente elementos propios de la literatura policíaca, aunque los cuentos y las novelas del autor no se puedan definir como obras de género. El presente trabajo nace de la observación de la relación compleja e ines- table que el autor establece con la narrativa policíaca, y se interroga sobre el sentido de este diálogo con el género. En particular, la investigación emerge como mecanismo irrenunciable en la construcción del macrotexto del autor, en una constante problematización del acto her- menéutico. Como se verá, las investigaciones de los personajes bolañescos constituyen una serie de acercamientos a la comprensión de un mal al que las narraciones aluden de continuo y de maneras diferentes y que, sin embargo, se revela siempre como un misterio inasible. La relación de las obras de Bolaño con la literatura policíaca se desarrolla siempre en la tensión entre la actitud un tanto romántica de los personajes, que siguen su vocación emprendiendo búsquedas imposibles, y la consciente subversión del modelo policíaco, que remite a una lectura escéptica y posmoderna de la realidad. El primer capítulo constituye una introducción general al género policíaco, con particular atención a su aparición como género de la modernidad y a las crítica que desde sus comienzos han acompañado su carácter de literatura de masas. Se dedicará una sección a la distición entre novela enigma y novela negra y a l debate que se ha desarrollado en torno a estas vertientes del género. En el segundo capítulo se lleva al cabo el análisis de la introducción y de la evolución del 7 género policíaco en América Latina. Se observará, en concreto, cómo los autores latinoame- ricanos interpretan un género tan marcadamente formular, adaptándolo a las especificidades de su propio contexto. Se presentará una selección de autores cuyas experiencias resultan particularmente innovadoras y significativas en el proceso de evolución del concepto de lite- ratura de género. Interesa de manera particular evidenciar diferentes ejemplos de variación sobre la fórmula genérica y la realización de obras excéntricas, que evidencian una fuerte vo- cación a la digresión y, sobre todo, se fundan muy a menudo en el cuestionamiento, a veces bastante radical, del concepto de verdad. Se trazará un recorrido cronológico, que empieza con la producción borgeana y llega, en las obras más recientes, a la que se puede definir como una disolución del género, debida a la hibridación del policíaco con otros géneros literarios pero, sobre todo, a la extrema problematización de la posibilidad del detective, y del lector, de desentrañar el misterio que se plantea. En el análisis se evidenciarán dos líneas que recurren con frecuencia en la literatura policíaca latinoamericana: la primera consiste en la interpretación del género como medio de crítica social y denuncia política, practicada sobre todo por los autores de la vertiente hard- boiled. La representación del mundo violento e injusto característico de la novela les ofrece a los escritores la ocasión de reflexionar sobre las disfunciones de sus países, reivindicado, al mismo tiempo, su postura ideológica. El otro aspecto de la narrativa policíaca latinoamericana que se subraya en el trabajo es la presencia de la literatura como referencia constante y polifacética: los personajes escriben, leen, investigan sobre libros perdidos, se pierden en digresiones que tienen la literatura como centro. En particular, se evidenciará la importancia de la analogía entre crítico y detective y entre escritor y criminal, que plantea una reflexión en torno al acto de lectura en cuanto práctica hermenéutica, pero también la posibilidad de establecer una afinidad entre escritura y crimen, lo cual, como verá, es un punto central en la producción de Roberto Bolaño. El tercer capítulo introduce al análisis dedicada a Roberto Bolaño, centrándose, en par- 8 ticular, en la observación de los elementos de continuidad y discontinuidad del autor con respecto a la literatura policíaca latinoamericana. Bolaño hereda las tendencias que se han mencionado: en sus obras son más que frecuentes las
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