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Open Government Open Government by Copyright © 2013 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc-nd/3.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 444 Castro Street, Suite 900, Mountain View, California, 94041, USA.. All rights reserved. Revision History for the : See http://oreilly.com/catalog/errata.csp?isbn= for release details. A portion of royalties will be donated to Global Integrity. Table of Contents Foreword. xv Preface. xix 1. A Peace Corps for Programmers. 1 Tipping Point: The Extinction of Pencils 4 Competition Is Critical to Any Ecosystem 5 Creating a Developer Corps 6 Conclusion 8 About the Author 9 2. Government As a Platform. 11 Government As a Platform 12 Lesson 1: Open Standards Spark Innovation and Growth 15 Lesson 2: Build a Simple System and Let It Evolve 19 Lesson 3: Design for Participation 23 A Robustness Principle for Government 26 Lesson 4: Learn from Your “Hackers” 30 Data Is the “Intel Inside” 32 Lesson 5: Data Mining Allows You to Harness Implicit Participation 34 Lesson 6: Lower the Barriers to Experimentation 36 Lesson 7: Lead by Example 38 Practical Steps for Government Agencies 40 About the Author 41 3. By the People. 43 About the Author 49 4. The Single Point of Failure. 51 The Closed Model of Decision Making 51 New Technologies and Civic Life 55 v Participatory Democratic Theory in the Age of Networks 60 The Failure of Direct Democracy 61 The Timidity of Deliberative Democracy 62 Distinguishing Deliberative and Collaborative Democracy 64 The Argument for an Open and Collaborative Democracy 66 Challenges for Collaborative Democracy 68 About the Author 72 5. Engineering Good Government. 73 The Articles of Confederation and the Stovepipe Antipattern 74 The First Constitution 74 The Stovepipe Antipattern 75 Order from Chaos: The Standards Reference Model 76 The Constitution As a Standards Reference Model 78 Continued Maintenance: The Blob and Confederacy 80 The Blob 80 Conclusion 83 About the Author 83 6. Enabling Innovation for Civic Engagement. 85 Citizen Initiatives Lead the Way 85 Providing for Reuse and Innovation 86 Data Authenticity Down the Line 89 Why Bother with Bulk? 90 Conclusion 91 About the Authors 92 7. Online Deliberation and Civic Intelligence. 93 Definitions and Assertions 93 The Context of Deliberation 96 Democracy, Deliberation, and the Internet 97 Online Civic Deliberation 97 Support for Online Civic Deliberation 99 Findings and Issues 102 Role of the Chair 103 Distributed Meeting Attendees 103 Social Environment Requirements 103 E-Liberate’s Role 104 Conclusion 105 About the Author 106 8. Open Government and Open Society. 107 vi | Table of Contents Transparency’s Moment? 107 The Dark Side of Open Government 108 The Missing Diagnosis 110 Targeted Transparency 111 A Matter of Politics 113 Conclusion 114 About the Authors 114 9. “You Can Be the Eyes and Ears”: Barack Obama and the Wisdom of Crowds. 117 Change.gov Shows How to Change the Gov 118 “You Can Be the Eyes and Ears” 118 Recovery.gov Site Still Under Construction 119 Online Town Hall or “Participation Theater”? 120 Open Data and Open Government 121 Co-creation, Co-optation, or Collision? 123 About the Author 124 10. Two-Way Street: Government with the People. 125 Pockets of Excellence: The Goverati 125 GovLoop and BRIDGE: Networks for Government Employees 127 Reversing the Obscurity of Public Servants 128 Harnessing Social Capital 130 Conclusion 131 About the Author 131 11. Citizens’ View of Open Government. 133 The First “We President” 134 The Internet Has Made Us Lazy 136 Toward a Findable Government 137 Advanced Citizenship 138 Conclusion 140 About the Author 140 12. After the Collapse: Open Government and the Future of Civil Service. 141 The Coasean Collapse 142 The Long Tail of Public Policy 144 Patch Culture 145 The End of Objectivity 147 Two Preconditions to Government As Platform: Capacity for Self- Organization and Collaboration 148 Extend the Network 150 The Next Civil Service Culture: The Gift Economy 152 Table of Contents | vii Conclusion 153 About the Author 154 13. Democracy, Under Everything. 155 Many Voices, Many Messages, One Government 155 My Idea 156 Constitutional Guidance: Avoid Secrecy Via Access 157 Meeting Modern-Day Needs 159 Revealing Obscured Government Data 159 Improving Communication without Being Crushed by Email 163 How to Improve Civic Engagement 164 Short-Term Solutions for Citizens 164 Long-Term Solutions for the Government 166 Conclusion 167 About the Author 168 14. Emergent Democracy. 169 Democracy As a Scaling Mechanism 169 Informal Self-Government 170 Increasing Scale, Increasing Formalization 171 Limiting Factors and the Internet 172 Building an Emergent Democracy 173 Underlying Principles 173 The Themis Constitution 174 One Click Orgs and Virtual Corporations 175 The Road to Emergent Democracy 177 About the Author 178 15. Case Study: Tweet Congress. 179 Tweet Congress: Build an App, Start a Movement 179 The Idea 179 Building the App 180 Starting the Movement: We Are All Lobbyists Now 181 Inflection Point 182 So, Who Gets It? 182 Impact 183 The TC Effect 183 A Valuable Resource 184 Conclusion 184 About the Authors 184 16. Entrepreneurial Insurgency: Republicans Connect With the American People. 185 viii | Table of Contents Entrepreneurial Insurgency and Congress 185 Congress Tweets, Too 186 I YouTube, You YouTube 188 Gathering Effective Tools 189 Social Media and the Fight for Transparency 190 Conclusion 193 About the Author 193 17. Disrupting Washington’s Golden Rule. 195 The Bad Old Days: When Insiders Ruled 197 This Is the Mashable Now 198 What Comes Next 200 About the Author 202 18. Case Study: GovTrack.us. 203 Opening Legislative Data 205 Screen Scraping Congress 207 Congressional Mashups 209 Changing Policy from the Outside 210 Engaging the GovTrack Community 213 Conclusion 214 About the Author 214 19. Case Study: FollowTheMoney.org. 215 Accessing Political Donor Data Fraught with Problems 215 The National Institute on Money in State Politics’ Role in the Fight for Greater Transparency 216 Bolstering the Spirit of Public Disclosure Laws 218 State-Level Transparency Faces Serious Challenges 219 In an Ideal World: Recommendations for Open Data 221 Conclusion 222 About the Author 223 20. Case Study: MAPLight.org. 225 Why We Founded MAPLight.org 226 MAPLight.org’s Unique Contribution 227 Nuts and Bolts: Using MAPLight.org 229 Votes 229 Timeline 230 Committees 230 How Each Legislator Voted 232 Other Tools 233 Table of Contents | ix Barriers to Transparency 234 Conclusion 234 About the Author 235 21. Going 2.0: Why OpenSecrets.org Opted for Full Frontal Data Sharing. 237 The Decision to Let Go of the Data 237 It’s Not Easy Being Open 238 Creating a New Model for Transparency 240 The Future Is Now 242 Conclusion 242 About the Author 243 22. All Your Data Are Belong to Us: Liberating Government Data. 245 Liberating Government Data: Carl Malamud Versus the Man 245 Disclosing Government Data: Paper Versus the Internet 247 Accessing Government Data: Open Distribution Versus Jealous Control 248 Demanding Government Data: Public Money Versus Private Research 249 RECAP: Freeing PACER Documents for Public Use 251 Conclusion 252 About the Author 252 23. Case Study: Many Eyes. 253 Policy 253 From Policy to Politicians 256 Visual Literacy 258 Conclusion 260 About the Authors 261 24. My Data Can’t Tell You That. 263 The How and Why of Data Collection 264 Federal Data: Approximations Galore 265 Good Data Doesn’t Mean Good Results 268 Conclusion 271 About the Author 271 25. When Is Transparency Useful?. 273 Sharing Documents with the Public 274 Generating Databases for the Public 274 Interpreting Databases for the Public 275 An Alternative 277 x | Table of Contents About the Author 278 26. Transparency Inside Out. 279 Complexity Creates Opacity 281 Transparency, Meet Institutional Inertia 282 Kaleidoscope IT: One-Off Apps Obscure Information 285 A Market Focused on Proposals, Not Products 287 Framing the Window 290 Downsize or Eliminate Organizational IT Development Teams 291 User Analytics 291 IT Transparency 291 IT Products, Not Projects 292 Set the Tone at the Top 292 Bottom-Up Change Through Young Technologists 292 Conclusion 293 About the Author 293 27. Bringing the Web 2.0 Revolution to Government. 295 Government Transparency: Three Hurdles 295 Changing Policies 297 Deploying Twenty-First-Century Technology 300 Changing the Culture Within Government 302 Putting It All Together: Disclosure of Federal Spending 304 Policy Changes to Get Deeper Information on Recipients 305 Using Technology to Make Recovery Act Data Accessible, Understandable, and Usable 307 Changing the Culture to Emphasize Effectiveness, Performance, and Equity 308 Conclusion 310 About the Authors 310 28. Toads on the Road to Open Government Data. 311 What Is Government? 311 Data Collection 312 Exposing the Soul of Government 313 Privacy and Legal Restrictions 313 The Culture of Bureaucracies and Homeland Security 314 Ancient Media 316 Proprietary and Medieval Databases 316 Ethically Questionable Information (Privacy) 317 Ethically Questionable Information (Sharing) 318 Cost 319 Conclusion 319 Table of Contents | xi About the Author 320 29. Open Government: The Privacy Imperative. 321 Privacy-Enhancing Practices 322 Data Minimization 322 Anonymous Access 323 Controlled Backups 324 Data Retention and Decommissioning 324 Minimal Disclosure 325 Data-Sharing Integrity: Data Tethering 327 Accountability 328 Transparent Transparency 328 Conclusion 330 About the Authors 331 30. Freedom of Information Acts: Promises and Realities. 333 The Act and Amendments 334 Open to All 335 Research and Prepare 335 Exemptions, Denials, and Delays 337 FOIA Strategies That Work 339 Conclusion 341 About the Author 342 31. GovMedia People. 343 Crowdsourcing in Action 346 Conclusion 350 About the Author 351 32. Open Source Software for Open Government Agencies.
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