The ASEAN T Bacco Controlatlas First Edition August 2013

The ASEAN T bacco ControlAtlas First Edition August 2013

Southeast Asia Tobacco Control Alliance www.seatca.org SEATCA The ASEAN TOBACCO CONTROL ATLAS

Authors Tan Yen Lian Ulysses Dorotheo

Editorial Team Bungon Ritthiphakdee, Mary Assunta Kolandai, Foong Kin, Domilyn C. Villarreiz, Mary Jocelyn Alampay, Jennie Lyn Reyes, Sophapan Ratanachena, Worrawan Jirathanapiwat

ISBN 978-616-7824-00-0

First Published August 2013, 1,000 copies

Published by: Southeast Asia Tobacco Control Alliance (SEATCA) Thakolsuk Place, Room 2B, 115 Thoddamri Road, Dusit, Bangkok 10300 Thailand Telefax: +66 2 241 0082 Email: [email protected] Website: www.seatca.org

Printed by: Crown Print Associates 279-G2, Lorong Tampin, 10150 Penang, Malaysia Tel/Fax: 604 - 281 2012 Email: [email protected]

The information, findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the funding organization, its staff, or its Board of Directors. While reasonable efforts have been taken to ensure accuracy at the time of publication, the Southeast Asia Tobacco Control Alliance (SEATCA) does not warrant that the information contained in this publication is complete and correct and shall not be liable for any damages incurred as a result of its use. If there are unintentional errors, please convey this information to the authors.

Photo Credits: Dr Mom Kong, Dr Maniphanh Vongphosy, Dr Domilyn C.Villareiz, Mr Dass Kandunni, Mr Abdillah Ahsan, Mr Nur Hadi Wiyono, Ms Tan Yen Lian, Dr Ulysses Dorotheo, Ms Le Thi Thu, Mr. Alec Chin, Collections from SEATCA Industry Surveillance (SIS) Project, Ministry of Public Health, Thailand The ASEAN T bacco ControlAtlas First Edition August 2013

Tan Yen Lian Ulysses Dorotheo

Southeast Asia Tobacco Control Alliance www.seatca.org SEATCA The ASEAN Tobacco Control Atlas

Foreword iii . Comparison of Tobacco Control and Health . Dr Judith Mackay Budgets in ASEAN (2012-2013) . Annual Tobacco Expenditure = Preface iv Lost Opportunities . Bungon Ritthiphadee Chapter 3: Tobacco Prices and Taxes 11 Chapter 1: Tobacco Consumption 1 . Prices of Most Popular Local and Foreign Brands . Smoking Prevalence Adult Male and Female (in USD Per Pack) 2013 Smokers in ASEAN . Tobacco Tax Burden as Percentage of Retail . World Cigarette Consumption by Region Price (2013) . ASEAN Region has 10% of World's Smokers . Higher Tax Rates, Higher Revenues, and . Regional Cigarette Per Capita Consumption Reduced Smoking Prevalence (1990-2010) . Types of Cigarette Tax Systems in ASEAN . Numbers Don't Lie . All Tobacco Products Should be Taxed: . Average Age of Smoking Initiation in ASEAN Duty Free Allowance (2009-2011) . Tobacco Prices . Number of Cigarettes Smoked Daily by Adult . Cigarette Affordability Smokers (2009-2011) . % of Adults Who Use Smokeless Tobacco in Chapter 4: Smoke-free Environments 17 ASEAN (2009-2012) . 100% Smoke-Free Public Places Policy in ASEAN . ASEAN: Smoking Among Boys and Girls . Enjoy ASEAN Foods in Smoke-free (13-15 years) Environments . Intentions of Non-Smoking Youths to Start . Fines Imposed on Violators of Smoke-Free Smoking in the Next Year (2007-2011) Policy in ASEAN . Best Practice of the Smoke-Free Law Chapter 2: Costs of Smoking 7 . % of Youth Exposed to Secondhand Smoke In . Tobacco-Related Health Care Costs in ASEAN and Outside Home (2007-2011) . Proportion of Annual Deaths (per 100,000) . Common Places With Secondhand Smoke Attributable to Tobacco in ASEAN (2004, aged Exposure in ASEAN (2009-2011) 30 and over) . Smoke-Free World Heritage Sites/Cities in . Annual Deaths Attributed to Major Tobacco- ASEAN Related Diseases (2006-2012) . Smoke-Free Sports in ASEAN . Average Monthly Expenditure for Manufactured Cigarette (in USD) Among Smokers >15 years Chapter 5: Packaging and Labelling of 21 old (2009-2012) Tobacco Products . Health Warnings Implemented in ASEAN . Implementation Timeline of Current Pictorial Health Warnings in ASEAN i . Status of Health Warnings in ASEAN The ASEAN Tobacco Control Atlas Table of Contents

. Image Bank of Copyright-Free Pictorial Health Chapter 8: Tobacco Farming 39 Warnings (PHWs) . Tobacco Farming in ASEAN . Best Practice of Pictorial Health Warnings . Tobacco Farming in Selected ASEAN Countries (2010/2011) Chapter 6: Tobacco Advertising, Promotion 27 . Sustainable Way Out: Alternative Crops in and Sponsorship Malaysia . Status of TAPS Ban in ASEAN . Profitability of Tobacco Farming Vs Other Crops . Status of Ban on Tobacco Advertising, in Indonesia Promotion and Sponsorship in ASEAN . Profitability of Tobacco Farming Vs Other Crops . Ban TAPS Via Internet in the Philippines, 2006-2007 . Flavored Cigarettes Sold in ASEAN . Tobacco Farmers Switched to Other Crops in . Tobacco Marketing Channels Cambodia . Number of POS in Selected ASEAN Countries . Most Common Source of the Last Purchase Chapter 9: Establishing Sustainable Funding 43 of Manufactured Cigarettes (2009-2012) . Health Promotion/Tobacco Control Fund in . Best Practice: Thailand Sets the Benchmark ASEAN . Legislation on Tobacco Advertising Ban at . Types of Funding Source for Health Promotion POS Foundation/Tobacco Control Fund . Licensing of Tobacco Retailers in Selected . On-Going Development of Sustainable Funding ASEAN Countries for Health Promotion and Tobacco Control . Countries That Have Banned Kiddie Pack (Less Than 20 Sticks Per Pack) References 46 . Youth Exposure to Tobacco Advertising and Promotion (2007-2011) Acknowledgements 56 . Targeting Youths and Women . Building Good Image: Philip Morris International's (PMI) Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in ASEAN . Challenges in Enforcement

Chapter 7: Tobacco Industry 35 . Tobacco Industry Players in ASEAN . Big Transnational Tobacco Companies Consolidating Their Power in the Region . Tobacco Industry's Profit (in USD) . Front Groups and High Profile Allies Mobilized to Fight Tobacco Control . Tobacco Industry Exploits Lao PDR Government ii The ASEAN Tobacco Control Atlas

Foreword

The challenges are clear: the future of global tobacco control rests in the Asian region, with its large and young populations, and with increasing affluence making cigarettes more affordable.

The ASEAN Tobacco Control Atlas is a timely publication, This Atlas will be of interest not only to tobacco control nicely complementing and expanding on the global data advocates, but also to governments and politicians, of The Tobacco Atlas.i It will be an immensely useful resource economists, sociologists, academia, the media, political and advocacy tool, as it portrays numerous statistics in a scientists, those working with human rights, poverty and colourful, graphic "at a glance" format. It will also be of development - and hopefully should be placed in every wider interest, as many of the issues highlighted apply to school library in all the ASEAN countries. other countries in the South East Asia and Western Pacific regions. The Atlas also lays down a challenge to the ASEAN countries - to grasp the political nettle of tobacco control, deal with The Atlas maps the current tobacco epidemic and the the tobacco industry, implement tobacco control legislation ongoing and worrying high smoking prevalence rates mainly and taxation policies supported by mass media campaigns among men (one in every three men smoking in ASEAN); - and prevent the disease, disability and death caused by the economic consequences for governments and for tobacco in each of your countries. individual smokers; the obstacles, especially the behaviour and tactics of the tobacco industry; the action taken by many ASEAN nations; and opportunities for funding tobacco control. The challenges are clear: the future of global tobacco control rests in the Asian region, with its Dr Judith Mackay large and young populations, and with increasing affluence World Lung Foundation; Asian Consultancy on Tobacco making cigarettes more affordable. Control; Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation

i Eriksen M, Mackay J, Ross H. (2012). The Tobacco Atlas. Fourth Ed. Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society; New York, NY: World Lung Foundation. Also available at: tobaccoatlas.org. iii The ASEAN Tobacco Control Atlas

Preface

Despite adopting various tobacco control policies and laws, many countries still face numerous challenges in decreasing tobacco consumption to minimize the health and economic burden from tobacco use.

Based on many years of working with ASEAN countries on accounting for 10% of the world's 1.25 billion adult smokers. tobacco control, we've found that to move tobacco control Despite adopting various tobacco control policies and laws, policy forward, not only political commitment is critical, many countries still face numerous challenges in decreasing but also sharp evidences that support policy change and tobacco consumption to minimize the health and economic refute opponents of effective tobacco control measures. burden from tobacco use. In particular, tobacco companies Many countries have generated a lot of local evidences are continually expanding their business in ASEAN related to tobacco control, however much of this information countries, planning to sell more cigarettes, targeting more is not packaged so as to be easily accessed by those needing boys and girls for addiction, and interfering in all levels of the evidence, particularly policy makers. tobacco control policy development and implementation.

This is why our SEATCA team has labored to produce this SEATCA hopes that the ASEAN Tobacco Control Atlas is ASEAN Tobacco Control Atlas. Inspired by Tobacco Control useful not only for ASEAN countries but also for developing in the Third World: a Resource Atlas by Simon Chapman countries around the world as a practical resource for policy and Wong Wai Leng, and the Tobacco Atlas series development. (www.tobaccoatlas.org) initiated by Dr. Judith Mackay and team, we developed an ASEAN version to provide a summary We would like to thank our many colleagues who contributed of useful facts and figures that not only highlights the to this book, with special thanks to the Bill and Melinda progress made but also marks the areas for continuing work Gates Foundation for its support to SEATCA. towards our shared vision of a healthy, tobacco-free ASEAN.

The 10 ASEAN countries are home to about 615 million people or about 9% of the world population. Country estimates show that about 127 million or almost 30% of Bungon Ritthiphakdee the adult ASEAN population are current smokers, Director of SEATCA

iv 33% 15% Smoking Prevalence: Adult Male and Female Smokers in ASEAN*

43% 8.4% Male Female Myanmar

Lao PDR 46.6% 4.6% 47.4% 1.4%

47.7% 9% Thailand 42.5% 3.5%

Vietnam

Cambodia Philippines

31.81% 2.8%

43.9% 1% Brunei Darussalam

Malaysia 23.7% 3.7%

Singapore

67.4% 4.5% Male smoking prevalence is highest in Indonesia (67.4%) and lowest in Singapore (23.7%). Female smoking rate is particularly high (>5%) in Myanmar, Indonesia the Philippines and Lao PDR.

* ASEAN: Association of Southeast Asian Nations. The term ASEAN will be used to refer to member countries in the region. 1 The ASEAN Tobacco Control Atlas

Chapter 1 Tobacco Consumption

Tobacco consumption is increasing worldwide groups such as women, youth and children. At (1.3 billion smokers) and has grown substantially present, there are 127 million adult smokers (30% in low- and middle-income nations (82% of world's of adult ASEAN population) living in ASEAN smokers) including in the ASEAN region. This countries. Tobacco use remains the single biggest highly addictive product is commonly used by all preventable cause of disease, disability, and segments of the population including vulnerable premature deaths in the world.

Eastern Mediterranean and Africa 9% World Cigarette Consumption by Region

Americas 11% Asia Pacific 56%

Of this 56%, ASEAN accounts for 127 million adult smokers Europe 24% Total ASEAN population: 616,481,745 (2012)

ASEAN Region has 10% of World's Smokers Cambodia, 1.16%

Vietnam, 12.03% Brunei, 0.06%

Thailand, 10.22%

Philippines, 13.6% Indonesia, 51.1%

Myanmar, 6.97% Lao PDR, 1.11% Malaysia, 3.44%

Percentage Distribution of Total Adult Smokers in ASEAN Countries 2 Chapter 1: Tobacco Comsumption

Number of Sticks 600 400 200 800 1200 1000 ing 0 Vietnam Singapore 2010) Myanmar _ Malaysia Philippines Indonesia Thailand Cambodia Lao PDR 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 trend of increasing consumption in Indonesia, Myanmar, and, most alarming, Vietnam. and, most in Indonesia, Myanmar, consumption of increasing trend With the exception of Singapore, and to a lesser extent Malaysia, Thailand, and Cambodia, ASEAN region data shows no significant decline in cigarette consumption, and countries such as Indonesia, Philippines, and Vietnam have per capita distress a is there perspective, health public a from Furthermore, average. regional the than higher are that rates consumption Regional Cigarette Per Capita Consumption (1990

3 65,000,000 The ASEAN Tobacco Control Atlas

Numbers Don't Lie

Total Numbers of Adult Smokers Adult Prevalence (%) 17,300,000 15,294,000 13,000,000 8,863,800 1,410,500 4,377,000 71,000 1,477,000 370,000 36.1 28.3 25.5 23.1 23.1 24 23.8 17.5 23 13.6 Brunei Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam (2010) (2011) (2011) (2012) (2011) (2001, (2009) (2007) (2011) (2010) 2004, 2007)

male adults in ASEAN smokes

_ Average Age of Smoking Initiation in ASEAN (2009 2011)

21.1 On average, smokers in 19.8 ASEAN started smoking 17.6 17.2 17.6 17.4 before the age of 20.

Average Age of Initiation (Daily Smokers)

Cambodia Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand Vietnam (2011) (2011) (2011) (2009) (2011) (2010) 4 Chapter 1: Tobacco Comsumption

_ Number of Cigarettes Smoked Daily by Adult Smokers (2009 2011) A majority of adult smokers smoke between 10 and 14 cigarettes daily.

15.7 13.9 12.8 13.5 10.8 10

Cambodia Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand Vietnam (2011) (2011) (2011) (2009) (2011) (2010) Average Number of Cigarettes Smoked Daily _ % of Adults Who Use Smokeless Tobacco in ASEAN (2009 2012)

Cambodia 12.7% (526,000) (2011) 0.7% (24,000) Indonesia 2% (1,655,300) Smokeless (2011) 1.5% (1,277,300) tobacco Lao PDR use is the highest 8.4% (138,080) Female Male (2012) 1.1% (18,289) in Myanmar, Cambodia Malaysia 0.6% (60,000) and Lao PDR. (2011) 0.9% (95,121) Myanmar 16.1% (4,567) (2009) 51.4% (2,862) Philippines 1.2% (357,000) (2009) 2.8% (834,000)

Thailand 5.2% (1,460,000) (2011) 1.1% (286,300)

Vietnam 2.3% (752,000) (2010) 0.3% (92,000) 5 The ASEAN Tobacco Control Atlas

41 _ ASEAN: Smoking Among Boys and Girls (13 15 years)

30.9 Cambodia (KHM) Indonesia (IDN) Lao PDR (LAO) Malaysia (MYS) Myanmar (MMR) Philippines (PHL) Singapore_ (SGP) Thailand (THA) Vietnam (VNM) (13 16 years) 20.1

14.3 13 12.9 7.9 8 5.9 5.3 5.3 5 (%) 3.5 3.8 (%) 1 1.1 1.2 Boys 0.5 Girls

KHMIDNLAOMYS MMR PHL SGP THA VNMKHMIDNLAO MYS MMRPHL SGP THA VNM

Between 80,000 and More than 30% of Ardi Rizal, a two-year-old boy 100,000 children worldwide Indonesian children from Sumatra, Indonesia start smoking every day - reportedly smoke a smoked 2 packs of cigarettes roughly half of whom live cigarette before the (40 sticks) daily but he has in Asia. age of 10. since quit smoking.

_ Intentions of Non-Smoking Youths to Start Smoking in the Next Year (2007 2011)

Cambodia (2010) 6.1% Almost 15% of non-smoking youths in Indonesia (2009) 11.5% Myanmar are likely to start smoking next year.

Lao PDR (2011) 6.6% One in ten non-smoking youths in Indonesia, Malaysia and Philippines expressed similar Malaysia (2009) 10.7% intentions to smoke next year. Myanmar (2011) 14.7%

Philippines (2011) 10.5%

Thailand (2009) 8.6%

Vietnam (2007) 6.6% 6 Note: Years of the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) differ between countries KHR 156,269,383 for 8 diseases, 1999 Tobacco-Related Health Care LAK 28.507 billion (USD 3.34 million) Costs in ASEAN for only 3 diseases, 2007

Myanmar

Lao PDR

THB 9.8 billion (USD 220 million) for only 3 diseases, 2006 VND 1160 billion (USD 77.5 million) for only 3 diseases, 2005

_ PHP 148 _314 billion Thailand (USD 2.86 6.05 billion) Vietnam for only 4 diseases, 2003

Philippines

MYR 2,924 million (USD 790.474 million) for only 3 diseases, 2005

Malaysia

IDR 125.9 trillion (USD 13.9 billion) 2001

Health care costs are very high particularly in Indonesia (USD 13.9 Indonesia Billion). The negative impact of the tobacco-related health care costs is expected to worsen without effective tobacco control measures.

7 The ASEAN Tobacco Control Atlas

Chapter 2 Costs of Smoking

Tobacco is the only legal product that kills half premature deaths, impose a heavy economic of all its regular users, along with hundreds of burden on society. Many ASEAN governments thousands of non-smokers. Tobacco also causes already spend significant amounts of their budgets many diseases and disabilities that contribute to for tobacco-related health care costs that are many human productivity losses, which, in addition to times higher than revenues gained from tobacco. Proportion of Annual Deaths (per 100,000) Attributable to Tobacco in ASEAN (2004, aged 30 and over) 24% 23% 22% 22% (197) (116) 21% (271) (319) (319) 18% 18% 17% (336) (119) 15% (326) 15% (89) 14% (146) (325) 12% (142) Men 8% 8% Women (130) (85) % - Proportion of tobacco-related deaths ( ) - Number of deaths per 100,000 Brunei Cambodia Lao PDR Malaysia Philippines Singapore Vietnam _ Annual Deaths Attributed to Major Tobacco-Related Diseases (2006 2012) Currently, there are 5.4 million tobacco-caused 190,260 deaths globally every year, plus 600,000 deaths from exposure to secondhand smoke. Premature deaths per year

87,600 50,710 40,000

9,650 11,056

Cambodia Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand Vietnam (2012) (2010) (2011) (2008) (2012) (2006) 8 Chapter 2: Costs of Smoking

Average Monthly Expenditure for Manufactured_ Cigarette (in USD) Among Smokers >15 years old (2009 2012) 55.9 (MYR 178.8)

Cigarette smokers in Malaysia, Indonesia and 37.4 Thailand spent the most (IDR 369,948) on cigarettes per month.

22.8 (THB 697.57)

11.41 7 (LAK 92,421) 7.7 7 (KHR 28,000) (PHP 326.4) (VND 135,000)

Cambodia IndonesiaLao PDRMalaysia Philippines Thailand Vietnam Comparison of Tobacco Control and Health Budgets in ASEAN (2012-2013)

Tobacco Control (USD) Health (USD) Brunei 0.4 Million (BND 500,000) 245.18 Million (BND 306.85 Million) Cambodia 0.02 Million (KHR 90 Million) No data available Indonesia No data available 5.33 Billion (IDR 48 Trillion) Lao PDR 2.19 Million (LAK 16.8 Billion) No data available Malaysia No data available 5.97 Billion (MYR 19.3 Billion) Philippines 0.27 Million (PHP 11.45 Million) 0.99 Billion (PHP 42.16 Billion) Singapore 141.6 Million (SGD 177 Million) 4.56 Billion (SGD 5.7 Billion) Thailand 10 Million (THB 300 Million) 3.33 Billion (THB 99.79 Billion) Vietnam 0.06 Million (VND 1.2 Billion) 2.45 Billion (VND 51100 Billion) 9 The ASEAN Tobacco Control Atlas

Annual Tobacco Expenditure = Lost Opportunities

Cambodia Annual expenditure of USD 101,789,000 spent on cigarettes (USD 99,144,000 on manufactured = cigarettes and USD 2,645,000 on hand- 53,573 Motorbikes or20,358 wooden or 127,236 tons of rolled cigarettes) by current adult smokers. 125cc (2013) houses in rural high quality rice areas

Philippines The monthly per capita expenditure of poor families on tobacco an additional (USD 0.40) could be used to buy more = food. 14% riceor 203% leafy or 26% fish vegetables

Thailand Annual expenditure on tobacco is estimated to be = 0.75 times or 3 times USD 2.5 Billion (THB 75 Billion). household expenditure expenditure on Bangkok Mass on education Transit System (BTS) Sky train (THB 95.3 Billion) (THB25,000 million)

Vietnam Average annual spending = on cigarettes by each smoker is USD 84. 1.19 times or 1.98 times the average expenditure the average expenditure on on health per person education per person

10 Prices of Most Popular Local and Foreign Adeng (0.75) Brands (in USD Per Pack) 2013 Marlboro (1.56) Local brand Foreign brand * Insignificant or no local cigarette production

Lao PDR

Krongthip (2.16) Marlboro (3.10) VINATABA (0.83) Craven (0.86) ARA (0.34) Fortune (0.58) Alain Delon (0.65) Marlboro (1.16) Thailand

Vietnam

Cambodia Philippines

Marlboro Gold (6.42)

Dunhill (3.23) Brunei Darussalam*

Malaysia* Marlboro (9.31)

Singapore*

A Mild (1.5) Cigarette prices of the popular Marlboro (1.29) local brands in Cambodia and the Philippines are among the lowest across ASEAN countries and in the world. Indonesia

11 The ASEAN Tobacco Control Atlas

Chapter 3 Tobacco Prices and Taxes

Tax and price increases that reduce the affordability The World Bank has recommended that the total of tobacco products are among the most effective tax burden should be 66% to 80% of the retail measures to reduce tobacco consumption. price. More recently, the WHO has recommended that at least 70% of retail price should be excise. As recommended in WHO FCTC Article 6, ASEAN countries, however, are lagging far behind, governments should therefore adopt tax with tobacco products remaining very affordable and price policies aimed not only at raising in many member states. revenues but primarily to reduce consumption.

Tobacco Tax Burden as Percentage of Retail Price (2013) (%) 100 90 80 67 69 70 70

60 52 50 53 46 50 41.6 40 _ 30 20 25 _ 20 16 19.7 10 0 Brunei Cambodia Indonesia* Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines* Singapore Thailand Vietnam

*Note: Rates for countries following the tier-system are based on average/most applied rates

12 Chapter 3: Tobacco Prices and Taxes

Higher Tax Rates, Higher Revenues, and Reduced Smoking Prevalence

Thailand raised its cigarette excise rates 10 same time, overall smoking prevalence dropped times (from 55% to 87%) between 1991 and from 32% (1991) to 24% (2011). 2012, which resulted in an almost fourfold gain in revenues from 15.89 billion baht The slight increase in smoking prevalence in recent (USD 530 million) to 59.91 billion baht years prompted the Thai government to further (USD 1,997 million) over the same period. At the increase the tax rate to 87% in 2012.

(Million USD) (%) 1,997 2000 1,906 100 87 1800 85 90 80 1600 79 80 75 1,473 70 71 1,384 1400 68 70 1,210 60 62 1,188 1200 55 60 988 1000 937 50 890 803 800 40 32 667 691 28.81 600 30 530 25.47 24 22.98 21.22 23.7 400 20

200 10

0 0 19911992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Cigarette Tax Rate (%) Smoking Prevalence (%) Tobacco Tax Revenue Source: Excise Department, Ministry of Finance, Thailand (2012)

13 The ASEAN Tobacco Control Atlas

Types of Cigarette Tax Systems in ASEAN Country Types of Tax Applied Excise Rate VAT/GST Import Tariffs Others

Brunei BND 0.25/stick N/A N/A N/A Indonesia IDR 80-380/stick (multiple tiers) 8.4% N/A N/A _ Specific Tax Philippines PHP 12 or 25 per pack (2 tiers) 12% 3% 10% N/A Singapore SGD 0.32/stick 7% N/A N/A _ Cambodia 10% of 65% of invoice price 10% 7% 35% plus Public lighting tax 3% of invoice 10% import VAT value, Profit tax 20% of profit, Turnover tax 2% of invoice value Myanmar 100% of retail price 16% 30% on CIF 1% special excise duty, profit

Ad Valorem Tax tax, income tax _ Vietnam 65% of factory price 10% 30 140% N/A

_ Lao PDR 15% 30% of production cost, 10% Flat rate USD 119 for Royalty Fee 15% of production LAK 500 additional specific tax famous brands and USD 85 cost for other brands Malaysia MYR 0.19/stick, specific tax 5% MYR 0.20/stick N/A Mixed System and 20% of ex-factory cost Thailand 87% of ex-factory price, 7% Exempted but other local Local tax THB 0.093/stick, specific tax THB 1/gram taxes are applied ThaiHealth tax 2% of excise, and TV tax at 1.5% of excise

All Tobacco Products Should be Taxed: Duty Free Allowance Duty Free Allowance in the Region Country No duty-free concession on all tobacco products Brunei 400 cigarettes (20 packs) or 100 cigars Cambodia 200 cigarettes or 25 cigars or 100 gm of rolling tobacco Indonesia 200 cigarettes or 50 cigars or 250 gm of tobacco Lao PDR 200 cigarettes or 50 cigars or 225 gm of tobacco Malaysia 400 cigarettes, 50 cigars or 250 gm of pipe tobacco Myanmar 400 cigarettes or 50 cigars or 250 gm of pipe tobacco Philippines No duty-free concession on all tobacco products Singapore 200 cigarettes or 500 gm of rolling tobacco including cigars Thailand 400 cigarettes or 100 cigars or 500 gm of tobacco Vietnam 14 Chapter 3: Tobacco Prices and Taxes

Tobacco Prices Economic research has shown that cigarette prices Effective price increases can: are inversely related to cigarette demand. A 10% deter children and adolescents from initiating increase in price of cigarettes would decrease tobacco use and thus avoid addiction; overall adult consumption by approximately 4%. reduce the amount consumed and encourage Youth and the poor are more price sensitive. quitting among current smokers; discourage relapse among former tobacco users

Tobacco consumption contributes to poverty. Most Cambodians still live below the national poverty line (2,473 riel or USD 0.61). Smokers earning USD 2 per day or less spend a large proportion of their income on tobacco.

Price of Most Popular Cigarette Brands (Per Pack) Relative to Quantity of Rice (kg) or Eggs in ASEAN Poor families could benefit from spending on basic needs such as rice and eggs instead of cigarette. For example in Lao PDR, a smoker is able to buy 1.7kg of rice or 14 eggs instead of a pack of Marlboro.

56_59

Rice (kg) Eggs (qty) 40 36

14 12 10 6.3 7 5 4.4_4.7 1 1.1 1.7 3.4 1.9 1.3 2.5

Brunei Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam Marlboro Gold Alain Delon Marlboro Marlboro Dunhill Marlboro Marlboro Marlboro Craven USD 6.47 USD 0.65 USD 1.56 USD 1.7 USD 3.23 USD 1.16 USD 8.96_ USD 3.1 USD 0.86 USD 9.52

15 The ASEAN Tobacco Control Atlas

Cigarette Affordability _ _ Relative Income Prices (RIP) of Cigarette (1999 2010) Cumulative Change in RIP (2002 2009) (%) 15 Cambodia Lao PDR Thailand 10% Thailand Lao PDR Indonesia Vietnam Philippines Indonesia Philippines Vietnam 0% Cambodia 5% -10% 10 -20% -30% -27% -40% 5 -50% -45% -48% -60% -57% -60% 0 Except for Thailand, cigarettes have become 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 20072008 2009 2010 significantly more affordable in Cambodia, Relative Income Price (RIP) = percentage of per capita GDP required to purchase 100 packs of cigarettes. Lao PDR, Vietnam, Philippines and Indonesia The lower the RIP, the more affordable cigarettes are and vice versa. between 2002 and 2009.

Cigarettes are Affordable to the Poor in Cambodia Even More Affordable Cigarettes When Sold by Sticks

Tobacco products are very affordable even to the poor. Lower income Cambodia earners (USD 2 or less a day) in Cambodia spend more on cigarettes Alain Delon _ KHR 130 (USD 0.033)/stick than higher income earners (> USD 2 per day). ARA _ KHR66 (USD 0.017)/stick

The top five brands of manufactured cigarettes (ARA, Cambo, Luxury, Indonesia Romdoh, Lapin) are sold at low prices that are cheap and affordable to A Mild _ IDR 1,000 (USD 0.10)/stick low income earners (<1 USD per day), who can afford to purchase Marlboro _ DR 666.67 (USD 0.068)/stick cigarettes in a pack form. Lao PDR 41,531,000 Adeng _ LAK 350 (USD 0.05)/stick 45 36,662,000 _ 40 Marlboro LAK 600 (USD 0.08)/stick 35 30 20,951,000 Philippines Fortune _ PHP 2.00 (USD 0.05)/stick 25 _ 29 Marlboro PHP 4.00 (USD 0.10)/stick 15 10 Vietnam VINATABA _ VND 850 (USD 0.04)/stick 5 _ 0 Craven A VND 880 (USD 0.04)/stick Annual Cash Expenditure on Cigarettes (USD in Million) Daily Income 2 USD or less >2 to 3 USD >3 USD 16 100% Smoke-Free Public Places Policy in ASEAN Lao PDR Myanmar Healthcare Facilities Educational Facilities Government Offices Thailand Vietnam Bars and Pubs Public Transportation Philippines Universities Work Places Places of Worship Cambodia Hotel Lobby Other Outdoor Public Places Malaysia Other Indoor Public Places Brunei Darussalam

Singapore

Indonesia

Enjoy ASEAN Foods in Smoke-free Environments Lao PDR Myanmar 100% smoke-free indoor air-conditioned restaurant

100% smoke-free indoor Thailand Vietnam non-air-conditioned restaurant

Philippines Allows designated smoking room inside the restaurant

Malaysia Brunei Darussalam

17 Singapore

Indonesia The ASEAN Tobacco Control Atlas

Chapter 4 Smoke-free Environments

Secondhand smoke kills. There is no safe level of Most countries have banned smoking in healthcare exposure to secondhand smoke. Implementing and educational facilities, public transport, and 100% smoke-free environments is the only way government offices. Partial bans are imposed in to protect non-smokers from the health hazards restaurants and workplaces. Thailand is the only of smoking. Growing public awareness and support ASEAN country that prohibits smoking in for smoke-free environments has called for strong bars and pubs. Various subnational initiatives smoke-free legislation banning smoking in all have been implemented such as smoke-free cities public places. ASEAN countries are strengthening and world heritage sites with the aim to attain a smoke-free policies in accordance with Article 8 smoke-free ASEAN. of the WHO FCTC.

Fines Imposed on Violators of Smoke-free Policy in ASEAN

Brunei USD 756 Cambodia No fine, give advice and warning Indonesia USD 5,587 Lao PDR No fine, give advice and warning Malaysia USD 3,234 Myanmar USD 156 - 780 Philippines USD 11 - 257 Singapore USD 756 All countries have national laws/policies Thailand USD 6 - 65 on smoke-free except Cambodia. Vietnam USD 2 - 5

Best Practice of Smoke-free Law: Thailand: Smoking ban in pub / bar /discotheques effective, 7 February 2008. Brunei: No designated smoking room at the Brunei International Airport Terminal, effective 1st March 2012.

18 Chapter 4: Smoke-free Environments

_ % of Youth Exposed to Secondhand Smoke In and Outside Home (2007 2011)

78.1 In home Outside home

68.8 67.6 71.2 64.1 57.9 58.5 50.1 48.7 43 42.9 45.7 36.5 38.4 31.5 32.2

Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Thailand Vietnam (2010) (2009) (2011) (2009) (2011) (2011) (2009) (2007) _ Common Places With Secondhand Smoke Exposure in ASEAN (2009 2011) 88 85 85 78 75 73 70 70 71 63 57 55 56 51 53 48 49 48 50 47 44 40 40 39 37 38 37 33 36 34 28 31 26 26 24 18 20 17 15 9 8 7

Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Philippines Thailand Vietnam (2011) (2011) (2011) (2011) (2009) (2011) (2010)

Note: Percentages are rounded off At workplace Inside restaurant Government buildings 19 to the nearest whole number. At home (at least monthly) Public transportation Health facilities The ASEAN Tobacco Control Atlas

Smoke-Free World Heritage Sites/Cities in ASEAN

Angkor Wat Borobudur Temples Halong Cambodia Indonesia Vietnam

Hoi An Luang Prabang Malacca Vietnam Lao PDR Malaysia

Prambanan Temples Sukhotai Vatphu Champasak Indonesia Thailand Lao PDR

Smoke-Free Sports in ASEAN Cambodia: 1st Smoke-Free Sports Event held on 20 June 2012 Indonesia: Smoke-Free 26th Southeast Asian (SEA) Games, held in Jakarta, 11 - 22 November 2011 Lao PDR: Smoke-Free 25th Southeast Asian (SEA) Games, held in Vientiane City, 9 - 18 December 2009 Malaysia: Smoke-Free Paralympic Games held on 15-19 August 2009 Thailand: Smoke-free 24th Southeast Asian (SEA) Games, held in Nakhon Ratchasima (Korat), 6 - 15 December 2007 Philippines: Smoke-free 23rd Southeast Asian (SEA) Games, held in Manila, 27 November to 5 December 2005 Vietnam: Smoke-free 22nd Southeast Asian (SEA) Games, held in Hanoi, 5 - 13 December 2003

20 Health Warnings Myanmar Implemented in ASEAN Lao PDR 30% Pictorial Health Warnings (PHWs)

2013 Text Only Warnings Since 2005 50%

85% Vietnam PHWs will come into Thailand force in December 2013 The current size of PHWs is 55% front and back panels. New set of 85% PHWs will come into force on Philippines 2nd October 2013 30% Cambodia 30% Since 2008

Since 2009 75%

50% Brunei Darussalam

Malaysia The current size of PHWs is 40% (front) and 60% (back). New set of 50% (front) and 60% (back) PHWs will come into force on 1st January 2014 Since 2004 50%

Singapore

2014 40%

Note: For complete details, see page 23. Indonesia PHWs will come into force in June 2014 21 The ASEAN Tobacco Control Atlas

Chapter 5 Packaging and Labelling of Tobacco Products

There is a growing trend in implementation of Thailand has the world's largest PHWs of 85% pictorial health warnings (PHWs) on tobacco front and back of the pack, setting a new packages globally. It is an effective health benchmark, by 2nd October 2013. promotion tool to communicate the harmful effects of tobacco use with no cost to government. Australia is the only country that has implemented At least, sixty-three countries have legislated PHWs. plain packaging effective December 2012. Other Of these, six are from the ASEAN: Brunei, countries have taken steps in this direction. Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam.

Implementation Timeline of Current Pictorial Health Warnings in ASEAN

Size Duration of Country Date of Date of Compliance for Approval Implementation Front (%) Back (%) Tobacco Industry

Singapore 50 50 13 August 2012 1 March 2013 Less than 7 months

Thailand 85 85 5 April 2013 2 October 2013 6 months

Brunei 75 75 13 March 2012 1 September 2012 Less than 6 months

Malaysia 50 60 30 May 2013 1 January 2014 7 months

Vietnam 50 50 1 May 2013 1 November 2013 6 - 10 months

Indonesia 40 40 24 December 2012 24 June 2014 18 months 22 Chapter 5: Packaging and Labelling of Tobacco Products

Status of Health Warnings in ASEAN Singapore (2004; 2006; 2013)* Thailand (2005; 2007; 2010; 2013)* Brunei (2008; 2012)* Position, Size, Location: Upper 50% (front) 50% (back) Position, Size, Location: Upper 85% (front) 85% (back) Position, Size, Location: Upper 75% (front) 75% (back) Language: English Language: Thai Language: Malay (front), English (back) Health warning messages: 6 rotating messages Health warning messages: 10 rotating messages Health warning messages: 7 rotating messages

New set of PHWs will come into force on 2nd October 2013 Malaysia (2009; 2014)* Indonesia Vietnam Position, Size, Location: Upper 50% (front) 60% (back) Position, Size, Location: Upper 40% (front) 40% (back) Position, Size, Location: Upper 50% (front) 50% (back) Language: Malay (front), English (back) Language: Indonesia Language: Vietnamese Health warning messages: 6 rotating messages Health warning messages: 5 rotating messages Health warning messages: 6 rotating messages

New set of PHWs will come into force on PHWs will come into force in June 2014 PHWs will come into force in December 2013 1st January 2014 * Year of rotation Lao PDR Myanmar Philippines Cambodia Position, Size, Location: Bottom 30% Position, Size, Location: 1 side panel Position, Size, Location: Bottom 30% Position, Size, Location: Bottom 30% (front) 30% (back) only (front) only (front) 30% (back) Language: Lao (front), English (back) Language: Myanmar Language: English Language: Khmer Health warning messages: Health warning messages: 1 message Health warning messages: 4 rotating Health warning messages: 6 rotating messages messages 5 rotating messages

23 The ASEAN Tobacco Control Atlas

Philippines: The implementation of the Department of Health (DOH) Administrative Order No. 2010-0013 requiring nine rotating PHWs to be printed in English or Filipino languages on all tobacco packs, occupying upper 30% front and 60% back of the pack has been delayed by multiple court cases filed by tobacco companies to stop DOH from enforcing its administrative order.

Image Bank of Copyright-Free Pictorial Health Warnings (PHWs)

In collaboration with ASEAN Focal Points on Tobacco Control (AFPTC), SEATCA:

. Provides technical assistance to countries on development and implementation of PHWs policies.

. Facilitates access to high-resolution and copyright-free PHW images from Brunei, Singapore, Thailand and other ASEAN countries.

. Provides sample cigarette packs from the ASEAN region for advocacy purposes.

24 Chapter 5: Packaging and Labelling of Tobacco Products

Best Practice of Pictorial Health Warnings

. Position and location The health warnings and messages should be on top of the front and back of packages

. Size The health warnings and messages should be 50% or more of the principal areas

. Use of pictorials The health warnings and messages should include pictures or pictograms

. Colour The use of pictures or pictograms should be in full colour (four colour printing)

. Message content The health warnings and messages should address different issues related to tobacco use and convey in an authoritative and informative but non-judgmental manner

. Language The warnings and other textual information should be in the Party's principal language or languages

. Rotation The health warnings and messages should be rotating either having multiple health warnings and messages appearing concurrently or setting a date after which the health warning and message content will change

25 The ASEAN Tobacco Control Atlas

Thailand's World Biggest Pictorial Australia's Plain Packaging: A World First Health Warnings (85%) Australia was the first country to implement plain It will be implemented by 2nd October, 2013 packaging of cigarette packs, effective on the 1st December 2012. New Zealand and India have indicated interest to Text implement plain packaging. Plain packaging - prohibits brand colours and logos Pictogram - requires a standard 85% colour on packages of all brands, shape and format of packages - requires the brand name to appear in Quitline number a standard font size Cigarette brand 15% and style on a specific space on the package

Ban on False or Misleading Descriptors Disclosure of Information on Relevant Constituents And Emissions of Tobacco Products Countries that have banned misleading descriptors include Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand Malaysia and Vietnam. X

This product contains more than 4,000 chemicals including tar, X nicotine and carbon monoxide that are dangerous to health Thailand

Toxic substances in cigarette smoke: Hydrogen cyanide and carbon monoxide

Carcinogens in cigarette smoke: Formaldehyde, tar, X nitrosamine 26 Status of TAPS Ban in ASEAN

Total Ban Almost Total Ban Myanmar Partial Ban No Ban Lao PDR

Thailand

Vietnam

Philippines Cambodia

Brunei Darussalam

Malaysia

Singapore

Indonesia

27 The ASEAN Tobacco Control Atlas

Chapter 6 Tobacco Advertising, Promotion and Sponsorship

Tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship from relapsing. Partial bans do not work because (TAPS) are strategies used by the tobacco industry tobacco industry could easily find ways to to market its lethal product to non smoking youth, circumvent them. current smokers and ex smokers. However, despite comprehensive ban on TAPS A comprehensive ban on TAPS is an effective the industry is still successful in finding innovative means to reduce tobacco consumption by ways to promote and market their products preventing youth smoking uptake, discourage through creative pack and product designs, new smoking among smokers and prevent ex-smokers media and cross-border advertising.

Status of Ban on Tobacco Advertising, Promotion and Sponsorship in ASEAN Direct Ad via Advertising Promotion Sponsorship Ad at POS Social Media CSR Cross Border Brunei Cambodia Allow brand Ban logo on A4 size publicity Indonesia Only on (Non Party) electronic media Lao PDR Allow parasol Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Allow at POS Singapore Ban publicity Ban Allow live Partial Ban Thailand Ban publicity telecast No Ban Vietnam Ban publicity No CSR POS - Point-of-Sale CSR - Corporate Social Responsibility 28 Chapter 6: Tobacco Advertising, Promotion and Sponsorship

Ban TAPS via Internet Flavored Cigarettes Sold in ASEAN Cambodia Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam Malaysia

Indonesia Lao PDR

Tobacco Marketing Channels

At Point-of-Sale (POS) On Billboards - Cigarettes are easily purchased at POS (supermarkets, Outdoor tobacco advertising billboards can be found in the sundry shops, convenient stores, newsstands, petrol Philippines and Indonesia. kiosks, street vendors, market stalls and minimarts). - In Indonesia, 50% of cigarette sales are by street Person-to-Person Sale vendors. Tobacco industry recruited pretty young girls as promoters to sell cigarettes in Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam. Number of POS in Selected ASEAN Countries

120,000 (Vietnam) 570,000 (Thailand) 5,335 (Singapore) 694,821 (Philippines) 80,000 2,500,000 (Malaysia) (Indonesia)

29 Note: POS handout available at http://seatca.org/?page_id=1326 Person-to-Person Sale The ASEAN Tobacco Control Atlas

_ Most Common Source of the Last Purchase of Manufactured Cigarettes (2009 2012)

(%) 96.2 88.3 79.8 81 79.6 61.3 49.2 37.3 35.7 12.2 17.6 9.4 9.6 6.5 1.4 Cambodia IndonesiaLao PDR Malaysia Philippines Thailand Vietnam Grocery store Convenient store/kiosk/supermarket Traditional market Tea stall/street vendor

Best Practice: Thailand Sets the Benchmark Legislation on Tobacco Advertising Ban at POS

Regulation of Status of Pack POS Advertising Display

Brunei Ban Banned, effective 2011

Cambodia Ban Display of only 1 pack per brand

Indonesia Allowed Before Ban No Ban Lao PDR Ban Allowed

Malaysia Ban Allowed

After Ban Philippines No Ban Allowed Display of any 1 pack per variant Singapore Ban Thailand, the first country in the ASEAN region (will be banned by end of 2013) to implement a complete ban on retail display of tobacco products at point-of-sale, effective on 25 Thailand Ban Banned, effective 2005 September 2005. Vietnam Display of any 1 pack, box or carton Ban per brand Brunei has a de facto ban on display, as the ban on advertising covers display cases. 30 Chapter 6: Tobacco Advertising, Promotion and Sponsorship

Licensing of Tobacco Retailers in Selected Countries That Have Banned Kiddie Pack ASEAN Countries (Less Than 20 Sticks Per Pack) Countries Cost of License Countries Year

Brunei USD240.12 Brunei 2005

Singapore USD288.14 Malaysia 2010

Thailand USD17.09 Singapore 2011

Thailand 2013

_ Youth Exposure to Tobacco Advertising and Promotion (2007 2011)

(%) 100 2009 2011 80 2010 2011 89.3 2011 2007 60 80.7 61.2 69.4 58.4 40 56.4

20 2009 2009 27.1 11.3 12.3 10.1 9.3 11.3 0 9.2 8.8 CambodiaIndonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Thailand Vietnam Cigarette advertising on billboard seen by youth Youth who have object with a cigarette brand on it 31 The ASEAN Tobacco Control Atlas

Targeting Youths and Women

Kiddie Pack (Less Than 20 sticks) of Cigarettes Sold in Cambodia, Lipstick Pack Sold in Indonesia, Indonesia, Philippines and Vietnam Lao PDR, Malaysia and Singapore

Cambodia Indonesia

ARA, the most popular A Mild, the most popular local local brand sold in 12 sticks. brand sold in 12 and 16 sticks. Indonesia

Philippines

Vietnam

Sachet packaging of 5 cigarettes per pack targeting young Lao PDR children and youths widely sold in the market.

32 Chapter 6: Tobacco Advertising, Promotion and Sponsorship

Indonesia Building Good Image: Philip Morris International's (PMI) 106,969 439,263 133,333 Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in ASEAN 147,381 170,588 913,844 147,361 482,211 352,941 To improve its company image and distance itself from its harmful 509,400 972,233 901,470 products, PMI has been more actively conducting its CSR activities across the ASEAN region. Indonesia (USD 6,424,999) and the Philippines (USD 2,457,126) are two countries where PMI invested 5,304,597 5,133,872 5,000,000 the most money in CSR activities in 2012. Both countries are vital 5,000,000 tobacco markets for PMI as it holds 25.5% and 89.8% of total market share in Indonesia and the Philippines respectively. 2009 2010 2011 2012

Philippines Malaysia

232,126 282,000

1,075,000 769,971 629,000 320,000 95,924 242,985 455,923 1,200,967 1,150,000 45,250 106,100 676,087 85,000 50,000 423,816 90,000 146,100 130,000 2009 2010 2011 2012 2009 2010 2011 2012

Vietnam Thailand

100,000 50,000 35,000 136,916 86,260 70,311 500 82,000 92,150 2,900 144,117 285,000 47,775 91,701 74,420 6,059 34,000 29,382 33,129 32,319 49,406 2009 2010 2011 2012 2009 2010 2011 2012

Environmental Protection Disaster Relief Poverty Reduction and Community Development 33 Education - School buildings, scholarship The ASEAN Tobacco Control Atlas

Challenges in Enforcement Malaysia

The Malaysian Control of Tobacco Product Regulations 2004 (CTPR) states in Reg 4(1) that "no person shall display or affix, or cause or permit to be displayed or affixed any tobacco product advertisement, distribute, or cause or permit to be distributed any tobacco product advertisement".

The regulation stipulates a total ban of advertising, promotion and sponsorship of all tobacco products in the mass media including internet. However, monitoring tobacco promotion over the internet revealed that Facebook is the most popular social network to promote cigarettes followed by Flickr and Photobucket. BAT's Dunhill was promoted most, followed by Marlboro (PMI) and Winston (JT) in the social media. The promotion mainly meant for direct promotion of cigarette brands and only a small percentage was used for promoting items with cigarette brand names as well as sports activities showing cigarette brands. Philippines

Under RA 9211, all outdoor advertising is banned: "Beginning 1 July 2007, all cinema and outdoor advertising shall be prohibited. No leaflets, posters and similar outdoor advertising materials be posted, except inside the premises of point-of-sale retail establishments."

However, the industry has argued that the term "premises" is defined in the implementing rules and regulations of RA 9211 to refer to "a tract of land and the building or buildings thereon, including the open spaces between the buildings located on the same tract of land and within the perimeter of said tract of land" and thus places billboard ads on the roofs of stores or hanging from a post next to the store. From our perspective, this is illegal for 2 reasons: (a) the intent of the law is to ban all outdoor ads, and (b) the exception for POS is limited to leaflets, posters, and similar materials. Putting up huge umbrellas with tobacco branding, coloring the POS with cigarette brand colors, and distributing branded ashtrays and napkin holders are all violations for the same reasons.

34 Lao PDR Tobacco Industry Players in ASEAN

Lao Tobacco Ltd 84% Lao China Good Luck 15% Lao Tianlong Co 1% Thailand

Vietnam

Philippines Thailand Tobacco Monopoly 67.1% Philip Morris Thailand Ltd 26.8% Cambodia BAT 3.1% Vietnam National Tobacco 43.8% BAT Vietnam 28.6% Dong Nai Tobacco 8.5% Philip Morris Fortune Tobacco 89.8% Mighty Corp 3.5% BAT Cambodia 40.3% JTI 3.4% Viniton Group 28.6% Huotraco Ltd 18.6%

Malaysia

British American Tobacco 61% Japan Tobacco Intl 20% Philip Morris (Malaysia) 13%

Indonesia

Gudang Garam 28.2% PT HM Sampoerna/PT Philip Morris 25.5% Djarum PT 12.7%

35 The ASEAN Tobacco Control Atlas

Chapter 7 Tobacco Industry

Three of the five largest tobacco companies in the local cigarette companies in Philippines and world- British American Tobacco, Philip Morris Indonesia. State-owned companies are the leading and Japan Tobacco dominate the cigarette markets manufacturers in Thailand and Vietnam. Tobacco in several countries in the ASEAN region such as manufacturers in the 9 ASEAN countries produce Cambodia and Malaysia. Philip Morris has in close to 500 billion cigarettes annually. recent years bought controlling stakes in

Big Transnational Tobacco Companies Consolidating Their Power in the Region Philip Morris Indonesia bought a controlling stake in local cigarette manufacturer PT HM Sampoerna for USD5.2 billion in 2005. BAT acquired Bentoel International Investama for $579 million in 2009. This transaction is a tremendous strategic fit Philip Morris Philippines Manufacturing Inc. merged with Fortune Tobacco Corp in for our business that will 2010 and became PMFTC Inc. cement our leadership in South East Asia. Imperial Tobacco, through its subsidiary, Coralma International (a French company) and S3T Pte Ltd (a Singaporean company) joint venture with Lao Government to Matteo Pellegrini, President of Philip Morris in Asia form Lao Tobacco Ltd (LTL) that allows foreign investors to enjoy tax privileges and special benefits.

Tobacco Industry's Profit (in USD) $10B $30B $50B$70B $90B China National Tobacco Corp revenue $91.7 total profit $16.0 Philip Morris Total Revenue for top International $67.7 6 companies $7.5 $346.2 billion Japan Tobacco $65.9 International $1.5 Total profit (ash) for top 6 companies British American $58.1 $35.1 billion Tobacco $4.2 Profit equals net earnings after Imperial taxes and dividends Tobacco $38.4 $2.0 Altria/ Source: Tobacco Atlas, Philip Morris USA $24.4 4th edition; tobaccoatlas.org 36 $3.9 Chapter 7: Tobacco Industry

The tobacco industry rallies and funds front groups to fight tobacco control measures at both international and national level. The International Tobacco Retailers Growers Association (ITGA) is one such group which mobilizes tobacco growers to interfere in tobacco control policy development in ASEAN countries and fight FCTC implementation particularly Articles 9, 10, 17 and 18. Other front groups Businessmen include retailers and trade associations, coffee shop associations or research groups which challenge tobacco control legislation. Farmers

Front Groups and High Profile Allies Mobilized to Fight Tobacco Control

Thai Tobacco Growers, Curers and Dealers Association Thai Tobacco Trade Association (TTTA) Aliansi Masyarakat Tembakau Philippine Tobacco Growers Indonesia - Indonesia Tobacco Society Association (PTGA) Alliance (AMTI) Peoples' Coalition Against Regressive Indonesia Association of Tobacco Taxation (PCART) Farmers of Klaten (APTIK) Philippine Tobacco Institute (PTI) Asosiasi Petani Tembakau Indonesia - Indonesia Tobacco Farmers Federation of Free Farmers (FFF) Association (APTI) National Federation of Labor Unions Tobacco, Cigarette, Food, and (NAFLU) Beverage Workers Federation SPSI Deli Serdang Philippine Association of Supermarkets Inc. (PASI) Corporate Communication of Federation of Indonesian Cigarette Northern Luzon Alliance (NLA) Makers (GAPPRI) United Nationalist Alliance (UNA) Clove National Rescue Coalition Indonesia Clove Cigarette Malaysia Singapore Coffee Community Shop Proprietors General Association Kelantan Tobacco Growers and Curers Association (PITAS) 37 The ASEAN Tobacco Control Atlas

Tobacco Industry Exploits Lao PDR Government

On 23 November 2001, an Investment License c) Granted special privileges to LTL, including Agreement (ILA) was signed between the Lao PDR preferential tax treatment: Government (represented by the then Committee for - a 5-year (2002-2006) total exemption on LTL's Investment and Co-operation of the Committee for corporate income taxes and on taxes on Planning and Cooperation), Coralma International dividends paid to shareholders (a subsidiary of French-based Tobaccor SA, a joint - a fixed ad valorem excise rate of 15% to 30% company controlled by UK-based Imperial Tobacco), (depending on declared production costs) for and S3T Pte. Ltd. (a joint venture between ST Group 25 years (a Lao company) and Coralma International). As a result of the ILA's terms, the Lao government has Valid for 25 years (till 31 December 2026), the ILA: been at the losing end of this agreement. a) Dissolved and liquidated the Lao Tobacco a) LTL's 5-year profit tax holiday led to a net Company, a wholly-owned Lao government loss in the government's tobacco tax revenue corporation of slightly over 119 billion LAK (see graph). b) Established a joint venture company, Lao b) Despite progressive increases of the excise tax Tobacco Ltd (LTL), with company shares ceiling to 55% in 2005 and to 60% in 2012, distributed to the Lao PDR government the rate applied to LTL has remained static, (47%), Coralma International (34%), and causing the government to lose significant S3T Pte. Ltd. (19%) potential revenues until 2026. _ Loss in Government Revenue to Lao Tobacco Ltd (2000 2006) (in LAK) 90,000

80,000

70,000

60,000 Forgone tax revenues

50,000 41,390 37,181 45,723 Tobacco tax revenues collected 40,000 37,314 (million LAK) 30,000 14,246 10,999 20,000 10,855

10,000 15,482 19,782 24,284 27,235 34,765

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 38 Tobacco Farming in ASEAN

Total area planted (ha)

28,384.96 ha 26,161 ha

38,274.78 ha

Thailand 8,308 ha Vietnam

Philippines

Cambodia

3,698 ha

Malaysia

216,271 ha

Indonesia

39 The ASEAN Tobacco Control Atlas

Chapter 8 Tobacco Farming

Eight of the ten ASEAN countries, excluding Tobacco production is on the decline in most Singapore and Brunei, are engaged in tobacco countries in the region while import of tobacco cultivation on different scales. A total of 363,016 leaves is increasing. Tobacco farming contributes metric tonnes of tobacco were harvested from to less than 1% of total employment in all the 346,000 hectares of tobacco farm land in the producing countries. Malaysia has implemented region in 2010. Indonesia was the largest producer crop substitution with government support. contributing 37%. The other major producers Tobacco farmers in Philippines, Indonesia and are Thailand, Vietnam and the Philippines. Cambodia are progressively switching to alternative livelihoods.

Tobacco Farming in Selected ASEAN Countries (2010/2011) Total yield (mt) 140,000 135,678 120,000 100,000 80,000 79,092.40 62,448.78 60,000 47,721 40,000 20,000 12,861 3,140 0

Combodia Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand Vietnam Total tobacco farmers * Figures for 2008 **Figures for 2011 13,000* 689,360 3,024 55,533** 49,166 220,000 %of total employment 0.17 0.64 0.11 0.16 0.13 0.44

Average annual 870 1,516 1,550 2,666.67 2,209.03 income (USD) Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines and Vietnam are net importers of tobacco amounting to 41,233 metric tons valued at USD 200.65 million 40 Chapter 8: Tobacco Farming

Sustainable Way Out: Alternative Crops in Malaysia Smaller tobacco farmers are encouraged to switch to Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus ) was identified as a new commodity alternative livelihood through crop diversification in Malaysia and first introduced in 2000 and promoted as an program started in 2005 and has intensified over the alternate crop for tobacco in 2004 by the government. years with financial support from the government.

Since its introduction in 2004 the area under kenaf 2011 1,140 ha (687 farmers) cultivation rose from less than one hectare to 1,140 2010 hectares in 2011. Total kenaf g rowers also rose from one to 687 farmers over the same period. 2009 343 ha (50 farmers) 1,693 ha (409 farmers) 2008 464 ha (167 farmers) National Kenaf and Tobacco Board (NKTB), formerly known as National Tobacco Board (NTB) plans to 2007 285 ha (92 farmers) increase total kenaf hectarage to 5,000, production of 7,000 tonnes of fiber and 17,500 tonnes of core by 2006 112 ha (13 farmers) 2020. To encourage farmers to plant kenaf a subsidy 2005 42 ha (25 farmers) of RM 3,500 (USD 1,120) is provided per hectare including seeds, fertilisers, pesticides and machinery. 2004 0.4 ha (1 farmers) Acreage (ha)

Kenaf Cultivation In Malaysia

Profitability of Tobacco Farming Vs Other Crops in Indonesia Onion Planting tobacco is less profitable compared 7,607 with other seasonal crops both in low and (USD) high land areas. Melon Potato 5,714 5,495 Tobacco Red Chili In the low lands, farmers who planted onion, 4,496 melon and red chili pepper reaped higher 4,430 yields and profits than planting tobacco. Tobacco Red Chili In the high lands, it is more profitable to 1,635 1,702 plant red chili pepper and potato than tobacco. Low land High land 41 The ASEAN Tobacco Control Atlas

Profitability of Tobacco Farming Vs Other Crops in the Philippines, 2006 - 2007 Farmers in Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, La Union, and Vegetable crops such as tomato, garlic, eggplant, Pangasinan (Region 1) preferred to plant non-tobacco pepper (sweet/hot) and bitter gourd provided crops since they require less input and labor much higher income than tobacco. compared to tobacco. Cultivation of mungbean and peanuts also resulted in higher income compared to tobacco.

Sweet Pepper (5,639.6) Hot Pepper (4,089.1) Bitter Gourd (3,525.3) Onion (2,741.60) Tomato (2,582.3) Eggplant (2,041.2) Peanut (1,762.2) Garlic (1,730) Mungbean (707.1) Corn (498.31)

Virginia (1,147.60) Burley (727.78) Native (428.13) Net Income per Hectare (in USD)

Rice field Tobacco Farmers Switched to Other Crops in Cambodia Tobacco farming is less profitable compared to other crops. About 40% of tobacco farmers have switched from tobacco farming to alternative crops in the last ten years. This is due to: - Lower profit compared to other crops - Tobacco farming needs more capital Corn field - Price fluctuation of tobacco

The alternative crops include rice, corn, peanut, other industrial crops such as soy bean and sesame as well as other vegetables.

42 Health Promotion/Tobacco Control Fund in ASEAN

Country has established health promotion/tobacco control fund Lao PDR (2013) Presence of funding mechanism Lao PDR Tobacco Control Fund for tobacco control

Thailand (2001) Thai Health Promotion Foundation (ThaiHealth) Vietnam (2013) Vietnam Tobacco Control Fund

Brunei Darussalam (2008) Health Promotion Centre, Ministry of Health Brunei

Malaysia (2006) Malaysian Health Promotion Board (MySihat)

Singapore (2001) Singapore Health Promotion Board

43 The ASEAN Tobacco Control Atlas

Chapter 9 Establishing Sustainable Funding

Health promotion programmes can be used as a An effective way to address this situation is to tool to reduce the impact of smoking-related raise tobacco taxes and introduce a surcharge tax diseases and other non-communicable diseases or dedicated tax policy, whereby additional (NCDs) and help alleviate social and economic revenues can be generated to support health burdens. However, tobacco control and health promotion including tobacco control programmes, promotion agendas are usually not given priority through a sustained health promotion fund or and have to compete for government funding in foundation. most countries.

Types of Funding Source for Health Promotion Year of Percent Surcharge Tax/Total Budget Foundation/Tobacco Control Fund Establishment

Within the Ministry of Health budget Singapore Health Promotion Board 2001 USD 95.7 million (2011)

_ Health Promotion Centre, 2008 USD 560,000 (2013 2014) Ministry of Health Brunei

Treasurer budget _ Malaysian Health Promotion Board 2006 USD 5 million (2011 2012) (MySihat)

Dedicated tax Thai Health Promotion Foundation 2001 2% surcharge levied on excise tax (ThaiHealth) from alcohol and tobacco USD 120 million (2012) Vietnam Tobacco Control Fund 2013 1% excise tax, effective May 1, 2013; 1.5% from May 1, 2016; and 2% from May 1, 2019 Lao PDR Tobacco Control Fund 2013 2% profit tax plus 200 LAK (per pack)

44 Chapter 9: Establishing Sustainable Funding

On-Going Development of Sustainable Funding for Health Promotion and Tobacco Control Indonesia 2% Tobacco Excise Revenue Sharing Based on Law 39/2007 on excise policy, 2% of revenues generated from cigarette excise must be distributed to three main cigarette and or tobacco producing provinces particularly in East Java, Central Java and West Nusa Tenggara. It has been implemented since 2008 and currently 20 provinces received the resulting fund. These funds must be used for five purposes: improving the quality of raw materials, developing the industry, improving social welfare including tobacco control for implementing smoke-free area regulations and acquiring medical equipment for treatment of smoking- related diseases, disseminating customs regulations, and law enforcement on illegal cigarettes. The tobacco excise policy of 2% earmarked tax should be used mostly for tobacco control to reduce its consumption.

10% Local Cigarette Tax Based on law 28/2009, a uniform rate of 10% local excise tax is imposed on for cigarette. Half of the revenue from the 10% local cigarette tax will be used for health including tobacco control and health promotion by 2014.

Philippines Sin Tax Law (Republic Act 10351) Section 8 of Republic Act (RA) No. 10351 (commonly known as 'sin tax' law) passed on 20 December 2012 stipulates that after deducting the earmarked amount under RA 7171(for tobacco promotion for Virginia t obacco growing provinces) and RA 8240 (for alternative livelihood for burley and native tobacco growing provinces), 80% of the remaining balance will be allocated for Universal Health Care (UHC), specifically for: 1. National Health Insurance Program 2. Attainment of Millennium Development Goals 3. Health Awareness Programs

The Tax Reform Act of 2012 or RA 10351 came into effect beginning 1st of January 2013. However, the funding for UHC is effective from 2014 as the mechanism for collection and distribution of fund is to be finalized.

45 The ASEAN Tobacco Control Atlas

References

Chapter 1: Tobacco Consumption Vietnam Main Map: Smoking Prevalence Adult Male and Female Smokers in Population Census 2009. ASEAN Ministry of Health (2010). Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) Viet Nam ASEAN Focal Point on Tobacco Control (AFPTC). (2013). The ASEAN 2010, Ministry of Health, Vietnam. Tobacco Control Report. Bangkok, Thailand. Average Age of Smoking Initiation in ASEAN (2009-2011); Number of ASEAN Secretariat Statistic. (2012). ASEAN Population 2012. ASEAN Cigarettes Smoked Daily by Adult Smokers (2009-2011) Member States Countries Submission to ASEAN Secretariat Statistic Cambodia Division. National Institute of Statistics. (2011). Country Report of the 2011 National Adult Tobacco Survey of Cambodia. Ministry of Planning, Cambodia. World Cigarette Consumption by Region Indonesia Eriksen M, Mackay J, Ross H. (2012). The Tobacco Atlas. Fourth Ed. Atlanta, Ministry of Health. (2012). 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Best Practice of Pictorial Health Warnings Tobacco Order, 2005, No. S 49. Available at: http://seatca.org/dmdocuments/ World Health Organization. (2009). WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Brunei%20Tobacco%20Order%202005%20Brunei.pdf Control: Guidelines for Implementation Article 5.3; Article 8; Article 11; Cambodia Article 13. Geneva, World Health Organization. Available at: Royal Government of Cambodia. (2011). Sub-Decree on Advertising of Tobacco http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241598224_eng.pdf Products. No. 35.ANKR.BK. Available at: http://seatca.org/ Hammond D, Yen Lian T, Dorotheo U. (2011). Simplifying the WHO FCTC dmdocuments/Cambodia%20-%20Sub-Decree%20on%20Ads.pdf Article 11: Evidence-Based Best Practice. Bangkok, Southeast Asia Tobacco Ministry of Health. (2011). Prakas on Measures for the Banning of Tobacco Control Alliance (SEATCA). Product Advertising. No. 290.OR.BOR.SOR. Available at: http://seatca.org/ Villarreiz D. (2012). 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The tobacco industry rallies and funds front groups Sustainable Way Out: Alternative Crops in Malaysia Assunta M. (2012). Tobacco Industry's ITGA Fights FCTC Implementation Hazlinda B A. (2012). Kenaf as Alternative Crop to Tobacco G rowers in In The Uruguay Negotiations. Tobacco Control, 2012;21:6 563-568 Published Malaysia. Presented at Conference of the Parties to the WHO FCTC (COP5), Online First: 26 May 2012 doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050222 14 November 2012, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Front Groups and High Profile Allies Mobilized to Fight Tobacco Control National Kenaf and Tobacco Board. (2010). Laporan Tahunan 2010. Lembaga Indonesia Kenaf dan Tembakau Negara, Kementerian Perladangan dan Komoditi. Robertus P. (2012). Indonesia Clove Community Rejecting Tobacco Import Policy. 31 May 2012. Available at: http://bit.ly/17Imicd Profitability of Tobacco Farming Vs Other Crops in Indonesia Govt Urged to Revise Tobacco Regulation. The Jakarta Post, 23 Jan 2013. Rachmat, M. (2009). 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Bangkok, Southeast Asia Tobacco Control Alliance (SEATCA). Tobacco Farming in Selected ASEAN Countries (2010/2011) Sources the same as in the main map. 55 The ASEAN Tobacco Control Atlas Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the valuable contributions and support of all our various partners in the preparation of this first ASEAN Tobacco Control Atlas. In particular, we would like to thank the following:

Brunei: Dr Anie H Abdul-Rahman, (Acting) Director of Environmental Health Service, Department of Health Services, Ministry of Health, Brunei

Cambodia: Dr Yel Daravuth, National Professional Officer, WHO TFI Cambodia Dr Mom Kong, Executive Director, Cambodia Movement for Health Indonesia: Dr Widyastuti Soerojo, Southeast Asia Initiative on Tobacco Tax (SITT) Indonesia Packs Project Coordinator, Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia Mr Tubagus Haryo Karbyanto, Vice Chairman, Forum Warga Kota Jakarta (FAKTA) Mr Abdillah Ahsan, Southeast Asia Initiative on Tobacco Tax (SITT) Indonesia Tax Coordinator, Demographic Institute, Faculty of Economics, University of Indonesia

Lao PDR: Dr Maniphanh Vongphosy, Southeast Asia Initiative on Tobacco Tax (SITT) Lao PDR Coordinator Malaysia: Mr Ooi Poh Keong, ASEAN Focal Point on Tobacco Control, FCTC Secretariat and Tobacco Control Unit, Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia Dr Foong Kin, Programme Coordinator, Education and Prevention Unit, National Poison Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia Dr Sukhvinder Singh, Senior Principal Assistant Director, Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia Philippines: Atty Irene Patricia Reyes, Managing Director, HealthJustice Philippines Mr Ralph Emerson Degollation, Southeast Asia Initiative on Tobacco Tax (SITT) Project Coordinator, HealthJustice Philippines Singapore: Mr Chan Lit Fai, Manager, Substance Abuse Department, Adult Health Division, Health Promotion Board, Singapore Thailand: Professor Prakit Vathesatogkit, Executive Secretary, Action on Smoking and Health (ASH), Thailand

Vietnam: Dr Nguyen Tuan Lam, National Professional Officer, WHO Country Office for Vietnam Dr Pham Thi Hoang Anh, Country Director, HealthBridge Vietnam Dr Phan Thi Hai, Vice Director, Vietnam Steering Committee on Smoking and Health Standing Office, Ministry of Health, Vietnam Ms Le Thi Thu, Southeast Asia Initiative on Tobacco Tax (SITT) Project Manager, HealthBridge Vietnam 56 Published by: Southeast Asia Tobacco Control Alliance

SEATCA Thakolsuk Place, Room 2B, 115 Thoddamri Road, Dusit, Bangkok 10300 Thailand Telefax: +66 2 241 0082 Email: [email protected] Website: www.seatca.org