Quarterly Publication of the Association volume 33 ♦ number 4 August 2019

Education and the New Elite during Santa Fe Trail Days ♦ page 10

A Map of DAR Markers across Kansas Located ♦ page 16

Hiram Young: Black Entrepreneur on the Santa Fe Trail ♦ page 23 On the Cover: Somewhere along the Arkansas by Ron Kil The rivers are dammed, drained, or bled off for irrigation and the needs of cities. But once upon a time when trails, not concrete, crisscrossed the land, the land and everything that lived on it drank from the rivers.

Everything came to the rivers. The great herds drank there, the eagles and hawks hunted there, flying so low in search of prey that their wingtips dipped into the water. Man traveled along the rivers and camped next to them.

Rivers flowed, they flooded, and sometimes disappeared into the sand, but when it rained or the high mountain snowpacks melted, they were worthy of respect and even fear.

Rivers could mean life, or death, or both, depending on their condition when you had to cross them. Nobody thinks about rivers that way any- more. This painting is a reminder of what they used to be.      Ronald Kil is a artist who paints, draws, and sculpts the his- torical West. His subjects range from prehistoric Indians to the cowboys and bandits of the 1930s. One of his favorite time periods is the era of the Santa Fe Trail.

Ron spent nearly 30 years as a working ranch cowboy—some of that on ranches that the Trail crossed—and has been a re-enactor of the 1850s- 1860s trail-era plainsman. Much of his hunting has been in period garb with his .54 plains rifle.

He has illustrated 35 books, several about the Santa Fe Trail, including the two latest editons of the The Santa Fe Trail, a Guide, by Hal Jackson and Marc Simmons. Most recently he was commissioned to do the painting to commemmorate the 200th anniversary of the Trail for the National Park Service and Bent's Old Fort NHS.

Called "The Artist of the Santa Fe Trail" by SFTA co-founder Marc Simmons, Ron Kil's heart—and art—are truly on the Trail.

About the Santa Fe Trail Association The mission of the Santa Fe Trail Association is to protect and preserve the Santa Fe Trail and to promote awareness of the historical legacy associated with it.

Follow us online at www.santafetrail.org, Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest and YouTube

Wagon Tracks, the official publication of the Santa Fe Trail Association (SFTA), publishes well-researched and documented peer-reviewed articles relating to the Santa Fe Trail. Wagon Tracks is published in February, May, August, and November. Deadlines are the 10th of the month prior to publication. Queries are welcome. Complete submission guidelines are posted at www.santafetrail.org. Although the entire issue of Wagon Tracks is copyrighted in the name of the Santa Fe Trail Association, copyright to each article remains in the author’s name. Articles may be edited or abridged at the editor’s discretion.

2 Wagon Tracks August 2019 Quarterly of the Santa Fe Trail Association volume 33 ♦ number 4 August 2019

Contents

2 On the Cover: Somewhere along the Arkansas: Ron Kil

4 President: As I See It

5 Manager: Joanne’s Jottings

6, 14, 15, 27, 28 Trail News

7-9, 22 Symposium 2019

20 Trip of Firsts: Janet Armstead

26 Books: Esteban: The African Slave Who Explored America, by Dennis Herrick, reviewed by Bill Gwaltney; Las Vegas, NM: 1835-1935, ed. by Edwina Portelle Rome ro, reviewed by Doyle Daves

28-31 Chapter Reports

29 Membership Form

32 Calendar

Ron Kil has generously offered to provide the cover art for Wagon Tracks editions through 2021.

10-14 16-19 23-25

Education and the New A Map of DAR Markers Hiram Young: Black Mexico Elite during across Kansas Located Entrepreneur on the Santa Fe Trail Days Santa Fe Trail

by Doyle Daves by Steve Schmidt and Pat Traffas by William P. O'Brien

August 2019 Wagon Tracks 3 As I See It by Larry Justice, President of SFTA Final Contribution

special relationship the Santa Fe Trail Pay well – This applies to our salaried has with St. Charles, St. Louis, the leadership and the development of River, the Mississippi River, funding efforts. and the Booneslick Road and Boone Mentor – The legacy of SFTA hinges family. Rendezvous in Larned is on enlisting and mentoring new and more than a tradition – it is an event imaginative leaders. helping all of us to learn more about Challenge the impact of so many groups, indi- – Growth success results viduals, and events along the Trail. from setting the bar high enough -- but reachable. And, lest we forget, 2021 and follow- Promote – Coupled with mentoring, ing years will be highly significant find ways to encourage vibrancy by with the commemoration of the developing members. 200th year since William Becknell Involve first explored the possibility of trade – Members want to learn in Santa Fe while protecting his own about the Trail and many have inno- “Your most important assets aren’t “hide” from creditors. Following vative ways for growth. your clients; it is your loyal employees. 2021, there will be many opportuni- Appreciate – Success is bred when If you take care of your employees, they ties to recognize the contributions of member ideas are appreciated, no will take care of your clients.” – Des trade development at a pace unseen matter how extreme. Vasquez-Garcia in the history of our nation and Value contributions to trade by people like – The Trail covered 1200 miles This is my final contribution to the Sibley. There will be further apprecia- and the value of the Trail is inclusive; “President’s Column” in Wagon Tracks tion for the contributions of African- not limited to one area. as President of the Santa Fe Trail Americans, American Indians, Span- On mission – To preserve, protect, Association. It has been a unique ish-speakers, women, and immigrants and promote the historical legacy of opportunity to serve as President for looking for new opportunities. the SFNHT. the past four years. I have enjoyed Empower – Leaders are empowered working with our Board of Direc- In future years, recognition of the na- by the membership and leaders em- tors and our SFTA Manager and tional, perhaps global, impact of the power the members. friend Joanne VanCoevern (and her Trail will drive the topics for Sym- “Pack Mule” Greg). And, there are posia and Rendezvous. The SFT im- Trusted – A “perfect game” in base- not enough platitudes to express my pacted points to the East and West. ball is an event. In reality, it is not gratitude to Linda Revello, Ruth Ol- Occurrences along the Trail affected “perfect” – and neither is the leader- son Peters, and Ruth Friesen for their regions beyond America’s shores in ship of the SFTA. The leadership is expertise, leadership, and friendship. the form of goods sent and received. better equipped when trusted to lead. Of course, as with any situation, What began as America’s first in- Errors will occur. Misunderstand- the moment I begin to mention the ternational trade route in 1821 had ings are inevitable. Choices can be name of one person, I risk missing lasting effects that will be subjects of suspect. However, the strength of any one or more folks who make SFTA research for ages to come. The SFTA organization, including the SFTA, the valued organization recognized has a responsibility and privilege to is found in valuing the input from all the way to Washington, D.C. as a expand its influence and clientele. those with whom we may disagree, premier Trail organization. For that We cannot be limited in vision. even those who want to exercise reason, I am eternally grateful for the power rather than empowering oth- valued friendships and camaraderie Finally, allow me to share a word of ers. of the NPS-NTIR staff in Santa Fe leadership principles to the new of- ficers, board members, committee Certainly, some may think I am and each of the SFTA chapters. It taking advantage of my column has been a good ride. chairs and members, and chapter leadership. A former student sent to be “preachy”. But I have found that those who complain someone Don’t forget, we have a plethora of the following to me. I believe it il- is “preachy” are the ones who need events on the horizon. Our 2019 lustrates the adapted direction for the to be encouraged more. Even in Symposium in St. Louis will be one successful growth and development the “perfect game,” the catcher or to remember. I reiterate the impor- of the Santa Fe Trail Association. pitching coach adds value to his tance of this Symposium noting the

4 Wagon Tracks August 2019 Joanne’s Jottings by Joanne VanCoevern, Association Manager

Trails. can be downloaded and printed from the SFTA website. Work began in 2008 through a Challenge Cost-Share grant, and The purpose of the program is to the SFTA Education Commit- promote preservation of the Trail by tee developed four age-appropriate encouraging families to become more educational activity booklets: Cavvy knowledgeable about the Trail and to (ages 5-7), Freighter (ages 8-11), Bull- actively study the Trail’s historic sites. whacker (ages 12-14), and Scout (ages Participants who complete a specific 15-adult). The historic information re- number of activities, scan the project mains consistent in all of the booklets, pages, and send them to SFTA to be with the activities modified to be age checked are then rewarded with the appropriate. In 2012, NPS printed and title of Jr. Wagon Master and a Wagon distributed two of the booklets, cre- Master badge appropriate to the level ated the reward badges, and fulfilled achieved. requests for rewards. Jr. Wagon Master Program now The program remains popular with Available on the SFTA Website By 2015, with a change in NPS ad- families traveling the Santa Fe Trail, ministration, goals and priorities, and is especially popular with home- It has been a long time coming, with SFTA was informed that the National schooled youth. SFTA is currently many people helping to bring this Trails Intermountain Region would seeking funding to prepare for addi- project to reality, and finally, all four not print the remaining two booklets, tional printings of the booklets. Janet booklets of the Jr. Wagon Master are would not reprint the original two Armstead serves as the Jr. Wagon now on the Santa Fe Trail Association booklets, nor would they continue Master Program Director and can be website. The direct link is www.santaf- to administer the program. SFTA reached at wagonmaster@santafetrail. etrail.org/children/jr-wagon-master. was asked to take over complete ad- org. html ministration and maintenance of the program. GeoTour Update SFTA has The Jr. Wagon Master program began received the latest report on the Santa in 2007, when the Santa Fe Trail As- Since 2015, SFTA has completed Fe National Historic Trail (SFNHT) sociation (SFTA) Education Com- the graphic design files for the Cavvy GeoTour from Groundspeak and mittee was approached by the Na- and Scout booklets, made some ed- the numbers are impressive. Since tional Park Service (NPS) and asked its/updates to the Bullwhacker and the GeoTour launched in 2014, over to develop a program designed for Freighter booklets, prepared the files 20,000 geocachers have logged visits youth that would enhance and engage for the website, reprinted the Bull- at sites along the SFNHT. Eighteen their visit along the Santa Fe National whacker and Freighter booklets, and Geocachers have completed the Historic Trail (SFNHT). The program printed the first run of the Cavvy and entire GeoTour, and those geocachers was to be similar to the Jr. Ranger Scout booklets. Files were prepared are eligible to receive a special program offered by the NPS, except and added to our SFTA website, and digital recognition with a “GeoTour that this youth program would cover currently all four booklets are in print Souvenir.” To show they enjoyed a five states and 1200 miles, and the and are distributed at sites throughout SFNHT GeoTour Cache site, 1,265 intent of the NPS was to use it as a the length of the SFNHT. Booklets prototype for other National Historic can also be ordered from SFTA, or Continued next page

Justice, cont from previous page Don Larsen’s perfect game” – Mickey and reaping the financial rewards. The position by reminding the pitcher of Mantle. The end product is the goal. success of the SFTA is still in front the goals for winning the game – not of us. It has been my pleasure to be a pitching a “perfect game.” And, the As the traders headed southwest to small part of the struggles and suc- “perfect game” is the cooperative result Santa Fe (or returned to Missouri cesses of the Santa Fe Trail Associa- of every player in that event. A fellow or Kansas), they encountered several tion to preserve, protect, and promote Oklahoman once said, “The biggest months of challenges with the ulti- the historical legacy of the Santa Fe game I ever played in was probably mate goal of selling their trade goods National Historic Trail. 

August 2019 Wagon Tracks 5 Partnership for the John Carson Honored SFTA Staffs Booth at National Trails System Kansas State Fair

By Marcia Will-Clifton The Santa Fe Trail Association has been invited to staff a booth at the Outreach and Partnership Kansas State Fair on Saturday and National Trails Day, June 1, was a Sunday, September 7-8, from 9:00 beautiful day in Rocky Mountain a.m. to 6:00 p.m. This is a unique National Park. The Rocky Mountain opportunity to exercise one of the Conservancy sponsored the Cub SFTA principles of promoting the Lake Trail event with the National historical legacy of the Trail. Park Service (NPS) staff and volun- teers from northern Colorado. The We are requesting SFTA chapter American Hiking Society newsletter members to volunteer for three-hour reported that 41,424 people im- shifts of 9-12, 12-3, and 3-6. We proved trails all across the country; have several members who have vol- 869 miles of trail were either built, unteered, but the door of opportunity maintained, or cleaned up on that The Colorado Tourism Office recently has not closed. To volunteer for a slot day. Thanks to everyone who partici- honored John Carson as one of eight of time on either or both days, con- pated in National Trails Day on our Top Frontline Tourism Workers state- tact SFTA President Larry Justice public lands. wide. He was selected from dozens of at [email protected]. Send your nominees as an outstanding ambas- name(s), contact information includ- PNTS Updates, Advocacy sador for Colorado hospitality in his ing phone number and email address, and your chapter affiliation. Senator Jerry Moran (R-Kansas) an- region of the state. nounced in a June press release that This can be a wonderful chance to the NPS had determined that the John is an NPS ranger and intrepreter at Bent's Old Fort east of La Junta, enlist new members, put a face to the Chisholm and Great Western cattle SFTA and its goals, and have fun trails meet the criteria to become and a great-grandson of . He started working at the Fort in visiting about SFTA from different National Historic Trails. The efforts points along the Trail. Although the for this designation began in 2009, 2007, but volunteered for many years prior to that. Kansas chapters are the obvious pro- and in 2015 the Draft Chisholm and viders of boots-on-the-ground, that Great Western Feasibility Study and is not a necessity. If any reader finds Environmental Assessment referenced John is leading the charge on the key- stone event of the 2021 Santa Fe Trail he, she, or they will be in Hutchin- the public support for designation son, Kansas, either day, please contact and opportunities for heritage tour- commemmoration of the opening of the trail for trade. The event of the year President Justice as soon as possible, ism and public education and rec- since an effort to provide Kansas reation. It will be exciting to follow for SFTA will be held at Bent's Old Fort on September 22-25, 2021. State Fair tickets for workers is in the this initiative as many of our SFTA works. members are passionate about these trails. My work with the PNTS Sub- Deb Goodrich, SFTA Publicity Committee on New National Trails Chair and Chair of the Santa Fe Proposals will be important to the Trail 2021 Commemmoration, will process.  present "200 years of Characters on the Santa Fe Trail" at the State Fair. Joanne, continued from page 5 Her presentations are Saturday, Sep- Pat Palmer, LaDonna Hutton, Mike tember 7, from 11-noon, and Sunday, Geocachers have given one or Strodtman, Bill Bunyan, Mike September 8, from 1 p.m - 2 p.m. at more of our cache sites a “Favorite Najdowski, and Martha McCaffrey. the Pride Stage. Look for more on Point.” 1,348 images of SFNHT A special thank you to Ryan Semmel, the SFTA Facebook page and on the  cache sites have been posted and who recently set up an information Around Kansas Facebook page. booth for the SFNHT GeoTour shared with friends. The Santa Fe      Trail Association thanks those who at GeoWoodstock in Fort Worth, have helped maintain the caches the Texas. Last year's event drew 7,800 October 10 is the submis- past few months, including Larry geocachers. The GeoTour could not sion deadline for the November Short, Rich Lawson, Jeff Trotman, function without everyone pitching  Shelley Hampton, Kevin Lindahl, in to keep it going. issue of Wagon Tracks.

6 Wagon Tracks August 2019 Symposium 2019 – St. Louis Gateway to Santa FE What's on the Tour?

Historic Boone Home and Village/Farm – Op- erated by St. Charles County, the Boone house and farm are in an area originally settled by Dan- iel Boone on Spanish land grants near Defiance, in present-day Missouri. Daniel Boone was born in Pennsylvania, moved to North Carolina where he married Rebecca, then moved to Kentucky before settling in Missouri with several of their children. He died in this house in 1820. Eventu- ally his body and that of his wife were moved back to Kentucky for reburial. His son Nathan acquired the land and remained in the area.

The four-story house is built of Missouri blue limestone. The village/farm comprises over a dozen buildings of the same time period as the Boone house, which were moved from within a Bellefontaine Cemetery – Bellefontaine is one of the most 50-miles radius of the site. The whole site and beautiful and historic resting places for many denizens of St. house are open for touring. A member of the Louis and for prominent people in the westward movement. Boone Society will speak about the Boone family Renowned for its arboretum, sculptures, and monuments, and the area. Bellefontaine Cemetery will be the Saturday afternoon tour. The tour will focus on historic figures of trail days who are buried there. Among the graves are those of William Clark, Stephen Kearny, and Susan Magoffin. Bellefontaine is a non- Text and photos by Shirley Coupal sectarian cemetery.

Calvary Cemetery – The Catholic Cemetery across the road from Bellefon- taine holds the graves of the Chouteaus, the founders of St. Louis and Kansas City. Many members of Catholic orders based in the St. Louis area are bur- ied here as well. The Archdiocese of St. Louis updates its cemeteries website within 24 hours of burial, with the main Archdiocese website providing a guide to burials. https://cemeteries.archstl.org/Burial-Search

August 2019 Wagon Tracks 7 SFTA 2019 Symposium - St. Louis St. Louis: Gateway to Santa Fe September 25-28, 2019

Registration will open at 8:00 a.m. every day at Missouri History Museum (MHM), 5700 Lindell Blvd, St. Louis, Missouri • Wednesday, Sept. 25: MHM 9 a.m. – 3 p.m. SFTA Board of Directors Meeting 5:30 – 7:00 p.m. Kick-back reception at the Drury Hotel at the Arch, if staying there • Thursday, Sept. 26: MHM 9:00-9:30 –Welcome/Introductions 9:30-10:15 – KEYNOTE Dr. Frances Levine: Maria, Carmen, Kate, and Company: Women on the Santa Fe Trail 10:15-10:45 – Break 10:45-11:30 – Speaker Christopher Gordon: St. Louis, Wellspring of the Santa Fe Trail, 1821-1855 11:30-12:15 – Lunch: tours, pick up box; or on your own at the MHM restaurant 12:15-12:45 – Load buses Tour to Daniel Boone Home, Ken Kamper will speak at the pavilion Tour to St. Charles, Dorris Keeven-Franke, German/French heritage program Gateway Arch (shuttle service available or walk from your downtown hotel) 6:00 p.m. – Buses return to MHM noon - 5:00 p.m. – Optional on your own events – Eugenie Webb Maine on the Webb Collection (MHM), Missouri Historical Society Library (show and tell) 6:30-8:00 p.m. – Evening at the Museum (welcome reception, cash bar). MHM • Friday, Sept. 27: MHM 9:00-9:15 – Announcements 9:15-10:00 – Speaker Craig Crease: Sacre Bleu! Frenchmen on the Trail to Santa Fe 10:00-10:30 – Break 10:30-11:15 – Speaker David Sapp: The Boone’s Lick Road: Missing Link to the Trans-Mississippi West 11:30-12:15 – Lunch: tours, pick up box; or on your own at the MHM restaurant 12:15-12:45 – Load buses Tour to Daniel Boone Home, Ken Kamper will speak at the pavilion Tour to St. Charles, Dorris Keeven-Franke, German/French heritage program Gateway Arch (shuttle service available or walk from your downtown hotel) 6:00 p.m. – Buses return to MHM 7:00-10:00 p.m. – Optional river dinner cruise (limit 100), Cardinals baseball game, or free evening • Saturday, Sept. 28 : MHM 8:30-10:00 – SFTA General Membership Meeting 10:00-10:15 – Break 10:15-11:00 – Speaker Ruth Friesen: Views and News of the Santa Fe Trail in Newspapers from St. Louis and Beyond 11:00-11:45 – Speaker David Sneed: St. Louis Legends: Chasing the Ghosts of Trails Past 11:45-12:45 – Lunch: tours, pick up box; or on your own at the MHM restaurant 12:15-12:45 – Load buses Tour Bellefontaine & Calvary Cemeteries, Daniel Fuller will provide narration Gateway Arch (shuttle service available or walk from your downtown hotel) 5:00 p.m. – Buses return to MHM 7:00-10:00 p.m. – Banquet, Awards, and Hall of Fame at the Drury at the Arch. Banquet room overlooks the Arch. • Sunday, Sept. 29: – Optional Day for activities on your own: Jefferson Barracks, military museum, river cruise, zoo, Soldiers Memorial Museum, old courthouse

        Hotel Reservations must be made before August 23 to obtain group rate • Drury Plaza Hotel St. Louis at the Arch, $179/night, call 800-378-7946, or book online at www.druryhotels.com/bookandstay/newreservation/?groupno=2284548 • Drury Inn & Suites St. Louis Convention, $179/night, call 800-378-7946, or book online at www.druryhotels.com/bookandstay/newreservation/?groupno=2277230 • Drury Inn & Suites St. Louis Forest Park, $179/night, call 800-378-7946, or book online at www.druryhotels.com/bookandstay/newreservation/?groupno=2313010 8 Wagon Tracks August 2019 “St. Louis: Gateway to Santa Fe” REGISTRATION FORM 25-28 September 2019 – St. Louis, Missouri (Please Print) NAME & ADDRESS ______Phone # ______E-mail Address ______(if we need to verify anything on your registration)

Registration will open at 8:00 a.m. every day at Missouri History Museum (MHM), 5700 Lindell Blvd, St. Louis, MO Wednesday, Sept. 25, MHM, 9 a.m.-3 p.m, SFTA Board of Directors Meeting, contact Joanne VanCoevern if attending FULL Registration - ____ person – member, non-member @$100 $ ______OR SINGLE DAY Registration for those unable to attend the full program Thursday ______person @$50 each $ ______Friday ______person @$50 each $ ______Saturday ______person @$50 each $ ______

OPTIONAL EVENTS (no charge): Thursday, noon-5 p.m. – Eugenie Webb Maine – Webb Collection (MHM); Missouri Historical Society Library (show & tell); 6:30-8:00 p.m. – Evening at the Museum (welcome reception), cash bar (MHM)

SYMPOSIUM EVENTS: Thursday – 9 a.m.-12:45 p.m. – speakers, pick up lunch, load buses 1-6 p.m. – tours include lunch Daniel Boone Home ______persons @$70.00 ea. $ ______St. Charles ______persons @$70.00 ea. $ ______Gateway Arch ______persons @$40.00 ea $ ______

Friday – 9 a.m.-12:45 p.m. – speakers, pick up lunch, load buses 1-6 p.m. – tours include lunch Daniel Boone Home ______persons @$70.00 ea. $ ______St. Charles ______persons @$70.00 ea. $ ______Gateway Arch ______persons @$40.00 ea. $ ______

7-10 p.m. – Skyline Dinner Cruise, Max. 100 Attendees, First Come ______persons @$75.00 ea. $ ______

Saturday – 8:30-10 a.m. – SFTA General Membership Meeting, MHM 10 a.m.-12:45 p.m. – speakers, pick up lunch, load buses 1-5 p.m. tours include lunch Bellefontaine & Calvary Cemeteries ______persons @$40.00 ea. $ ______Gateway Arch ______persons @$40.00 ea. $ ______

7-10 p.m. – Banquet & Awards & Hall of Fame Banquet at the Drury at the Arch, overlooks the Arch ______persons @50.00 ea. $ ______Lunch choices: all days – gluten free wraps____ vegetarian salads____ Thursday – sandwiches __ turkey __ ham __ beef Friday – sandwiches __ turkey __ ham __ beef Saturday – sandwiches __ turkey __ ham __ beef Dinner choices: Saturday ___ Tenderloin Tips Modega ___ Chicken Spedini Grand Total $ ______No refunds for cancellations after 9-1-19 Mail registration form and check payable to: To register online and pay by credit card (Deadline 9-10-19) Santa Fe Trail Association Go to: www.santafetrail.org 1349 K-156 HWY Then scroll to picture St. Louis: Gateway to Santa Fe Larned, KS 67550 Registration and information available there

August 2019 Wagon Tracks 9 Education and the New Mexico Elite during Santa Fe Trail Days

by Doyle Daves mission churches and schools at the after 1846 when the various pueblos, where instruction Army took over. The military had two One of the new opportunities afforded consisted mainly of religious rituals objectives: “to guard against rebellion 4 New Mexicans by the opening of the and the Spanish language. Neither to reverse the American take-over” Santa Fe Trail was that of educating the Church nor civil authorities made and “to protect New Mexicans from 10 their children in Missouri and other education of the Hispanic population marauding Indians.” Education of eastern schools. For financial and a priority. Sporadically, some commu- New Mexicans was not a government other reasons, the opportunity affected nities did support teachers who taught priority then and did not become one exclusively rico (wealthy) families. their children. At the beginning of the during the 60-year territorial period. These families saw such education as a Mexican era in 1821, illiteracy was When Bishop Lamy arrived in Santa way to further secure their privileged common and often had been for gen- Fe in 1851, he saw great need and status in the stratified New Mexican erations. established “hospitals, orphanages, society and to improve their competi- and English language schools and col- 11 tiveness in the complex business en- Still, elite families did value education leges.” terprises that were developing. and arranged for subscription schools or tutors for their sons and, rarely, The New Mexico Elite Adapt to The Opening of the Santa Fe Trail; daughters. A few boys traveled the Changing Conditions Opportunities for New Mexicans Camino Real to schools in Mexico. An example is Rafael Chacón, born In the 1800s, New Mexico was “domi- In 1821, after 223 years as a remote in Santa Fe in 1833, who attended a nated economically and politically by outpost of the vast Spanish Empire, military school in Chihuahua when old elite [some wealthy and some not] New Mexico became part of the very young and was brought home by families intimately connected through newly established Mexican nation. his father in 1846, at age 13, to help marriage ties.” These families “ben- When word of the change in govern- oppose the American invasion.5 An- efited from commerce on the Santa Fe 12 ment reached Santa Fe, a common other example is Jose Felipe Chávez, Trail which they came to dominate.” reaction was summarized as “the same “El Millionario,”6 born in 1838, who Many of the men traveled the Trail 1 priest on a different mule.” Hindsight attended and completed his studies at to Missouri, and often west farther has proved this colorful and cynical Conciliar Seminary at Guadalajara, east. As they learned more about the prediction to be very wrong. A single Mexico. Later, his daughter, Margari- United States, many “admired the action by the newly-formed Mexican ta, studied in St. Louis. democracy of the American political government, taken almost immedi- system and [its] superior technology 13 ately after it gained independence, had Surprisingly, the newly-formed and industrial capability....” They also profound effects that set New Mexico Mexican government requested the realized that American participatory on a new and very different path. This establishment of schools (but did not democracy afforded a way to exercise action by the Mexican government provide funding), and for about a de- significant control, particularly as the was the reversal of a centuries-old cade new subscription schools were long-established patron-peon system Spanish policy denying trade and established in New Mexico, some ensured their ability to deliver a His- 14 commerce with foreign nations2 and by the Church and some by groups panic majority in elections. Thus, particularly the United States. Within of parents. A typical neighborhood New Mexico ricos made a tacit agree- 7 months, traders from Missouri arrived school asked parents to pay two reales ment with the new government: they in New Mexico, and the commerce of periodically; often families contrib- would counsel acceptance in exchange 8 15 the Santa Fe Trail began. This trade uted “onions, corn, beans, chili...” for “undiminished influence.” And began “intercultural flux” and “cre- they began to adapt. They understood ated economic and political bonds” , who traveled the Santa that their ignorance of the English between New Mexico and the United Fe Trail from 1831 to 1840 and per- language and American culture put States.3 ceptively observed New Mexico and them at a disadvantage. So they began its people, expressed astonishment to send their children to St. Louis for Early Education in New Mexico at the uneducated nature of the schooling. population, noting that “at least three- One of the principal purposes of the fourths...can neither read nor write.”9 New Mexico Students colonization of New Mexico was to This resulted from the failure of the Study in St. Louis bring Catholic Christianity to the Spanish and Mexican governments to Native American peoples. To accom- give priority to education and provide During Santa Fe Trail days, New plish this, Franciscan friars established resources. The situation did not change Mexican boys and girls attending

10 Wagon Tracks August 2019 school in St. Louis enrolled almost 184421 in which he leaves his estate to Mariano Sabino Otero, (SLU, early exclusively in four institutions: girls his younger sister, María del Rosario, 1860s?). Not included in Cook’s list- attended either Visitation Academy then married to Juan Estevan Sena, ing but his biography for the House (VA) or Sacred Heart Academy survives. Earlier, their mother, Doña of Representatives28 says he attended. (SHA); boys attended either St. Louis Guadalupe Baca de Alarid, had given Mariano, born in 1844 to Juan An- University (SLU) or the Christian to Nepomuceno and Rosario the tonio Otero and Mercedes Chávez, Brothers Academy (CBA). In many properties that would become Prince was a member of a powerful family cases, the students enrolled as pre- Plaza and Sena Plaza.22 These proper- that “dominated Valencia County, that teens or young teens; many did not ties, a half-block east of the Santa Fe at one time stretched from Texas to seek to earn a diploma. SLU offered Plaza, remain of prime commercial California.” Mariano engaged in sheep college courses; however, many of the importance. and cattle ranching and banking; he New Mexicans were in the pre-college also owned a Mexican land grant. division.16 Trinidad (SLU, 1849-54), Continuously pressed to serve in pub- Melquíades, and Francisco López lic office, he was elected as Delegate 17 In 1995, Mary Jean Cook, with ac- (Chapel Hill Academy, Lafayette to Congress and served a single term, cess to archives of SLU and CBA, County, Missouri, 1849-54). Cook 1879-81, but declined to stand for re- provided a listing of almost 120 New had only their father’s will in 1852 election. Mariano married Philomena Mexican boys who attended these which indicated he left children in Perea, daughter of José Leandro Perea schools between 1831 and 1880. Re- school in Missouri. Sons of Spaniard (see below) and had five children. cently, using archives of VA and SHA, Damaso López23 and María del Car- a similar listing of 26 New Mexican men Severino Ruiz de Esparza, the Miguel Antonio Otero, Senior (SLU, girls who attended these schools has boys were placed in boarding schools, 1841-46) and Junior (SLU, 1869-71). been compiled.18 These lists provide along with their sister, María Fran- Cook’s biographies of this prominent a wealth of information and insight cisca24 (VA, 1849-57), following the father and son pair erroneously as- about the New Mexican elite families death of their mother. Trinidad25 was sumed that Miguel, Sr. had served as of the era. A single New Mexico stu- born December 5, 1836, at Abiquiú; both Delegate to Congress and as Ter- dent, Nepomuceno Alarid (see below), he returned to New Mexico before ritorial Governor. Miguel, Sr. did serve attended in the 1830s; then in the 1855 and located near La Junta (now as Delegate to Congress but it was 1840s, 15 boys and 3 girls; 1850s, 22 Watrous) in Mora County where Miguel, Jr. who served as Territorial boys; 1860s, 48 boys; and in the 1870s, he married María Cleofas Bonney, Governor (see discussion below). 32 boys and 22 girls. the daughter of Irish immigrant James Bonney26 and Juana María José Inez Perea. Cook mentioned Comments, Corrections and Adden- Mascarenas. Trinidad served in the José Inez as the brother of José Fran- da to Cook’s Listing of School Boys New Mexico Volunteers as a First cisco and Joaquín, both of whom did Lieutenant during the Civil War. He attend SLU. José Inez did not; howev- With the hindsight of the quarter used his training in law to recover the er, he was educated in eastern schools. century since Cook provided her Bonney Land Grant property of his When quite young, he attended a listing, some few additions and com- wife and other James Bonney heirs. school in Peralta, Valencia County, ments can be made. Melquíades was baptized Decem- New Mexico; at 7, he was taken to ber 19, 1838, at Santa Fe with New Chihuahua and enrolled in a school Juan (or José) Nepomuceno Alarid intending that he become a priest. At (SLU 1831-34). As noted by Cook, Mexico Governor Manuel Armijo and his wife, Trinidad Gabaldón, as 12, he was enrolled at a strict Catho- Alarid was the first student, by a full lic school in New York City where, decade, to travel the Trail and enroll godparents. Melquíades was in Santa Fe for the 1860 census, identified as paradoxically, he pulled away from in a St. Louis school. Born in Santa Catholicism and declared himself Fe about 1818, Nepomuceno was a printer. He married Ruperta (sur- name unknown) after 1860. Fran- Protestant. His parents, upset, enrolled the son of Juan Bautista Alarid and him in the U. S. Military Academy at María Guadalupe Baca. The family is cisco was born February 16, 1844, at 19 San Miguel del Bado. After return- West Point; José Inez withdrew, and listed in the 1823 Mexican census after failing at other schools and a job for Santa Fe in the “Barrio de San ing to New Mexico from boarding school, Francisco lived in Santa Fe in St. Louis arranged by his father, he Francisco” , “beyond the [military] became a merchant seaman and sailed barricks:”20 Don Juan Alarid, 36, Doña with Anastacio Sandoval, the second guardian of the López children fol- the world for several years. Receiving Guadalupe, 34, María del Carmen, 8, a letter from his father urging him to Nepomuceno, 5, María del Rosario, lowing the death in 1856 of Manuel 27 return home, José Inez became active infant, and two servants, Francisco Álvarez. Francisco married Efigenia Sandoval, daughter of Juan Rafael in the family business of sheep ranch- and Apolonia. Nepomuceno appar- ing at a site east of Las Vegas. In 1869, ently died at a young age; his will from Sandoval and Juliana Sánchez; they raised nine children. John Annin, a Presbyterian mission-

August 2019 Wagon Tracks 11 ary, unexpectedly arrived in Las Vegas; 1878-79), Mariano (SLU, 1874-76), Griego: Elías (SLU, 1875-82); Dolo- José Inez was ecstatic; he quickly José Leandro, Jr. (SLU, 1871-73), and res (Lola) (VA, 1882); and Victoriana became involved and provided super- 3 daughters: Beatriz (VA, 1877-79, (VA, 1882). vision and most of the money to build SHA, 1880), Cesaria (VA, 1877-79, a church and school. He then became SHA, 1880), and Bárbara (VA, 1877- Ambrosio Armijo’s wife, Maria Can- a missionary himself and later studied 79, SHA, 1880). delario Otero, had four brothers who and was ordained as the first Hispanic sent boys to school in St. Louis: An- Presbyterian clergyman in the U. S.29 Josefa Chávez married Juan Dolores tonio José and Juan Antonio Otero, Perea, José Leandro’s brother; two of who both married Chávez sisters (see A Small, Tight Circle – their sons studied in St. Louis: Jose below), Manuel Antonio, and Miguel Mostly Family, Some Friends. Francisco (SLU, 1841-45) and Joaquin Antonio Otero (SLU, 1841-46). (SLU, 1841-45). In addition, Josefa Manuel Antonio sent Manuel Basilio A small number of wealthy and politi- and Juan Dolores’s grandson, Alejan- (SLU, 1873-74). Miguel Antonio and cally powerful New Mexico families dro Perea, attended (SLU, 1861-62). his wife, Mary Josephine Blackwood,35 sent children to Missouri for educa- were parents of Page Blackwood tion. Almost half of the students José Maria (Mariano) Chávez and Otero (SLU, 1869-71) and Miguel shared only five surnames: Armi- his wife, Manuela Armijo, were the Antonio Otero, Jr (SLU, 1869-71). jo—11 boys and 4 girls; Baca—19 parents of Mercedes Chávez who boys and 1 girl; Chávez—8 boys and attended the Visitation Academy Manuela Chávez married José María 2 girls, Otero—8 boys and 1 girl; “mother convent school” in Washing- Gutiérrez and sent two sons to St. Perea—9 boys and 4 girls. While ton, D. C. Mercedes’s older brother Louis schools: José (SLU, 1842-46) many of the students’ mothers have José Felipe was educated in Mexico and Feliciano (SLU 1847-53). Their not been fully identified, the data is (see above). José Felipe married his sister, María de los Angeles, married revealing; 19 of the boys and 3 of the first cousin, Josefa Chávez; they were Antonio Baca, and this couple sent girls have Chávez mothers, indicative parents of Margarita Chávez (VA, son Amado Longino Baca (SLU, of the extensive intermarriage among 1870). Margarita married Vicente 1862-69) and David Baca (SLU, these elite families. It also suggests the M. Baca (SLU, 1869-71), her second 1868-70). José María’s sister, María role of mothers in encouraging the cousin; Margarita’s grandfather, Jose Teresa Gutierrez, married Romualdo education of their children. María Chávez, and Vicente’s grand- Baca; their children, Vicente M. Baca mother, Manuela Chávez (see below) (SLU, 1860s) and Victoriana Baca Francisco Xavier Durán y Chávez were brother and sister. (VA, 1869-73) studied in St. Louis. (1769-1838), who served briefly as Governor of New Mexico shortly after Juana Chávez married Juan Cristóbal Antonio José Chávez married Bár- independence from Spain, and his Armijo who, with brother Ambrosio bara Armijo, sister of Manuela, Juan wife, Ana María del Carmen Álvarez Armijo (siblings of Manuela Armijo, Cristóbal and Ambrosio (see above). del Castillo (1784-1836),30 were at see above, and nephews of Governor Antonio José and Bárbara were the epicenter of the New Mexico rico Manuel Armijo34) accounted for a parents of Josefa who married her families and account for many of the dozen students. Juan Cristóbal and cousin, José Felipe Chávez. Antonio students attending school in St. Louis. Juana sent 5 sons: Nestor (SLU, 1841, José Chávez was an important Santa Their children sent students and, then CBA from which he graduated Fe Trail trader and was murdered by through their marriages, link to yet high school); Nicholas Tolentino Texas bandits in February 184336 at a more families who also sent children (SLU, 1852-56); Justo R. (Cook has site now called “Jarvis Creek”37 in Rice to stateside schools. José Justo) (SLU, 1862-70); Juan County, Kansas. (SLU, 1856-60); Pedro (SLU, 1859- Mariano José Cháves, for whom 62, CBA, 1862). In addition, son María Francisca Chávez married An- 31 Chaves County is named, married Nestor and wife, Josefa Yrisarri, sent tonio José Otero. They were parents of Dolores Perea and sent sons José their son Carlos who attended CBA Manuel Rito Otero (SLU, 1851-59) 32 Francisco (SLU, 1841-43) and Boni- in the 1860s. Ambrosio sent four sons and Adolfo Gregorio Otero (SLU, facio (SLU, 1850-53). and three daughters. Three of the sons 1867-69). and one daughter were children of María Dolores Chávez married Do- Ambrosio’s first wife, Maria Cande- Mercedes Chávez married Juan lores Perea’s brother, José Leandro Antonio Otero. They were parents of 33 laria Otero: Francisco Perfecto (SLU, Perea, the “sheep king of New Mexi- 1857-60); Jesús Benito (SLU, 1859- Vicente Otero (SLU, 1849-54) and co” and in his prime probably the rich- 63); Mariano de Jesús (SLU, 1862- Mariano Sabino Otero (SLU, early est man in New Mexico. Dolores and 63); and María Theresa (VA, 1869). A 1860s? see above). José Leandro sent 4 sons: Pedro (SLU, son and two daughters were children 1865-75), Jacobo (CBA, 1870, SLU, of his second wife, María Candelaria

12 Wagon Tracks August 2019 Political Impact of Luna (1881-85); Francisco Man- 10. Doyle Daves, “Las Vegas Transformed: St. Louis Educated Students zanares (1883-85); Mariano Sabino Military Occupation-1846 to 1851,” Wagon Otero (1879-81); Miguel Antonio Tracks, (33, No. 2, February 2019), 21. Some wealthy families retained and Otero (1855-61); 11. Don Bullis, New Mexico Historical consolidated their influence in New (1863-65); (1899-01); Biographies, 410. Mexico in many ways, including and (1877-79).39 12. Manuel G. Gallegos, The Hispanic Elite actively engaging in elective politics Thus, in the early territorial period, of the Southwest, (El Paso: The University of during the territorial period. The “Nuevoamericanos [native New Texas at El Paso, 1989), 11. principal offices of the territory— Mexicans] had filled thirteen of 13. Maurilio E. Vigil, The Hispanics of New governor, territorial secretary, major seventeen terms as congressional del- Mexico, Essays on History and Culture, 23. judicial positions—were appointive egates...” and “Throughout the entire 14. Maurilio E. Vigil, The Hispanics of New and went to men from eastern states. territorial period, Nuevoamericanos Mexico, Essays on History and Culture, Singular exceptions were Miguel comprised 72 percent of all council Chapter 4, “The Patron: Tyrant or Benevolent Leader?” 49-53. Antonio Otero, senior and junior. [territorial senate] members.”40 With Miguel, Sr. (SLU, 1841-46) was the end of the Santa Fe Trail era, 15. David V. Holtby, Forty-Seventh Star: New Mexico’s Struggle for Statehood, nominated by as the arrival of railroads in the 1880s Minister to Spain in 1861; Otero (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, and the coming of many new set- 2012), 133. turned down this nomination and tlers from eastern states, this political 16. Catalogs of St. Louis University, 1868- Lincoln then nominated him as ter- dominance eroded and greatly di- ritorial secretary for New Mexico; 76 (St. Louis: George Knapp & Company, minished the power and influence of 1868-1876), https://books.google.com/ the Senate failed to confirm Otero New Mexico’s elite families. books?id=oANHAQAAMAAJTPpg, because of his southern wife, born accessed April 2019. in South Carolina, and suspected Notes 17. Mary Jean Cook, “New Mexico Confederate leanings. Miguel Otero, Students Travel the Trail, 1832-1880,” 1. John Lynch, The Spanish American Revo- Jr. was appointed Territorial Gover- Wagon Tracks, (10, No. 4, November lutions, 1808-1826, (New York: The W. W. 1995), 9-15. See also Mary Penner, “New nor by President William McKinley Norton Company, 1973), 329. in 1897 and was re-appointed by Mexicans at St. Louis University 1842- 2. Maurilio E. Vigil, The Hispanics of New President Theodore Roosevelt. Otero 1877,” New Mexico Genealogist, 56, (No. 4, Mexico, Essays on History and Culture, December 2017), 184-185. served until 1906, becoming the (Levering, Michigan: Wyndham Hall Press, 18. Doyle Daves, “New Mexico School longest serving governor during the 1985), 16. territorial period.38 Girls on the Santa Fe Trail,” Wagon Tracks, 3. Lynn I. Perrigo, The First Century of Las (33, No. 3, May 2019), 15-20. Vegas, New Mexico, unpublished 19. Virginia Langham Olmstead, “New The most important elective of- manuscript, 45-46 (Available at Carnegie Mexico Spanish and Mexican Censuses, fice during New Mexico’s 60-year Library, Las Vegas, New Mexico). territorial period was Delegate to 1790, 1823, 1845," (Albuquerque: New 4. For a comprehensive review of education Mexico Genealogical Society, 1975), 141. Congress, representing territorial in New Mexico, see John B. Mondragon 20. F. Stanley, Ciudad Santa Fe, Mexican interests in the House of Representa- and Ernest S. Stapleton, Public Education in Rule, 1821-1846, 12. tives. During this period, nine native New Mexico, (Albuquerque: University of New Mexicans served a total of 26 New Mexico Press, 2005). 21. “Will, Nepomuceno Alarid, 1844,” 39 posted by Henrietta M. Christmas, years as delegate. Eight of them 5. Jacqueline Dorgan Meketa, Ed., Legacy of 1598nm.blogspot.com/2012/11/ had attended St. Louis University: Honor: the Life of Rafael Chacon, a nepomuceno-alarid-will-1844.html. José Francisco Cháves (service as Nineteenth Century New Mexican, (Las delegate,1865-71); Tranquilino Cruces: Yucca Tree Press, 2000). 22. Report by Paul Weideman, Santa Fe New Mexican, November 30, 2013. 6. Don Bullis, New Mexico Historical Biographies, (Los Ranchos, New Mexico, 23. Doyle Daves, “Damaso Lopez: He Rio Grande Books, 2011), 143. Traveled El Camino Real and the Santa Fe Trail,” Wagon Tracks, (29, No. 3, August, In Memoriam 7. During the Mexican period, 1821-1846, 2015), 26-30. the Mexican silver peso (8 reales) was Jose Manuel ( Joe) Lopez died equivalent to a U.S. dollar and much prized 24. Doyle Daves, “Francisca Lopez June 16, 2019, in Las Vegas, New in cash-starved Missouri. Kimball: Across the Santa Fe Trail to Missouri,” Wagon Tracks, (31, No. 2, Mexico at age 92. Joe was a won- 8. F. Stanley (Father Stanley Louis February, 2017), 16-20. derful storyteller; seven Wagon Crocciola), Cuidad Santa Fe, Mexican Rule, Tracks articles by Doyle Daves fo- 1821-1846, (Pampa, Texas: Pampa Print 25. Doyle Daves, “Trinidad Lopez: College cus wholly (4) or in part (3) on his Shop, 1962), 48. Boy on the Santa Fe Trail,” Wagon Tracks, (24, No. 2, February, 2010), 1, 16-19. Lopez and Bonney forebears. 9. Josiah Gregg, Commerce of the Prairies, (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 26. Doyle Daves, “James Bonney, Santa Fe 1954), 141. Trail Pioneer, New Mexico Settler (Was

August 2019 Wagon Tracks 13 He the Grandfather of Billy the Kid?),” SFTA Offers Additional Wagon Tracks, (23, No. 2, February, 2009), 9-12. Funding Option 27. Thomas E. Chavez, Manuel Alvarez 1794-1856: A Southwest Biography (Niwot: by Rich Lawson, Fundraising Chair University Press of Colorado, 1990). Q: Is the Las Vegas Challenge still 28. Otero, Mariano Sabino, “Hispanic Ruth, open? Americans in Congress,” https://history. house.gov/Exhibits -and-Publications/ I am a life member of the Santa Fe A: YES, it is still open, but for a HAIC/Hispanic-Americans-in- Trail Association and have been a Congress, accessed May 2019. short period. To qualify for the LVC, member for over 30 years. one needs to commit to give $1,000 29. Rev. J. R. (Randy) Campbell, “The Rev, a year for a five year period. Call me Jose Ynez Perea,” unpublished document, Wagon Tracks just keeps getting to take the challenge (660-238-4871) 2015; Doyle Daves, “Jose Ynez Perea: better and better. The articles are World Traveler, Las Vegas Religious or send your first $1,000 contribu- Leader,” La Crónica de Nuevo Mexico, (Issue scholarly, timely, and well-writ- tion check written to the Santa Fe 103, Fall 2015), 3. ten—you are doing a great job! Trail Association at our home office in Larned. 30. Marc Simmons, Murder on the Santa Fe Christopher Gordon’s article on Trail, an International Incident, 1843, (El Paso: University of Texas at El Paso Press, the 1844 flood in the May issue is Q: Can ten members of one of our 1987), 1-4. one of the most interesting I’ve ever chapters commit to $100 each for a read in Wagon Tracks. I’ve read his 31. Mariano Jose, for unknown reasons, five year period? chose to spell his name “Chaves” rather book, Fire, Pestilence, and Death: St. than the usual “Chávez”. Louis, 1849, and it is also excellent. A: We want to include everyone 32. Mark Thompson, “José Francisco in supporting the long-term needs Do you know if Christopher Gor- Cháves,” Office of the New Mexico State of the SFTA, so YES that is most Historian, newmexicohistory.org/people/ don plans to include or adapt his acceptable. Any SFTA chapter jose-francisco-chaves, accessed March article on the 1844 flood in a new that wishes to join the CHAPTER 2019. book? TRAIL BOOSTERS, please email 33. Don Bullis, New Mexico Historical me your list and I will coordinate Thanks and keep up the good work Biographies, 567. details with Linda Revello. Chap- —the SFTA can be very proud of 34. William H. Wroth, “Manuel Armijo,” ters adopting this commitment help Wagon Tracks! Office of the New Mexico State Historian, finance our goals to preserve, protect, newmexicohistory.org/people/manuel- and promote the Santa Fe National armijo, accessed March 2019. Tom Hall Arrow Rock, Missouri Historic Trail. The framed print will 35. Don Bullis, New Mexico Historical not be offered with this option. Biographies, 551-552. Ruth, 36. Marc Simmons, Murder on the Santa Fe Q: How am I and the fundraising Trail. I'm delighted to learn that your committee applying these funds? 37. “Don Antonio José Chaávez,” www. readers enjoyed my article on the santafetrail.org/pdf/Don-Antonio-Chavez. Great Flood of 1844. It was a A: Neither I nor the committee pdf, accessed March 2019. privilege to be published in Wagon control the funds raised. We prefer 38. Miguel Antonio Otero, My Nine Years Tracks and contribute, however the funds not be directed to any as Governor of the Territory of New Mexico, small, to the fascinating history single project (however, it’s your 1897-1906, (Albuquerque: University of of the Santa Fe Trail. In response choice), allowing the board members New Mexico Press, 1940). to the reader's kind words and of the SFTA to vote for the eventual 39. “Hispanic Americans in Congress,” questions, while there are many use of the funds. Our goal is to seek https://history.house.gov/Exhibits-and- interesting stories surrounding the the funds, by all means, to support Publications/HAIC/Hispanic-Americans- Flood of '44, I won't be publishing the work of the trail and to become a in-Congress, accessed May 2019. anything more on the subject in the self-sustaining organization. 40. Phillip B. Gonzales, “New Mexico near future. My time is already ded- Statehood and Political Inequality, The I will define in coming articles the icated to a book in progress which Case of Nuevomexicanos,” New Mexico different levels of personal gifting… is set in the same time period but Historical Review, (90, No. 1, Winter, everyone is included at some level of  focuses on a much different topic. 2005), 33. generosity.  Daves's article "New Mexico Daughters Warmest thanks and regards, Sent to School in St. Louis" appeared in Christopher Alan Gordon the May 2019 issue of Wagon Tracks.

14 Wagon Tracks August 2019 On June 8, the Santa Fe Trail As- Rock Creek Crossing Opened sociation and the Heart of the Flint Chapter hosted the first event at the Rock Creek Crossing Trail site. Larry Justice, SFTA President, welcomed Ceremony at Rock the attendees and served as master Creek Crossing with of ceremonies. Providing brief com- l. to r., Larry Short, ments about the project and the SFTA VP; Aaron importance of partnerships with pri- Mahr, Superinten- vate landowners such as Della Orton dent NPS-NTIR; was Aaron Mahr, Superintendent of Larry Justice, SFTA the National Trails Intermountain President; Della Or- Region. Joanne VanCoevern, SFTA ton, landowner; and Manager, provided a history of the Joanne VanCoevern, project and the funding provided by SFTA Manager. the National Park Foundation. Larry Short, project manager and Vice- President of SFTA, acknowledged all those involved with the project. Della Orton thanked attendees and expressed her vision for opening her property to allow others to experi- ence the prairie and the Santa Fe Trail.

Following the introduction of the Traveling Trail Troupe and the Cast of Characters from the Santa Fe Trail and the unveiling of the seven way- side exhibits that provide informa- tion about the site, attendees strolled the trail and visited the exhibits.  Walking the Santa Fe Trail at Rock Creek Crossing

Becknell Spinning Wheel Displayed at Festival of Quilts

The Clarksville Main Street Fes- tival of Quilts will be on Satur- day, October 5, at the Clarksville Presbyterian Church on Main Street in Clarksville, Texas. The event is held in conjunction with the fortieth annual Red River County Fall Bazaar and includes both historic and modern quilts. Clarksville and Red River County are the locations of the Wil- liam Becknell Cemetery and the

Photos: Suzanne Lowe Photos: Clarksville Cemetery where Mary Donoho, First Lady of the Santa This spinning wheel that once belonged Fe Trail, is buried. to the Becknell family was displayed in There is no admission charge for a local museum until its closing in 2018. Two barn quilts at the William Becknell the quilt exhibit where the spin- View this piece of history at the 2019 Fes- Cemetery are part of the "Historic Red River ning wheel will be on display. tival of Quilts on October 5. County Barn Quilt Trail." Pictured is Mari- on Lowe. Donations are accepted.

August 2019 Wagon Tracks 15 A Map of DAR Markers Across Kansas Located

By Steve Schmidt and Pat Traffas ence, November 1902, Mrs. Fannie and having put in considerable time Geiger Thompson, State Regent of the studying upon the Santa Fe Trail, I Introduction and Background Daughters of the American Revolu- believe I could do the work so as to be tion in Kansas, first proposed marking perfectly satisfactory to you.”8 The National Society Daughters of the Santa Fe Trail through Kansas the American Revolution, which be- because the trail was fast becoming The DAR voted to have the map gan in 1890, was incorporated in 1896 obliterated.2 At the Fifth State Con- made at once by Mr. Marsh for a cost by an Act of Congress. That same ference, held in October 1903, the not to exceed $10.00 because they year (1896) the Kansas Society DAR DAR voted to proceed with making thought he could “do the map tracing 9 formed, following the three objectives Mrs. Thompson’s proposal a reality3 as well as anyone we can secure.” of the National Society: 1) Historical (Mrs. Thompson then being deceased). Preservation; 2) Promotion of Edu- At the Sixth State Conference, held As soon as the fact that the Daughters cation; and 3) Encourage Patriotic in October 1904, little or no progress were going to mark the Old Santa Fe Endeavor. Energetic women’s clubs had been made “owing to the difficulty Trail in Kansas was known, they re- and groups (like the DAR) across the in getting a true map” of the Trail.4 ceived many letters telling of the route, country became advocates for projects from old settlers who had lived on the which would better their communi- In attempting to get a ‘true map,’ the famous highway, or had traveled over it; ties. As Kansas DAR ladies traveled State Historical Society and even from out of the State came to by train to attend National DAR both the Daughters and State Histori- meetings, they became aware of mark- had secured, besides the map of the Trail cal Society, suggestions for the route. The ing projects in the East, such as Brad- made by the Government in 1825- greatest diversity of opinion was discov- dock’s Road and other Revolutionary 27, the recently made map of the U.S. ered, especially as to the route west of the sites. They determined that marking Government, topographic maps, which great bend of the Arkansas [R]iver. The the Santa Fe Trail in Kansas would cover the route, and upon which it was fact that the counties in western Kansas further all objectives, and in 1902 supposed the Trail could be drawn with were very large when the last topographic they set forth to do just that. These sufficient minuteness to enable persons map was made by the Government, and forthright and determined women on the ground to find the Trail with that they had since been divided, thus lobbied the State Legislature for mon- comparative ease. The cost of drawing changing county and section lines, made ies to fund this expansive project. It of these maps had not been ascertained. the work all the harder. was determined that hand-engraved “However,” said Miss [Zu] Adams Mr. Roy Marsh, to whom the task of Oklahoma red granite markers would [member of the DAR’s Committee making a map of the Trail was given, be placed at regular intervals along the for marking the Old Trail, and Librar- was finally successful. A letter from Miss Santa Fe Trail on both the Mountain ian of the State Historical Society], “it must be borne in mind that the old Adams to Mrs. Stanley dated January and Cimarron routes. rd settler will be the best help, --- the intel- 3 , 1905, the week following the com- One such marker, located on Steve ligent old settler, who will not confuse mittee meeting in Topeka, at which only and Glenda Schmidt’s property in the ancient Trail with some road of the four were present, will be of interest. Marion County, Kansas, is on the [Eighteen] Fifties.5 Dear Mrs. Stanley: Your telegram Santa Fe Trail at the site of French was received with regrets by the Santa Frank’s Road Ranche at the Cot- Further efforts to obtain a “true map” Fe Trail Committee, both because of tonwood Holes. Researching the his- involved the following. your absence and its cause. tory of that marker has led to some Under date of October 18, 1904, the interesting information related to the following letter from Mr. Roy Marsh,6 Mr. Roy D. Marsh had left the Trail marking project itself. The authors of Topeka, to the State Regent [of the map with me for the Committee’s draw heavily on Mrs. T. A. Cordry’s DAR], Mrs. Stanley, was written: examination. It is completed as far as wonderful book The Story of the Mark- possible, with the tracing on one sheet ing of the Santa Fe Trail by the Daugh- “A few days since, Miss Zu Adams, of the topographic sheets, and the let- ters of the American Revolution and the 7 1 through Mr. Root , requested me to tering of the variations of the routes State of Kansas wherein she presents submit and offer to you in the matter to show whether the lines follow the the history of the placement of those of tracing the Santa Fe Trail upon survey of 1825, or the U. S. Survey of markers throughout Kansas. certain topographic maps covering Kansas in the ‘60s. the counties of Kansas through which As Mrs. Cordry notes in her book, the Trail passed. I have examined I have now secured the lacking topo- at the DAR’s Fourth State Confer- the data shown me by Mr. Root, graphic map, and Mr. Marsh will

16 Wagon Tracks August 2019 complete the map as far as the topo- with Shirley Coupal, then State Re- quarters of the railroad). No roads or graphic sheets are published by the gent of the DAR. Her assistance was railroads are shown on the map. Only Geological Survey, within a week. solicited in locating the “Marsh map the Santa Fe Trail and DAR markers The map, as he has drawn it, does or maps,” and Ms. Coupal initiated on both the Santa Fe Trail and the not include the Trail south of the Ar- a search of the DAR archives—but Oregon Trail are shown, along with kansas, except through Gray county; again with no success. Ms. Coupal township-range-section lines, major because the topographic maps for that apparently enjoys a good mystery, so streams, schools, county boundaries, part of Kansas were not completed she continued the search, soliciting and towns. The map is expertly drawn two months ago, and may not be for the help of Pat Traffas of the DAR and professionally hand lettered (some some time to come, but I have writ- to aid in the project. Although the of the larger lettering may be done ten again for them. Mr. Marsh can 1905 Marsh topographic maps have with templates), and not only are the complete his work by next week, and not been located, Ms. Traffas did find townships, ranges, and sections la- charges at the rate of fifteen cents an maps at the KSHS11 that may be based beled, but also the section line offsets hour, amounting to $7.50. He says on the Marsh maps of 1905. at Standard Parallels are shown. Why he has drawn off the remainder of the such a map would be produced by the Trail rudely and will trace it on the The five maps found by Ms. Traffas, AT&SF Ry. Co. is a complete mystery, topographic maps when they are pub- we believe, were once one continuous as the majority of it would serve no lished, and asks nothing additional. map. Those five maps were digitally apparent purpose for the railroad. scanned, and through the courtesy of Prof. Hodder, a member of the Histor- Ms. Traffas, and the Kansas State His- A dot within a small circle denotes the ical Society’s Santa Fe Trail Commit- torical Society, those scans are made location of trail markers. However, tee, carefully examined Mr. Marsh’s available on the Santa Fe Trail Asso- not all such locations are DAR mark- work a month ago, considered his ciation (SFTA) web site. In addition, ers. For example, the dot and circle at methods correct, and gave the map his Mr. Richard Hayden of McPherson, Lost Spring in Marion County is the indorsement [sic]. When Mr. Marsh Kansas, has electronically spliced those Marion County Old Settlers marker, has completed the lettering and the scans together to form one continuous not a DAR marker. In addition, the Kinsley sheets, I will ask him to make map, a digital copy of which is also location of other markers is noted out his bill and send it to you. Mr. available on the SFTA web site. To on several sheets in faint handwrit- James R. Mead seemed to approve the view these maps, see the last six bul- ing, apparently added after the map map, though the fact that it was not lets of the list at www.santafetrail.org/ was drawn (for example, on Sheet 5 lettered bothered him somewhat.10 mapping-marking/markers/dar/ at various places along the Arkansas [The letter continues, but is not in- River). In some cases the inscription cluded here.] Comments and Observations on the markers is noted on the draw- ing (for example, Black Jack and Sora The Maps We offer the following comments Kansas Creek). about the map, comments that may These references to a map or maps of require revision if additional informa- The location of markers shown on the Santa Fe Trail across Kansas be- tion is acquired. The map, in general the map is not always precise. For ing prepared in 1905 and being based terms, would be classified as a “sec- example, on Sheet 2 southwest of on Geological Survey topographic tional map” typical of the early 1900s. Durham several miles, there is a maps are intriguing. It is curious as to circled dot next to the schoolhouse why such emphasis was placed on the Although the map is not dated, avail- labeled SD102 (School District 102). topographic maps while the General able information indicates that much That DAR marker has always been Land Office (GLO) maps were not of it was produced by the Atchison, located ½-mile north of where it is specifically mentioned (although they Topeka and Santa Fe Railway Com- shown; that DAR marker is actually may have been alluded to in Reference pany (AT&SF Ry.Co.), and perhaps located on the east-west half-section 10). Also, see additional discussion in it was later annotated in faint let- line of Section 4 at French Frank’s Reference 10. tering in conjunction with a survey Trail Segment of the Santa Fe Trail. performed by the Kansas Highway The location of school SD102 is On various occasions, Steve Schmidt Department in 1938 of the locations 12 correctly shown; it was originally SD attempted to locate the map or maps of DAR markers across Kansas. The 103 (Wasemiller School). However, at the Kansas State Historical So- map was produced by or for the Of- in 1913, SD102 (Waldeck School) ciety’s (KSHS) Research Library in fice of the Valuation Engineer of the was combined with SD103 and Topeka, but without success. Through Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Rail- became SD102-103. Thereafter it the DAR’s recently completed effort way Company, Topeka, Kansas (To- was commonly known as SD102 to refurbish the DAR markers in Kan- peka then being the corporate head- Waldeck School as shown on the sas, Mr. Schmidt became acquainted

August 2019 Wagon Tracks 17 Sheet 5 focuses on the Mountain Route, which is shown discontinuous in places. A portion of the Cimarron Route is shown by a dashed line in Grant County running northeast- ward from the vicinity of Wagon Bed Spring. Otherwise, none of the Cimarron Route is shown, although some locations of makers along the Cimarron Route are noted by faint handwritten notes apparently added Figure 1. seg- after the majority of the map was ment of map drawn. A marker on the “Old Ft. from Cotton- Aubrey Trail” is shown in Hamilton wood Crossing County. Also near the upper left of to French Frank's Map 5, west of Medway, is a note Trail segment “May be the site of Pretty Encamp- ment.”17

The reader may see other items of in- terest on the map in areas with which the reader is familiar. The reader is west of where it is shown on the map). map. See Figure 1. above. The “Hotel” encouraged to send any observations, 15 labeled on Figure 1, and the location comments, or corrections to the Santa of the Santa Fe Trail in the vicinity of The map correctly shows the location Fe Trail Association, to the attention Cottonwood Crossing, coincide with of the Santa Fe Trail coinciding with of the authors. the 1857 GLO survey plat. the 1857 General Land Office (GLO) Conclusions land survey plat and notes in the vi- Whoever drew the map, or whoever cinity of Lost Springs, Kansas, (which supplied the information for the per- Could the basic map information is very unusual). Neither the Maps son who drew the map, clearly knew pertaining to the location of the Santa of the Santa Fe Trail nor the National their Santa Fe Trail history. There is Fe Trail be based on the 1905 Marsh Park Service’s Map Supplement cor- a considerable amount of information map or maps? Yes, certain features of rectly shows the location of the Santa on the map from the Sibley Survey of the map suggest that perhaps. Fe Trail in that area. However, the 1825-27. The names of streams and Lost Spring labeled on the map is the The location of the Santa Fe Trail is place names shown in parentheses on spring associated with Jack Costello’s shown with respect to sections of land the map are from the Sibley Survey’s 13 Lost Spring Station, and is not the in sufficient detail “to enable persons so-called “fieldbook” (for example Lost Spring noted on the 1857 GLO on the ground to find the Trail with “Caravan Cr.” and “Caravan Grove” survey plat and survey notes. The comparative ease.”18 The discontinu- near Olathe). The label of “Rock original Lost Spring “known to all ous sections of the Santa Fe Trail west Point” for Pawnee Rock is also from 14 Santa Fe Trail traders” is in Section of Great Bend suggests “diversity of the Sibley Survey. However, the 16 at the top or northern end of the opinion” on the location of the trail, map incorrectly shows the “Gravel “loop” in the trail.16 “especially as to the route west of the Rocks” (the caches) of the Sibley Sur- great bend of the Arkansas [R]iver.”19 vey southwest of Ft. Dodge instead On Sheet 3, southwest of Great Bend, The map is “traced on one sheet”20 at the correct location west of Dodge discontinuous portions of the “wet (now cut, we believe, into 5 sheets) City. In faint dashed lines, the route route” and the “dry route” are shown. showing townships, ranges, and sec- of the Sibley Survey is correctly shown Of interest is the delineation of the Ft. tions (‘topographic sheets’?). There crossing the Arkansas River east of Larned Military Reservation. is “lettering of the variations of the Holcomb, thence proceeding west routes to show whether the lines fol- along the south bank of the Arkansas On Sheet 4, none of the Cimarron low the survey of 1825 [Sibley Sur- River, and thence south to intersect Route is shown (either from the Low- vey], or the U. S. Survey of Kansas the Cimarron Route of the Santa Fe er Crossing near Ford or the Middle in the ‘60s [GLO surveys?].”21 “The Trail at Wagon Bed Spring (although Crossing near Cimarron) except for map…does not include the Trail south the north-south segment of the Sibley a dashed line in Haskell County near of the Arkansas except through Gray Survey between Bear Creek Pass and the left side of the map. County;”22 the maps found by Ms. Wagon Bed Spring should be a mile

18 Wagon Tracks August 2019 Traffas do not show the Trail south Hodder, Lawrence; the Hon. J. D. Milliken, December 10, 2012. of the Arkansas River in Gray county, McPherson; the Hon. J. R. Mead, Wichita; 13. Schmidt, L. Stephen, and Hayden, but do show portions of the Trail in and the Hon. R. M. Wright, Fort Dodge. Richard E.; The Survey and Maps of the Sibley Grant and Haskell counties. 6. In the Personal Acknowledgments on Expedition, 1825, 1826 & 1827; Appendix A; page x of the book The Overland Stage to August 2011; available at www.santafetrail. The title of the map strongly suggests California by Frank A. Root and William org/about-us/scholarly-research/sibley- its origin: Map of the Santa Fe Trail Elsey Connelley (1901, published by the survey/index.html accessed 04 August 2018. authors and printed by W.Y. Morgan, 14. Schmidt, Appendix G. Across Kansas, Showing location of Topeka, Kansas), the authors say of Roy D. markers set by the Daughters of the Marsh: “We feel somewhat proud of the map 15. Ibid. American Revolution and the State that accompanies this book, and we believe 16. Brosemer, Steven G.; Wagon Tracks; Vol. of Kansas. That phraseology is rather all our readers will, for it is the first and 27, No. 2, February 2013, 11. See also Lost unique to the 1905 efforts of the only complete one ever made of the great Spring, Marion County , Kansas, A Historical DAR. overland stage route, which was practically Perspective by L. Stephen (Steve) Schmidt the only thoroughfare across the western half (published by the author), third printing, If the reader has any information that of the continent in the early ‘60’s. The map June 2017, available on the Santa Fe Trail may shed light on the origin of this is an excellent piece of drawing, executed by Association web-site at www.santafetrail. Mr. ROY D. MARSH, a young man born in org/publications/new-research/sfta-lost- map, please contact the Santa Fe Trail Kansas and now a citizen of Topeka. At odd spring.html accessed 14 March 2019. Association, attention of the authors. hours, it required weeks of labor.” The book 17. Garrard, Lewis H.; Wah-To-Yah and the may be accessed at www.usgennet.org/usa/ Taos Trail; University of Oklahoma Press; One final curiosity: After all of the ne/topic/resources/OLLibrary/OLStage/ New Edition 1955; 38. DAR’s time, trouble, expense, and ef- and the map at www.kansasmemory.org/ fort to create a “true map’ of the Santa item/209292, both accessed 04 August 18. Cordry, 23. Fe Trail across Kansas for use in locat- 2018. Note, on the map the Santa Fe Trail is 19. Cordry, 39. shown incorrectly in many places; the Smoky ing the DAR markers, why, in 1915, 20. Cordry, 40. Hill Trail is shown with station names. did the DAR use the “Map of the 21. Ibid. The map appears to correspond to 7. Most likely George A. Root, Curator of Old Santa Fe Trail compiled for Col. the GLO locations of the Trail in Marion 23 Archives for the Kansas State Historical Henry Inman 1896” for the fold-out and McPherson counties, Kansas. Society from 1891 to 1947. Among other map of the Santa Fe Trail in Refer- things, he produced maps of Kansas trails, 22. Ibid. ence 1, The Story of the Marking of the roads, and stagecoach routes. See www. 23. The map, dated 1896, appears in The Santa Fe Trail by the Daughters of the kshs.org/p/george-a-root-collection/14111 Old Santa Fe Trail, The Story of a Great American Revolution in Kansas and the accessed 04 August 2018. George A. Root Highway by Colonel Henry Inman, in the State of Kansas? One possible answer was the son of Frank A. Root. First Edition published by Macmillan in is “expediency and cost,” as Crane 8. Cordry, 24. 1897. Crane and Company also published the book in 1916. www.abebooks.com/book- and Company published Inman’s 9. Ibid. book in 1916 and the DAR’s book in search/title/santa-fe/author/inman/first- 10. Cordry, 39-40. The GLO surveys were edition/ accessed 23 February 2019. That 1915. Interestingly enough, Roy D. completed in the 1870s in southwest Kansas. map, used in the Cordry’s book, Marking the Marsh was a compositor (type setter) A cursory search of Historic Topographic Santa Fe Trail which was published in 1915, 24 at Crane and Company, but it is not Maps at https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/topoview/ has a note saying, “furnished by the courtesy known if he was employed by Crane ewer/#11/37.8824/-101.2641 accessed 04 of the publishers, Crane & Company, and Company at the time he produced August 2018 indicates some topographic Topeka, Kansas.” maps were completed in and prior to 1900, the maps for the DAR. 24. Topeka Daily Capital, September 24, but others not until much later. The few 1913.  old topographic maps that were accessed Notes and References (certainly not an exhaustive search) did not 1. Cordry, Mrs. T.A., Historian, Kansas show the Santa Fe Trail. Steve Schmidt has received the title of DAR; The Story of the Marking of the Santa 11. Kansas State Historical Society, SFTA Ambassador and is the property Fe Trail by the Daughters of the American Research Library; Call No. P5-F2 (Oversize owner of French Frank’s Road Ranche at Revolution in Kansas and the State of Kansas; Folder, 5 Maps); dated 1938. Based on Steve (Crane & Company, Printers, Topeka, Schmidt’s experiences when working for the Cottonwood Holes. Pat Traffas is a Kansas; 1915). the AT&SF Ry. Co. in the early 1970s, the member of the SFTA Board of Directors, and DAR Honorary State Regent of 2. Cordry, 15 map (now in five sections) was no doubt originally one continuous map. It was not KS and Vice President General of the 3. Cordry, 21 uncommon to have maps 24 inches wide and National Society. 4. Ibid. 10 to 15 feet (or more) long in the Division 5. Cordry, 23. The reader may be interested Engineer’s Office in Newton, Kansas. to know that the DAR’s Committee worked 12. Kansas State Historical Society, closely with the State Historical Committee Research Library; Catalog Listing Call No. consisting of Mrs. Caroline (Noble L.) P5- F2. Also, Steve Schmidt’s personal Prentis, Topeka; Professor Frank H. e-mail correspondence with Shirley Coupal,

August 2019 Wagon Tracks 19 Santa Fe Trail Youth Experience a Trip of Firsts

By Janet Armstead, Junior Wagon Master Director On the next lonely stretch, we counted antelope, deserted houses, and vehicles we met. The students were amazed at The 19th trip of the Santa Fe Trail Youth from North Cen- the results. We also got our first sight of Wagon Mound and tral Kansas was one of firsts. From little things to big things, the mountains in the distance. First stop on Day Four was we encountered many first experiences. at Faye Gaines’s Point of Rocks. Faye told us stories and gave us goodies. Then we proceeded to the mayor’s office at Wagon Masters Janet Armstead and Chris Day spent eleven Wagon Mound. After a warm welcome from the deputy months planning this train’s course. The 56 fifth and sixth clerk and mayor, we proceeded to the cemeteries to do stone graders with 20 teacher chaperones “caught up” their train rubbings. on Sunday, May 26th, heading to Council Grove. The first stop was our first encounter with SFTA comrades, who gave Here comes another first. As we set up the lunch prepara- sustenance, advice, and knowledge along the trail. Nancy tions, it was obvious a big storm was brewing. We decided to Zirkel at the Kaw Mission visited with the youth about the send the kids, in small groups, to and from the food line as Kaw and the settling of Council Grove. We proceeded to quickly as possible, eating on the bus. Just as we got the last Lost Spring Site where we were met by my cousins, Glenn of the kids on the bus, threw the lunch stuff in the back of and Marsha Shields. Two buses, two vans, and the largest the U-Haul, and loaded the last of the adults, a huge bolt of U-Haul made, comprised our caravan. We traveled on to lightning hit the top of Wagon Mound. And then it poured. the Father Padilla Cross/Cow Creek Crossing and were met We ate lunch, high and dry in our snug modern wagons, in by Carolyn Kern at Ralph’s Ruts. We camped for the night between two historic cemeteries. —in a big lodge—as there were two big thunderstorms that night. We were the first group to spend the night at Fort Union National Monument. The rangers, in period costume, Day Two started our series of firsts. Upon checking with the showed a historical film, gave lessons, demonstrations, and day’s stops, we discovered that due to high water the train tours. As a quick storm came up, all left the field for the would be unable to reach Ft. Larned. Reading stories at visitor’s center. We sang trail songs for 20 minutes and then Pawnee Rock was followed by a stop at the Santa Fe Trail went out to the most beautiful night sky that many had ever Center. We were pleased to tour their new exhibits and to seen. Taps were sounded at 10 p.m. Another first: it was so meet Ranger Celeste Dixon who took time from her day cold that night that there was frost on the tents the next off to meet and tell us about Fort Larned, so the students morning. could still earn their Jr. Ranger Badge. Moving further into the shortgrass prairie, we arrived at the Dodge City Ruts, Pecos National Historic Park was the start of Day Five. Af- where we were met by Bill and Susan Bunyan and Linda ter earning their Junior Ranger badges and patches, it was on Peters with water and cookies. As the students traveled, they to Santa Fe. The students did not take a lot of goods into the worked on their Jr. Wagon Master booklets and scavenger plaza, but they did their best to take as much from the area hunts. No modern thing-a-ma-jigs are allowed on this train. as possible. Another first: we were hailed upon as we gath- The day ended at the Morton County Historical Museum, ered for our group photo on the plaza. Supper that night was where Myrna Barnes, Becky Ellis, and their crew fed the pizza, thanks to Joy Poole and the End of the Trail Chapter. group a fantastic meal of homemade chicken and noodles. Another night was spent indoors as storms were expected. Day six found the travelers spending a half day at Bandelier

Day Three started at the stunning Point of Rocks, where we all yelled “We remember you, John Goose,” as directed by Marc Simmons at an SFTA Symposium years ago. Ranger Sheri Butler met us as Middle Springs and Dan and Carol Sharp met us at Autograph Rock. The students enjoyed seeing the names on the rock and the weapons which would have been used on the trail. Dave Hutchison then escorted us to McNees Crossing where we met the site land owners. We sang some of our trail songs right there at the crossing. On this stretch we got our first sight of Rabbit Ears, which verified we were on the right path. Detouring a bit, we visited the Dinosaur Tracks at Clayton Lake before settling for the night, again indoors, at Clayton. We climbed ladders at Bandelier National Monument.

20 Wagon Tracks August 2019 National Monument and half at historic sites, finishing up their Western Terminus portion of the Junior Wagon Mas- ter Program. They visited the Santa Fe National Cemetery, Loretto Chapel, San Miguel, and the plaza. Swimming rounded off the day.

Understanding the three cultures highlighted Day Seven as we visited El Santuario de Chimayo and El Rancho de las Golondrinas. All attending enjoyed making arts, crafts, and tortillas. We learned how to card wool and how to dance. Again, we spent time in the pavilion as a storm blew over. The end of this day found us heading north to Raton, once again staying in for the night due to potential storms.

Tales and songs of Uncle Dick Wooten started Day Eight as we traveled to Capulin Volcano National Monument, another trail landmark. Once again, the rangers helped us obtain the Junior Ranger badges and patches. This was one of the favorite stops for the youth along the trail. One of our student’s grandparents’ ranch could be seen from the rim. Then it was up and over the pass. Day Eight was highlighted by a stop at the Stonewall Cemetery, and then another first. Thanks to Dotti Russell, connections were made to visit the Bar N I Ranch. What a beautiful setting! Not only is the ranch one of the most beautiful areas of Colorado, it also holds the home place of Marion Russell. A highlight John Carson weaves a story at Bent's Old Fort. for Chris Day was getting a picture next to the remaining chimney from Marion’s old ranch house. Our thanks to Joel Day 10 found us heading back to Kansas with travel time and Jeni Dunlap for the wonderful visit and the cookies and to reflect on all we had done and seen. The students realized lemonade. This is the first time we’ve seen the Spanish Peaks just how blessed they were to be riding in air-conditioned still loaded with snow, and the first time we traveled through buses and to have had warm, dry sleeping places, well, with snow and sleet. We stayed in at Walsenburg this night. the exception of very cold Ft. Union. On this trip the stu- dents earned three Junior Wagon Master patches, two NPS Day Nine began with drawing an antelope migration—a badges and patches, and five NPS badges. Chris and I are fun game on the bus. A wonderful morning was spent at very thankful for all of the SFTA people and places that Bent’s Old Fort where the group again earned not only helped us - the bolded names and places - make this trip so their Bent’s Fort Junior Ranger Badge, but their NPS Santa meaningful for our youth. We hope we have one more trip Fe Trail Badge as well. They had saved their money for left in us. That trip would be in 2021 - a monumental year authentic-looking trail merchandise, books, and raspberry for our beloved trail.  candies. We just about bought out the bookstore. Next stop was a visit to Larry Bourne and company at Boggsville. What the students had learned about the three cultures re- ally came together here. On to Lamar where we made camp and jumped in the pool—until the lightning alarm went off. Oh well, a little time was better than no time. Pat Palmer and the Bent’s Fort Chapter once again met us and grilled burgers and hot dogs. We sang for our supper and, oh, it tasted so good. They also had a wonderful cake made. Fol- lowing supper, another SFTA member joined us and spoke to the group about his great-grandpa. John Carson held the students spellbound. John complimented the kids for their attention and good questions. Once again, the weather looked “iffy”, so we spent our last night indoors. So for the first time, we only camped out once, but what a great place for that one time. Yes, we did! Cake was provided by Bent's Fort Chapter.

August 2019 Wagon Tracks 21 Welcome to the Old Courthouse in St. Louis

The Old Courthouse in St. Louis is part of the Gateway Arch National Park and within a stroll’s distance from the Arch.

New exhibit galleries have just opened at the Old Courthouse which cover the history of early St. Louis and its role in the westward expan- sion of the United States. The galler- ies feature many of the most popular artifacts and stories from the Muse- um of Westward Expansion while it is being renovated over the next two years. The three brand-new exhibits begin with the story of the settle- ment of Early St. Louis (1764-1804),

depicting the unique lifestyle of the NPS Photo: original French residents and their American Indian trading partners. The Old Courthouse from Luther Ely Smith Square The second gallery, called Exploring the West (1804-1840), tells the story Underground Railroad. The phenom- of the Lewis and Clark expedition, Read more about the Old Court- enon popularly known as the Under- the American period of the fur trade house architecture and history at ground Railroad has been broadly and the mountainmen. The third www.nps.gov/jeff/planyourvisit/och. defined by the National Park Service gallery is entitled Clash of Cultures htm as the "historic resistance to enslave- (1840-1890), and describes the way ment through escape and flight." The Text courtesy of National Park of life of plains Indian tribes, the pio- Old Courthouse is linked with the Service.  neer movement and settlement of the story of the Underground Railroad, far west, and the treatment of Ameri- and with that of slavery, as a prop- can Indians from the reservation era erty associated with legal challenges to today. to slavery. It was a public forum as The Old Courthouse was the site of well as a courthouse. Slaves were the first two trials of the pivotal Dred auctioned from its steps in estate Scott case in 1847 and 1850. It was settlements, while one man's suit for also where Virginia Minor's case for freedom helped plunge the country a woman's right to vote came to trial into Civil War. The Old Courthouse in the 1870s. You may tour this his- was the site of hundreds of suits for toric structure, and visit the restored freedom, but one gained notoriety. courtrooms to learn more about the In 1847, Dred Scott, with his wife 19th century judicial system. Harriet, sued for, and were granted, their freedom. After many appeals, St. Louis' Old Courthouse is listed in the case was decided upon by the the National Park Service's National Supreme Court. The decision stated Underground Railroad Network To that slaves were property, and as such, Freedom. The Network to Freedom had no right to sue. The Dred Scott recognizes sites, programs, and facili- Decision hastened the start of the ties with verifiable associations to the Civil War.

Meet me in St. Louis in September

22 Wagon Tracks August 2019 Hiram Young: Black Entrepreneur on the Santa Fe Trail by William P. O’Brien ing and transportation-related indus- owned a four-horsepower steam en- tries boomed in Independence and the gine; few other businesses in Indepen- [This article first appeared in the No- surrounding area; eleven wagon and dence boasted such technology. Seven vember 1989 issue, Vol. 4, No.1, issue of carriage makers were located in Jack- forges operated in the shop. Young Wagon Tracks. It is online at www. son County in 1850.1 stockpiled thousands of board feet santafetrail.org, "The Trail" tab, "Best of of lumber at his wagon factory, along Wagon Tracks." Mr. O'Brien updated Little other than legend can be found with 200 tons of iron, 5,000 pounds the article in 2019 for this issue.] regarding Young’s life prior to his of charcoal, and 3,000 pounds of coal. move to Independence in1850. It The 1860 census officials noted 300 If one word describes the American was said that he purchased his wife’s completed wagons and 6,000 yokes, West and its history, that word is di- freedom before he purchased his own. the wagons being valued at $48,000 versity. It applies not only to its envi- Under the law of the day, any children and the yokes at $13,500. ronment, but its people as well. Hiram born to the couple took the status of Young, a free Afro-American wagon the mother. This manipulation of the As a Black entrepreneur, Young manufacturer involved in the Santa legal system was not without prec- proudly identified his products; he Fe trade, resided, and worked in the edent; slave Frank McWhorter of Pu- branded his wagons with “Hiram region of the Missouri-Kansas border laski County, Kentucky, purchased the Young and Company” and added from 1850-1881. His life and career freedom of his wife Lucy before secur- the initials of the purchaser. They testify to the rich and vital ethnic di- ing his own for precisely that reason were readily identifiable and gener- versity that made the American West in 1817. Young may have used the ally known as ‘Hiram Young” wagons. a place of particularly new and excit- existing legal framework to insure the Built for the Santa Fe trade, they ing possibilities in the 19th century. free status of any children born to him were capable of hauling 6,000 pounds and were built for oxen drayage with Hiram Young’s transition from slave and Matilda. The Youngs’ entry in the generally six teams of yoked oxen to to wealthy, free entrepreneur began in 1850 census listed a six-month-old a wagon. The tire tread was about 2½ Tennessee about 1812; the exact date female child named Amanda. Matilda inches wide. Each wagon was fitted of his birth is unknown. It is said that Young’s status as a free woman might with provision boxes.3 he purchased his freedom and that also have enabled her to assist her slave husband in his business dealings, of his wife by making and selling ox Young’s wagon factory was one of the yokes. although there is no evidence that this actually occurred.2 largest industries in Jackson County in 1860. It was by far the largest Young and his wife moved to the Mis- such concern in Independence. His souri border town of Independence in In the 1850 census Young was listed capital investment in the business was 1850, plying the trade of carpenter. It as a man with a specific trade; he was listed in the 1860 census as between proved to be a smart move. Indepen- not listed as mulatto or Black. No list- $30,000 and $35,000. In addition, dence, county seat of Jackson County, ing of personal wealth was noted. By Young owned $36,000 worth of real was the economic center of the Santa 1851, according to his own testimony, property, $20,000 of person property, Fe trade on the western Missouri he had set himself up in the “manufac- and three slaves of his own. Both border. The 1,500 or so citizens of the tory of yokes and wagons—principally white and black men worked for town also catered to emigrants travel- freight wagons for hauling govt freight Young, but the exact numbers and ra- ing to Oregon and California. across the plains.” He identified his principal customers as government tio are unknown. He boarded an Irish Due to the lobbying efforts of attor- freight contractors. immigrant in his home. He contracted ney and geopolitician William Gilpin, for additional slave labor from sur- Independence was designated a port Incredible financial success came to rounding slave owners and had busi- of entry for the Santa Fe trade in the his business. By 1860 he was turn- ness dealings with some of the larger late 1840s. Interests in the town also ing out thousands of ox yokes and slave speculators in Jackson County. controlled the first regular federal mail between 800 and 900 wagons a year. Hiram Young, free Afro-American contracts to the far West, beginning He employed between 50 and 60 men businessman, was one of the most suc- with Waldo, Hall and Co. in 1850. at his shop on Liberty Street and on cessful entrepreneurs in Independence 4 In 1849 a corporation of citizens had his 480-acre farm six miles east of In- in the decade prior to the Civil War. established a mule-drawn railroad dependence in the Little Blue Valley. Young was one of the wealthiest men to one of the two river landings that In his shop in Independence Young in Jackson County in 1860. Accord- served the town. Wagon manufactur- employed approximately 20 men and maintained a substantial payroll. He ing to James W. Gilbert’s calculations,

August 2019 Wagon Tracks 23 in his 1973 study of free Blacks in on William McCoy, a local politician S. Crysler from Auburn, New York, Missouri, Young was 56 times more and businessman, to act as his busi- worked the case with the legal firm wealthy than the average citizen of ness agent. McCoy, originally from of George A. and William B. King the county. Young described himself Chillicothe, Ohio, had migrated with of Washington, D.C., for ten years, in a later court case as “a colored man his brothers to Independence in 1839. filing claims and supporting congres- of means.” He advertised in the local Upon the town’s incorporation as a sional bills for the relief of Young’s papers, noting in bold type his trade as municipality separate from the county heirs. In 1894 Crysler failed to post a “Manufacturer of Wagons, Ox Yokes court in 1849, McCoy was its first bond and the Independence public and Bows.” According to at least one mayor.8 administrator James Seahorn took of his advertisements, Young also sup- the case. Seahorn saw the petition plied emigrants with needed items Independence and Jackson County, through various committees and took “at the shortest notice.” He was well originally settled by pioneers from additional testimony until 1907 when known and respected by those familiar Kentucky, Tennessee, and Virginia, the Court of Claims found no merit with freighting in the West.5 was a hotbed of secessionist senti- in the case.10 ment. Fearing for his life, Young fled Henry Inman made reference to with his family to Fort Leavenworth, Hiram Young was representative of Young in his 1897 reminiscences, Kansas, in the early 1860s where he the diversity of the American west- commenting on his success and noted continued his business. In 1868 he ward movement. He struggled out that “One of the largest manufacturers returned to Independence. The war from under slavery, traveled west, and and most enterprising young men in had disrupted the economy and the achieved financial security and human Independence at that time was Hi- establishment of rail service signaled dignity. He took additional steps, pro- ram Young, a coloured man.” Inman the end of Trail commerce. viding for the education of his daugh- noted that, in addition to hundreds ter at Oberlin College. He achieved a of wagons, Young made about 50,000 Young found his farm and business belated middle-class status from the ox yokes a year and virtually monopo- sacked as a result of the war. Undaunt- Independence community; upon his lized that particular commodity. Ac- ed, he opened a planing mill at his death he was buried in the white sec- cording to Inman, forward yokes sold old place of business. By 1880 Young tion of the local cemetery. He was ac- for $1.25 and wheel yokes for $2.25 in had capitalized his new business at corded a sort of legendary status upon the 1850s. James Thomas, a free Afro- $10,800. He had eight employees the renaming of the local black school American businessman of St. Louis, working an average of ten hours a day. (originally named for Frederick Dou- noted in his autobiography that Young He paid skilled laborers $2.00 an hour glass) in his honor. Young’s daughter, employed both black and white men and unskilled workers $1.00. His busi- Amanda Jane Young Brown, served as and that “many would have like[d] to ness had an annual payroll of $60,000. principal of Young School for a brief have had a finger in his business, but His shop contained six gangs of saws, period.11 all such he kept off from.”6 five circular saws, one handsaw, a boiler, and a 12-horsepower engine. Through careful observation and raw Young might have been a unique curi- The shop also contained thousands of courage, free Afro-Americans like osity had he been alone in his success board feet of lumber. Census officials Young worked for their portion of the in Jackson County, but he was not. He listed the total value of the business at western American dream, rescuing was more successful than most people $14,000, and the total product value at what they could from the American in Jackson County in 1860, black or $12,000.9 nightmare of slavery. Their story and white, but 15% of the 70 free Afro- the stories of other ethnic groups Americans in the county had $1,000 In 1879 Young began proceedings underscores that rich and important or more in that year. Although these against the government of the United diversity which makes up the real his- figures do not begin to compare with States for damages to his property tory of the American West, including Young’s wealth, they show that the as a result of the war in the amount the Santa Fe Trail. region was one in which free blacks of $19,300. Later the claim was in- stood some chance of economic suc- creased to $22,100 and included 40 NOTES cess. At present nothing more is head of beef cattle, valued at $2,800, known of this Afro-American com- 37 wagons valued at $9,250, and 7,000 1. Estate of Hiram Young, Deceased vs. The munity in Jackson County, its occupa- bushels of corn valued at $10,050. United States (No. 7320 Cong.), National 7 Those items were allegedly taken by Archives, hereafter cited as Young vs. U.S.; tions, or status in general. Affidavit of Hiram Young, 1881, hereafter U.S. troops stationed in the area dur- AHY 1881; Population of the United States Somehow Young continued to prosper ing 1862 and 1863. Young died intes- in 1850: Seventh Census (Abstracted by during the years of border warfare tate in 1882, leaving an estate plagued Hattie E. Poppino, 1964), 140, hereafter between Missouri and Kansas. Unable by debt. The administrator of his Seventh Census; Population of the United to read or write himself, he depended estate, an ambitious attorney, Charles States in 1850: Seventh Census—Products of

24 Wagon Tracks August 2019 Industry, Jackson County, Missouri, 95-101; 401; Record Book W, 385; Record Book V, William P. O'Brien, Ph.D. is retired Thomas L. Karnes, William Gilpin: Western 103, 438, Jackson County Recorder’s Office; from the National Park Service where he Nationalist (Austin: University of Texas Young vs. U.S. worked as a historian, including as Pro- Press, 1970), 212-214; John D. Unruh, Jr., 5. Gilbert, 89; AHY 1881; Wilcox, 177-178. The Plains Across: The Overland Emigration gram Manager for Cultural Resources and the Trans-Mississippi West, 1840-1860 6. Henry Inman, The Old Santa Fe Trail and National Register Programs, Inter- (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1979), (1897; reprint, New York: Time-Life Books, mountain Region, Santa Fe/Denver. He 80; Pearl Wilcox, Jackson County Pioneers 1983), 144; Loren Schweninger, ed., From served as Historic Preservation Officer (by the author, 1975), 279; Louise Barry, The Tennessee Slave to Saint Louis Entrepreneur: for the city of Independence, Missouri, Beginning of the West: Annals of the Kansas The Autobiography of James Thomas (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, from 1977 to 1984 and as a historian for Gateway to the American West, 1540-1854 the state of Missouri from 1984 to 1986. (Topeka: Kansas State Historical Society, 1984), 99. He has worked and consulted on a vari- 1972), 949; William Gilpin to Robert 7. John C. McCoy, “Early History of Walker, Sec. of the Treasury, Record Group Sam’l C. Owens and James Aull,” McCoy ety of projects, including presidential sites 59, National Archives. Collection, Jackson County Historical such as the Harry S. Truman National 2. Wilcox, 177; Juliet E. K. Walker, Free Society Archives, Independence, Missouri; Historic Site in Independence, Missouri, Frank: A Black Pioneer on the Antebellum History of Jackson County, Missouri (1881; and the Jimmy Carter National Historic Frontier (Lexington: University Press of reprint, Cape Girardeau, Missouri: Ramfere Site in Plains, Georgia. He also served as Kentucky,1983), 42; Seventh Census, 140. Press, 1966), 646; Daily Evening Gazette, historian and cultural resource specialist n.p., April 27, 1861. 3. Young vs. U.S.; Record Book Y, 106, for the National Park Service's Compre- Jackson County Recorder’s Office; Josiah 8. Wilcox, 165, 276. hensive Design Plan for the White House Gregg, Commerce of the Prairies, ed. by Milo 9. AHY 1881; William P. O’Brien, “Hiram 1993-2001. Milton Quaife (2d ed.; Lincoln: University Young: The Free Black in Antebellum and of Nebraska Press, 1967), 22-23; William Reconstruction Missouri, 1850-1880,” Barclay Napton, Over the Santa Fe Trail in Jackson County Historical Society Archives, 1857 (1905; reprint, Santa Fe: Stagecoach Independence, Missouri; Population of Press, 1964), 12. the United States in 1870: Ninth Census— 4. Ibid.; AHY 1881; Population of the United Products of Industry, Jackson County, Missouri; States in 1860: Eighth Census (Abstracted Population of the United States in 1880: Tenth by Hattie E. Poppino, 1964), 76, 273; Census—Products of Industry, Jackson County, Population of the United States in 1860: Eighth Missouri. Census—Products of Industry, Jackson County 10. Young vs. U.S.; History of Jackson County, Missouri: Independence Missouri, 1; James Missouri, 871. W. Gilbert, “The Free Negro in Missouri, 11. O’Brien, 13-17; Wilcox, 420.  1820-1861,” (Master’s thesis, University of Missouri at Kansas City, 1973), 89; Record Book Y, 106, 561, 567; Record Book X, 195,

Illustrations of Hiram tion did not have need for substantial have yielded large sums of extremely Young Wagons advertising as their shops were small rare fruit—including one-of-a-kind [ (by comparison to many in the later historical treasures from St. Louis Editor's note: I queried David Sneed 19th and early 20th centuries) and builders as well as a maker ledger whether he had an illustration of Hi- sufficiently busy from word-of-mouth from Independence (with references ram Young's wagons. This is his reply.] promotion alone. As a result, most of to work done by Hiram Young) dur- the period materials have likely dis- ing the years that he and others were Mr. Young is certainly significant but, appeared—if they ever existed. Any active. Nonetheless, huge gaps of to the best of my knowledge, there surviving newspaper ads will likely be information are still missing, turning are no surviving visuals of his wagons. largely comprised of text. If an im- the exercise into an overwhelmingly Sadly, and in spite of his legacy, it's age does appear, it often tends to be a lengthy "search and rescue" operation. extremely doubtful that any source generic, non-descript illustration used I'll talk more about the process in my will have such a confirmable image. for a host of builders. Ultimately, it's "Chasing Ghosts" presentation in St. As a whole, pre-Civil War images are extremely rare to find notable wagon Louis in September. far from plentiful. That time period is maker materials as early as the 1860s largely when Mr. Young was doing the and 1870s—let alone anything dating David Sneed writes a blog appearing on majority of his wagon work. prior to the Civil War. the Hansen Wheel and Wagon website at https://www.hansenwheel.com/blog/ While often touted in modern his- For 25 years, I've been digging—lit- details/american-chuck-wagons-by- tories, many of the earliest wagon erally daily—for info on America's david-sneed. makers feeding western transporta- early wagon builders. Those labors

August 2019 Wagon Tracks 25 Books colonize the New World. He outlines about. In comprehending the various potential ways of Esteban’s enslave- myths and misunderstandings that ment, and fighting (and losing) to the relate to Esteban, readers have to Karankawa Indians of Texas. Herrick use their own historical filters not to portrays the escape into Mexico, the fall into any one of the mythological journey to , and finally traps that others have fallen victim the Spaniards’s epic attempt to find to. the Seven Cities of Gold, known as Cibola. Sometimes, history provides us with more questions than answers. Her- Esteban: The African Slave The author reminds us that Esteban rick's book provides us with great Who Explored America would have been able to speak many questions to which readers can look languages, and would have had an for their own answers. Herrick chal- Dennis Herrick, Esteban: The African appreciation for the Old World from lenges the myths surrounding Es- Slave Who Explored America, Albu- a time when the concept of Europe teban, but working through the fog querque: University of New Mexico as a continent did not yet exist. Es- of the past through more than four Press, c2018. 304 pp. $39.95. teban would also have had an under- centuries, there is much to think standing of Spanish colonization and about but no firm conclusions as to Reviewed by Bill Gwaltney slavery as did few others. Esteban's birth, servitude, attitudes, Who was 16th-century African slave, or the manner of his death. Using an array of well-rooted foot- explorer, survivor, linguist, and icon notes, Herrick brings counterargu- Remembered in the United States as Esteban, where and how did he met ments to the typical remembrances "Esteban de Dorantes", and in Mo- his end, and what should his legacy of a figure hard to pin down. The rocco today as "Mustapha El Azem- be in the 21st-century? Dennis Her- author points out that many who mouri", Esteban the Moor is an rick has moved heaven and earth to wrote about Esteban did so in ways actual, but yet mythical figure, whose find out. that were influenced by idioms as historical reality and exploits require Herrick’s book, Esteban: The African far apart as racism and tourism. He a re-thinking of what we know about Slave Who Explored America, uses clearly identifies occasions where him, his legacy, and our collective every type of source, from Spanish Esteban's African ancestry was appreciation of the history of the records to French recollections and minimized, questioned, or sometimes Southwest. the recollections and opinions of completely dropped because it did William W. "Bill" Gwaltney is now re- modern-day Pueblo historians and not contribute to a racialized version tired from Federal service, but worked African American opinion leaders, to of the past. nearly four decades for the U.S. Gov- help reconstruct the world of Este- Herrick reminds us of what writers, ernment in History and Interpretation. ban and his connection with the Ca- historians, and novelists have written, His first Federal job was with Bent's beza de Vaca Expedition and others but also of what they have left out. Old Fort National Historic Site, a place in the New World. Unafraid of critics, Herrick takes on he is still connected to as a volunteer. Working through works written in the State Historian of New Mexico, He worked for the NPS for 33 and a archaic Spanish, French, and other the National Park Service, and oth- half years at places ranging from Bent's languages, Herrick also brings the ers who he suggests have over the Fort to Fort Davis in Texas and Fort voices of American Indian peoples, years foisted off on the public a story Laramie in Wyoming, as well as three African Americans, and Moroccan based largely on personal opinions regional offices. He also was detailed for scholars to bear on a forgotten icon masquerading as historical facts to two years as Guest Curator for Military of the American West. Making good produce a Euro-centric version of the History for the Smithsonian's National use of the resources of the University past. Museum of African American , the author chron- and Culture and served for five years The first person of color from the icles the life of Esteban, from the overseas as Director of Interpretation Old World to travel extensively in Maghreb in North Africa, to Spain, for the American Battle Monuments the New World, Esteban, and his to present-day Haiti and the Do- Commission from their Field Opera- story, reminds us of how what we  minican Republic, to Florida, Texas, tions Center in Paris, France. choose to remember affects the past and the Southwest. and the present. Using a mix of tradi- Herrick depicts Esteban as an agent tional history, American Indian oral    of his own destiny, even while serv- history, and current popular culture, ing the Spanish and their efforts to Herrick gives us plenty to think

26 Wagon Tracks August 2019 Las Vegas, New Mexico cal narrative, divided into three eras: Visit a Fort this Summer 1835-1935 From Settlement to Rail Town, 1835- 1879, From Rail Town to Statehood, Fort Larned Las Vegas, New Mexico 1835-1935, 1880-1912, and From Statehood to National Historic Site, KS Compiled and edited by Edwina Centennial, 1912-1935. A second • August 31: Labor Day Weekend Portelle Romero, published by The track tells the story through a large Living History Event 8:30 a.m.- Friends of the City of Las Vegas Mu- number of carefully selected and often 5 p.m. seum and the Rough Rider Memorial remarkable photographs. Then there www.nps.gov/fols/index.htm Collection. Purchase available through is a time line. It contains the expected Friends of the Museum, PO Box entries for important local events, but Bent’s Old Fort 3311, Las Vegas, NM 87701. $43.95 it also includes other, whimsical, en- National Historic Site, CO includes shipping. tries: “September 1879, Monte Verde, • August 24: Military Encampment (alias Monte Holman, alias Dame Reviewed by Doyle Daves Belle Siddons, a Confederate spy) sets www.nps.gov/beol/planyourvisit/cal- up as a dealer of faro and monte at endar.htm This book has quite a complex and un- the Toe Jam Saloon...” Finally, almost usual format, but it works and the re- every page has a vignette, often with a Ft. Union sult is excellent. For a relatively small photo, that expands and enriches the National Monument, NM town, Las Vegas, population about narrative. 14,000, has received impressive atten- • August 10: Candlelight Tours 7:30 p.m.-9 p.m. tion. Lynn Perrigo’s Gateway to Glorie- Initially, I found the three selected ta (1982) is now a classic. Other useful divisions of Las Vegas history curious. • August 14: "Fred Harvey’s South- histories are Milton W. Callon, Las New Mexico, and by extension, Las west Couriers: All Aboard!" 7 Vegas, The Town That Wouldn’t Gamble Vegas history is commonly divided as p.m.-8 p.m. Program takes place (1962), Milton C. Nahm, Las Vegas Spanish era, Mexican era, Territorial at CCHP/Santa Fe Trail Inter- and Uncle Joe (1964), and two recent era, and After Statehood or, especially pretive Center, 116 Bridge Street, fine books, Elizabeth Barlow Rogers, in Las Vegas, a usual emphasis is the Las Vegas, NM 87701. Learning Las Vegas (2013) with many Santa Fe Trail era and the railroad era, interviews that uncover much about both of which fueled expansion and • August 30: Night Sky Astronomy the town from contemporary perspec- prosperity. At the time of statehood, Program 7:30 p.m.-10:30 p.m. tives, and Joseph A. Lordi’s Las Vegas, coincidentally, construction of an east- New Mexico (2016), a massive photo west rail line to the south (through • September 7: First Fort and Arse- collection that beautifully illustrates Albuquerque and Belen) began the nal tours 9:45 a.m – 1:45 p.m. the town’s striking built environment. long, slow decline Las Vegas has ex- perienced for a century. Las Vegas, • September 13: Night Sky Full With all this background, Ms. Rome- New Mexico, 1835-1935 is a splendid Moon Tour 8:30 p.m.- 10:30 p.m. ro and her authors and colleagues celebration of the town that sets aside • September 19: "Iron Riders: The chose a very different approach and the highs and lows experienced by Buffalo Soldiers on Bicycles," 7 produced a book that, though in many residents over the years and, by doing p.m.-8 p.m. Program takes place ways terse, is rich in detail and seems so, expresses optimism for the future. quite new, even to those steeped in the at CCHP/Santa Fe Trail Inter- history and lore of Las Vegas. The key Doyle Daves lives in Las Vegas, NM, pretive Center, 116 Bridge Street, to this achievement was the decision and has chronicled the history of many of Las Vegas, NM 87701. to tell the story through several paral- the city's residents, some of which have • October 17: "La Llorona, the lel tracks. First, there is the histori- been published in Wagon Tracks.  Wailing Woman," 7 p.m.-8 p.m. Program takes place at CCHP/ Santa Fe Trail Interpretive Center, 116 Bridge Street, Las Vegas, NM 87701.

www.nps.gov/foun/planyourvisit/cal- endar.htm or contact Lorenzo Vigil, 505-425-8025. 

Soldier artwork at Ruth Friesen Photo: Ft. Larned entrance

August 2019 Wagon Tracks 27 Cleveland Roller Mill Provides Summer Activities

The Cleveland Roller Mill Museum, in Cleveland, New “Mora County: The Early Years.” This photo exhibit in- Mexico, is a three-story, adobe, water-powered flour mill cludes 80 historic photographs relating to the architecture, that has been turned into a local history museum. The Mill's landscape, and personalities during Mora County’s early original equipment is intact and operable for demonstra- years. tion purposes. The Mill is in operation during the Cleveland Millfest that takes place Labor Day Weekend. Museum Benefit Dance and Potluck at the Museum: August 10, 4:30 hours are 10 a.m. to 3 p.m. weekends. Admission $3 per p.m. till 10 p.m. Rifters playing 7ish till 10ish p.m. (country person. 2 step waltzing etc.) $20 per person. Camping available. Potluck breakfast for those that stay over. Cleveland Roller Mill Museum’s current exhibitions through Labor Day weekend are: Cleveland Millfest Labor Day weekend: Aug 31 and Sept 1, 10 a.m to 3 p.m. Over 60 artists and craftspeople partici- "Valley of the Mills" This Exhibit provides information pating. Local food booths, music, and entertainment both on the mill's history, wheat farming and milling in Mora days continuously. $3 per vehicle parking, admission into County, and a historical overview of the history of west- Museum $5 adults, 12 to 17 $3, under 12 free, must be ac- ern Mora County. Wheat farming and milling were Mora companied by parent or guardian. Non-alcohol event. County’s most important economic enterprises for nearly a century encompassing a time period from 1860 to 1940. The museum is located just off NM Hwy 518 near mile marker 31.5 near Cleveland, New Mexico. Info: 575-387- 2645. www.clevelandrollermillmuseum.org 

Chapter Reports

Chapters are listed in order from the beginning of the Trail in Missouri westward. Officers and members look forward to the Santa Fe Trail As- sociation Symposium in St. Louis. TO CONTACT CHAPTER PRESIDENTS, PLEASE EMAIL THEM AT [email protected]. Douglas County

Missouri River Outfitters Baldwin City, KS President Roger Boyd Independence, MO President Anne Mallinson We are planning for the yearly Douglas County Farm Tour which will be late in the summer. We will have the Vinland Our National Trails Day event was held on June 1 and fea- Grange, Clearfield Country School, and the Black Jack Cabin tured a bus tour from Independence to Arrow Rock, guided open during that time for people to visit. Our fall meeting will by Ross Marshall. Members of the public and of several trails be Saturday, October 5, at the Black Jack Cabin. The cabin is organizations participated. Our thanks go to Ross for provid- located 3 miles east of Baldwin on U.S. 56. We will start with ing maps and historical information about the route from In- a social period at 5:00, a covered dish dinner at 5:30, and our dependence to Franklin. This event also included a family-style program at about 6:15. The program will be a report on the meal at the Iron Horse Hotel and Restaurant in Blackwater, Symposium in St. Louis presented by Linda Ballinger and Missouri. The tour route had to be adapted to avoid rising Sara Decaro. The public is invited. waters. We barely made it through the Levasy area before 24 Highway was closed due to flooding. Since our last report our chapter has been working on some renovations in the Old Santa Fe Railway Depot that we lease At our July 21 chapter meeting, Stephen Sullins, president of to Midland Railroad Tourist Train. It has a lot of tourist traffic the Independence Patriots Chapter of the SAR, presented a and is our major source of expenses and income. program on the history of the Pinkerton Detectives. Several other projects we are working on are the historical Leah Palmer, event and education manager at the National tours that we provide by bus during the Maple Leaf Festival Frontier Trails Museum in Independence has requested that on the afternoon of October 19. This year they will depart members of the Missouri River Outfitters and other trails or- from Old Castle Museum at 1:00 p.m. and 3:00 p.m. We are ganizations participate in the SantaCaliGon festival on Labor also working on a new Baldwin Historical Tour Guide that Day weekend. The idea behind “Main Street 1849” is to show will be available in paper form at various locations around the public a slice of life as it would have been for trail families town. preparing to embark upon the journey westward. Our portion of the festival is different from the rest of the event in that our For the Santa Fe Trail 200th anniversary we are currently focus is on educating the public about the trails. working with Aaron Mahr, Cory Donnelly, and Carole

28 Wagon Tracks August 2019 SFTA Annual Membership January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2019

Name(s) ______□ Life $1000, payable over 4 years

Address ______□ Patron $100/year

City ______State ______Zip ______□ Family $65/year

Phone ______Email ______□ Individual $50/year □ New member □ Renewing member □ Youth (18 and under) $5/year I am a member of the following chapter (s) ______□ Non-profit Institution $65/year ______□ Business $65/year I’d like to make a donation to assist the SFTA with programs and events. □ $50 □ $100 Other $______I’d like to donate to the Junior Wagon Master Fund. □ $50 □ $100 Other $______I’d like to donate to the Marker Fund. □ $50 □ $100 Other $______To pay by credit card, go to www.santafetrail.org, and click on “Join the Organization.”

The Santa Fe Trail Association is a 501(c)(3) tax-exempt corporation, and all donations TOTAL ENCLOSED ______beyond membership dues are tax-deductible to the full extent of the law. Make checks payable to Santa Fe Trail Association Mail to Ruth Olson Peters, Treasurer, Santa Fe Trail Center, 1349 K-156 Hwy, Larned, KS 67550 Renew by mailing using the above form or renew online at www.santafetrail.org If you have renewed your membership, pass the form along to a friend or colleague.

Chapter Reports

Wendler, NPS-NTIR, in planning a new access trail to the travel the short distance to the parking area designated Rock Black Jack Ruts located in the Ivan L. Boyd Memorial Prairie Creek Crossing, and enjoy the information signs in the parking Preserve which is owned by Douglas County. The trail will start area describing local SFT sites and those to the east and west. in a roadside park owned by Kansas Department of Transpor- Then walk along the trail and learn about the prairie and forbs tation with an interpretative panel including a trail map and (wildflowers) of the Flint Hills, and continue on to arrive at the highlights of what can be seen from the trail. viewing place of the crossing area. There you will find wonderful wayside exhibits featuring the original artist's rendering of the The first portion of the trail will be 450 feet long, composed crossing as it might have looked in the 1800s, and the story of of compacted fine gravel, handicap accessible, and will end at A.I. Baker and Bloody Bill Anderson. And enjoy, thanks to the the first of eight swales found on the property. Two additional achievement of Della's dream. interpretive panels at this location will provide more informa- tion about the site. The rest of the 1,600-foot-long loop trail will Cottonwood Crossing traverse several of the prominent swales and return to the gravel McPherson, KS trail. These are some of the most impressive ruts/swales along President Steve Schmidt the entire Santa Fe Trail with some of the ruts reaching five feet deep. In addition, the trail winds through native prairie, with For its June meeting, the Cottonwood Crossing Chapter mem- over 250 species of grasses and wildflowers identified at the site. bers and guests enjoyed a catered meal at the Kauffman Muse- We are currently working with local and regional stakeholders um in North Newton, Kansas, followed by a tour of the mu- to identify funding sources. Work will begin shortly after the seum, grounds, and historic buildings, including viewing swales prairie is burned next spring, with a formal dedication of the of the Abilene Cattle Trail, popularly known as the Chisholm trail in the spring of 2021. Trail. The Chapter's next meeting will be on the 20th of August. Program and location to be announced. Heart of the Flint Hills Council Grove, KS Quivira President Sharon Haun McPherson, KS President Linda Colle The Heart of the Flint Hills is still enjoying the excitement of having a new SFT historic site, the Rock Creek Crossing, in The Quivira Chapter has received all four of the Little Arkansas our chapter area. We are so proud of our own Della Orton for project signs. We have also received the site identification signs wanting to make her SFT site available to the public and SFT for Camp Grierson/Station Little Arkansas. Now the next thing lovers. We had a warm but wonderful day on June 8th dedicat- is to install them. Britt Colle is working to get our volunteers ing this newest site. So the next time you are following the trail, assembled at a time that works for everybody. We hope to have be sure to turn at 200 road, six miles east of Council Grove, and

August 2019 Wagon Tracks 29 them installed in July. After the short program we will be given a tour of the new trail displays. We welcome everyone to come join us and learn It is ironic that we received the new signs for the Little Ar- more about the legends of the Santa Fe Trail. kansas area but lost the signs for the Cow Creek /Buffalo Bill’s site. Once again, vandals have struck. The sign was double- Dodge City/Fort Dodge/Cimarron sided and they stole one set of signs and shot holes in the Dodge City, KS other set. This is the second time these same signs have been President Mike Strodtman vandalized. It is discouraging that the public does not have more respect for what we are trying to do. We will work with Saturday, August 3rd, the chapter will host a big event at Rice County to come up with a better plan next time. Casey’s Cowtown as part of Dodge City Days. Ken Weidner will talk about the Cheyenne Indians and have his teepee set Linda Colle has had two meetings with county Travel and up at the Cowtown. As a joint meeting with the Dodge City Tourism representatives in our chapter area, and they are ex- Chapter of the Western Cattle Trail Association, Michael cited to work with us to plan activities for the 200th anniver- Grauer, National President of the Western, will also speak, sary of the Trail. Another meeting is planned for August, and and both chapters will have short business meetings. Other we will invite representatives from communities along the Trail activities will be a day-long Western Art Show hosted by Mike so that we can coordinate activities. Casey and Inga Ojala at the Cowtown, country music, and Josh Rosner’s Western photo parlor. A western costume con- Our program on July 22 was held at the Barton County Mu- test will be judged by Mark and Alice Ferguson. The Cowtown seum in Great Bend, Kansas. This was our annual joint meet- will be open for meals at noon. The general public is welcome ing with the Barton County Historical Society. Linda Colle to attend this Dodge City Days event. presented “Cholera on the Plains.” A possible program for the fall is a program about the Hispan- On October 5, we will meet at 2:00 p.m. at the McPherson ics on the trail presented by Ellen Jones, a Park Ranger at Fort Museum, 1111 East Kansas in McPherson, Kansas. This will Lamed. be a joint meeting with the McPherson Historical Society. Wagon Bed Spring Phyllis Scherich will present “Memories of the Santa Fe School.” Lakin, KS President Linda Peters Wet/Dry Routes Great Bend, KS The event at Wagon Bed Springs is August 24 starting at 2 President George Elmore p.m. A local caterer will have his trailer at the site to serve a barbecue meal. Order the meal you want and pay for it there. Explore the Santa Fe Trail where legends live. Sadly, today There will be wagon rides and walking tours. Displays and instead of the adventure of exploration and touching history, demonstrations will be available to learn about the Santa Fe we live in a world full of social media where people sit at a Trail, Plains Indians, and artifacts and firearms on and around computer as the alternative of going outside and exploring. the Trail area.

For those who enjoy nature and exploring the actual sites Bring lawn chairs, bug spray, sunscreen, and water/sports where the Santa Fe Trail legends took place, explore the trail drinks to stay hydrated while you explore. Closed toe shoes to Coon Creek Crossing site. There you will discover the new are recommended due to uneven terrain, weed/cactus growth, sign just dedicated on June 2 marking the location where Cor- and possibility of bugs and snakes. poral Herron’s Indian-fighting bravery earned him the Medal of Honor. To learn the “Rest of the Story,” visit the site and Directions: From Ulysses-Go south on KS HWY 25 for 8 read the marker. You will learn about 3rd Infantryman Corpo- miles, then straight south 3.5 miles on Wagon Bed Spring ral Herron's and 7th Cavalry trooper Corporal Boyle’s stories Road. Follow the signs. From Hugoton-Go north on KS of bravery. At the site you can read a little mystery about HWY 25 for 13 miles to the Grant/Stevens County line, then “ghosts” coming to the rescue. You will get an understanding north on Wagon Bed Springs Road 1.5 miles. Follow the of what Indian fighting was really like, not the movie ver- signs. sion. Get a little adventure of what life was like away from the military posts, such as Fort Dodge and Fort Larned, and how In case of inclement weather, the event will be moved to the social media happened between the forts in the late 1860s. Historic Adobe Museum in Ulysses, located at 300 East Okla- homa Avenue/Hwy 160. A wonderful marker about the story was dedicated on June 2, Cimarron Cutoff after a joint parley of the Wet/Dry and the Dodge City/Fort Dodge/Cimarron Chapters at the Dodge City House. The two Elkhart, KS chapters shared a great meal followed by a fantastic program President Jay Williams on the life of Corporal Herron by Dr. Leo Oliva. Bent’s Fort The next meeting of the Wet/Dry chapter will be at the Santa Lamar, CO Fe Trail Center in Larned, Kansas, on Sunday, October 27, President Kevin Lindahl at 1:00 p.m. We will start with a catered meal followed by Beverly Howell speaking about the Santa Fe Trail Center’s Can you believe that it’s only 2 months until the 2019 Santa renovation of the east gallery with new Santa Fe Trail displays. Fe Trail Symposium in St. Louis? We encourage everyone to

30 Wagon Tracks August 2019 give serious consideration to attending this event. The planned End of the Trail tours, speakers, meals, and activities promise to be memorable Santa Fe, NM experiences. President Joy Poole

The Bent’s Fort Chapter has enjoyed great activities this spring. September 21, Southside Public Library, 6599 Jaguar Drive, April 13 found the chapter members cleaning up the grounds Santa Fe, 1:30-3:30 p.m: “The West: Singing its Story” by and the buildings at Boggsville. That day, the chapter also held Ralph Estes, who is a troubadour singing and telling stories a dedication of the Emery Murray Memorial Garden. May 11, of the West. He is a member of the Western Music Associa- our president Kevin Lindahl led a tour of stagecoach stops in tion, Wild West History Association, and Western Writers Vogel Canyon south of La Junta. Kevin presented an interest- of America. He runs the Corrales Campfires series of house ing program with little-known facts about the Canyon, which concerts. 1:30-3:30 p.m. was followed by a hike into the canyon to view rock remains of old homes, rock art, and the site of a stage stop in the Canyon. Nov. 16, Southside Public Library, 6599 Jaguar Drive, Santa Then on June 7-9, chapter members enjoyed a weekend in Fe, 1:30-3:30 p.m. "Terror on the Santa Fe Trail: Kit Carson north-central New Mexico. Stops for the weekend included and the Jicarilla Apache." The range of the Jicarilla Apache Chimayo, Puye Cliff Dwellings, Abiquiú, Abiquiú Lake, Ghost covered a third of the Santa Fe Trail on both the Cimarron Ranch, Los Alamos, and Bandelier National Monument. Each Route and the Mountain Route. At any time, they could cut year the chapter plans one overnight/weekend trek—this one New Mexico off from the Union, striking cold fear in the hearts was fantastic. We have some great activities planned for July, of leaders in Santa Fe. Three times when angered they closed August, and October. We would love for you to come along. the trail, but in 1854 they had been at peace for four years. Hope to see you in St. Louis. Register soon. Governor Meriwether predicted a war caused by the policies Corazon de los Caminos of his predecessor. But it didn't come. Then Lieutenant Da- Cimarron, NM vidson attacked a peaceful camp of Apaches. They defended President Doyle Daves themselves with 100 warriors to his 60 dragoons. Twenty-two dragoons died and the rest were wounded while the Jicarilla On June 8, the chapter program included a visit to San Miguel suffered only 3 casualties. The governor had his war which was del Bado, the first New Mexican community encountered by officially declared. Davidson became a hero and after almost Santa Fe Trail travelers from the east from 1821 until Las two years of pursuing and killing Apaches, the governor made Vegas was established in the latter 1830s. Here we visited the almost the same peace treaty as his predecessor. Through it all San Miguel church which dates from 1804 and heard a local Kit Carson was enemy, neighbor, friend, scout, and their Indian history talk by Deacon Juan Martinez. We also viewed the SFT agent. crossing of the Pecos River. Unfortunately, information about the layout of the community in Trail days, the exact site of the The kids from Kansas were in Santa Fe at the end of May and Spanish and Mexican military presidio, and the site of the cus- enjoyed the various Santa Fe Trail sites. They had some rain toms house have been lost. Following lunch in Pecos, the group showers during a group photo on the plaza. Also, some of the visited the Pecos National Historical Park with its ruins of the adult chaperones had travelled the trail on this bus trip as a Pecos Pueblo (abandoned in 1838) and the mission church dat- child. It was interesting to hear their perspective of viewing ing to the 1620s. sights as a middle school student vs an adult. For example, one woman commented that when she approached Autograph On July 13, the chapter met in Cimarron for lunch at the his- Rock she could not tell if she was 13 years old or 20-something. toric St. James Hotel (established by Frenchman Fred Lam- The End of the Trail Chapter provided pizzas to the group bert, White House chef for Abraham Lincoln), a talk by Steve while visiting in Santa Fe. Zimmer about the of 1847, and a visit to the Old Mill (Aztec Mill) Museum built by in 1864. OCTA will hold their convention in Santa Fe for the third Leaders for this program were Dennis and Gladys Schneider. time on September 3-8. Some End of the Trail chapter mem- bers are planning to volunteer for the convention. August 10, the chapter will join with the Bent’s Fort Chapter and the Branson Hiking Club at Johnson Mesa, an impressive About ten people from Santa Fe and the End of the Trail site east of Raton very near the Colorado border. The program Chapter journeyed to Cimarron to see the wayside exhibits will include a talk by Abby Reaves (organizer) and a visit to along Highway 64, the Aztec Mill Museum, the St. James Manco Burro Pass, a pack trail used by Indian traders and oth- Hotel, the Philmont Museum, and the Kit Carson house in ers. Rayado. They were guided by Dave Werhane, Philmont Mu- seum Director, upon arrival. Pam Najdowski was the Field Trip  On September 8, the Oregon-California Trail Association Coordinator for the End of the Trail Chapter. will visit Point of Rocks (on Faye Gaines's ranch) for a special program to learn about this prominent site on the Cimarron Route of the SFT and, more generally, to better understand the importance of the shorter, but drier, Cimarron Route. See you in

September 25-28, SFTA Symposium in St. Louis. St. Louis! October 19, our chapter will join with the Bent’s Fort Chapter to visit the Sand Creek Massacre Site.

August 2019 Wagon Tracks 31 Santa Fe Trail Association 1046 Red Oaks NE Albuquerque, NM 87122 www.santafetrail.org

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EVENTS

August 3: Dodge City, KS. Dodge City tory event. October 19: Baldwin, KS. Douglas Chapter hosts Dodge City Days. September 7: Ft. Union, NM. First fort County Chapter tours for Maple Leaf Festival. August 4: Cleveland, NM. Roller Mill and arsenal tours. benefit dance. September 8: Point of Rocks, NM. OCTA October 19: Sand Creek Massacre, and Corazon Chapter tour. CO. Bent's Fort Chapter and Corazon August 10: Northern NM. Bent's Fort Chapter tour. Chapter /Corazon Chapter tour of September 13: Ft. Union, NM. Night sky Johnson Mesa and Rock House. full moon tour. October 27: Larned, KS. Wet/Dry Routes Chapter meeting. August 10: Ft. Union, NM. Candlelight September 19: Las Vegas, NM. "Iron Rid- tours. ers: the Buffalo Soldiers on Bicycles," Fort April 17-18, 2020: Dodge City, KS. Union program. SFTA /NPS Workshop and SFTA August 14: Las Vegas, NM. "Fred Har- board meeting. vey's Southwest Couriers," Fort Union September 25: St. Louis, MO. program. SFTA board meeting. September 24-26, 2020: Larned, KS. SFTA Rendezvous. August 20: KS. Cottonwood Crossing September 25-28: St. Louis, MO. SFTA Chapter meeting. Symposium. April 16-17, 2021: Location TBD. SFTA /NPS Workshop and SFTA August 23: Last date for St. Louis hotel October 5: Baldwin, KS. Douglas County board meeting. reservations to get room block price. Chapter fall meeting. June 12, 2021: near Council Grove, August 24: Lakin, KS. Wagon Bed October 5: McPherson, KS. Quivira KS. Symphony in the Flint Hills on the Spring barbecue. Chapter meeting, "Memories of the Santa Santa Fe Trail. Fe School." August 24: Bent's Old Fort, CO. Mili- September 22-25, 2021: Bent’s Old tary encampment. October 5: Clarksville, TX. Festival of Fort, CO. SFTA Symposium. August 30: Ft. Union, NM. Night sky Quilts. astronomy. October 10. Wagon Tracks submission August 31-September 1: Cleveland, deadline. NM. Cleveland Millfest. October 17: Las Vegas, NM. "La Llorona, August 31: Ft. Larned, KS. Living his- the Wailing Woman," Fort Union program.

32 Wagon Tracks August 2019