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Ex Situ Management of Beira Antelope Dorcatragus Megalotis at Al Wabra Wildlife Preservation, Qatar C

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Ex Situ Management of Beira Antelope Dorcatragus Megalotis at Al Wabra Wildlife Preservation, Qatar C AL WABRA WILDLIFE PRESERVATION: MANAGING BEIRA ANTELOPE 259 Int. Zoo Yb. (2011) 45: 259–273 DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1090.2011.00137.x Ex situ management of Beira antelope Dorcatragus megalotis at Al Wabra Wildlife Preservation, Qatar C. HAMMER Al Wabra Wildlife Preservation, Sheikh Saoud Bin Mohd. Bin Ali Al Thani, PO Box 44069, Doha, State of Qatar E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Al Wabra Wildlife Preservation (AWWP), Qatar, is the and to the Marmar Mountains in north- only facility worldwide to keep the Beira antelope eastern Ethiopia (Ku¨nzel & Ku¨nzel, 1998; Dorcatragus megalotis, a small antelope from East Africa, listed as Vulnerable by The IUCN Red List of Nowak, 1999; Heckel et al., 2008). Their Threatened Species. Physical, behavioural and physiolo- typical habitat is arid mountain with sparse gical characteristics of the species are described in detail, vegetation, where they inhabit altitudes of up based on observations in captivity. At AWWP, the Beira to 2000 m in small, territorial groups (Giotto antelope population increased from 2000 until 2006 et al., 2008; C. Hammer, pers. obs). Beira when it declined dramatically as a result of an epidemic- like outbreak of a respiratory disease most likely owing antelope belong to the Neotragini, the dwarf to a Mycoplasma infection. Management at AWWP antelopes, and are considered related to the includes a diet based on natural forage, careful group Steenbok Raphicerus campestris and grysbok composition, enclosure design adapted to the need of the (Raphicerus spp), the dikdiks (Madoqua spp) species and close monitoring. Apart from their important conservation status, Beira antelope are highly attractive and the Oribi Ourebia ourebi. The scien- animals with a particular shape and coloration, and a tific name Dorcatragus megalotis is of Greek docile nature. origin and means ‘big-eared antelope’ (Huffman, 2009). Key-words: Beira antelope; biological data; ecology; Since the 1980s, there have been re- husbandry; nutrition; social behavior; social organiza- tion; status. peated attempts to maintain and breed Beira antelope at Al Wabra Wildlife Preser- vation (AWWP), Qatar, with little success. INTRODUCTION Most animals died because of malnutrition, The Beira antelope Dorcatragus megalotis heat, and parasitic and infectious diseases. was first described in 1894 (von Menges, From before 1999, no detailed records exist 1894). However, little appears to have been about the number of imported animals and known about the biology and life history of their fate. In March 1999, 25 Beira antelope this remarkable small antelope species; for were captured during an expedition to example, in a renowned paper on the beha- Somalia (in the area of Hargeisa) and flown viour of antelopes, Jarman (1974) did not to Qatar. At this time, 1.3 (<.,) animals know how to classify the social behaviour of were still alive at AWWP from previous this species. Detailed descriptions of the expeditions. By July 1999, only 2.6 adult biology of Beira antelope have only occurred animals were still alive and these represent very recently (Hammer & Hammer, 2005; the founding stock for the current AWWP Giotto et al., 2008). Beira antelope originate population: the only ex situ population to from East Africa; their area of distribution is date. Descriptions presented here are based the southern coast of the Gulf of Aden to the on observations of this population and on Horn of Africa in the east, to the borders of free-ranging animals during a field trip to Somalia, Ethiopia and Djibouti in the west, Djibouti in 2003. Int. Zoo Yb. (2011) 45: 259–273 c 2011 The Authors. International Zoo Yearbook c 2011 The Zoological Society of London 260 THE DEVELOPING ZOO WORLD CONSERVATION STATUS appearance that can be used for individual identification of animals. Because of long-term political unrest, the The hairs of the neck region are longer and natural habitat of the Beira antelope can only tougher than the rest of the fur and probably be accessed with difficulty, so their actual protect Beira antelope against the thorns of status in Somalia and Ethiopia can only be the plants that form their natural diet. The speculated upon. The most recent estimates bushy tail is very short. Beira antelope have are based on field observations from 2004 in interdigital glands but no preorbital glands. Djibouti (Giotto et al., 2008, 2009), where Only << carry small, straight horns that can the political situation has stabilized since reach up to 12 cm and may form rings at their 1997 so that field observations are possible. base. From a distance, these horns might be The Beira antelope is classified as Vulnerable difficult to detect because of the large ears. (Heckel et al., 2008; IUCN, 2009). Protected Apart from the horns, there is no sexual areas or in situ programmes do not exist to dimorphism; << and ,, are equal in size date. Since 1997, there is a general hunting and body mass. Representative body mea- ban in Djibouti that also benefits the Beira surements of adult Beira antelope are listed in antelope. Table 1. Because Beira antelope are very territorial The dental formula of Beira antelope is the and sedentary, goat and sheep herds kept in same as that of other ruminants: 0/3 incisors, nomadic systems represent a serious threat in 0/1 canines, 3/3 premolars and 3/3 molars terms of resource competition and infectious (maxillary/mandibular). diseases. With an increasing population and a growing number of boreholes that facilitate nomad access to previously unused areas, this NATURAL DIET threat is increasing. Habitat fragmentation, Free-ranging Beira antelope feed on leaves hunting, droughts and soil erosion are addi- and buds of shrubs in their natural habitat, as tional threats (Heckel et al., 2008; Giotto well as succulents, herbs and grasses. Lists of et al., 2009). food plants can be found in the literature (Kingdon, 1997; Ku¨nzel & Ku¨nzel, 1998; Giotto et al., 2008) but data on the relative EXTERNAL APPEARANCE OF THE proportions of these plants in the diet are BEIRA ANTELOPE missing. Beira antelope are assumed to be The head, the lower extremities and the out- predominantly browsers (Gagnon & Chew, side of the thighs have a reddish coloration 2000; Giotto et al., 2008). Personal observa- (Plate 1). A dark band, reaching from the tions of the author and isotopic analyses of a shoulders to the flank, separates the greyish single faecal sample of a free-ranging Beira neck and back from the reddish–cream-co- antelope (T. Tu¨tken, pers. comm.) support loured belly side. The insides of the thighs are this view. Unpublished data on the digestive also cream coloured. The hips are slightly anatomy of Beira antelope from AWWP higher than the shoulders. The brown eyes would result in a classification of the species have a white margin. From the lateral corner as an intermediate feeder (M. Clauss, pers. of each eye, a black band reaches along the comm.). The water content of their natural base of the ear towards the back of the head, diet most likely makes Beira antelope inde- where it joins that of the other side. The pendent from surface water. muzzle and chin area are also of a brighter coloration. The remarkably large ears have a REPRODUCTION dark edge and the outer coloration is reddish. Mating and birth The hairs inside the ear are long and white, but are interspersed with bands of shorter, The reproduction of Beira antelope was pre- black hair that give the ears their distinctive sented in detail by Hammer & Hammer Int. Zoo Yb. (2011) 45: 259–273 c 2011 The Authors. International Zoo Yearbook c 2011 The Zoological Society of London AL WABRA WILDLIFE PRESERVATION: MANAGING BEIRA ANTELOPE 261 Plate 1. Captive Beira antelope Dorcatragus megalotis displaying the typical coloration patterns of the species. Catrin Hammer. the next calf c.6Á 5 months later. Only primi- MEASURE RANGE MEAN parous ,, at AWWP have a longer first Body mass 9–14 kg 11 kg interbirth interval of 10–12 months, whereas Shoulder height 54–60 cm 57 Á 1cm this interval is 6 Á 5–8 months in multiparous Total body length 88–98 cm 93 Á 7cm dams. Croup (rump) height 61–66 cm 63 Á 1cm Mating is brief but is repeated frequently Tail length 5–8 cm 6 Á 7cm Breast circumference 47–51 cm 49 Á 1cm during the day. During foreplay, the < follows Neck circumference 19–22 cm 20 Á 3cm the , and approaches her from behind with a Horn length 9–12 cm 10 cm stretched-out neck and raised tail. He sniffs Distance between horn bases 4–5 cm 4 cm her genital area, displays ‘flehmen’ (curling Ear length 13 cm 13 cm of the upper lip which facilitates the transfer of scents into the vomeronasal organ) and Table 1. Body measurements of Beira antelope Dor- catragus megalotis collected from 18 adult individuals urinates frequently. The ‘laufschlag’ (foreleg at Al Wabra Wildlife Preservation. kicks) typical for bovids occurs sometimes but not always. The , indicates receptiveness by standing still and raising her tail. During (2005). In the wild, a seasonal (Kingdon, mating, the < stands on his hind legs as do 1997) or bi-seasonal birthing pattern has been most hoofed mammals. reported (Giotto et al., 2008). A certain Observed pregnancies at AWWP lasted seasonality appears evident in the captive between 186 and 209 days with an average population (Fig. 1) but, generally, Beira be- of 194 days (6 Á 5 months). One single off- long to those antelopes that appear to lose spring is born (Plate 2). Most births at their naturally seasonal breeding pattern AWWP occurred in the early morning, noon when kept in captivity (Piening Schuler, or early afternoon, but not in the evening or at Hammer, Clauss & Hammer, 2009).
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