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5 luajsAs AouajjnQ
LOl - Cl Z •• aaidVHO CHAPTER-2
CURRENCY SYSTEM :
Exchange of commodities between two persons, between those who sell and those who buy can take place only through some conventionally accepted and easily transferable medium of exchange. Many different categories of media of exchange have emerged over the centuries. One of them being money i.e., a physical form of exchange. But instruments of payment of a non-physical kind have also been used.
The p r^ e function of money in a physical form is to act as a medium of exchange o r a s a unit of account and as a denomir^tor of value.
This chapter attempts to find out the types of currencies,
the coins of the Peshwa period, the variety of coins in circulation, denominations of coins, the system of control
of coins and of mints, the regulations about it and the
management of mints that existed during the Peshwas period.
THE BIMETALLIC COINAGE OF THE PRE-PESHWA PERIOD ;
Shivaji was aware of the importance and advantage
of a stable currency and he tried to stabilize the currency
of his time. Both gold and copper coins were minted by
him, but he did not strike Silver Coins. (1) He also did not
allow the coins of the British East India Company as autho
rised coins(2) 1^1
TTTtr ^ ^ i^iTT ^ grror i?ifRrr ^ n ^ ." However, there were many coins in circulation at the time
of Shivaji. According to Sabhassd there were twenty-
six gold coins (hons) in circulation. (3) This implies that
in addition to the coins that Shivaji minted, there were
several other coins in circulation like those of Vijiayanagar,
Nizamshahi, Adilshahi, Mughal, France, Holland and England, and gold coins like Hons, Putali, Shivrai, Devrai, Achutrai,
Ramrai, Gutti, Dharwadi, Advani, Tadpatri, Nishani, Sangorai,
Gadmal, Ellori, Arkati, Pa^hahi, Ebrahimi, Gambar etc.
According to Sabhasad the hons were Gutti-hon, Adoni
Hon, Dharwad Hon, Vellor Hon, Tanjor Hon and Ramnathpuri
Hon (4).
Shivaji used 'Hon' as a gold coin and Shivrai was
both a gold and copper coin. The coinage in Shivaji's
time was bimetallic. In addition silver rupees of Nizamshaha,
Adilshaha were in circulation (5).
In 1664 A.D., Shivaji minted new coins at Raigadh
which carried the words "Shri Shivaji" on the obverse
side and 'Chhatrapati' on the reverse side. The Persian
legend was not found on his coins (6) Shivaji's hons bear
only the Devnagari legend giving his name and titles. He
never acknowledged the supremacy of any other power (7).
According to Mr. M. G. Ranade (8) it seems that Shivaji's
coins bear the Persian legend too, on them. But this was
not possible because he did not acknowledge the Mughal 15
supremacy. Among Muhammadans reciting Khutba and striking
coins in the name of a certain ruler are looked upon as
an implicit acknowledgement of the sovereignty of that
ruler. Shivaji could not make an adequate supply of coins
to fulfil the requirements of the time and there was a
great scarcity of coins.
The Metals used in these coins were equal to the
price of the day plus the minting charges. In addition
to his own mints, Shivaji allowed private mint-owners
to run the mints in his Kingdom.
It was a profitable business of the time to produce
coins out of royal metals. There were free and open mints.
This also entailed the danger of counterfeit private coins.
Shivrai Hon was round, weighing two mashas and
seven Gunjasi.e., A2.12 grains or 2.7.128 Grams in diameter,
1/32 C. meter and touch 32.45(9). The rate of Gold was
approximately sixteen rupees per Tola. It means, Shivrai
Hons were of Rupees three and thirteen annas (10). This
coin was in circulation for more than one hundred and
fifty years. At the time of Shivaji's death, in the State
treasury, there were 79 lakhs gold coins including Shivrai
Hons, and in his personal treasury, there were four lakhs
'Shivrai Hons', Gambar Mohars, Putlis, Patshahi Hons and
Sangrai Hons etc. (11).
Phanams like Aphraji, Venkatrai,Ulaphkari, Devanhalli, 16
Trishuli etc. were also in his treasury, in which Patshahi hons were more than 13 lakhs (12).
Shivaji's coins show his spirit of being independent and establishing a new kingdom. He also tried to control the mints and coinage by prohibiting the other coins in his Kingdom.
Rajaram followed his father's policy but he also minted some new coins called Chhatrapati Phalam, Chhatrapati
Chakra etc. (13). In addition to this, the catalogue prepared by Indian Institute of Research in Numismatic studies, Nasik has listed the following coins as Rajaram's coins.(1 A)
Metal size, weight, provenance, location :
Metal Size Weight Prov, Location Cms. gms. 1. Silver 19A.2-05 cms 11.02 NA Asiatic Society, 2. Silver 2.05 11.14 NA Bombay If 3. Silver 2.00 11 .09 N.A. It A. Silver 2.11 11 .00 N.A. II 5. Silver.. 1.94 10.91 N.A. II 6. Silver 2.00 11.08 N.A. II 7. Silver 2.2-11 11.06 N.A. II 8. Silver 2.00 11.04 N.A. II 9. Silver 2.00 11.08 N.A. It 10. Silver 2.02 11 .05 N.A. II 11. Silver 194.2-05 11.03 N.A. Metal Size Weight Prov Location cms. gms.
12. Silver 2.2-11 11 .06 N.A. Asiatic Society, 13. Silver 2.05 11 .03 N.A. Bombay.
1A. Silver 2.05 11 .04 N.A.
15. Silver 2.11 11 .01 N.A.
16. Silver 2.11 11 .00 N.A.
17. Silver 2.11 11.10 N.A.
18. Silver 1.94x2.05 11 .01 N.A.
19. Silver 2.05 11 .05 N.A.
20. Copper 1 .55 1.37 N.A.
21. Copper 1 .50 1 .34 N.A.
22. Copper 1 .9A 9.48 N.A.
23. Copper 1.88x2 10.26 N.A.
2A. Copper 1 .61 1.26 N.A.
COINS CURRENT DURING THE PESHWA PERIOD :
During the Peshwa Period currency and its regulation
were not given priority in the administration. A stable
currency always controls finance but the Peshwas did not
take much interest in the control of currency probably
because they did not consider it to be an essential part
of finance. Moreover, they did not strike the coins in
their own name. The Shaha Alam's legend on the Peshwa's
coins clearly shows that the Peshwas acknowledged, atleast in theory, the Mughal supremacy. Perhaps because they thought
that they did not have the right to do without it. Secondly, 18
because they thought that the Mughal Emperors' name was
an essential part of administration. They did not mint
many new coins. Most of them were copied by them but they
established new mints, improved old ones and tried to
increase the rate of minting but still there was scarcity
of coins.
TRI METALLIC COINAGE OF PESHWAS :
The Maratha coinage was in formal terms the tri-
metallic coinage. Coins were minted in three metals (i)
'Gold (ii) Silver and (ill) Copper.
(i) GOLD COINS :
Hons and Mohors were in circulation. The value of
the hons used to change from time to time. The Peshwas
used to mint hons in the State Mint. In 1768 A.D. two
Goldsmiths were given licence to mint Hons at Dharwad (15).
Hon was of 3.i Mashas, in which 2.3/A Mashas pure gold
was to be used and the rest 5/2 Gunj silver was mixed.
The Mohor weighed 3/A tola, 3/A masha and 1 Gunj in which
only Gold was to be used.
In 1765-66 A.D.^ Pandurang Murar was instructed
to mint Hons of 3.i mashas and Mohors of one tola. This
Hon was of T^n touch and Mohor was of 12 touch. The
weight of Mohor was equal to that of the Delhi Mohor
(16).
In 1767-68, A.D., Two Goldsmiths were allowed to 19
establish a mint at Chinchwad where only Shetshahi mohors
were to be minted and they were of pure gold like Jainagari
Mohors. Thus, Hons of different denominations were in circulation. The WoM ’Hon’ came from Pon, i.e. Gold, in
Dravidi language or ' Honnu' which was a Kannad gold coin.
The Hons were generally of a mixed metal : gold and silver being mixed to produce a hon. Achutrai, Devrai, Ramchandrai,
Gutti-hon, Dharwadi, Savnoor, Lakshmiswar-hons were in circulation with supplementary hons (i.e. Nimhons) like
Velluri-Devanhalli etc. Hons were minted at Dharwar. Savnur and Lakshmiswar.
If the rate of Hon became low in the market the in-charge of the place used to appeal to the government to hold a specific rate. Chhatrapati Sambhaji (Kolhapur) was appealed to control the rate of Savnur Hon on rupees
3.i and one Chawal; (17).
The gold mohors in circulation were Aurangabad i,
Nadarshahi, Prayagi, Tugchya, Kuryachya, Malharshahi,
Sethshahi, Rujushahajani, G ai^l, Hydrabadi, Ajmeri, Tophkhani,
Mathura, Asajpuri, Bhavnagari, Basbareli, Surati, Nagpatni,
Haradnali, Alamshahi, Sulakhi, Yekeri or Ekkeri etc.-<18).
The Peshwas minted Mohors in their mints, Shetshahi
Mohors were minted in the Poona-Mint and the Chinchwad
Mint.They were always of pure gold. An enquiry was held at
Pune and the goldsmiths, Tuka Sonar and Moroji Sonar of Chinchwad 20
were instructed to mint Mohors of Jainagari stamp like
the old Aurangabadi Mohor and this Mohor was of full
weight and fine gold with the mark of the respective year on it (19).
G. H. Khare, an eminent scholar of Maratha coins says that he examined 160 gold coins, out of which three were Devraya hons, 50 were hons of Krishnaraya, two were the gold coins issued by Haider and 20 coins belonged to the Peshwa regime. These coins were originally strung together.lt seems to have been used as a necklace for each coin
has a small ring soldered to it for the same purpose (20) with the Persian legend on it. These types of coins were called ' Putalis ' ^
THE SILVER COINS ;
Most probably sU yer' coins were_the main unit of
money in the North and a gold coin was the supplementary
one while in the south the Gold coin was the main unit
of currency and the silver coin was the supplementary
one. Shivaji and even Peshwas conferred the Sanad for
payments made in Hons. The tribute was taken in hons and account books were mostly written in Hons but for
other purposes like revenue etc., a rupee, a silver coin
was accepted. The Ghadani Rumals, Rozkirds of Pune Archives
prove the above fact. They mention a number of silver
coins like Chandwad, Malkapuri, Phulcheri, Arkati, Mahamad-
shahi, Gandikot, Rahimatpuri, Shahusikka, Pharashi (i.e. 21
Battle-axe), Chinchwad K^ldar, Kashisikka, Turyac^, Aurang
abad!, Ahmadabadi, Vajrajogai, Mirchwasingi, Saroli,
Trishuli, Gangapuri, Nagache, Waratl, Waisikka, Siprisikka,
Malharshahi, Jaripatka, Ekbundki, Belapuri, Nilkanthi,
Nababi, Talegavi, Chhapisulakhi, Hapischal, Surati, Bhatwadi,
Alwar Atiche, Daulatabadi, Itawa etc.
Some of the denominations came into use with the
Kings in whose period the coin was struck viz. ,Shahusikka.
The Aurangabadi coin was struck in Aurangzeb's Reign,
Chhapikore coins were the melted and reminted new coins.
The coins Chhapi Sur^hi had a hole and they were soldered
for the purpose of Necklaces.
In various Ghadanis especially Ghadani Rumal 6A0,
rupees of Ankushi, Shrisikka, Halisikka, Pharashi, Ganapati,
Chandwadi types have been referred to but no weights
\_^re specified.
Some of the mints were owned by the Government.
The coins minted there were accepted by the government
and were called Potechal. V he Peshwas alloyyed private
bankers and others to run the mints. The coins minted
in their mints were named after them e.g. the Thigale
Rupaye, came from Banker Thigale of Kolhapur, Gulwani
Rupaya (21) came from banker Gulwani of Kolhapur etc.,
Malharshahi Rupaye came from Malharao Raste's mint privately
owned by him. In Poona itself, there were three mints.
They were conducted by the Peshwa govern- 22
-ment. Four types of rupees, some small silver coins and gold and copper coins were minted in these mints,(22)
The Peshwas also allowed the feudatories to run
the mints for their own use. The Sardars and their mints at various places are explained in 'Mints'.
The Peshwas and the Sardars, in their early years must have been using the same currency as was adopted
by the Maratha King Shahu and the early Peshwas. But in the course of time, they started minting coins at their own convenience. Dr.G.H.Khare, an eminent scholar of the
Maratha coins has described (23) three types of Rupees of
the Peshwa Period. He examined 620 silver coins from
the Purandare Estate which was under the Court of Wards
(Poona). His scrutiny showed that all of them belonged
to the Peshwa Period and ’were struck at some Maratha
mints, out of these 345 bear the marks of the Chandor
t^nt, 184 are Ankushi rupees, 89 are the Srisikka rupees
and 2 are_probably Jaripatka rupees.Besides the mint marks
some Devanagari letter such as Ga (tit ), Ja (% ), Jo (;^ ),
Bra (W ), M ( TT ), MA ( m ), VI ( ^ ), Sa (W ),
etc. were found and tiny marks of linga with y-oni a s well
as other marks which were supposed to be the marks
impressed by the Bankers to test the metal of coins. The other marks are described elsewhere (24).
The Second was found with some variants, the third / has the mark of sword with its hilt downwards. They
were Chandor rupees. 23
ANKUSHI RUPEE :
The Ankushi rupee, Shrisikka and gold coin
Shetshai (Mohor) were minted in a mint in Pune which was a government mint. The information about these types of rupees and other coins mentioned above is as follows in
1805 A.D. (25).
^ ^ jSIIW TtRT^t WT
r^T f I I iStW WrPT ^
% TTiH w ^ 3TT ^
■?RTfr Ttr 3 # TTT^FRTfT ^ Sm T frf?T Tr»TTfl% ?TJn?T ^ ¥TT
^dfi!3 w Mjdifi ^ 3iRn%-
7W13RT ^r/TTT m m antufr
TTTtr iTfeTiiH ^ TRT z ^ w f ^
^ 3RTCTT SPRlit y m tffrT ^ 7TH1H
T il 19,000 IW! IT^FHT T T * !^ 1250 W m iRWiW
5,000 SJTrTfcT
24 ,000
24 ,000 FI I T?R II %rT 7JT
^PTRT ir s [^ frF ^i^fl?r ^ ^ frfr ^ ^^11 3n^- r?7r iri I % % t t w ^
'JIRF
3^f# g «51i^ ^ -wR?t ^ ^FT# ^ ^itwf T?RT ^ tiRT -snStrr
JRTT
%TT 3M¥ ?nrf=^t ^ irpfFiT 2^
^ ??T -m^r fir 3if^ rzmmiir w ^i i iWW^t
TSRiRT T^r ^Ol|o;||»in
TTT# etc.
The Ankushi rupee was struck at ^ i according to
Dr.G.H.Khare but according to Ghadani Rumals, this type of rupee was also minted elsewhere, This rupee weighed eleven mashas but only ten mashas worth of pure silver
was used in it. The silver coins with the Ankush(goad)mark were the most common coins in the Maratha period. These coins,according to M.G.Ranade, Princep and Valantine were struck at Wai and Pune (Junnar)* But some other scholars like G.H.Khare.
Munira Khatu think that they were struck at Pune. Bagalkot,
Wai, Chinchwad, and Bhatod, According to Ghadani Rumal
640, it was marked at Nasik, Chinchwad, Pj^te c i^ it -
^ I f .
BAGALKOT RUPEE :
Malharrao Paste was given the Jagir in Karnataka.
He ran a mint at Bagalkot. As usaual, Shaha Alam I I's name and other Persian legend were found on these rupees.
Bagalkot coins have a sign like the Roman letter 'V and two dots. The Bagalkot rupee was of eleven mashas.
Now about the Persian legend on the coins : Most
of the silver coins, had the words ' Shaha Gauhar Ali 25
Badshah Gazi' on them on the obverse side and the words
' Manus Maiman at Jyhilzarb on the reverse side on the coin. Al~Gauhar was the pre-accession name of Mughal
Emperor, Shaha Alam I. This name was used on almost all the coins and had a goad, scissors and a battle axe as the mint marks (26). The Sikka do - dandi was a (27)
In addition to the Rupaya or Rupee Coin,other other
Silver coins like Adheli, Pawali, Duval were minted at the Satara and Panhala mints. The value of the coin equalled its weight in bullion plus minting charges. But coins were devalued when they were old and made of mixed metal.
The market value of the coins (.Bazar Nirakha) Kept changing.
Gold coins were used mostly for money transactions 9 o^ the government, bankers, sardars, aristocratic families " etc. Silver and copper coins were used in day to day life. “ COPPER COINS :
In Pune Archives, there are only three or four
documents on the copper coins. They mention the weights
of the coinsj shivrai was 10.1/2 mashas, Alamgiri was
14 mashas and Dhabu was 21 mashas respectively. The
weights of these coins vary from time to time. The above
coins were 9.1 A , 13.3/A and 18.1/2 (28) mashas respectively
in Savai Madhavrao's period. But Tanka, Ruka, Paisa,
Dambadi, Dam-shivrai, Kavdi, Alamgiri Du-Dondi etc.,
were also in circulation. 26
coin in circulation. It was a copper coin. This coin had
horizontal lines in the middle. (29) These coins were in
circulation in the territories under the Reshwas, Shindes
Holkars and Bhosales of Nagpur. It is illustrated in Krause's
catalogue as the coin of the Bhosalas. There are no figures
on the obverse or reverse side of the coin but some letters
are found. A close study of this type of coins reveals
that there were three different coins out of which two
were found in Western Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra
and M.P., the territories related to the Peshwas and Bhonsalas
of Nagpur. Two of these coins are described here as they
are silver coins.
Type Metal Shape Weight I ^ Type two Copper 2.1 x 2.13 cms. 19.35 gms. Round Shape Type three Copper • 2.1 x 2.2 cms 13.t1 gms. RouncT Shape
These types of coins were minted at Ghotawade in
Mulshi Taluka during the peshwa period. (30)
" ^ t o t ti?r *\mn\ ticte i xxx
tiBr 11 pifr
WTtr r^i^r 11 siBnMt ’fm u i -mm
I :
rqr% ^hcikui a m
hpj ^ ^ 27
^ +i(*(Mi itrSr t o i" tjir ^imnr rgi% qrrrn^
I TtnTFnm ^ ^ rnr^t ^ t t ^ ^
Tif^FRT f I I W r R ^ 315^ fl% 1726 8I 8O45 v m f 11 #JMT . ^ jrr rqnnn^r^ ^^rarrf ^ 3Fn#rtt W M - ^rnJRTrT XTTtRr 31^ •) ■--- ■ [f.^ ;a ^ S ' 3^n7i^ ciT^ 3iimu^i^ 4?i«t o W¥^ x n % ' - ? Sardar Holkar had various mints, where small copper coins were minted (31) The relation between Takka, Ruka and paisa was as below (according to Mr.Chapekar) (32) 3 Rukka - 1 paisa, ■) \ n ‘ ' ' ' 4 Annas - 1 Takka \ y /‘ However, in Vaidya Daftars (1738 A.D.) (33) the relation is as follows : 10 Rukkas - 1 anna, 1 Takka - A8 rukkas. According to K.K. Lele (34) it was, 1 Takka = two paise. Dam was smaller than tanka. 28 Dr. G. H. Khare (35), mentions that the coin Tanks and Portuguese tanga were the same. The Portuguese made the Tanga coin from the Tank coin. Tanka coin was a copper coin and was used in the accounts of land revenue and some other accounts. This coin was minted at Ujjain in 1669 A.D. But in other mirrts also this coin was minted. The words Tanks, Tankha, Tanakha, ^^/fanksal have been derived from the name of this coin, (weight 12 mashas; metal - copper; mint Ujjain.) Here is an illustration of the Takka Coin. rlrqr JgH 3 R ^ TR>St t e r m TT Wl I T m W ^ g ^nftciT ^ WRT AFT f I I W THTIrR ^ ^11 W f 1207 TR 1807 TTUrT aranfr TR^t ^ ^ T?ifr Tft ^ «}Lrf V 1.!- - -\y/ ^ ^MCopper Coins were generally used by common •op^^ and by villagers.'^ The purchasing value of the coin was great since the Barter system prevailed in most of the villages upto the end of the Peshwa Period. 29 --- The other coins like Ruka, Dam, Dambdi, Kavadi are found in the following documents : (37) T W ^ pTFrT STtTWT T?, SIRfTTT t e r m w m fI I 3WfW w W f 1225 I824 T R ^ irfr tn# tpjt^ — -M, -im® ^ wnwT 3n^- rmf 711 ^ ^nrft tqrfr 7m;fR TT ^R%T TsNT rlT^fW ^ vHR ^ ?T Tm ’fm ^ ^ 7T ^ ^ ^jfTrT Him ^ T T I ^ W ¥ ^ TTI I ^ 2 4 T^nrnrSl 8 24 5 After Shahu's death, the Satara mint was closed ■------> / / and a new mint was established in Pune. It was decided that private mint-owners were to be allowed to run the mints by paying licence fees only and this private business became a public business henceforth. (38) At Nagothana, Balaji Bapuji was given a permit to mint copper coins for three years. The licence fee for this was as follows (39) 1st year Rs. 50/- 2nd year Rs. 75/- 3rd year Rs.100/- At Revanda, Bhairavram Datar was given permission 30 to mint only the copper coin 'Shivrai' (40) In Nasik District, two kasars (Bangle sellers) were *■ allowed to mint paisa, and Dabbu. They were supposed to pay Rs. 125/- per year. The contract was for three years (40-A) The names of the persons who used to run the mints, the period, location and type of coin to be minted in these mints were as follows : (41) The Contractor of the Mint. Period Location Types of Coins minted. Brahmaji Kasi & 1802 to Pune Ankushi ,Chandwad Manaji Si v ram Tam bat. 1807.U- Shetshai Mohors. 2. Balaji Deyaji 1804 to Pune Copper ^__ and Vithoji [^khare 1815 ‘ coins. 3. Balwantrao 1791 Pune Copper '_ Trimbak and coins. Nilkanthrao Mahadba. 4. Bapuji Ka^i 1804 Pune Copper and Tulsaji Yesaji coins. 5. Dev (Chinchwad) At the Chinchwad Ankushi end of 18th Century. 6. Bhavanising 1804 . Pune Rupees Mardonshingh Srisikka, Halli- Sikka, Mohors of Halli and Shetshai types. 7. Dayaram 1804 Pune ^ Copper Mhaloji Davkhare ^ Coins. 31 The Contractor of the Mint. Period Location Types of Coins minted, 8. Dullabishet 1783 Pune Silver ^ Rupees. 9. Dallabhseth 1786 to Konkan Silver 6 1790 A.D.and Copper Desh. Coins. 10. Dharamdas 1793 Chakan Rupees Dullabhseth 1800 Chandwad, 1803 Halli 1804 Mohor, 1806 Patshahi & Hons. 11. Damodar 1780 Pune Management Narayan of the Pune Mint. 12. Lakshman 1783 Pune Rupees Shivaji 1785 Chandwad, 1789 Hallisikka 1804 1810 13. Ramkama 1803 Rupees and Mohors. 14. Trimbakji 1810 Pune Rupees Dengle 1815 Ankushi c A Nameless 1804 Pune Rupees Hallisikka ,; ^ Pharasi /. Mohors, Hons *' and Copper Coins SCARCITY OF COINS : During the Peshwa period there was scarcity of coins. The soldiers and the artisans always demanded their salaries in cash. In the absence of paper currency and with counter feiting and corruption rife in the actual currency, the Peshwas had to face many problems. To solve them, they gave contracts to private owners to run the mints. The contracts 32 were also given to supply the coins as and where necessary e.g., on the battle-field Mr.Harbaji Kale, Manasaram and Gobind Naik Paitankar were given the contract to supply the coins. Their coins were carried on bullock-backs (42) Ganpatrao Bhikaji Raste was given the work of paying the wages and keeping the record of Shiledars (43) An extract illustrates the above caseS??rar^ TT^rT Amount Day and date To Whom in Rupees 2 50 ^ F 25 ifrrnr JTlia U-— 30 F 25 Ttrrnr 406 Tj 26 ^r?TlT ■nrat WrrRR- fRJRT II II 1234=50 T? 27 212 1400 500 500 Ttii^fRTrt 50 F 23 100 T9 23 nr?rrA M?rr 2000 F I 9 %T»T Wtttphr fnrxRT 100 F 19 Mmrr ^ 220 F 23 185 F 23 35 For further details please see ' Banking ' Chapter - 3. EXCHANGE OF CURRENCY ; For various reasons, exchange of currency was necessary 33 for the common people, for the feudatories as also the Peshwas. Towards the end of the Mughal period, there was a bewildering collection of coins. Since they were struck in government mints at Pune or Nasik, at private mints and mints of the foreign pojwers, and at mints other than Maratha Kingdom's mints. Coins could be converted as per demand. The values of coins in circulation were different. So the exchange of that currency necessarily required the services of indigenus banker^^"'They had to have the knowledge of the price of the coins which depended on the metal used in it. Hence the coins were mostly converted into rupee. (Plase see Appendix at the end of this Chapter) U'-'" MOHORS WERE USED AS BULLION IN MINTS : Mohors were mostly of pure Gold of 12 M as^s. The Peshwas accepted Gold Mohors or hons as tribute or war indemnities which were used as bullion thus the govern ment could balance the currency (43 A) In 17 90 frrfPT TFTT ^ siFjr ijrm ^ fR tjm tr^ %rrFJT T m m i ^ ^itrrT ^rrsmrT w m fR ^ 3TT^ r^lgH|i>l ^ ^ 3#r ^ f R ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ , ^ iTFfr ^ ^ i?r?7T ^ f R 3?[?rr 3# f R m m ^ 3#r ^ ^ 3i\ ^ ^ TTfT^ ^ #?ir frar ^ w r i ^ tiT-^n*t?iT itnr i?iFn %rqr ^rttttt ?t ^ 3tot 3ir^1^ slinrmdr T?nrn #rqr f^jrt tt ^ 7?iqr% ^i'MIt^H firZIT r^T# «»>(MI^ ^T^fTfT ^RIT fTFtir rllR ?MTTrT • • ^^TRTit 3iraT #r?r # Tfi^H^ TTTO ^ fHHT TTt trar ^fTT5?ir rf W # TTI I 'jdt'TrT ^ WK ^ c^lHt T?nrn% f R ttrtit^ tin% | tpt ^ t i ^ T?nrn?tT ^ fm M ^F=fr ^ ^riHfr %^-etc. This extract shows that the gold of the tribute^ was utilised for minting new coins. The value of the coin was equal to the metal used in it. The businessmen used to melt coins for their own purpose. MINTS ; The problem of the mints of the Peshwas was rather compli cated. Just as the Peshwas administered the Maratha empire from Poojfid, the Maratha Sardars administered the regions % of Saranjams from their respective headquarters. The Peshwas implicitly admitted at least in theory, the Mughal supremacy. The Persian legends were found on Maratha coins as well as on Mughal coins. Again there were mints which were established by the Mughals or Bahamanis and these mints were loteron . run by the Marathas but the personnel and other staff remained the same (eig. Ujjain mint) Hence it cecome^ difficult to make a scrutiny of the Maratha coins. During Shahu's region private persons, bankers, 35 were encouraged to run the mints but government mints also existed. Shahu had a mint at Satara and after his death, the working of this mint was stopped. The Peshwas also established many mints at various places. In Poona itself, there were three mints and one each at Chinchawad and Chakan. These mints were conducted by the Government itself by appointing different licensees. The Dharwad and Nasik Mints were also government mints. t__ There were mints at Ahmednagar, Chatidwad, Chinchwad, Ghotwade^, Rahimat^jaur, Malakapur, Pune, -Wai, Talegaon, Satal*a, Nasik, Junner, Miraj, Bhatwade etc. In Karnatak, there were mints at Dharwad, Savnoor, Laxmiswar, Bagalkot etc. The Peshwas also allowed the feudatories to run the mints for their own use. The names of the Sardars and the Mints run by them were as follows (44) Name of the Sardar State Place / HQs Angre(Kulabkar) Maharashtra Alibagh Konkar. Gaikwad Gujarath Baroda Shinde Malwa Ujjain, Gwalior Holkar M.P. Indore, Maheswar, Bhonsale North Nagpur Maharashtra. '■'^^twardhan Karnatak Miraj, Hukkeri (Hallikeri) Bagalkot etc. Pawar M.P. Dhar,Dewas, Karnatak Bagalkot, Wai Raste Maharashtra. Miraj etc. 36 Bajirao, the first after the acquisition of Wasai. established a mint there, and Dadabhai was appointed to r-- run the mint in 1739 A.D. The following letter explains the weight of the coin minted ' in this mint and ^ the rate of commission of the mint runner and the government (A5) ^ ^ ^ nirirsiT w Tirtr fr^IrT ^ Hl^^( ^TT^ITm M w ^ TTTfft?r f?7RT 12 II w m #:ht This letter seems to havebeen written to Shankarji Keshav informing him about the contract given to Dadabhai. The rates of commission was Rs. 12.1/2 per thousand. The rupee (silver coin), weighing eleven and half mashas (i.e., twelve grams approximately) was to be struck»Dadabhai was instructed to strike the pure coins. The concerned clerk was instructed to keep the government seal intact and to provide it only when and where it was required. The commission for minting the coinage was as follows. Rs. Twelve and a half for every thousand, but of which Rs.six were to be paid to government and Rs.six and a half be given to Dadabhai and the goldsmith. They were allowed to distribute the amount between them amicably. This was the earliest effort 37 of the government to control the mints run by private mint- owners. After Bajirao's pioneering effort, it was Baiaji Bajirao who tried to regulate currency by various means. During his period, due to the increase in money transactions and also the commodity production, exchange became a large sector of the economy. Hence the question of money supply became an important factor. The commercial paper (Hundig) transaction also increased in this period and it became necessary for the Peshwa to make some serious efforts to regulate the currency. Baiaji Bajirao also started giving permits to the concerned persons to run the mint. He made some regulations to check the malpractice in this field and this business of private sector thus became the state business. The mints were free and open but they were under government control. (1) At Nagothana, Baiaji Bapuji was allowed to strike the copper coins on a three year contract. He was to strike the coins weighing only ten to twelve tolas. The fee for his work was '^^st year 50 rupees. '^ n d year 75 rupees, <^-5rd year 100 rupees (excluding the commission and other charges) 38 (2) At Revadanda, Bhairavram Datar was permitted to strike the Shivari coins. (3) At Nasik Bangle sellers (Kasars) were allowed to_ strike the paise and the Dhaboo (Coppor coins)(46) The fee for this work was Rs.150/- for three years. (A) At Dharwar, Pandurang Murar was appointed to run the mint and control the currency. He struck Mohors, Rupees, and Hons. The commission was six coins per thousand to be paid to government and one coin for the mint runner. Pandurang Murar was allowed to strike the following coins (47) Hons 10 % touch Weight equal to that of Mughal Mohors and Hons. Mohor 12 % touch The Government permitted persons to strike different types of coins in various mints. The type of coins to be struck in that mint was mentioned in the contract. Other instructions were given in writing. In Ghadani Rumal 6A0. (Tanksal, i.e., Mint) three different lists are found. The first is of the year (Arba Mayatien and Alaph)(48) I I # I I IR R T fTTI I 71 I ^ 3 ^ TRfr ^ % f35(R- WT zim f 1131^ ^ W m R T fWrff IW r f fTUrar TTT^t ^I3RT% 4 ^ I 4 3RTTlMfg 2 I ^ irte ^TT^mrT EqTe)^ 3!^ TTfr telTT% 3Pnir^t 39 smr frf?r wcm ^ ^ ^ Ifttl ^ wrHitnfr % r TTT^ ^ it+41« tn^ w m 3i^r rqr ^ri I wrar, ^ ^ ^Fift ^nsr^m ^rr^mw y ^Jiifj ^mrfr ^5iTf?r ^ * 31rmfrTfr g ^ W TZIRT r^ir«rT T T ^ i W f ^Tl I sinnrr^t^r frffr ^ TrmFi% Tmrfr 3?ra;rn^ s p r p M ^iW- tour^ ^ Sini^?5 <} ^^^TTrRTT tIFfr ^SfrmPf ^ f ^ . x x ^ | I rTPqr^t SdMl^^vS ^5f9Fm ^3ji^ 57ji3n¥r tRFum tti^ ^ ^?nr ^ * (1) So, this is a list of conditions and clauses of the agreement and the directive given by the government to contractor Shri Davkhare. There was scarcity of coins and hence the government asked him to reside in Pune, Budhwar Peth though he was originally from Chakan. (2) He was allowed to strike the Sivari, Alamgiri and Daboo coins in this mint. (3) If he was unable to provide the ^a^eed number of coins, it would be treated as an offence. (4) The weight and other instructions were' given in the agreement. (5) The agreement«. holder would get the copper at the usual rate. ^0 The Peshwa Government also made some regulations about running a mint for producing Ankushi Sikka Rupaya which was mostly in circulation. (49) T h . 7 3 ^ / 7 ^ ^ ^TTtr ^ jir w thh r^Rr "fm m f 11 3RRT ^ TFW W T 111= amror^ M r ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ -(fr^mi^r T?m * 3!^r q;rrf=r sjranfr tj^ ^ x:qi^ '3iranfr -m •5np r^nnn^r ciiiF^ fRurr h t w ^ ^ ^ ^ 1 1 iT ii^ ^ 3#W r?I[^ri I ^ w- qijRrai^ ^rrmnniir vrzntTrr rnr?m tTFT ?T ^RTfr W T ^ tt v^^yitwET 7in®r i R w t +K«tHi^ jtht ^rrar ^ % r liw Tlffr ^ ^ ^FPRTfr f^TctR «ii<»ffl^T|| qSRFFRT qjflH rTTT^ ^ FliftrlM ^ TrmfT% ? T W ^TTWTrT w r ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ xx ^ Msj w s n ^ ^ ^P?nr iqrr 1Wrqr5t ^ ar^rfr- -rh-7d‘^ 7 The above directive explains the control of the govern ment on the mint owners. The first part describes the weight of the Ankushi Rupaya. It was exactly eleven Mashas (Eleven Mashas i.e. 10 grams approximately). The coin ^11 was not pure. Only ten and 1/A mashas (silver) metal was to be used in the coin. It shows that the Mughal coins or some other coins were pure. The exchange value of a coin was determined by examining the pure metal used in it and its fineness. The appointment of Shroff and a professional money-changer was necessary. Due to various types of coins it also became very difficult to the parties to make revenue collection or business transactions. The commission of the government at this time is also mentioned in this extract. The accounts were declared for every year. I ! The government did not fix a legal ratio between Q the prices of gold and silver nor did it attempt to utilise pure metal here. \ The mint- owners had to accept the government staff for supervision. However the government could not i stop counterfeiting and had to close twenty-one private^ mints in 1765-66 A.D., In Tisain (Shake 1717), an agreement was found between Dullabhseth and government about minting coins and running mints. The agreement is self-explanatory (50)- Dullabhseth was given a contract to run the mints in Konkan and Desh from 1786 to 1790 A.D., ?2irfr ThTTOR f I I ^ W W T R f f r TTI I WJ I TTt- ^ 27 ^ ^ S m W ^ ^ infeqr z^:m m sn^ fi^r ^ f?f whttt r^IRI I r?ir T^i^TRTr ^ fTT infrrtpT ^TI^ MN^HI fqft •giFT^ *fTriT 31^ TTfT T^IT^ frRflt nwfn^ri I ti?r rzrr ^ W q A W *R ffr dl^«f44l+^H rtmrTlT 311^ r^^^ %flR 1 ,400 mi 1 iJrifR Hf4#r 380 TTTI 1 3|?iniT 1,14 1 cTTI 1 ^ 250 m ciW/ 50 rTTI 1 3112^1^'' 1 00 3,321 t^lfT^^v^^ft tianmA r it < W t m ^ i+«wi wqr% an^ rqr r^iMt ^ R fT T JR ^ imi^TW Wl I TR fST^ TTT^ W WT Tgi5rtTT ^ T tr 3T^nT TnrfTW *rr>iT ^ ^ ^ i n w # ^ T* ivimntf fuHt ^37# ^qpnfr r m M ^ i[\ I ^ T IT ^ ^ fTrT ^ ^TfltinfT ^ 1 ^ y’Mifii ^ f?f -% rii% ^is W f k ^ r M w w ^ anj ^ ^ ^ 3#ipr r?inT 3n^ ar^rw r^iw ^ftor t t t ^t trar ^ * " ^?nr ^ ^ ^ ^ TTtRJ T O ^ TTT5^t clfr Wrirqm r^^^ W | TRrRlT^ IW T i^F ^ ^15^1% »irar% ^ETFmr TTm %n? w m f w m w ^^11 TTT^ fEjT tPF Tr>n% tt ^R w m ^rwt|gff ^ m \ rqr ^ri i wri^ ^ ^ri i ^ 1 ^ 11^ ^Iglrtjljj^ -JTm^ 3T^rT ^l««. TTfr W¥t^l^rT 3n^SFIfRT m W r ^ [ ^ wi I W T ^ j r r ^ amr TimrRTTT^F^ t 5i“in '^i^, ^rnrr-^TRT fn^t? %c^t ^ h *t v'p z^m3E di^«<»mrH #f?T ^ ^ f?f ^n?M rqr% ^FSRi^ ^^TTFriT -nT^r 'sn^r L- 10*11 fW r f 14 3FraWt 2 I S^TT^rS tffT IW r f ^ «}iai* TTT^ ti^L ^ri I jtt ^ m^lrnmr ^ fffsjirr ^ w^iRT im r ■^* This contract quoted at length will serve as a sample of the agreement between the minhowner and the government. It shows the conditions the Peshwa government laid down on the mint-owner regarding the weight of the coins; the number of the coins to be minted; the places where they were to be minted etc. The word ' Rajmandal ' at the top of the contract indicates that this was an official document issued by the government in favour of the person who wished to run the mint. The agreement states that the government decided to close the old mints at Kalyan, Bhivandi, Belapur Vasai, Algaon and Parle. According to the contract government would not entertain any other person even if he offered a greater percentage of commission to the govern ment, when the new coins were struck, the old ones would not be circulated in the market. The Government dues were to be paid in the month of Magh. i.e., March. If, malpractices were found, Sarsubha would punish the concerned guilty persons. This agreement shows that (to control the currency and purity of coins) the government did try to make some regulations ( ) there is one letter to the Peshwa about the Bhivandi mint Saying that the seal maker and the coin-maker had come to him and they were asked to produce five Mohors and rupees as a sample. (52) this seal was new but it would gradually make better impression. 511 i r m R ^ ^ ^ fr?r ^ r^nr ^ snw MI6e(»>l 1 5 ^ rlIRT r R THTf i+fll® "Hft fRT- WTr\ Him ^ ^ ^ ^ %7T *• THzr rm m m m 3#rT- ^ mm ^ if ^ ^ ^ tiir ^ m % r^ira 6gprttr 5^5 t n ^ ?JiNfH ^ i m 8?rir5 TTraR i5»fT friM 3# 3n^ <^i+r(di ^iten^ 3Trr Tm ^ \ -Rifr ^ tttttt • • ^ ^ he purchase of the metal was to be done by the mint owner. It was a practice to melt the old coins and produce the new ones, so Dullabhseth was asked to establish the mints pro lucing the above type of coins so that there would not be scarcity of coins in the territory. The coins of other powers were in circulation but it seems that the foreign coins were banned in this territory. (53) " ^ ^ ^ rlig^ ^P»#r 3JIJ ■^•3#Fdm W¥!f T5ii}R f*r^t fe^P>RT 3#iRmT ^ fi^r % ' f r ^ i?ri I ^TTT ^ " TRHT ? I |#r % #^*11 ^ ipto ^nrihR TTTi I # r g #f*iT fR w Tn#m w w r iiwaT •5151^ " Ghadani bundle 640 of Pune Archives contains another illustration of a contract given to Dharmdas Dullabhshet and Rambhaji Kasi to mint Rupaya and Mohor(54) " ?rwT 3% ^ t^i i yr*Rm jrrw ^ t¥i!R Fq^r ^ $Rr?nf ftn | 46 1^11 ciri I ■*R^ !iTfT 5pqrr fsri I 7«rF4t ^ ^ TRi^ ftiaRPcr Trtrr w xxx firT fr w r ^Rfft % M r f 11 ftpT Trai#T ^ m i ^ fitrt?l?r ^ -si# ^ ^ xxx i<#dHra * r l ^ 3# rqrwi 1 f^Tr^R ^ fnfiIrT rqr 4 ^ T i ^ w m ^ri I T?ri i 7 W wsH Tn^ 111= 3RRT m M f ^ ^ ^ TflTI^r III ^ I iRRlCT MsniH • ?• The above mint-owners were supposed to mint” V ^ %TT Filtr” weighing eleven Bhars metal. The contract ,mentionsthat government would consider comterfeitlng a criminal offence and take penal action against if; The office bearers Were asked to be honest '*T k' syand they include two clerks Chinto Anant Datar and Sadashiv Ram and ten soldiers. From these excerpts of contracts, it is obvious that the Peshwa government did make considerable efforts to regulate the currency and control the mints but these efforts were not sufficient to stop the malpractices. In 1765-66 A.D. the Peshwa decided to close twenty-one private-mints due to maladministration - The following mints (56) at Manoli, Laxmisjiwar, T rogal, Yadwad, Murwad, Navalgur^, Bankapur, Nargund, Ramdurg, Jamkhandi, Bagalkot and Chikodi were closed but some new mints were established at the same time. H7 In 1865-66 A.D., Lakshman Appajl was app>ointed and permitted to open a mint at Nasik. Those traders who were not ready to accept the new coins of the Peshwas were ordered to accept them. The following illustration will clear this point (55) TTsffarn TTsnrRT %i t W T 1 f«fr qpf? • • • WT 3^ 3rrt% 3ir^ itr ^ ^ ^ ^ vw ^ ^fRT 31^ ^ i?l jvff vm W ¥ ^ ¥ w ^icnrr aim 51^ F I 4 TTniR ^ ^ #»T 3T# M t f i r k in 1767,68, two Goldsmiths were ordered to run a mint at Chinchwad. The coins struck at this place were of pure silver^ The year of producing the coin had to be written on it and this year was supposed to change every year. The expenses for production were also precisely started in this agreement. They were as follows : (57) 12 armas for Aatani (Melting), V,__ A annas for other expenses, 12 paise for Charcoal (fuel), 4 annas for miscellaneous expenses«lt^- Total Re One for every thousand. In one of the mints at Nasik ^^overnment appointed <18 a clerk on Rs. 20 a month and artisans on Rs.6 per month. The number of Shrisikka coins minted in Pune and Chakan were as follows = (58) POONA CHAKAN Year Period Number of Period Number of Months Rupees Minted Months Rupees Minted 1793 6 1 ,35,382^ 7 1,32,130 i 179A 12 6,50,578 i 14 6,60,229 \ 1795 12 & 6 11,44,680 13 11,38,287 1797 12 2,48,551 7 2,48,551 1798 12 3,54,026 5 4,11,331 1799 12 12,31,901 13 11,75,021 1800 12 9,51,256 \ 13 9,51,246 ^ 1801 12 1,73,214 1802 12 5,69,014 i 1803 to 1805 5 1,53,626 \ 1803 17 6,73,098 i After the Panipat war,, Madhavrao and the other Peshwas (except the last Peshws Bajirao II) tried to regulate the currency. Bajirao II gave contracts to Trimbakji Dengale but he did not succeed in preventing the maladministration in the field. MALADMINISTRATION IN COINING : The minting of coins in the private sector many times became a nuisance to the government. In the agreements z^9 with the mintowners or with those like Dharamdas Dullabhdas appointed to run the mints or Pandurang Murar who was given the permission to vopen new mints, Government wanted to regulate the mints and it also expected the contractors to take penal action against the offenders and collect a fine from them called ' Gunhegari .' Still counterfeiting existed on a large scale > Even in the government dues^ some counterfeited coins were mixed with other coins (59) e.g. Sardar Malharrao Holkar paid his dues on 17-4-1739 and mixed some counterfeit coins in it. In 1739 kamavisadar, Lax man Shankar, actually collected an amount of Rs.42,701 and annas twelve and sent to Jenabad Rs.65,88A and annas twelve» in this amount Rs. 50 were of copper instead of silver ^ coins worth Rs.125 were made of impure metal (Hinache) and Rs. 175 were conterfeit coins. Ghadani bundle 449 cites the'example of Raghobadada paying arrears to Madhavrao Peshwas in some counterfeit coins. (61) The permission given to private mints for striking coins and the existence of the coins of foreign powers made if very difficult for the government to check and stop the counter feiting and to control currency. ENCOURAGEMENT TO OPEN MINTS AND DEVELOPMENT OF DHARWAD KASABA (62) The Peshwa government opened a new mint, where pure coins " Jainagari " were minted. Dharwad was under the Peshwa rule for many years. 50 It was established and developed as Kasaba (i.e.,a Market i_- Place ) during this period. In 1753 A.D., Nanasaheb granted a Kaulnama which shows that he wanted to open a new market at Dharwad. Viratshet Raddu Shetya, Shivingappa Hubli, Aganna Vahili, Basavilingappa Agadi, Kokana Annigeri, Venkanna Mallakanna etc., were asked to settle in the new market. They were supposed to carry on the trade and commerce. They were given progressive rates i.e.,istawa rates) for a period of seven years. Virat Shet was authorised to open a mint in the Peth for striking Hons and rupees which were gold and silver coins. NO CUSTOM DUTY was to be levied on him for a year. An aftagir, a torchbearer and a chalawadi. (chain and bell bearer) were allowed to serve them. A number of mints had been set up for coining hons Mohors, and rupees, Some desais (i.e. Jamindars) ran the mints but they did not maintain the standard purity of coins. So, the Peshwas had to close these mints in 176(!C A.D. However, the Dharwad mint proved to be the standard mint, and hence it was not abolished. All the coins were melted and genuine coins were reminted. For controlling the coinage, the following rules were laid down (1) The mould of the Hon must be as before, (2) The Ekkeri Hon must be 10 kas and mashas of weight. (3) The rupees must be equal in weight to the Arcot, Fulcheri rupee. 51 (4) The mohor must be of 12 Kas and equal in weight to Delhi Sikka. Savakars ware given concession for the dues. Thus in Karnataka, the Peshwas tried to encoura^ mintSj THE POONA MINT : (63) In Poona, there were three mints and one each at Chinchwad and Chakan. In Poona near Shroof bazaer (Sonya Maruti Chowk), one mint is found in survey, but the location of the other mints is not found. These mints were run by different contractors but were owned by the Peshwa government. The Chinchawad mint was run by Shri Deo (Inamdar of Chinchwad) and the Peshwas. In these mints silver coins and copper coins were minted. The mint- master was ordered to have four dots instead of three near the Ankush (Goad) to' prevent the below standard coins from being minted. The Government asked those concerned to detect the guilty persons arid make them to pay a fine of rupees five only. In 1810 A.D., the Hallisikka coins were minted in these mints. One manager, two clerks, one peon, one piece- maker (one who was supposed to cut the metal into round shaped pieces), one stamper, one engraver of seals, one hammerer, one watchman in the mint and four outside the mint, one torch bearer, one melter, one iron-smith, one water supplier and some more labourers, were appointed, to work in this mint. 52 These mints were run satisfactorily for some years. When they had to face a shortage of bullion, they started taking low rates. One mint was closed but it was re-esta- -blished in due course. (6A) The money was circulated on a large scale due to enhancement in marketing. It moved and multiplied. A consi derable addition came through Tributes from other powers. Hence the Peshwa government gained a considerable control over the mints and coins. THE PESHWA'S EFFORTS TO REGULATE CURRENCIES AND MINTS : Briefly then'-the-Pesh-was tried to regulate, currencies in many ways. They supervised the mints by appointing personnels in the government mints where the purity of metal was to be maintained. Shrislkka, Ankusha rupees, suggest that they started minting their own coins. The Peshwas did not mint the coins on their names but it was customary to mint the coins on the Mughal Emperor's name. e.g. East India Company's rupees also bore the Mughal Emperor's name on their coins (65)^ Later on however, they minted the coins on their own names. When they saw that some of the mints did not maintain the standards laid down by the government, the Peshwas closed them e.9*» in 1765 A.D., Peshwa Madhavrao issued an order to Kamavisdars and Zamindars, of 21 parganas, sarkars of 19 markets and masters of 21 mints and closed the mints at Hubli^ 53 Betgiri, Navalgund, Nargund, Gadag, Lakshmeswar, Gokak, » Ya^wad, Bagalkot, Manoli, Khanapur, Shahapur, Savnur, Goa, Koppal, Athani etc. Twenty-one mints thus were closed etc. The Peshwa also appointed an able officer like Pandurang Murar to s-„ look after the matter. ESTABLISHMENT OF NEW STANDARD MINTS : It was done to control the mints. Only standard coins called Potechal were accepted by the government. CURRENCIES : To conclude, it seems that unlike other states of India, no uniform standard coin existed during the Peshwa period. Most of the Peshwas' coins were copied ones. They produced very few coins of their own like Ganapati, Shrisikka, Ankushi and Chandwad rupees. They used to write Persian Legends on their coins. Probably, it was a tradition of the time to write the Mughal Emperor's name on the coins, a tradition followed by the East India Company. But still implies an open acknowledgement of the Mughal Emperor as the Sovereign Power. Most of the Gold Mohors were of pure yellow royal metal. India could afford gold coins in circulation during this period. Tbe last table (Append is 'B') is the best illustration to prove this. 5^ The Peshwas did not use silver in pure form for silver coins. They mixed copper in silver which is called ^ p e. Almost all the coins were made of Rupe, but sometimes, silver in pure form was used. Jainagri type coins minted at Chandor were pure silver coins while Malakapuri coins were the most impure coins. Counterfeit coins were used but the government tried to stop this malpractice. Copper coins were mostly in day to day circulation as money had high purchasing value. MINTS : Mints in this period is the most complicated subject. There were government mints and private mints. Some mints were run by private mint-owners and supervised by the government. Feudatories were allowed to mint the coins. The Peshwa government allowed other powers' coins to circulate in the Maratha Kingdom. So there was a bewildering collection of coins. But at the same time, the government tried to make the private minting business into a state business by imposing various rules. The Peshwa government did a good deal to regulate the coins minted in private mints and to some extent they succeeded in this work. The government laid down some conditions regarding the weight, purity of metal (Mal-khara, Tolpura, these words show this spirit and the number of coins minted at the place. The government charged one tax 'Chandrat' ^ ^ /o.Yh'a 55 on it (67). Penal action was taken by the government for maladministration of the mints. Some of the mints which were run by private agencies were closed and some good mints were continued. New mints were established by appoin ting good personnel for this job. Encouragement was given to mint standard coins. Only Standard coins were accepted by the government, and thus, this private profitable business was converted into state business whch was useful for good administration. But still coins seem to be rough in appearance. They were not well carved. This might have been done to increase the durability of the coins because worn coins lost their value. THE RATE OF THE MONEY IN CIRCULATION : The rate was highest due to enhancement in marketing and war activities. The Peshwas got large sums of tribute as war Indemnities, which created a sound monetary position. The government also tried to fix the price of the coin. The purchase of the metal and the seal was also controlled by the government. 56 Foot Notes : Chapter : 2 ; Currency System. 1. K. N. Chitnis, Socio-Economic Aspets of Medieval India (Pune, 1979), p.A7. 2. V.K.Rajwade (Ed.) Marathyanchya Itihasachi Sadhane Vol.8 (Pune, 1918), Lekhank 29. 3. S. N. Joshi (Ed.), Chhatrapati Shrishivaji Raje Yanchi Bakhar (Pune, 1969) ,p p. A. S. Karnik, " Peshvekalin Maharashtra, Samajik Va Arthik Jeevan ", Bharatiya Itihas Ani Samskriti, (Bombay, 1986), p. 69. 5. Ibid. 6. G. H. Khare, Mandalatil Nani (Pune, 1933), pp.3-5. 7. Ibid, " Some Coins of the Peshwas ", Indian Numismatic Chronicle Vol.12 (Bombay 197A) pp. 8. Karnik, J.B.I.S., op. cit., p.70. 9. C. N. Pa^chure, Shrishiv Chhatrapatiche Chalan (Pune, 197A), pp^-10. 10. Ibid. 11. Ibid. 12. Ibid. 13. S. N. Joshi, " Senapati Dabhade Daftar ", Bhag - 1 B.I.S.M.Q. (Pune, 1951.), p.3. He has given the table of the coins mentioned in the Chapter. 10 Phalams = 1 Chakra. 16 Phalams = 1 Hon. 100 Patshahi (i.e. Nizamshahi Hons) = 160 Chakras. 1A. Catalogue prepared by Indian Institute of Research in Numismatic Studies (Nasik, 1979) pp. 1-9. 57 15. Karnik J.B.I.S., op.cit., p.72. 16. Ibid. 17. A. G. Pawar (Ed.), Karveer Chhatrapatee Gharanyachya Itlhasachi Sadane, : Tarabai Kalin Kagadpatre, Khand K (Kolhapur, 1969), Letter No. 259 18. P. A. Denominations of Mohurs based on Ghadanis. 19. Karnik J.B.I.S. op.cit. p. 73. 20. G. H. Khare J.I.N.C. Coins, op.cit., pp. 21. Karnik, op. cit., p. 71. 22. Khare, J.I.N .C ., Coins, op.cit.,pp. 23. Ibid. 24. Ibid. 25. P. A., Ghadani 6A0. 26. Catalogue, I.R.N.S. op. cit., pp. 1-9. 27. Ibid. T ' - . 29. Ibid. - ■ 30. Khare, J.I.N .C ., Coins op.cit. pp. 31. K. K. Lele, " Ujjaini Yethil Tanksal " B.I.S.M.Q., Sapttam Sammelan, (Pune, 1910), pp.83-90. 3iy^N. G.Chapekar, ” Peshwaiche Savaleet," (Pune, 1937) pp. 30-31. ^33. Vaidya Daftar, Vol. 1. p.48. 34. Lele, B.I.5.M.Q. op. cit., pp. 89-90. 35. Khare, Mandalatil Nani, op.cit. pp. 3-5. 36. Lele, op.cit., pp. 83-90. 37. Ibid. 38. C. B. Joshi., " Peshvaiti Maharashtracha Arthik Itihas", B.I.S.M.Q. 15, 1934. p.65. 39. Karnik, J.B.I.A.5., P 71. 58 AO. Ibid. 41. G. H. Khare, " A Report on the Maratha mints of the Peshwa Period located at Poona, Chakan, Chinchwadi.", I.N.C. Vol. 38, 1976. pp. 1-3. 42. P.A., Ghadani 458. 43. Diskalkar D. V., " Pune Yethil Tanksal " B.I.S.M.Q. 1941, pp. 221. 44. P.A., Table based on Ghadanis, consulted for this ' thesis. 45. S.P.P. . Vol. 22, p.81. Karnik, J.B.I.A.S., p.71. 47. Ibid. 48. P.A., Ghadani 640. 49. Ibid. 50. Ibid. 51. Ibid. 52. Diskalkar, "Pashwaitil Bhivandichi Tanksal", B.I.S.M.Q. Vol. 32, 1952, pp. 255. 53. P.A., Ghadani 640. 54. Ibid. 55. Ibid. 56. Karnik, J.B.I.A3 , p.71. 57. C. G. Karve, " Punyas Navi Tanksal, 'GA' Shikkyacha rupaya" BISMQ., Vol. 32, 1952., p.2. 58. P.A., Ghadani 640. 59. Ibid. 60. Ib id ., 449. 61. S.P.P. Vol. 22, Letter 132. 62. P.A. Ghadani, 449. 59 63. Chitnis., " Glimpses of Dharwar during the Peshwa period ", The paper is presented in Dr. P.B.Desai Felicitation Volume, Dharwar, 1971. 6A. Khare, I.N.C. 38., 1976. 65. Karnik, op.cit., p. 72. 66. Ibid. 60 APPENDIX TABLE - COINS CURRENT DURING THE MARATHA PERIOD One Mohor 13 to 17 Rupees One hon 3 to Ai Rupees. One Putali 5 Rupees. One Rupee 16 annas. One Anna 2 Daboo. One Daboo 2 paise. One Paisa 3 Pie. One Pai 1i Rukka. 1 8 Takka 1 Shivari 1 Takka Triruka 16 1 Takka Ri/kka. 48 1 Anna 8 Rukke 1 Rukka 1 I paie 1 Takka 6 annas. 1 Shivari 6 Rukke 1 Hon 2 Pratap 1 Pratap 2 Daran 1 Daran 2 C h a v a l^ 1 Chaval 2 Duval 1 Duval 2 Vyal 61 - 2 - 1 Wele 2 Vis 1 Hon 10 Tanka 1 Rupee 2 Adheli 1 Adheli 2 Pawali 1 Pavali 2 Chavlis 1 Chavli 2 Annas 1 Rupee 32 Takka. 1 Anna 10 Rukka 1 Takka 48 Rukkas or 4 Annas. 3 Rukka 1 Paisa 3 Tiruka 1 Shivari 8 Shivrai 1 Takka 4 Annas 1 ’Takka. 1 Chakra 2 Rupees 5 Annas 2 Paise 1 Phalam 3 Annas 3 Paise 1 Chaura 10 Phalams GOLD ; Mohor, Putali, Hon and Shivrai etc. SILVER ; Rupee, Adheli, Pavali, Duannaya COPPER : Triruka, Dam, Takka, Rukka, Dambadi, Dudandi, Kavadi etc. 62 APPENDIX : B MARATHA COINS : (After Rajaram's regime ) Sr. Metal Size Weight Type Provenance Locatioi No. (Cms) 1. Silver 1.9A X2.05 10.02 gms. --- N.A. Asiatic Society Bombay 2. Silver 2.05 11.1A gms. Persian legend. N.A. 9 9 3. Silver 2 cms. 11.09 gms. >» N.A. 9 9 A. Silver 2.11 cms.11.00 gms. »> N.A. 9 9 5. Silver 1.94 cms 10.91 gms ---- N.A. 9 9 6. Silver 2.00 cms 11.08 ------9 9 7. Silver 2x2.11 11.06 ---- > > 9 9 8. Silver 2.00 11.OA ---- 9 9 9 9 9. Silver 2.11 11.08 ---- 9 9 9 9 10. Silver 2.11 11.05 ---- 9 9 9 9 11. Silver 1.9A.x2.05 11.03 ---- 9 9 9 9 12. Silver 2.2.11 11.06 ---- 9 9 9 9 13. Silver 2.05 11.03 ---- 9 9 9 9 U. Silver 2.05 11.OA ---- 9 9 9 9 15. Silver 2.11 11.01 --- 9 9 9 9 16. Silver 2.11 11.00 ---- 9 9 9 9 17. Silver 2.11 11.16 --- 9 9 9 9 18. Silver 1.9A X2.05 11.01 --- 9 9 9 9 19. Silver 2.05 11.05 ---- 9 9 9 9 63 - 2 - Sr. Metal Size Weight Type Provenance Lcx:atic No. (Cms.) 20. Silver 2.05 11.05 ---- N.A. Asiatic Society Bombay 20. Silver 2.05 10,97 ---- 9 9 9 9 21 . Silver 2.05 10.99 ---- 9 9 9 9 22. 2.11 11.10 22. Silver 2.11 11.10 ---- 9 9 9 9 23. Silver 2.05 11 .11 ---- 9 9 9 9 2A. Silver 2.00 n .06 Persian f 9 9 9 legend. 25. Silver 2.05 11.06 9 9 9 9 26. Silver 2.05 11.07 »> 9 9 9 9 27. Silver 1.83 5.50 »» 9 9 y y 28. Silver 2.05 11.12 > t 9 9 y y 29. Silver 2.05x1.94 11.00 f 9 9 9 9 9 30. 2.05x2.16 30. Silver 2.05x2.16 11.05 y y 9 9 9 9 31. Silver 2.00 11.16 t i 9 9 9 9 32. Silver 1.94 11.28 > f 9 9 9 9 33. Copper 2.16x1.36 8.08 » > 9 9 9 9 34. Copper 1.55x1.61 7.44 9 9 9 9 9 9 35. Copper 1.84x1.38 7.31 9 f 9 9 9 9 36. Copper 1.38x1.44 8.92 9 9 9 9 9 9 APPENDIX ; 'C' SILVER AND COPPER COINS DURING THE PESHWA PERIOD* 5 . THE PESHWA : A.E. Shivarai. Wt. 8.325 gms. (About 129 grs.) Obverse : Legend in Nagari characters in three horizontal lines. Sri Raja Siva Reserve : Legend continued, in two lines. C h h a(tra) pati 6. THE PATWARDHAN OF MIRAJ ; Minted in the name of Shah Alam. AR. Obverse : Enclosed within a dotted circle, Legend in Nagari characters. (Sri) Ganapa (ti) and in Persian characters (Shah Ale^) Bahadur Badshah Ghazi 65 Reverse : Enclosed within a dotted circle, legend in Nagari characters. Sri (Pan) ta Pradhan and in Persian characters. (Zar) b... sanah Julus-i-maimanat-i-manus (Struck (in the) year (of) the accession associated with prosperity). •* GOLD COINS DURING THE PESHWA PERIOD S i « : 115/32*'; Metal: gold 5 Gross weight j 33 grains; Approximate net weight: 30 grains ^without the nn^ Obverse Reverse I ‘••-IcT**) ^ Nm. 9 a, 9 B. K. N. Chitnis, Socio-Economic Aspects of Medieval India, Pune, 1979 p.401. G. H. Khare, " A reportion the Maratha mints," I.N.C., Vol. 138, Bombay, 1976. 66 APPENDIX ' D ' A POONA MINT (ANKUSHI RUPAYA) From the following documents, it seems that Trimbakji Dengale was appointed to run the mint at Pune. The coins minted were Ankushi Rupee. This document shows the income and expenditure and the working of the coins. It seems that a list of bankers and shroffs who purchased coins is given in this document. (1) However according to Dr. G.H.Khare^ " The Ankushi Rupaya was not minted at Wai or Poona but at Bagalkot. We know that at Bagalkot were head-quarters of Sardar Raste's jagir in Karnatak given to the family by the Peshwas and it is quite normal to find the mint-name Bagalkot on the coins struck, as summarised by Mr. Ranade, by the members of the Raste family probably at Bagalkot. The name on the obverse is found to be the real name of the Mughal emperor Shah Alam II, by which he was known before he assumed the emperorship.*^ (2) ' the PERSIAN LEGEND! Obvet* iU a No. la But from the following document, it seems that it was minted at Poona mint. (1) P.A., Ghadani 6A0. (2) G.H.Khare, some coins, I.N.C.,12 67 APPENDIX Contd. 11 ?St I I z w ^ «TFT 3^ twpt^ f^i i N s r ^ f 11 3RTT f 11 m r s - m 1732 rrri 1 ^ 3RirT 1733 (i.e. 1811 A.D.) -gi I T?T^ ^ 2,13 7,059 ^jTTTT TTllt 9,195-l/S. ^ ^ Ttri I 2I36HI'S- 1,110 snwrm 480 7,169 3 R ^ 27,825 31 ,341 60,245 ^ %r 58,150 ^iTEr 13,600 36,121 ■*n^ ^ 51,212 1 ,89 ,339 TTI^ 31^ 5,32,000 68 70,795 piH 3?%rnr 3,300 •5 11 ^ #irr 1 1 W 4,148 ^11 TlfrTTT I ,84 ,500 ^1 I ^ ^FtrtTT 38 ,690 •51 I ^RW I I ,470 ^1 I fSRTRT |cPRm 8,147 ^11 2 ,080 ^1 I 5 ,345 IJI I WWIRRT I ,350 ^1 I T^RTT 37 ,600 TT?iS^ 900 TTTcf«T 2,665 ^1 I tor 13 ,000 "gi I ^6KW 10,900 Tjii'iS^ ^nrr I ,37,180 ^1 I ^ WWIHRT 5,32,000 fWfTT TT ^ 15 ^ri I 7,980 ^TTWTtT ir ^TFraraT ^ 911 «F17W% ■*TR% ^ ^ 1 1 T^r 911 6,609 ^T?FIT 2,484 ^11 3PRpft 1,84 ,000 TT 13 II 3,281 ^11 25 ,250 ?T 13 ^ 69 168 71 I I 2 ,000 ^ ITinfr Ttr I 4 I,950 VI I I ,30,000 TT I 5 978 ¥1 I I ,1 5,750 7 ,000 71 I 65,000 TT I 6,609 5,32,000 ^ j m 7,059 W 6,609 sHRiit u n w Ttr T^t,5,3 4,5 38*^i ^ ^ tRft wrmft tJ3F^ ¥^ri i 2,538 ^ ^ ^ 5 ,3 2,000 ^ Tlfl^ W • 43,213 TTllr 3TO W 13 ,305 ?new w 480 *n?HR W 27 ,825 3R^ 300 I,5861 ?l I f I I 4 ,97011:: ^ I 6,856-111^ ^ rTM 3J^ W Ttr 2 ,338* in'" 7,63l-\^ ^ THTR TrqirR 7,054^ JR ^ THJIfPT 668 JR Sm WrPT 2 ,02^^ ^ TTIT 2,338111'-' 70 •Mr:- ^ 51 ^pnr 2 211 xnM M 2,538 r=^ ^ 3PRpft apicft rqm M HIT Wl I wm ft t R ^ 4 ,970 11^ cTfFif i|#^ ^ ^ 300 JTTW I ,586 I ^1 I fI I 4 ,970-M^ # fII 6 ,856 l»l^ rTI I ^ -m -- ^ 5 3 ITTmfr 612 Ttr u TT*pSt wr ^ md»frt.^ prft ^ITTT 224 M I 12 ^^R?3‘ 'ft 40 ^1 I W^TTTT 66-n- M im # wraqm ^nrr 631 3ii 7T FqriRT ^|3R 662 H[\ I 40 ^IHf^ WSR 63 TT 662 ^Tl I 150 ^ flit- -gn #Trr •TO^t Tnmr ^ 12 II ^11 2 «l<+ r m ^ ?T3R 6 649 tr^ lll-=|/ | 7 ^ ^SFsmRT 4 ^ 2 TT 2 ^ri I 3 ^irar 2 ■gRfm 7 1,063 1^ ^ ?3irfr 2 ^ri i 71 2 T^RR fsri I 2 ^ I 6 46 I ^ 3 ^ Ttrrnr^t f^RfR I 9 qrftTTT +««HJI 7 I 2 I 2 5 7 8 «»k » 3 5 3 ? n t ^ 46 546 ^ 26 7T 21 T^Tl I 108 ^ 17 ?T ^irqm ¥iri I irmrft 6 if\ i ?T 662 ^ri I I 6114 TT n t ^11 104 7T 662 ^ri I I I I f,\- 4 7T ^ri I ---- 10,4 11 6 ihTRR^ W m ^ TTRepfRT TiM 3H# rJlRT THHrar^t rT 10 #5nnnnT ^ 72 2 ^ ^^1 I SFWifra 2 ^ 1 I \4 I % i^i I •?n?RT I ^Ti I ^ I 6 2 <4««d 2 cftH ITFatt ?T 662 mi I 11. fsrnr 51 I I 5 TTT^teR 10 ^ w n 3 i i ^ 5 ^ TFT^ 151* I 6 W ^ %cT 10 1^11 2 ^ I ^rPT 2 ^w nr t^i I 2 ^!TI^ I 6 73 2 • I I I- ^ ^ 2 TT ^ri I ' jl- 1?I?T ^ . j. ^ ^ 2 2 ^ 20 ■nrzrr ^ttr 2 ?r;^^i/f= 10 TTH I TRTTfr I I 0 3^311 20 n/- 2 II- trn 21 100 fRnrf ^ 96 TT ■*!% PT^ ^ri I 3 ^ TT ^ri I 7T I 00 7^ m r ttrt uifTn«r fraw -H ^■5nmr •I- * 1 ^ 5 ?St TTTF^ 3T>c(|^|^ftHI ’ II- miRT m ( 6II- w r Iriw -m %7TJft 62 ?5t ^ w m f t gi^mrw cjtt ^i i I 5T?W I I 1 iTT^t 2 •llrWd'^) I ^ ( ^ eS TTmif^ 7 8 % n r 3 %rn^ 4 ^3HW I WIFTTT 1T37fr 75 I wr wjpr lira 2 2-11 MUWIRT 5 F 17 t j r r siR^ihTTrRT r^[^ 5 F *) ^ ^ ^1 I 6030 ?*ri I . ri* •ll- T 5 ^ II- Tinr rTrPT ItTW^TT •) ^ • ll- Tnnpr ^ *) fi^r • \i • N«i«wd 5i\- 15 wr^ ^ ttpW I 0 ^ «4H«4> 60 ^ Hiwrr TT 5 60 7T 5 I ,586 \ 4 ^ tRf TUft 124 76 f 11 Tin I 7-1 I- 2 11 fi#iT 3Piigq? ^ -mRrifr 5 ^ »rr>iRT 7 I I 41 I- in^ ^ TIRR 2 -mm 2 I I * P R H I ^ MUIWfl 4 I I 5 ^ 1 7 ■HRR 31R^ 178 693 ^1^ 180 Ti^ Tfrrr ^ 7T 15 ^ri I 180 w M tnrPFfr 3115% qim 77 7 ^ri I Ttri I ^ri I w ^ 1 1 7 72 w : ^ WFft ?T 6 60 miRT^ TT 5 ^TM 60 T?m^ ’t m m s m ^ 5 ^ri I 64 TTfflif 7T w 6 ^ri I m n : m r r 72 tri I brt 7 11 693 77 124 ^ 'msp 31FR- ytr fRTRT 35 ^ri I e 2 00 iTTraH ^ ^ ftlfNT ^ rRiw Tnc^t^rr 4 I 0 180 i W r A -^TrWr ft^^^4^H^lr< ^ rJim ?nn5T ¥iri i i5 T?rii vir- 178 ran^ ^ 60 ^iTOT ^ 5 10 vM t 7T 5 ^1 I fRlfr 50 TjfR^ ^ 5 ^ri I 58 7T 5 ^ri I ^rr^^rft ^i i 'I'Hi «ii 178 6 9 3 «n^ trfi^r t j ^ T^ri i 2,136 k?rar 7 ,059 ^ m f TT^ 9,195 | W W m Wl I ^TTrTT 300 ^ 3FT7TFt TlrCTT tnr fl I 15 #1733 78 Tmwrn iWmr itr^t ?5t^ I # W ■^TrTT *mr %?IT TTi I ^ 300 TTIM T R ^ Ttrt I TJ^IT^ItT ¥^1 I 410 210 ^RihR ?tr#nm!t ^htrt ^ rqm fRJRT pniSt 3 5 ^Tl I | W ^ 6 200 »TIT^ ^ ^ Irifknr ITT I ,15,750 700 TTI I 65,000 ^ 1 0 ^TM 5,32,000 0 qnfr xhrnt q i W 5^ 1371 F^tr 6,609 450 ^-^11 WlrWH grV*fl 450 Tnt 50 ?l I ¥^ri I 450 7,059 F^ri I ■?rfi3f i r ^ Ttr 2,136 ^1 I 7 ,059 ^ W HTT ~ n i y - 79 APPEWDIX ; *B' r.nntri. 5^1^XWh?rWrtW?77W) “I?i7^3^TT2^W^W^72l^ lfirl^'ifZ)-W2^^-:^2Sl>r ' i P * i ^ (J ’ o b € _ _____ v C ,, - 80 J^ 0 2-0 S ^1. ^ V ' - x ^ t , y r ^ ------' & > t!i‘nmi'Y-.Hti'3 Qjli/V{^')|^' tZTTTTpDtra^- --- (')JMl/»W»t7ffl----- ai ^ ^ ^(;;^TTw^ w j35^n«7?^ i o i A w \ m -t t j u A t t ^ ‘^ ^ lj;^ ^ ‘’rr(i7m rv)'i^( ~ 2 ^ ViAw to' z n 'i ^ y ' w>i'2/^(i)^i&-<-ii9 3 \ ^ ^ T7rr;i£a^^TP5?‘^ " " ' "JTTT^-SS -r? " T J I T ^ i i <’’» ^3® iT p p i^ -s;- ;-. ■;» ri 82 ■ . < . v .n^' 2f T P p ^ ’- «'-M^ Kni'P^- r q»r^^,v 83 i^e^L9oj\-zy~-^ . l 9 ^ n h ^ j r / y 2 ^2/*= ^,— 84 "ij^z- eit)^ 7— " h-p>=n'^P'-i''' \ ' u n \-/ ’ ■' •'■ — ■, . C , ^ ’\ ' V ' ..... •a-eu^/l'S^-^ “ ^ ^ ‘ 5 1 1 ■ 85 i v?'i~ , -V ~ - ^ K i \A2- iS' ~ I \ y y ) - r x s X / y f ' .- r .- A s . m jR 'K JV ty 1 ^ Wf)'0»T-5^‘J j V:5T "T7?7$7i/pyTTT^^r" ■^TT^^xrrTCfJir " t y 86 T-ru ' f i . . ^ > 7 ) W ■ ^»L^\ '- ’''r O ' ' u> ------ T i ^ J» ) • 2 - c r \v- ^ I ...... ;.... vj~ - ■ V r n; ' r 7. :<> “'f , ^ j ^ > . . ( . a 87 3 r r c -- -j’ f\>‘i. rrr,rx vT * ? 9 S V ^ c W i9 t f t ? )T ' ^ "ViTfihxQ^. q ' K ^ ■^W|Ti0i>’'^ ------ ■ 5 ^ - I A p 2 — ^ - n t J ^ ' 'yi-.~ 88 ^ T-i ■•^ -^,nS'-^\-~--^v-r' zi.,- ■ ^ 2_e’5 ^ i — ■/)'! ' >.t ' ^ \ - 6 € --- V *3T re 89 n ■^’1 l(7Vwi- ^cp V f r^' d ^^•-'/ ^ij>2i'' i ”*■ i/Tc • ^ i V i i n i '•e U ^ 5 ' v ? p /) t^ i:^— * 11/ liVvJVrvv^-J/fe- -TT'^Vif^----- *^* ‘ 90 Z^jV^io'WJT ^ -<^l'$0fir~ 1 91 z a F ^ F W W r ~J^7CyC5^^?W T i — -•ctl- ■ ^M ~ W - V )y ;,A ’ i.'iri^J 92 ------ ^ ~ V l } '^ M / k s p ^ * W ) W } T p ^ - •-[^(5'y2KiRi^/<-^ n — - w p ^ z " - ^ F T w ^ f i r *^3COTFBVP7rr‘ ^ -77te7:pzK"r ^ - P T ^ 2 2 { T ! ^ W W r 93 Z ^ ' T n r ^ v ^ l^\ l^i i o r7pTH21Tf5^ ------^ ^i-fl(rj\0h7/j^ V- L 9.H ^a - r " T l 94 TVrjI^h^lW ir c-^------V ,'"\ _ rv i / a y ^ \ V *'9^7;p/>7r/X727^ ^y^llt 'I/ '3^«t^ig^i?m"«’ ' i : ^ 95 ------ X ‘■+7T:T-tY5fcvWim /t,v \ 96 ) ^ ])7 ft h ^ vg|^> I X / T7ir^j3!>m5'»mr>w.'.) ^ a . 3 ' I ■ 7 7 S ; S W ^ ^ ' !f V1 1 ' T ~ - ^ 5 ^ ------ SrtXZ^WTTDOa ~^(Vi>'ff^Fu^i iw T S n m r C f ' ______2<> =, . „ V 97 "^11 t^^eTTpp ct-J-oe. ------= i ^ ■------^ •= 5 ^ ^ ------= ^ " "'TF'hW JPA^ _— : _ - d _ 98 APPENDIX ' e * A POONA MINT (SHETSHAI MOHUR) Brahmaji Kasi was given the permit to run the mint of Shetshahi Mohurs. He was instructed to carve three dot-marks on the coin and maintained the purity of coin. He was supposed to pay the clerk his salaries who was appointed by the government to supervise the mint. - 8 ^ ^ ^ 't m m ^ ^ mm m ^ri i w m ^ ^ 1 I TC T m ^ ^ w 14 T*RR %nrm ^ araf w rR t r ^ p. A., Ghadani 6A0. 99 11 I I ^ «rr tjir s m ^ ^ 3ir^ -ari I mi it ^ ^ M f 11 3i«if w rpr ^l7?ITf l?l?TT ?reT TRffr T?rrn w r t r^r TTTH 3n^ rzn% wrm i ^ irfiwnW ^ w¥ T m ^-trr 5-^ rlHlrfrra r?7RT rfl^ M ^tlTTT r^m ^3ITf?T w m - I Mtt wm\ ^ri I f^i I ^1 I rm ^«<.4 ^ri I ^ 5FF^ 1 R W i n ^ ^ 5-^ ^r?7iT m^r^m wirtr 75irnft5r ?r w r% jj-^j|i(l ^mf?r - I - wrm ^ ^TrT 3n^ q;?nr - 1 - fe?rrf i?iFfT iwir 5i7?nf TfrsTT ^!iwgf4t ^ ^mrfr i««>«lrld ^TT(T 3n^ ^ TH# ^ ^r??ITf % 7 T ^ ^rft^r t m Tltor ^ ti#^ m i R w t T?T?Tr m w m m ^ T T f ^ jJ>HKt^T|| 3#IT ^ T^RnrTcftH Tfl5^ T?Rrt TR^TOrT ^ ^ ^ri I tinra® -sm ^ rmrir irrw^ ^U^HI^ fRlRT riir ffR ^ tJlf^ ^(+l(% ^Rf% ^IRfT Ttrnr iTT#trr ^ t;n®r w m - ^ ^ - I - -Th HHT- 100 **71 „__ wrai^wT3»r«H iM )% ^ TOftt < i ^ ^ tei- ^lf?T ^ f^r i(iKtiR4ld ^siTF^r ^ri I J T ^ T^fFH rqro ^ TTmrRTT TR^ ^ wqt ^ ^PiT# W Pt ^ ^ i+fllriH T ^ •?r^ tTT tnH# 3nt r^f^ rqr f?ira 3n«i ^ ^ T ^ t r ^ rJTRT r^lrft ^'Jr» 'STti' ^ WrlT qnrSt% qrfjj+ ««»«*» - ^ w *r 8 Th-73 ^ 101 ■APPENDIX Contd. Hi '/A) Ti^ i n w #?riTOiTiij i)"c4 i^i(’( 5) I (.! - - .i--- ^ - ,xv__._...... S *' '*' -ill ‘ M ^ ;> :'i^ ■'. r.' \ ■ 102 W r ( i \ v ^ S i 1 rR'i(^ I J) I a i '5 ' w r o % 7 $ n '’ * ^ 1 t t ^ t w -> * ))''y5./7)..' ' l(;W ?J4few "i’i.U.X^M,:., VI ~ w T • •*■*■’:* ■ » v . '" * ** *ik.^ ^ jA ■ * ^' ■ • » •*—* ■ fc ,• ^ ^)W i^'i\X ^i{)i> '''' '"" ' ;■ 'vjsr 10^1 T T Z R w r n r m ^ T ? n “I i f i ' W' A-.. ^^nterzfP^' ■»H’ C (‘ \ -^ \v =f}t^ij^^yrit- -^ " : h f }■ w rr45,T r^^ -^~ * '• , m f f F T T w - - ' • • • • . ^ • C^''*- Wjd' I «. .• « . •*J»A . , . . , .. * •- f • - «•» ».T*--' •4*' • ' *• -A*-*. . . - . t 106 • I?M' •‘ t : ---- -^■■■ ,, , ■^rra JTO^TTrr^?y7,5r[^^ c/W^TTTJ-^TgYT^jiTO .:.H OHm-^ ^iTfifvn Wl,®>r3Ti}'^ {(^ “ t r s T T ^ ^ k> — ---- - APPENDIX ; ' F Type Rate Rate Number Rate in Rupees Hon Durgi A 10 AO Putlya 17 600 10,200 Hon Bedari A i 250 1,125 Hon Durgi A 156 62A Hon Durgi A i 113 A80 Bedari A i 180 762 Bedari A i 17 72 Durgi 3 3/A 35 137 i Hon Durgi 3 3/A 38 1A2 i Hon Durgi 3 3/A 610 1,912 i Hon Hydari A i 352 1,A96 Hon Hydari A i 23 103 i Nagapatani 3 i 28 997 i Nagapatani 3 i 3A 103 Hon Yekeri A i 150 675 Hon Yekeri A i 127 1,027 i Old Mohurs : Panchmel 17 56 952 Surati (old) 16 21 336 Haradnali A 100 A, 000 Putali 17 Weighing 69,007 i A059 Tolas. ♦ Based on Ghadanis of the Pune Archives,