University ofWisconsin-Madison Department of History

History 730 Pro-Seminar in Latin American History CAPITALISM AND SLAVERY IN THE CARIBBEAN Semester I, 2005-2006

Francisco A Scarano 4134 Humanities 263-3945/263-1800 fscarano@wisc. edu

Office hours: Wednesday 1:30-3:30 (sign-up only) Wednesday 3:30-4:30

Course description: This seminar will explore important problems and debates in the history of Caribbean working peoples, from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries. One of Europe's foremost tropical frontiers in the age of merchant capitalism, the Caribbean islands and the contiguous lowlands of South and Central America were, along with Brazil, a locus of plantation systems created to satisfy the demand for tropical staples such as sugar, tobacco, cotton, and coffee. Because the area's native population was practically annihilated during its initial contact with the Europeans, the establishment of efficient and profitable exploitation colonies in these relatively empty spaces hinged on the adoption of labor systems which subjected large numbers of forced migrants to working and living conditions so rigorous as to be universally abhorred by their victims. After some experimentation before 1650, African chattel slavery became the preferred mode of exploitation. The workers, brought from Africa in numbers that exceeded 3 million --for the Caribbean alone-- between 1500 and 1865, were obviously stripped of the individual rights which in Europe at the time were being increasingly regarded as "universal". African slavery and ancillary forms forced labor thus became the standard institutions for the procurement of labor in the Caribbean for nearly four centuries. Logically, these institutions of labor exaction laid the material and demographic foundations for those "entirely new societies", fashioned by the European colonizers as if they were the antitheses --albeit indispensable ones-- of the emerging capitalist-liberal order. Historians of the Caribbean have focused much of their attention on understanding the dynamics of labor systems through five centuries of colonial history. Several of the larger questions that continue to be debated in the literature will be examined here: How were specific forms of labor in the colonial sphere, and social relations in general, shaped by specific demands of European capitalism? In what ways, and to what extent, did capital accumulation in the South Atlantic system influence the rise of European factory capitalism? More specific issues to be addressed include: What were the determining factors in the selection of a specific "bundle of rights" over others' labor? How is the transition from one system to another (e.g., indentured servitude to African slavery) explained? What concessions did the dominant groups tender to the subject groups, and how did such compromises affect social and cultural evolution? How and to what extent did the autonomous spaces shaped by slaves and other laborers make their mark on Creole cultures? Why was the secular institution of slavery abolished all of a sudden in the nineteenth century, and how was this event related to the triumph of industrial capital in the European core? These and other related questions will form the backbone of seminar topics.

Requirements A) Paper: Seminar members will write a substantive, article length (20-35 pp. long) paper on a pertinent topic, selected in consultation with the instructor. The paper should probe a well-honed question 2 regarding Caribbean labor systems during the period of slavery and emancipation. The paper should be comparative; that is, it should focus on more than one island, country or colony. Ideally, it should also straddle linguistic/political areas; for instance, it might compare Jamaica with Cuba or the French West Indies with the Spanish islands. Finally, it should be more issue-oriented than citation-oriented. While the author should strive for thoroughness in the bibliographic coverage, she/he should accord priority to the substantive, analytical issues encompassed by the topic.

The papers are due on Friday, December 2, at 4 P.M. via email to Professor Scarano, who will convert it into a PDF (Adobe Acrobat) file and distribute it to all members. All papers will be the subject of a short, 15-minute discussion during the last two class sessions. A schedule of presentations will be drawn early in the semester, so that seminar members will know when it will be their tum to present.

B) Presentations: In addition to the paper presentation at the end of the semester, each seminar participant will make one brief presentation that incorporates insights and fmdings from the readings assigned for a given week . A one-page written summary of the main points of the presentation, with copies for every seminar member, will complete this task. A schedule of presentations will be drawn up at the first seminar meeting. The presentations will synthesize and critique the most significant issues raised in the weekly readings, and will lay the groundwork for the ensuing discussion. It is expected that the presenter will assume a leading role in seminar deliberations on the day of her/his presenation.

Books available for purchase

Rainbow Bookstore has the following titles available for purchase. In addition, most other required readings will be in a packet (availability TBA), on College Reserve and/or online.

Eric Williams, Capitalism and Slavery (Chapel Hill: University ofNorth Carolina Press, 1944).

Sidney W. Mintz, Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History (New York: Vintage, 1985).

Ira Berlin and Philip Morgan, eds., Cultivation and Culture: Labor and the Shaping of Slave Life in the Americas (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1993).

Herbert S. Klein, The Atlantic Slave Trade (New York: Cambridge UP, 1999).

Alejo Carpentier, The Kingdom of this World, trans. Harriet de Onis (New York: Farrar, Staru, and Giroux, 1989).

Christopher Schrnidt-Nowara, Empire and Antislavery: Spain, Cuba, and Puerto Rico, 1833- 1874 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1999).

Emilia Viotti da Costa, Crowns ofGlory, Tears of Blood: The Demerara Slave Rebellion of 1823 (New York: Oxford UP, 1994).

Laurent Dubois, A Colony of Citizens: Revolution and Slave Emancipation in the French Caribbean, 1787- 1804 (Chapel Hill: U ofNorth Carolina P, 2004). 3

SCHEDULE AND READINGS

Week 1 (Sept. 7) --General Orientation No assigned readings. There are few satisfactory general works on Caribbean history that seminar members may read for background. Franklin W. Knight's The Caribbean: The Genesis of a Fragmented Nationalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978) and Eric William's From Columbus to Castro, the History of the Caribbean, 1492-1969 (New York: Vintage, 1970) are among the most recommendable. Colin Palmer and Franklin W. Knight, eds. , The Modern Caribbean (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989), may also be useful, though it is predominantly focused on the modem period. For incisive articles on Caribbean history written with synthesis in mind, check out also the UNESCO History of the Caribbean (several volumes to date, 1997-2003). You may also want to examine one or more of the following:

Sidney W. Mintz, "The Caribbean as a Socio-Cultural Area," in M. Horowitz, ed., Peoples and Cultures of the Caribbean (Garden City, N.Y. , 1971), 17-46.

Jean Benoist, "La organizacion social de las Antillas," in M. Moreno Fraginals, ed. , Africa en America Latina (1978), 77-102.

Sidney W. Mintz and Sally Price, eds., Caribbean Contours (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985).

Week 2 (Sept. 14) --Caribbean Workers and the Empire of Sweetness

Sidney W. Mintz, Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History (New York: Vintage, 1985).

Ira Berlin and Philip Morgan, "Labor and the Shaping of Slave Life in the Americas," in Berlin and Morgan, eds., Cultivation and Culture: Labor and the Shaping of Slave Life in the Americas (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1993), 1-45.

Stuart B. Schwartz, "Introduction," in Schwartz, ed., Tropical Babylons: Sugar and the Making of the Atlantic World, 1450-1680 (Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina P, 2004), 1-26.

Week 3 (Sept. 21) --Problems in the Early Adoption of Racial Slavery

John M. Monteiro, "From Indian to Slave: Forced Native Labour and Colonial Society in Sao Paulo during the Seventeenth Century," Slavery and Abolition, 9:2 (September 1988), 105-127.

David Eltis, "Europeans and the Rise and Fall of American Slavery : An Interpretation." American Historical Review 98, no. 5 (December 1993): 1399-423.

Basil Davidson, "Africa and the Invention of Racism" in The Search for Africa: History, Culture, Politics (New York, 1994), pp. 42-64.

Stuart B. Schwartz, "Indian Labor and New World Plantations: European Demands and Indian Responses in Northeastern Brazil," American Historical Review, 83: 1 (February 1978), 43-79. 4

Peter Huhne, Colonial Encounters: Europe and the Native Caribbean, 1492-1797 (London and New York: Methuen, 1986), Intra. and chs. 1-2.

Week 4 (Sept. 28) -- From Indentured Servitude to Slavery in the English Caribbean

John J. McCusker and Russell R. Menard, "The Sugar Industry in the Seventeenth Century: New Perspectives on the Barbadian 'Sugar Revolution,"' in Schwartz, ed., Tropical Babylons, 289-330.

Barry W. Higman, "The Sugar Revolution," Economic History Review 53 .2 (2000):213-36.

Hilary McD. Beckles and Andrew Downes, "The Economics of Transition to the Black Labor System in Barbados, 1630-1680," Journal ofinterdisciplinary History, XVIII, 2 (1987):225-47.

Eric Williams, Capitalism and Slavery (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1944), ch. 1.

Richard S. Dunn, Sugar and Slaves: The Rise of the Planter Class in the English West Indies, 1624-1713 (Chapel Hill: University ofNorth Carolina Press, 1972), chs. 6-7.

Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World-System, vol. II, Mercantilism and the Consolidation of the European World-Economy, 1600-1750, 128-177.

Week 5 (Oct. 5) --The Slave Trade and Slave Demography: Views from Without and Within

Herbert S. Klein, The Atlantic Slave Trade (New York: Cambridge UP, 1999).

Michael Craton, Searching for the Invisible Man. Slaves and Plantation Life in Jamaica (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1978), slave biographies only.

Robert W. Fogel, Without Consent or Contract: The Rise and Fall of American Slavery (New York: Norton, 1989), ch. 5, "The Population Question," pp. 114-153.

Selections by Dunn, Gaspar, and Trouillot in Berlin and Morgan, eds., Cultivation and Culture: Labor and the Shaping ofSlave Life in the Americas, passim.

Week 6 (Oct. 12) --Slavery, War, and Revolution: From Saint-Domingue to Haiti

Alejo Carpentier, The Kingdom of this World.

Michel Rolph-Trouillot, "Motion in the System: Coffee, Color, and Slavery in Eighteenth-Century Saint-Domingue," Review (Fernand Braude! Center) 5:3 (Winter 1982), 331-388.

David P. Geggus, "Sugar and Coffee Cultivation in Saint Domingue and the Shaping of the Labor Force," in Cultivation and Culture: Labor and the Shaping of Slave Life in the Americas, ed. Ira Berlin and Philip D. Morgan (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1993), pp 73-98. 5

David P. Geggus, "Slavery, War, and Revolution in the Greater Caribbean, 1789-1815," in David Barry Gaspar and David Patrick Geggus, eds., A Turbulent Time: The French Revolution and the Greater Caribbean (Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1997), 1-50.

Week 7 (Oct. 19) --Plantation Slavery and Capitalist Development

Williams, Capitalism and Slavery, complete the book.

Week 8 (Oct. 26) --The Williams Thesis: Challenge and Reaffirmation

Barbara Solow and Stanley L. Engerman, eds. , "British Capitalism and Caribbean Slavery: The Legacy of Eric Williams: An Introduction," in Solow and Engerman, eds., British Capitalism and Caribbean Slavery: The Legacy ofEric Williams (Cambridge, 1987), pp. 1-23.

Selections by lnikori, Richardson, Drescher, and D. B. Davis, in Solow and Engerman, eds., British Capitalism and Caribbean Slavery: The Legacy ofEric Williams, passim.

Seymour Drescher, "Capitalism and Slavery after Fifty Years," Slavery & Abolition 18, 3 (December 1997):212-227.

Week 9 (Nov. 2) --Counter-plantation Legacies

Emilia Viotti da Costa, Crowns of Glory, Tears of Blood: The Demerara Slave Rebellion of 1823 (New York: Oxford UP, 1994).

Richard Price, "Resistance to Slavery in the Americas: Maroons and their Communities," Indian Historical Review XV1-2 (Jan 1991): 71-95.

Week 10 (Nov. 9) -- Peasant (and Proletarian?) Adaptations during Slavery and through Emancipation

Selections by Marshall, Tomich, Campbell, and McDonald in Berlin and Morgan, eds., Cultivation and Culture.

Selections by Turner, Sheridan, and Mullin in Mary Turner, ed., From Chattel Slaves to Wage Slaves: The Dynamics of Labour Bargaining in the Americas (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1995), pp. 33-78.

Sidney W. Mintz, " Slavery and the Rise ofPeasantries." Historical Reflections 6 (1979): 213-42.

Week 11 (Nov. 16) --The Demon Within: Slave Society in Nineteenth-Century Cuba

Christopher Schrnidt-Nowara, Empire and Antislavery: Spain, Cuba, and Puerto Rico, 1833-1874 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1999).

Francisco A Scarano, "Liberal Pacts and Hierarchies of Rule: Approaching the Imperial Transition in Cuba and Puerto Rico," Hispanic American Historical Review 78, no. 4 (November 1998): 583- 601. 6

Joan Casanovas, "Slavery, the Labour Movement and Spanish Colonialism in Cuba, 1850-1890." International Review ofSocial History 40, no. 3 (1995): 367-82.

Week 12 (23) Emancipation and the Struggle for Meaningful Freedom

Laurent Dubois, A Colony of Citizens: Revolution and Slave Emancipation in the French Caribbean, 1787- 1804 (Chapel Hill: U ofNorth Carolina P, 2004).

Mimi Sheller, "Quasheba, Mother, Queen: Black Women's Public Leadership and Political Protest in Post-emancipation Jamaica, 1834-65," Slavery &Abolition 19,3 (December 1998):90-117.

Rebecca J. Scott, " Exploring the Meaning of Freedom: Postemancipation Societies in Comparative Perspective," The Hispanic American Historical Review, 68:3 (August 1988), 407-28.

Week 13 (Nov. 30) --Contract Labor, Migration and Social Segmentation

Walter Rodney, A History of the Guyanese Working People, 1881-1905. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981.

Stanley L. Engerman, "Contract Labor, Sugar and Technology in the Nineteenth Century," Journal ofEconomic History 43:3 (1983).

Evelyn Hu-Dehart, "Chinese Coolie Labour in Cuba in the Nineteenth Century: Free Labour or Nee­ Slavery?" Slavery & Abolition 14, no. 1 (April1993): 67-86.

Selections from Verene A. Shepherd, Maharani's Misery: Narratives of a Passage from India to the Caribbean (Mona, Jamaica: University of the West Indies Press, 2002).

Weeks 14 & 15 (Two sessions on week of December 7 and 14) Paper Presentation Sessions 7

History 730 Capitalism and Slavery in the Caribbean Suggested Readings

I. Capitalism, Slavery, and Emancipation: History and Historiography

Bastide, Roger. "The Present Status of Afro-American Research in Latin America." Daedalus 103 (Spring 1974): 111-20. Beckles, Hilary McD. "An Unnatural and Dangerous Independence: The Haitian Revolution and the Political Sociology of Caribbean Slavery." Journal of Caribbean History 25, no. 1-2 (1991): 160- 76. Benitez-Rojo, Antonio. " Bartolome de las Casas: Between Fiction and Inferno." In The Repeating Island: The Caribbean in Postmodern Perspective. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1992. Berleant-Schiller, Riva. "Plantation Society and the Caribbean Present: Part I: History, Anthropology, and the Plantation." Plantation Society in the Americas 1, no. 3 (1981): 387-409. Blassingame, John W. "Bibliographical Essay: Foreign Writers View Cuban Slavery." Journal of Negro History 57 (October 1972): 415-24. Bolland, 0 . Nigel. "Current Caribbean Research Five Centuries After Columbus." Review essay. Latin American Research Review 29, no. 3 (1994): 202-19. Bowser, Frederick P. "The African in Colonial Spanish America: Reflections on Research Achievements and Priorities." Latin American Research Review 7 (Spring 1972): 77-92. Brathwaite, Edward K. "Jamaican Slave Society: A Review." Race 9 (January 1968): 331-42. Brathwaite, Edward K. "Creative Literature of the British West Indies During the Period of Slavery." Savacou 1 (June 1970): 46-74. Brathwaite, Edward K. "The Contribution of M.J. Herskovits to Afro-American Studies." Bulletin of the African Studies Association ofthe West Indies 6 (December 1973): 89-99. Brereton, Bridget. " Searching for the Invisible Woman." Review article. Slavery & Abolition 13, no. 2 (August 1992): 86-96. Cassa, Roberto, and Genaro Rodriguez Morel. "Consideraciones alternativas acerca de las rebeliones de esclavos en Santo Domingo." Anuario de Estudios Americanos L, no. 1 (1993): 101-31. Cobb, Martha. "Bibliographical Essay: An Appraisal of Latin American Slavery Through Literature." Journal ofNegro History 58 (October 1973): 460-69. Cooke, Raymond. "The Historian as Underdog: Eric Williams and the British Empire." Historian 33 (August 1971): 596-610. Corbitt, Duvon C. " Saco's History of Negro Slavery." Hispanic American Historical Review 24 (August 1944): 452-57. Cortada, Rafael L. "Historical Views of African People in the New World." Current Bibliography on African Affairs 4 (November 1971): 423-39. Cortada, Rafael L. "The Search for Threads: The Literature of Slavery." Current Bibliography on African Affairs 7 (Summer 1974): 308-16. Craton, Michael. "Searching for the Invisible Man: Some of the Problems of Writing on Slave Society in the British West Indies." Historical Reflections 1 (June 1974): 37-57. Craton, Michael. " A Cresting Wave? Recent Trends in the Historiography of Slavery, with Special Reference to the British Caribbean." Historical Rejlections/Rejlexions Historiques 9, no. 3 (1982): 403-19. Craton, Michael. "The Transition from Slavery to Free Wage Labour in the Caribbean, 1780-1890: A Survey with Particular Reference to Recent Scholarship." Paper presented to the XIV International Congress of the Latin American Studies Association, Washington, D.C. , April4-6, 1991 , 1991. Craton, Michael. Empire, Enslavement, and Freedom in the Caribbean. Oxford: Currey, 1997. 8

Dacey, Raymond. "A Historiography of Negro Slavery, 1918-1976." In Issues and Ideas in America, edited by Benjamin J. Taylor and Thurman J. White, 113-28. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1976. Dallas, Robert Charles. The History of the Maroons: From their Origin to the Establishment of their ChiefTribe at Sierra Leone .. London: T.N. Longman and 0 . Rees, 1803. Davies, K.G. "Empire and Capital: Essays in Bibliography and Criticism: XLIV." Economic History Review 18 (1960): 105-10. Davis, David Brion. "Slavery and the Post-World War II Historians." In Slavery, Colonialism, and Racism, edited by Sidney W. Mintz, 1-16. New York: Norton, 1974. De la Fuente, Alejandro. "Race, Ideology, and Culture in Cuba: Recent Scholarship." Latin American Research Review 35, no. 3 (2000): 199-210. Dipp, Hugo, and Ruben Silie. "Research on African Influence in the Dominican Republic." In The African Slave Trade from the Fifteenth to the Nineteenth Century. Paris: UNESCO, 1979. Duharte, Rafael. "Conversaci6n con Manuel Moreno Fraginals." Hi st ori a y Soc i e dad III ( 1990): 198-202. Eltis, David. "Labour and Coercion in the English Atlantic World from the Seventeenth to the Early Twentieth Century." Slavery &Abolition 14, no. 1 (April1993): 207-26. Emmer, Pieter. "The History of the Dutch Slave Trade, a Bibliographical Survey." Journal of Economic History 32 (September 1972): 728-47. Franklin, Vincent P. "Bibliographical Essay: Alonso de Sandoval and the Jesuit Conception of the Negro." Journal ofNegro History 58 (July 1973): 349-60. Fyfe, Christopher. "A Historiographical Survey of the Transatlantic Slave Trade from West Africa." In The Transatlantic Slave Trade from West Africa, 1-10. Edinburgh: Centre of African Studies, University of Edinburgh, 1965 . Garcia-Mufiiz, Humberto. " Geopolitics and Geohistory in Eric Williams' Discourse on Caribbean Integration (with Special Reference to Puerto Rico)." Paper presented at the conference on Capitalism and Slavery Fifty Years Later: Eric Williams and the Postcolonial Caribbean, University of the West Indies at St. Augustine, Trinidad. St. Augustine, Trinidad, 1996. Genovese, Eugene D. "Materialism and Idealism in the History ofNegro Slavery in the Americas." Journal ofSocial History 1 (Summer 1968): 371 -94. Goveia, Elsa V. "The West Indian Slave Laws of the Eighteenth Century." Revista de Ciencias Sociales IV, no. 1 (March 1960): 75-105. Goveia, Elsa V. "Eric Williams, British Historians and the West Indies." Caribbean Quarterly 10 (June 1964): 48-54. Green, William A "Caribbean Historiography, 1600-1900: The Recent Tide." Journal ofInterdisciplinary History 7, no. 3 (1976-77): 509-30. Gutierrez, Horacio, and John M. Monteiro, comps. A escraviddo na America Latina e no Caribe: bibliograjia b6sica. Serie Bibliografias Basicas, no. 2. Sao Paulo: CELA, Universidade Estadual Paulista, 1990. Harris, Wilson. "History, Fable, and Myth in the Caribbean and Guianas." Caribbean Quarterly 16 (June 1970): 1-32. Herskovits, Melville. "The Negro in the New World: The Statement of a Problem." American Anthropologist 32 (January-March 1930): 145-55. Heuman, Gad J. "Slavery and Emancipation in the British Caribbean." Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 6 (1978): 166-71. Lewis, Gordon K. Main Currents in Caribbean Thought: The Historical Evolution of Caribbean Society in Its Ideological Aspects, 149 2-1900. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983. Maldonado Jimenez, Ruben. "Algunas reflexiones sobre la historiografia cubana y puertorriquefia en tomo ala abolici6n de la esclavitud." Homines 15-16, no. 2-1 (1991-92): 31-38. 9

Meilink-Roelofsz, M.A.P., ed. Dutch Authors on West Indian History: A Historiographical Selection. Translated by Maria J.L. Van Yperen. The Hague: M. Nijhoff, 1982. Mintz, Sidney W., ed. Slavery, Colonialism, and Racism. New York: W .W. Norton & Company, 1974. Mintz, Sidney W. "Melville J. Herskovits and Caribbean Studies." Caribbean Studies 8 (January 1969): 65-70. Morgan, Philip. "Whither the Comparative History of New World Slavery?" Journal of Ethnic Studies 8 (Spring 1980): 96-110. Marner, Magnus. " Slavery and Race in the Evolution of Latin American Societies: Some Recent Contributions to the Debate." Journal ofLatin American Studies 8, no. 1 (1976): 127-35. Munera, Alfonso. "Balance historiognifico de la esclavitud en Colombia." Historia y Sociedad III (1990): 169-97. Naro, Nancy Priscilla Smith. "Revision and Persistence: Recent Historiography on the Transition from Slave to Free Labour in Rural Brazil." Slavery & Abolition 13, no. 2 (August 1992): 68-85. Palmer, Colin A. "Introduction." In Capitalism and Slavery. 1944, xi-xxii. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994. Patterson, Orlando. "Recent Studies on Caribbean Slavery and the Atlantic Slave Trade." Review of Craton, Searching for the Invisible Man, Higman, Slave Population and Economy in Jamaica, Klein, The Middle Passage, and others. Latin American Research Review 17, no. 3 (1982): 251- 75 . Price, Richard. First-Time: The Historical Vision of an Afro-American People . Johns Hopkins Studies in Atlantic History and Culture. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983 . Richardson, David. "The Slave Trade, Sugar, and British Economic Growth, 1748-1776." In British Capitalism and Caribbean Slavery: The Legacy of Eric Williams, edited by Barbara L. Solow and Stanley L. Engerman, 103-33. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987. Romero, Fernando. "Los 'estudios afrocubanos' y el negro en la Patria de Marti." Revista Bimestre Cubana 47 (1941): 395-401. San Miguel, Pedro. "La rentabilidad de la esclavitud: un debate historiognifico." Historia y Sociedad I (1988): 155-76. Scarano, Francisco A. "Slavery and Emancipation in Caribbean History." In UNESCO General History of the Caribbean, vol. VI, Historiography. Kingston: UNESCO, 1999. Shapiro, Herbert. " Historiography and Slave Revolt and Rebelliousness in the United States: A Class Approach." In In Resistance: Studies in African, Caribbean, and Afro-American History. Okihiro, Gary Y. , 133-42. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1986. Sheridan, Richard B. "Eric Williams and Capitalism and Slavery: A Biographical and Historiographical Essay." In British Capitalism and Caribbean Slavery: The Legacy of Eric Williams, edited by Barbara L. Solow and Stanley L. Engerman, 317-45. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987. Singham, Archie. "C.L.R. James on the Black Jacobin Revolution in San Domingo: Notes Toward a Theory of Black Politics." Savacou 1 (June 1970): 82-97. Sio, Arnold. "Interpretations of Slavery: The Slave Status in the Americas." Comparative Studies in Society and History 7, no. 3 (1965) : 289-308. Sio, Arnold. "Society, Slavery, and the Slave." Social and Economic Studies 16 (September 1967): 330- 44. Trouillot, Michel-Rolph. "From Planters' Journals to Academia: The Haitian Revolution as Unthinkable History." Journal ofCaribbean History 25, no. 1-2 (1991): 81-99. Unger, W.S. "Essay on the History of the Dutch Slave Trade." In Dutch Authors on West Indian History. A Historiographical Selection, edited by M.A.P. Meilink-Roelofsz, 46-98. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1982. 10

Van Winter, Johanna Maria. "Public Opinion in the Netherlands on the Abolition of Slavery." ln Dutch Authors on West Indian History: A Historiographical Selection, edited by M.A.P. Meilink­ Roelofsz, 100-28. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1982. Vignols, Leon. "Etudes negrieres de 1774 a 1928. Pourquoi la date de 1774." Revue d'Histoire Economique et Sociale 16, no. 1 (1928): 5-11.

II. The Origins of Racial Slavery

Blackburn, Robin. The Making of New World Slavery: From the Baroque to the Modern, 1492-1800. New York: Verso, 1998. Bradby, Barbara. "The Destruction of the Natural Economy." Economy and Society 4, no. 2 (1975). Curtin, Philip D. The Rise and Fall of the Plantation Complex: Essays in Atlantic History. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990. Davidson, Basil. The Search for Africa: History, Culture, Politics. Essays. New York: Random House, Times Books, 1994. Eltis, David. " Europeans and the Rise and Fall of American Slavery: An Interpretation." American Historical Review 98, no. 5 (December 1993): 1399-423. Eltis, David. "Labour and Coercion in the English Atlantic World from the Seventeenth to the Early Twentieth Century." Slavery & Abolition 14, no. 1 (April1993): 207-26. Fredrickson, George M. The Arrogance of Race: Historical Perspectives on Slavery, Racism, and Social Inequality. Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1988. Greene, Jack P. "Society and Economy in the British Caribbean During the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries." American Historical Review 79, no. 5 (1974): 1499-517. Hoetink, H. Slavery and Race Relations in the Americas: An Inquiry Into Their Nature and Nexus. Crosscurrents in Latin America. New York: Harper & Row, Harper Torchbooks, 1971. lnikori, Joseph E., and Stanley L. Engerman, eds. The Atlantic Slave Trade : Effects on Economies, Societies, and Peoples in Africa, the Americas, and Europe. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1992. Nash, Gary B. "Red, White, and Black: The Origins of Racism in Colonial America." In The Great Fear: Race in the Mind ofAmerica , edited by Gary B. Nash and Richard Weiss, 1-26. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, Inc., 1970. Patterson, Thomas C. "Early Colonial Encounters and Identities in the Caribbean: A Review of Some Recent Works and Their Implications." Dialectical Anthropology 16, no. 1 (1991): 1-13. Tannenbaum, Frank. Slave and Citizen: The Negro in the Americas. New York: Alfred Knopf, 1946. Usner, Daniel H., Jr. Indians, Settlers and Slaves in a Frontier Exchange Economy: The Lower Mississippi Valley Before 1783. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, for the Institute of Early American Culture, 1992.

III. The Political Economy of Caribbean Sugar

Batie, Robert Carlyle. "Why Sugar? Economic Cycles and the Changing of Staples on the English and French Antilles, 1624-54." Journal of Caribbean History 8 (November 1976): 1-41. Best, Lloyd A. "A Model of Pure Plantation Economy." Social and Economic Studies 17 (1968): 283-326. Greene, Jack P. "Society and Economy in the British Caribbean During the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries." American Historical Review 79, no. 5 (1974): 1499-517. Guerra, Ramiro. Sugar and Society in the Caribbean: An Economic History ofCuban Agriculture. With a foreword by Sidney Mintz. Translated by Marjory M. Urquidi. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1964. Higman, Barry W. "The Sugar Revolution." Economic History Review 53 , no. 2 (2000): 213-36. 11

Mintz, Sidney W. "Foreword." In Sugar and Society in the Caribbean, Ramiro Guerra y Sanchez. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1964. Mintz, Sidney W. "The Caribbean Region." In Slavery, Colonialism, and Racism, edited by Sidney W. Mintz. New York: Norton, 1974. Mintz, Sidney W. "The Forefathers of Crack." NACLA Report on the Americas XXII, no. 6 (March 1989): 31-32. Moreno Fraginals, Manuel. "Plantaciones en el Caribe: el caso Cuba-Puerto Rico-Santo Domingo (1860- 1940)." In La historia como arma y otros estudios sabre esc/avos, ·ingenios y plantaciones, 56- 117. Barcelona: Critica, 1983. Scarano, Francisco A. "Estructuras de Ia plantaci6n azucarera esclavista: el modelo clasico y sus variaciones." Del Caribe VI , no. 16-17 (1990): 6-14. Sheridan, Richard. The Development of the Plantations to 1750. An Era of West Indian Prosperity. Chapters in Caribbean History. Barbados: Caribbean Universities Press, 1970. Sheridan, Richard. Sugar and Slavery: An Economic History of the British West Indies, 1623-1 775. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973. Stinchcombe, Arthur L. Sugar Island Slavery in the Age of Enlightenment: The Political Economy of the Caribbean World. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995. Tomich, Dale. "World Slavery and Caribbean Capitalism: The Cuban Sugar Industry, 1763-1868." Theory and Society 20 (1991): 297-319. Vieira, Alberto, comp. Escravos com e sem ar;ucar: aetas do seminario internacional (Funchal, 17 a 21 de Junho de 1996) . Funchal, Madeira: Centro de Estudos de Hist6ria do Atlantica, 1996.

IV. The Slave Trade

Anstey, Roger. The Atlantic Slave Trade and British Abolition, 1760-1810. London: Macmillan, 1975. Behrendt, Stephen D. "The Volume of the British Slave Trade, 1785-1807," 1991. Behrendt, Stephen D. "Crew Mortality in the Transatlantic Slave Trade in the Eighteenth Century." Slavery & Abolition 18, no. 1 (April1997): 49-71. Curtin, Philip D. The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Census. Madison: University of Wisconsin, 1969. Davidson, Basil. The Search for Africa: History, Culture, Politics. Essays. New York: Random House, Times Books, 1994. De Ia Fuente, Alejandro. "lntroducci6n a! estudio de Ia trata en Cuba. Siglos XVI y XVII." Santiago, no. 61 (1986): 155-208. De Ia Fuente Garcia, Alejandro. "El mercado esclavista habanera, 1580-1699." Revista de Indias, no. 50 (1990): 371-95. Dorsey, Joseph Carroll. Puerto Rico and the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1815-1873. Dissertation, University of California at Santa Barbara, 1988. Dorsey, Joseph Carroll. Slave Traffic in the Age of Abolition: Puerto Rico, West Africa, and the Non­ Hispanic Caribbean, 1815-1899. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2003. Eltis, David. Economic Growth and the Ending of the Transatlantic Slave Trade. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987. Eltis, David, and Stanley Engerman. "Fluctuations in Sex and Age Ratios in the Transatlantic Slave Trade, 1663-1864." Economic History Review 46 (1993): 308-23. Eltis, David, and David Richardson. "West Mrica and the Transatlantic Trade: New Evidence of Long­ RunTrends."Slavery&Abolition 18, no.1 (April1997): 16-35. Engerman, Stanley L. "The Slave Trade and British Capital Formation in the Eighteenth Century: A Comment on the Williams Thesis." Business History Review XLVI, no. 4 (Winter 1972): 430-43. Fyfe, Christopher. "A Historiographical Survey of the Transatlantic Slave Trade from West Africa." In The Transatlantic Slave Trade from West Africa, 1-10. Edinburgh: Centre of Mrican Studies, University ofEdinburgh, 1965. 12

Gautier, Arlette. "Traite et politiques demographiques esclavagistes." Population 4le annee, no. 6 (Novembre-Decembre 1986). Inikori, Joseph. "Slavery and Capitalism in Africa." Indian Historical Review XV, no. 1-2 (January 1991): 137-51. 1988. Inikori, Joseph. Africans and the Industrial Revolution in England: A Study in International Trade and Development. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Inikori, Joseph E., and Stanley L. Engerman, eds. The Atlantic Slave Trade: Effects on Economies, Societies, and Peoples in Africa, the Americas, and Europe. Durham, N .C.: Duke University Press, 1992. Klein, Herbert S. The Middle Passage: Comparative Studies in the Atlantic Slave Trade. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978. Klein, Herbert S. "Recent Trends in the Study of the Atlantic Slave Trade." Indian Historical Review XV, no. 1-2 (January 1991): 1-15. 1988. Klein, Herbert S. The Atlantic Slave Trade . New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Klein, Herbert S., and Stanley L. Engerman. "Long-Term Trends in African Mortality in the Transatlantic Slave Trade." Slavery &Abolition 18, no. 1 (Apri11997): 36-48. Kraay, Hendrik. "Transatlantic Ties: Recent Works on the Slave Trade, Slavery, and Abolition." Latin American Research Review 39, no. 2 (June 2004): 178-95. Lovejoy, Paul E. "The Volume of the Transatlantic Slave Trade: A Synthesis." Journal of African History 22, no. 4 (1982): 473-501. Manning, Patrick. "The Slave Trade: The Formal Demography of a Global System." Social Science History 14, no. 2 (Summer 1990): 255-79. Manning, Patrick. Slavery and African L1je: Occidental, Oriental, and African Slave Trades. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991. Morgan, Philip D. "The Cultural Implications of the Atlantic Slave Trade: African Regional Origins, American Destinations, and New World Developments." Slavery & Abolition 18, no. 1 (April 1997): 122-45. Murray, D.R. " Slavery and the Slave Trade: New Comparative Approaches." Review essay. Latin American Research Review 28, no. 1 (1993): 150-61. Northrup, David, ed. The Atlantic Slave Trade . Problems in World History. Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath and Company, 1994. Postma, Johannes M . The Dutch in the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1600-1815. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989. Solow, Barbara L. , ed. Slavery and the Rise of the Atlantic System. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991. Stein, Robert Louis. The French Slave Trade in the Eighteenth Century: An Old Regime Business. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1979. Thomas, Hugh. The Slave Trade. The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1440-1870. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997. Tracy, James D . Th e Rise ofMerchant Empires: Long-Distance Trade in the Early Modern World, 1350- 1750. Studies in Comparative Early Modem History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. Unger, W.S. "Essay on the History of the Dutch Slave Trade." In Dutch Authors on West Indian History: A Historiographical Selection, edited by M.A.P. Meilink-Roelofsz, 46-98. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1982. Vila Vilar, Enriqueta. Hispanoamerica y el comercio de esc/avos. Sevilla: Escuela de Estudios Hispano­ Americanos, 1977. 13

V. The Haitian Revolution and the Caribbean

Bangou, Henri. "Revolution et esclavage dans les colonies fran9aises des Antilles." In Esclavage, colonisation, liberations nationales de 1789 anos jours. Colloque, 24-26 fevrier 1989, Universite de Paris VIII a Saint Denis, edited by Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch, 152-59. Paris: Harrnattan, 1990. Beckles, Hilary McD. " An Unnatural and Dangerous Independence: The Haitian Revolution and the Political Sociology ofCaribbean Slavery." Journal ofCaribbeanHistory25, no. 1-2 (1991): 160- 76. Begot, Danielle. "A 1' origine de imaginaire de violence a Saint-Domingue: insurrection servile et iconographie." InMourir pour les Antilles: independance negre ou esclavage (1802-1804), edited by MichelL. Martin and Alain Yacou, 95-133. Paris: Editions Caribeennes, 1991. Cabral, Vasco. "Revolution franyaise, esclavage et colonisation." In Esclavage, colonisation, liberations nationales de 1789 a nos jours. Colloque, 24-26 fevrier 1989, Universite de Paris VIII a Saint Denis, edited by Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch, 291-96. Paris: Harrnattan, 1990. Coquery-Vidrovitch, Catherine, ed. Esclavage, colonisation, liberations nationales de 1789 a nos jours. Colloque, 24-26 fevrier 1989, Universite de Paris VIII a Saint Denis. Paris: Harrnattan, 1990. Dubois, Laurent. Avengers of the New World: The Story of the Haitian Revolution. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2004. Edwards, Bryan. An Historical Survey of the French Colony in the Island of St. Domingo: Comprehending a Short Account of Its Ancient Government, Political State, Population, Productions, and Exports; a Narrative of the Calamities Which Have Desolated the Country Ever Since the Year 1789 and a Detail of the Military Transactions of the British Army in That Island to the End of 1794. London: Printed for J. Stockdale, 1797. Fick, Carolyn E. "The Saint Domingue Slave Insurrection of 1791: A Sociopolitical and Cultural Analysis." Journal ofCaribbean History 25 , no. 1-2 (1991): 1-40. Garrigus, John D. "Colour, Class, and Identity on the Eve of the Haitian Revolution: Saint-Domingue's Free Coloured Elite as Colons Americains." Slavery & Abolition 17, no. 1 (April1996): 20-43. Gaspar, David Barry, and David Patrick Geggus, eds. A Turbulent Time : The French Revolution and the Greater Caribbean. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997. Geggus, David. Slavery, .War, and Revolution: The British Occupation of Saint Domingue, 1793-1798. New York: Oxford University Press, 1981. Geggus, David. "Toussaint Louverture and the Slaves of the Breda Plantation." Journal of Caribbean History 20, no. 1 (1985-86): 30-48. Geggus, David P. "Treinta aiios en la historiografia de la Revoluci6n Haitiana." Revista Mexicana del Caribe 5 (1997). Genovese, Eugene D. From Rebellion to Revolution: Afro-American Slave Revolts in the Making of the Modern World. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1979. Halpern, Jean-Claude. "Sans culottes et ci-devant esclaves." In Esclavage, colonisation, liberations nationales de 1789 a nos jours. Colloque, 24-26 fevrier 1989, Universite de Paris VIII a Saint Denis, edited by Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch, 136-43. Paris: Harmattan, 1990. Hunt, Alfred N. Haiti's Influence on Antebellum America: Slumbering Volcano in the Caribbean. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988. Jurt, Joseph. "Les ecrivains et le debat sur l'esclavage et la colonisation dans la France prerevolutionnaire." In Esclavage, colonisation, liberations nationales de 1789 a nos jours. Colloque, 24-26 fevrier 1989, Universite de Paris VIII a Saint Denis, edited by Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch, 43-50. Paris: Harmattan, 1990. 14

Kafka, Judith. " Action, Reaction, and Interaction: Slave Women in Resistance in the South of Saint Domingue, 1793-94." Slavery & Abolition 18, no. 2 (1997): 48-72. Knight, Franklin W. "The Haitian Revolution." The American Historical Review 105, no. 1 (2000): 103- 15. Pluchon, Pierre. Toussaint Louverture: de I 'esc/avage au pouvoir. Paris: Editions de !'Ecole, 1979. Singham, Archie. "C.L.R. James on the Black Jacobin Revolution in San Domingo: Notes Toward a Theory of Black Politics." Savacou 1 (June 1970): 82-97. Thibaud, Jacques. Le temps de Saint-Domingue: I 'esclavage et Ia revolution fran~aise. N.p.: Lattes, 1989. Thornton, John K. '"I Am the Subject of the King of Congo': African Political Ideology and the Haitian Revolution." Journal of World History 4, no. 2 (1993): 181-214. Trouillot, Michel-Rolph. "From Planters' Journals to Academia: The Haitian Revolution as Unthinkable History." Journal ofCaribbean History 25, no. 1-2 (1991): 81-99.

VI. Plantation Slavery and Capitalist Development

Carrington, Selwyn H. "The State of the Debate on the Role of Capitalism in the Ending of the Slave System." Journal ofCaribbeanHistory 11, no. 1-2 (1988): 138-62. Carrington, Selwyn H.H. The Sugar Industry and the Abolition of the Slave Trade, 1775-1810. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 2002. Drescher, Seymour. "Eric Williams: British Capitalism and British Slavery." History & Theory 26, no. 2 (0180-96 1987). Drescher, Seymour. "Review Essay." Thomas Bender, The Antislavery Debate: Capitalism and Abolition as a Problem in Historical Interpretation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992). History& Theory32, no. 3 (1993): 311-29. Eltis, David. "Labour and Coercion in the English Atlantic World from the Seventeenth to the Early Twentieth Century." Slavery & Abolition 14, no. 1 (April1993): 207-26. Engerman, Stanley L. "The Slave Trade and British Capital Formation in the Eighteenth Century: A Comment on the Williams Thesis." Business History Review XLVI , no. 4 (Winter 1972): 430-43. Fox-Genovese, Elizabeth, and Eugene D. Genovese. Fruits ofMerchant Capital: Slavery and Bourgeois Property in the Rise and Expansion ofCapitalism. New York: Oxford University Press, 1983. Haskell, Thomas L. "Capitalism and the Origins of the Humanitarian Sensibility." American Historical Review 90, no. 2;3 (June 1985): 339-61;547-66. Miles, Robert. Capitalism and Unfree Labour: Anomaly or Necessity? New York: Tavistock Publications, 1987. Minchinton, Walter. "Abolition and Emancipation: Williams, Drescher, and the Continuing Debate." In West Indies Accounts: Essays on the History of the British Caribbean and the Atlantic Economy in Honour of Richard Sheridan, edited by Roderick A McDonald, 253-73. Barbados, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago: The Press, University of the West Indies, 1996. Oostindie, Gert, ed. Fifty Years Later: Antislavery, Capitalism and Modernity in the Dutch Atlantic. Leiden: KlTLV Press, 1996. Richardson, David. "The Slave Trade, Sugar, and British Economic Growth, 1748-1776." In British Capitalism and Caribbean Slavery: The Legacy of Eric Williams, edited by Barbara L. Solow and Stanley L. Engerman, 103-33. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987. Solow, Barbara L., ed. Slavery and the Rise of the Atlantic System. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991. Solow, Barbara L. "Capitalism and Slavery in the Exceedingly Long Run." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 17, no. 4 (1987): 711-37. 15

Solow, Barbara L., and Stanley L. Engerman, eds. British Capitalism and Caribbean Slavery: The Legacy ofEric Williams. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987. Tomich, Dale. "World Slavery and Caribbean Capitalism: The Cuban Sugar Industry, 1763-1868." Theory and Society 20 (1991): 297-319. Tomich, Dale. "Spaces of Slavery, Times of Freedom: Rethinking Caribbean History in World Perspective." Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East XVII, no. 1 (1997): 67-80. Tracy, James D. The Rise ofMerchant Empires: Long-Distance Trade in the Early Modern World, 1350- 1750. Studies in Comparative Early Modern History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.

VII. The Williams Debate

Bender, Thomas, ed. The Antislavery Debate: Capitalism and Abolitionism as a Problem in Historical Interpretatiton. By John Ashworth, David Brion Davis, and Thomas L. Haskell. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992. Conrad, Robert Edgar. "Economics and Ideals: The British Anti-Slavery Campaign Reconsidered." Indian Historical Review XV, no. 1-2 (January 1991): 212-32. 1988. Drescher, Seymour. Econocide: British Slavery in the Era of Abolition. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1977. Drescher, Seymour. "Eric Williams: British Capitalism and British Slavery." History & Theory 26, no. 2 (0180-96 1987). Drescher, Seymour. "Capitalism and Slavery After Fifty Years." Slavery & Abolition 18, no. 3 (December 1997): 212-27. Inikori, Joseph. " Slavery and Capitalism in Africa." Indian Historical Review XV, no. 1-2 (January 1991): 137-51. 1988. Inikori, Joseph. Africans and the Industrial Revolution in England: A Study in International Trade and Development. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Minchinton, Walter. "Abolition and Emancipation: Williams, Drescher, and the Continuing Debate." In West Indies Accounts: Essays on the History of the British Caribbean and the Atlantic Economy in Honour of Richard Sheridan, edited by Roderick A McDonald, 253-73. Barbados, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago: The Press, University of the West Indies, 1996. Murray, David R. "Capitalism and Slavery in Cuba." Slavery & Abolition 17, no. 3 (1996): 223-37. Oostindie, Gert, ed. Fifty Years Later: Antislavery, Capitalism and Modernity in the Dutch Atlantic. Leiden: KITLV Press, 1996. Sheridan, R. B. "The Wealth of Jamaica in the Eighteenth Century." Economic History Review 18, no. 2 (1965): 292-311.

VIII. Slave Resistance and Adaptation

Baralt, Guillermo. Esc/avos rebeldes: conspiraciones y sublevaciones de esc/avos en Puerto Rico (1 795- 1873). Rio Piedras: Ediciones Huracim, 1981. Baralt, Guillermo, Carlos Collazo, Lydia Milagros Gonzalez, and Ana Lydia Vega. El machete de Ogun. Proyecto de Divulgaci6n Popular. Rio Piedras: CEREP, 1989. Beckles, Hilary McD. "The 200 Years ' War: Slave Resistance in the British West Indies: An Overview of the Historiography." Jamaican Historical Review 14 (1982): 1-10. Beckles, Hilary McD. "From Land to Sea: Runaway Barbados Slaves and Servants, 1630-1700." Slavery and Abolition 6, no. 3 (1985): 79-94. 16

Beckles, Hilary [McD.]. "Caribbean Anti-Slavery: The Self-Liberation Ethos of Enslaved Blacks." Journal of Caribbean History 22, no. 1-2 (1988): 1-19. Beckles, Hilary McD., and Karl Watson. "Social Protest and Labour Bargaining: The Changing Nature of Slaves' Responses to Plantation Life in Eighteenth-Century Barbados." Slavery and Abolition 8, no. 3 (1987): 272-93. Brana-Shute, Rosemary. "Legal Resistance to Slavery in Eighteenth-Century Suriname." In Resistance and Rebellion in Suriname: Old and New, edited by Gary Brana-Shute. Studies in Third World Societies, 119-36. Williamsburg: The College of William and Mary, 1990. Bush, Barbara. "Defiance or Submission? The Role of Slave Women in Slave Resistance in the British Caribbean." Immigrants and Minorities 1 (1982): 16-38. Bush, Barbara. "Toward Emancipation: Slave Women and Resistance to Coercive Labor in the British West Indian Colonies, 1790-1838." Slavery and Abolition 5, no. 3 (1984): 222-43. Bush, Barbara. "Hard Labor: Women, Childbirth, and Resistance in British Caribbean Slave Societies." In More Than Chattel: Black Women and Slavery in the Americas, edited by David Barry Gaspar and Darlene Clark Hine, 193-217. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1996. Campbell, Mavis C. The Maroons of Jamaica, 1655-1796: A History of Resistance, Collaboration & Betrayal. Trenton, N.J.: Africa World Press, Inc., 1990. Cassa, Roberto. "Nuevas consideraciones sobre las rebeliones de esclavos en Santo Domingo durante los siglos XVI y XVII." Paper presented at the Twenty-third Annual Conference of Caribbean Historians, Santo Domingo, March 17-22, 1991, 1991. Cassa, Roberto, and Genaro Rodriguez Morel. "Consideraciones alternativas acerca de las rebeliones de esclavos en Santo Domingo." Anuario de £studios Americanos L, no. 1 (1993): 101-31. Craton, Michael. Testing the Chains: Resistance to Slavery in the British West Indies. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1982. Craton, Michael. "Seeking a Life of Their Own: Aspects of Slave Resistance in the Bahamas." Indian Historical Review XV, no. 1-2 (January 1991): 96-115. 1988. Dadzie, Stella. "Searching for the Invisible Woman: Slavery and Resistance in Jamaica." Race and Class 32, no. 2 (1990): 21-38. Deschamps Chapeaux, Pedro. "Etnias africanas en las sublevaciones de los esclavos en Cuba." Revista Cubana de Ciencias Sociales 4, no. 10 (1986): 14-30. Dirks, Robert. The Black Saturnalia: Conflict and Its Ritual Expression on British West Indian Slave Plantations. Gainesville: University Presses of Florida, 1987. Duharte Jimenez, Rafael. "Esclavitud, resistencia e identidad." Anales del Caribe, no. 9 (1989): 229-36. Entiope, Gabriel. Negres, danse et resistance: La Caraibe du XVIIe au XIXe siecle. Paris: L'Harmattan, 1996. Franco, Jose Luciano. La conspiraci6n de Aponte. La Habana: Archivo Nacional, 1963 . Garcia Rodriguez, Gloria. La esclavitud desde la esclavitud: La vision de los siervos. In La esclavitud. With a foreword by Salvador E. Morales. Mexico: Centro de Investigaci6n Cientifica " Ing. Jorge L. Tamayo," 1996. Gaspar, David Barry. "The Antigua Slave Conspiracy of 1736: A Case Study of the Origins of Collective Resistance." William and Mary Quarterly 35, no. 2 (April1978): 308-23. Gaspar, David Barry. Bondmen & Rebels: A Study of Master-Slave Relations in Antigua, with Implications for Colonial British America. The Johns Hopkins Studies in Atlantic History and Culture. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985. Gaspar, David Barry. "Working the System: Antigua Slaves and the Struggle to Live." Slavery and Abolition 13, no. 3 (1992): 131-55. Gaspar, David Barry. "Sugar and Slave Life in Antigua Before 1800." In Cultivation and Culture: Labor and the Shaping of Slave Life in the Americas, edited by Ira Berlin and Philip D. Morgan. Carter G. Woodson Institute Series in Black Studies, 101-23. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1993. 17

Gaspar, David Barry. "From ' the Sense of Their Slavery': Slave Women and Resistance in Antigua, 1632- 1763." In More Than Chattel: Black Women and Slavery in the Americas, edited by David Barry Gaspar and Darlene Clark Hine, 218-38. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1996. Geggus, David. "The Enigma of Jamaica in the 1790s: New Light on the Causes of Slave Rebellions." William and Mary Quarterly 44, no. 2 (Aprill987): 274-99. Geggus, David. "The Causation of Slave Rebellions: An Overview." Indian Historical Review XV, no. 1-2 (January 1991): 116-29. 1988. Geggus, David P. "Haitian Voodoo in the Eighteenth Century: Language, Culture, Resistance." Jahrbuch Fur Geschichte von Staat, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft Lateinamerikas 28 (1992): 21-51. Geggus, David Patrick. " Slave Resistance in the Spanish Caribbean in the 1790s." In A Turbulent Time: The French Revolution and the Greater Caribbean, 131-55. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997. Handler, Jerome S. "Slave Revolts and Conspiracies in Seventeenth-Century Barbados." Nieuwe West­ Indische Gids 56, no. 1-2 (1982): 5-42. Handler, Jerome S. "Escaping Slavery in a Caribbean Plantation Society: Marronage in Barbados, 1650s- 1830s." New West Indian Guide!Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 71, no. 3 & 4 (1997): 183-225. Hoogbergen, Wirn. The Bani Maroon Wars in Suriname. Translated by Marilyn Suy. Leiden: E,J, Brill, 1990. Hoogbergen, Wim S. M. "The History of the Suriname Maroons." In Resistance and Rebellion in Suriname: Old and New, edited by Gary Brana-Shute. Studies in Third World Societies, 65-102. Williamsburg: The College of William and Mary, 1990. Kafka, Judith. " Action, Reaction, and Interaction: Slave Women in Resistance in the South of Saint Domingue, 1793-94." Slavery & Abolition 18, no. 2 (1997): 48-72. La Rosa Corzo, Gabino. "Los palenques en Cuba: elementos para su reconstruccion historica." In La Esclavitud en Cuba, Instituto de Ciencias Historicas, 86-123. La Habana: Editorial Academia, 1986. La Rosa Corzo, Gabino. Runaway Slave Settlements in Cuba: Resistance and Repression. Translated by Mary Todd. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003. Leontine, Marie-Heh~ne. La revolution anti-esclavagiste de mai 1848 en Martinique. Fort-de-France: Apal Production, 1991. Moitt, Bernard. "Slave Resistance in Guadeloupe and Martinique, 1791-1848." Journal of Caribbean History 25, no. 1-2 (1991): 136-59. Negre, Andre. La rebellion de Ia Guadeloupe (1801-1802). Paris: Editions Caribeennes, 1987. Okihiro, Gary Y., ed. In Resistance: Studies in African, Caribbean, and Afro-American History. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1986. Olwig, Karen Fog. Cultural Adaptation and Resistance on St. John: Three Centuries of Afro-American Life. Gainesville: University Presses of Florida, 1985. Paquette, Robert L. Sugar is Made with Blood: The Conspiracy of 'La Escalera ' and the Conflict Between Empires Over Slavery in Cuba. Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Pres, 1988. Price, Richard, ed. Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1973. Price, Richard. "Resistance to Slavery in the Americas: Maroons and Their Communities." Indian Historical Review XV, no. 1-2 (January 1991): 71-95. 1988. Reis, Joao Jose. Slave Rebellion in Brazil: The Muslim Uprising of 1835 in Bahia. Translated by Arthur Brake!. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993. Schuler, Monica. " Ethnic Slave Rebellions in the Caribbean and the Guianas." Journal of Social History 3, no. 4 (1970): 374-85. Tomich, Dale W. "White Days, Black Days: The Working Day and the Crisis of Slavery in the French Caribbean." In Crises in the Caribbean Basin, edited by Richard Tardanico. Political Economy of the World-System Annuals, vol. 9, 31-45. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1987. 18

Turley, David. "Slavery in the Americas: Resistance, Liberation, Emancipation." Reflections. Slavery & Abolition 14, no. 2 (August 1993): 109-16. Velzen, H.U.E. Thaden van. "The Maroon Insurgency: Anthropological Reflections on the Civil War in Suriname." In Resistance and Rebellion in Suriname: Old and New, edited by Gary Brana-Shute. Studies in Third World Societies, 159-88. Williamsburg: The College ofWilliam and Mary, 1990. Viotti da Costa, Emilia. Crowns of Glory, Tears of Blood: The Demerara Slave Rebellion of 1823. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.

IX. Proto-peasantries

Beckles, Hilary McD. "An Economic Life of Their Own: Slaves as Commodity Producers and Distributors in Barbados." Slavery & Abolition 12, no. 1 (May 1991): 31-47. Berlin, Ira, and Philip D. Morgan. "Introduction." Slavery & Abolition 12, no. 1 (May 1991): 1-30. Berlin, Ira, and Philip D. Morgan. "Labor and the Shaping of Slave Life in the Americas." Introduction in Cultivation and Culture: Labor and the Shaping of Slave Life in the Americas, edited by Ira Berlin and Philip D. Morgan. Carter G. Woodson Institute Series in Black Studies, 1-45 . Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1993. Campbell, John. "As 'a Kind of Freeman?': Slaves' Market-Related Activities in the South Carolina Upcountry, 1800-1860." Slavery & Abolition 12, no. 1 (May 1991): 131-69. Cardoso, Ciro Flamarion S. "The Peasant Breach in the Slave System: New Developments in Brazil." Luso-Brazilian Review 25 , no. 1 (1988): 49-57. Cardoso, Ciro Flam arion Santana. "A brecha campones a no sistema escravista." In Agricultura, escravidao e capitalismo, 133-54. Petropolis: Editora Vozes, 1979. Marshall, Woodville. "Provision Ground and Plantation Labour in Four Windward Islands: Competition for Resources During Slavery." Slavery & Abolition 12, no. 1 (May 1991): 48-67. McDonald, Roderick A "Independent Economic Production by Slaves on Antebellum Louisiana Sugar Plantations." Slavery & Abolition 12, no. 1 (May 1991): 182-208. Mintz, Sidney W. "The Origins of the Jamaican Market System. " In Caribbean Transformations. 1974, 180-213. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984. Mintz, Sidney W. "Slavery and Forced Labor in Puerto Rico." In Caribbean Transformations. 1974, 82- 94. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984. Mintz, Sidney W. "Economic Role and Cultural Tradition." In The Black Woman Cross-Culturally, edited by Filomina Chioma Steady. 1981, 515-34. Rochester, Vermont: Schenkman Books, Inc. , 1985. Price, Richard. "Subsistence on the Plantation Periphery: Crops, Cooking, and Labour Among Eighteenth­ Century Suriname Maroons." Slavery &Abolition 12, no. 1 (May 1991): 107-27. Schlotterbeck, John T. "The Internal Economy of Slavery in Rural Piedmont Virginia. " Slavery & Abolition 12, no. 1 (May 1991): 170-81. Shepherd, Verene. "Alternative Husbandry: Slaves and Free Labourers on Livestock Farms in Jamaica in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries." Slavery & Abolition 14, no. 1 (April1993): 41-66. Tomich, Dale. " Une Petite Guinee: Provision Ground and Plantation in Martinique, 1830-1848." Slavery &Abolition 12, no. 1 (May 1991): 68-91. Tomich, Dale W. "White Days, Black Days: The Working Day and the Crisis of Slavery in the French Caribbean." In Crises in the Caribbean Basin, edited by Richard Tardanico. Political Economy of the World-System Annuals, vol. 9, 31-45. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1987. Turner, Mary, ed. From Chattel Slaves to Wage Slaves: The Dynamics of Labour Bargaining in the Americas. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1995. Turner, Mary. "Slave Workers, Subsistence, and Labour Bargaining: Amity Hall, Jamaica, 1805-1832" Slavery & Abolition 12, no. 1 (May 1991): 92-106. 19

X. Cuban Slavery and Emancipation

Abad, Diana. "La estructura socioecon6mica y demografica colonial al iniciarse Ia decada de 1860: aspectos fundamentales." In Temas acerca de Ia esclavitud, Colectivo de autores, 117-44. La Habana: Editorial de Ciencias Sociales, 1988. Academia de Ciencias de Cuba. La esclavitud en Cuba. La Habana: Editorial Academia, 1986. Barcia, Maria del Carmen. "Algunas cuestiones te6ricas necesarias para el analisis del surgimiento y Ia crisis de Ia plantaci6n esclavista." Revista de Ia Biblioteca Nacional Jose Marti 71 , 3a. ep6ca, no. 22, 3 (1980): 53-87. Barcia, Maria del Carmen. Burguesia esclavista y abolicion. La Habana: Editorial de Ciencias Sociales, 1987. Barcia, Maria del Carmen. "La esclavitud en las plantaciones: una relaci6n secundaria." In Temas acerca de Ia esclavitud, Colectivo de autores, 96-116. La Habana: Editorial de Ciencias Sociales, 1988. Barcia Zequera, Maria del Carmen. "Tactica y estrategia de Ia burguesia esclavista de Cuba ante Ia abolici6n de Ia esclavitud." Anuario de Estudios Americanos 43 (1986): 111-26. Bartlett, C.J. "Britain and the Abolition of Slavery in Puerto Rico and Cuba, 1868-1886." Journal of Caribbean History 23, no. 1 (1989): 96-110. Bergad, Laird W. "Slave Prices in Cuba, 1840-1875." Hispanic American Historical Review 67, no. 4 (1987): 631-55. Bergad, Laird W. "The Economic Viability of Sugar Production Based on Slave Labor in Cuba, 1859- 1878." Latin American Research Review 24, no. 1 (1989): 95-113. Casanovas, Joan. "Slavery, the Labour Movement and Spanish Colonialism in Cuba, 1850-1890." International Review ofSocial History 40 (1995): 367-82. Casanovas, Joan. "Slavery, the Labour Movement and Spanish Colonialism in Cuba, 1850-1890." International Review ofSocial History 40, no. 3 (1995): 367-82. Casanovas, Joan. Bread or Bullets: Urban Labor and Spanish Colonialism in Cuba, 1850-1898. Pitt Latin American Series. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1998. Castaneda, Digna. "The Female Slave in Cuba During the First Half of the Nineteenth Century." In Engendering History: Caribbean Women in Historical Perspective, edited by Verene Shepherd, Bridget Brereton, and Barbara Bailey, 141-54. Mona, Jamaica: Department of History, University of the West Indies, 1995 . Corwin, Arthur F. Spain and the Abolition of Slavery in Cuba, 1817-1886. University of Texas, Institute of Latin American Studies, Latin American Monographs, no. 9. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1967. De Ia Fuente, Alejandro. "Race, Ideology, and Culture in Cuba: Recent Scholarship." Latin American Research Review 35 , no. 3 (2000): 199-210. De la Fuente, Alejandro. "Slave Law and Claims-Making in Cuba: The Tannenbaum Debate Revisited." Law and History Review 22, no. 2 (Summer 2004): 339-70. De Ia Fuente Garcia, Alejandro. "Los matrimonies de esclavos en La Habana, 1585-1645." Ibero­ Ameriikanisches Archiv 16, no. 4 (1990): 507-28. Deschamps Chapeaux, Pedro. Los cimarrones urbanos. La Habana: Editorial de Ciencias Sociales, 1983. Deschamps Chapeaux, Pedro. "Etnias africanas en las sublevaciones de los esclavos en Cuba." Revista Cubana de Ciencias Sociales 4, no. 10 (1986): 14-30. Deschamps Chapeaux, Pedro, and Juan Perez de Ia Riva. Contribuci6n a Ia historia de Ia gente sin historia. La Habana: Editorial de Ciencias Sociales, 1974. Diaz, Maria Elena. The Virgin, the King, and the Royal Slaves of El Cobre, 1670-178 0. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000. Duharte Jimenez, RafaeL Seis ensayos de interpretacion historica. Santiago de Cuba: Editorial Oriente, 1983 . 20

Duharte Jimenez, Rafael. "Esclavitud, resistencia e identidad." Anales del Caribe, no. 9 (1989): 229-36. Ely, Roland T. Cuando reinaba Su Majestad el azucar. Estudio hist6rico-sociol6gico de una tragedia latinoamericana: el monocultivo en Cuba. Origen y evoluci6n del proceso. Buenos Aires: Editorial Sudamericana, 1963. Estrade, Paul. "Los colonos yucatecos como sustitutos de los esclavos negros." In Cuba Ia per/a de las Antillas, edited by Consuelo Naranjo Orovio and Tomas Mallo Gutierrez. Aetas de las I Jornadas Sobre "Cuba y su Historia", 93-107. Madrid: Ateneo de Madrid; CSIC, 1994. Faiola, Toyin, and Matt D. Childs, eds. The Yoruba Diaspora in the Atlantic World. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004. Fernandez Robaina, Tomas. Bibliografia de temas afrocubanos. La Habana: Biblioteca Nacional Jose Marti, Depto. de Investigaciones Bibliograticas, 1985. Ferrer, Ada. "Social Aspects of Cuban Nationalism: Race, Slavery, and the Guerra Chiquita, 1879-1880." Cuban Studies, no. 21 (1991), edited by Louis A. Perez, Jr. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. Ferrer, Ada. To Make a Free Nation: Race and the Struggle for Independence in Cuba, 1868-1898. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan, 1995. Ferrer, Ada. Insurgent Cuba: Race, Nation, and Revolution, 1868-1898. Chapel Hill: University ofNorth Carolina Press, 1999. Franco, Jose Luciano. Los palenques de los negros cimarrones. La Habana: Departamento de Orientaci6n Revolucionaria del Comite Central del Partido Comunista de Cuba, 1973. Garcia Dominguez, Bernardo. "Festival e identidad." Del Caribe VI, no. 16-17 (1990): 120-24. Garcia Rodriguez, Gloria. La esclavitud desde Ia esclavitud: Ia vision de los siervos. In La esclavitud. With a foreword by Salvador E. Morales. Mexico: Centro de Investigaci6n Cientifica "Ing. Jorge L. Tamayo", 1996. Geggus, David Patrick. " Slave Resistance in the Spanish Caribbean in the 1790s." In A Turbulent Time: The French Revolution and the Greater Caribbean, 131-55. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997. Guerra y Sanchez, Ramiro. Azucar y poblaci6n en las Anti/las. La Habana: Cultural, 1927. Hall, Gwendolyn Midlo. Social Control in Slave Plantation Societies: A Comparison of Saint-Domingue and Cuba. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1971. Hu-Dehart, Evelyn. "Chinese Coolie Labour in Cuba in the Nineteenth Century: Free Labour or Neo­ Slavery?" Slavery & Abolition 14, no. 1 (Apri11993): 67-86. Iglesias, Fe. "Caracteristicas de la poblaci6n cubana en 1862." Revista de Ia Biblioteca Nacional Jose Marti 22, no. 3 (1980): 89-110. Iglesias, Fe. "Azucar y credito durante la segunda rnitad del siglo XIX en Cuba." Santiago 52 (1983): 119- 44. Iglesias, Fe. " Azucar, esclavitud y tecnologia (segunda mitad del siglo XIX)." Santiago, no. 61 (1986): 113-31. Iznaga, Diana. La burguesia esclavista cubana. La Habana: Editorial de Ciencias Sociales, 1987. OCLC NUMBER: 18192428. Kiple, Kenneth F. "Cholera and Race in the Caribbean." Journal of Latin American Studies 17, no. I (1985): 157-77. Klein, Herbert S. Slavery in the Americas: A Comparative Study of Virginia and Cuba. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967. Knight, Franklin W. Slave Society in Cuba During the Nineteenth Century. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969. Knight, Franklin W . " Origins of Wealth and the Sugar Revolution in Cuba, 1750-1850." Hispanic American Historical Review 57, no. 2 (May 1977): 231-53. La Rosa Corzo, Gabino. Los cimarrones de Cuba. La Habana: Editorial de Ciencias Sociales, 1985. 21

La Rosa Corzo, Gabino. "Los palenques en Cuba: elementos para su reconstruccion historica." In La Esclavitud en Cuba, Instituto de Ciencias Historicas, 86-123. 'La Habana: Editorial Academia, 1986. La Rosa Corzo, Gabino. Runaway Slave Settlements in Cuba: Resistance and Repression. Translated by Mary Todd. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003 . Maluquer de Motes, Jordi. "La burguesia catalana y la esclavitud en Cuba: politica y produccion." Revista de !a Biblioteca Nacional Jose Marti 18, no. 2 (1976): 11-81. Martinez-Ferruindez, Luis. Fighting Slavery in the Caribbean: The Life and Times of a British Family in Nineteenth-Century Havana. With a foreword by Robert M. Levine. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1998. Martinez Heredia, Fernando, Rebecca J. Scott, and Orlando F. Garcia Martinez, eds. Espacios, silencios y los sentidos de Ia libertad: Cuba entre 1878 y 1912. Habana: Ediciones Union, 2001. Moreno Fraginals, Manuel. El ingenio: complejo socioecon6mico cubano del azucar. 1964. La Habana: Editorial de Ciencias Sociales, 1978. Moreno Fraginals, Manuel. "Plantaciones en el Caribe: el caso Cuba-Puerto Rico-Santo Domingo (1860- 1940)." In La historia como arma y otros estudios sabre esc/avos, ingenios y plantaciones, 56- 117. Barcelona: Critica, 1983. Moreno Fraginals, Manuel. "Peculiaridades de la esclavitud en Cuba." Del Caribe 4, no. 8 (1987): 4-10. Murray, David R. "Capitalism and Slavery in Cuba." Slavery & Abolition 17, no. 3 (1996): 223-37. Oquendo, Leyda. "Las rebeldias de los esclavos en Cuba, 1790-1830." In Temas acerca de La esclavitud, Colectivo de autores, 49-70. La Habana: Editorial de Ciencias Sociales, 1988. Ortiz, Fernando. Hampa afro-cubana: los negros brujos (apuntes para un estudio de etnologia criminal) . Madrid: Libreria de F. Fe, 1906. · Paquette, Robert L. "The Political Economy of Slavery and Freedom in Cuba." Review article. Slavery & Abolition 8, no. 2 (1987): 226-33. Paquette, Robert L. Sugar is Made with Blood: The Conspiracy of 'La Escalera' and the Conflict Between Empires Over Slavery in Cuba. Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Pres, 1988. Perez de la Riva, Juan. El barrac6n y otros ensayos. La Habana: Editorial de Ciencias Sociales, 1975. Perez, Louis, Jr. Winds of Change: Hurricanes and the Transformation of Nineteenth-Century Cuba. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001. Perez Rodriguez, Elba, ed. Temas acerca de Ia esclavitud. La Habana: Editorial de Ciencias Sociales, 1988. Poumier Taquechel, Maria. "El suicidio esclavo en Cuba en los afios 1840." Anuario de £studios Americanos 43 (1986): 69-86. Robert, Karen. " Slavery and Freedom in the Ten Years' War, Cuba, 1868-1878." Slavery & Abolition 13, no. 3 (December 1992): 181-200. Saco y Lopez Cisneros, Jose Antonio. Historia de Ia esclavitud de Ia raza africana en el Nuevo Mundo y en especial en los paises americo-hispanos. With a foreword by Fernando Ortiz. La Habana: Cultural, 1938. Salvador Vazquez, Manuel, and Carmen Menendez de Leon. "Higiene y enfermedad del esclavo en Cuba durante la primera mitad del siglo XIX. " Anuario de £studios Americanos 43 (1986): 419-45. Scarano, Francisco A. "Liberal Pacts and Hierarchies of Rule: Approaching the Imperial Transition in Cuba and Puerto Rico." Hispanic American Historical Review 78, no. 4 (November 1998): 583- 601. Schmidt-Nowara, Christopher Ebert. The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Capital: Abolitionism, Liberalism, and Counter-Hegemony in Spain, Cuba, and Puerto Rico, 1833-1886. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan, 1995. Schmidt-Nowara, Christopher. "Libertad con esclavitud: contradicciones de la revolucion liberal en Cuba, 1834-1837." In Anti guo regimen y revoluci6n liberal: homenaje a Don Miguel Artola. Madrid: Alianza Editorial, 199 5. 22

Schmidt-Nowara, Christopher. Empire and Antislavery: Spain, Cuba, and Puerto Rico, 1833-1874. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1999. Scott, Rebecca J. , Thomas C. Holt, Frederick Cooper, and Aims McGuinness, eds. Societies After Slavery: A Select Annotated Bibliography of Printed Sources on Cuba, Brazil, British Colonial Africa, South Africa, and the British West Indies. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2002. Scott, Rebecca J. "Class Relations in Sugar and Political Mobilization in Cuba, 1868-1899." Cuban Studies 15, no. 1 (1985): 15-28. Scott, Rebecca J. "Defining the Boundaries of Freedom in the World of Cane: Cuba, Brazil, and Louisiana After Emancipation." American Historical Review 99, no. 1 (February 1994): 70-102. Stolcke, Verena. Marriage, Class. and Colour in Nineteenth-Century Cuba: A Study of Racial Attitudes and Sexual Values in a Slave Society. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1974. Stolcke, Verena. "The Slavery Period and Its Influence on Household Structure and the Family in Jamaica, Cuba, and Brazil." In Family Systems and Cultural Change, edited by Elza Berquo and Peter Xenos. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992. Stubbs, Jean. "Labour and Economy in Cuban Tobacco, 1860-1958." Historical Reflections 12, no. 3 (1985): 449-67. Tomich, Dale. "World Slavery and Caribbean Capitalism: The Cuban Sugar Industry, 1763-1868." Theory and Society 20 (1991): 297-319. Tomich, Dale. "The Wealth of Empire: Francisco Arango y Parrefi.o, Political Economy, and the Second Slavery in Cuba." Comparative Studies in Society and History 45, no. 1 (2003) : 4-28. Tornero, Pablo. "Emigracion, poblacion y esclavitud en Cuba (1765-1817)." Anuario de Estudios Americanos, no. 44 (1987): 229-80. Historical Abstracts 40A:5011. Tornero, Pablo. "Emigracion, poblacion y esclavitud en Cuba (1765-1817)." Anuario de Estudios Americanos 44 (1987): 229-80. Tornero, Pablo. "Ingenios, plantacion y esclavitud: una aproxirnacion al estudio de los esclavos en los ingenios cubanos." Anuario de Estudios Americanos 44 (1987): 35-68. Tornero, Pablo. "Desigualdad y racismo: demografla y sociedad en Cuba a fines de la epoca colonial." Revista de lndias 58, no. 212 (1998): 25-56. Tornero Tinajero, Pablo. Crecimiento econ6mico y transformaciones sociales: esc/avos, hacendados y comerciantes en Ia Cuba colonial (1760-1840) . Madrid: Ministerio de Trabajo y Seguridad Social, 1996. Trouillot, Michel-Rolph. "Contrapunto Caribefi.o: El Cafe en las Antillas (1734-1873)." Del Caribe Vl, no . 16-17 (1990): 58-65. Turley, David. "Slavery in the Americas: Resistance, Liberation, Emancipation." Reflections. Slavery & Abolition 14, no. 2 (August 1993): 109-16. Vasquez, Manuel Salvador, and Carmen Menendez de Leon. "Higiene y enfermedad del esclavo en Cuba durante la prirnera mitad del siglo XIX." Anuario de Estudios Americanos XLIII (1986): 419-45. Vila Vilar, Enriqueta. "La esclavitud americana en la politica espanola del siglo XIX." Anuario de Estudios Americanos 34 (1977): 563-88. Whitney, Robert. "The Political Economy of Abolition: The Hispano-Cuban Elite and Cuban Slavery, 1868-1873." Slavery & Abolition 13, no. 2 (August 1992): 20-36. Yacou , Alain. "La conspiracion de Aponte (1812)." Historiay Sociedad 1 (1988): 39-58. Yacou , Alain "Revolution franyaise dans l'ile de Cuba et centre-revolution." In De Ia revolutionfram;aise aux revolutions creoles et negres, edited by Michel Martin and Alain Yacou, 15-40. Paris: Editions Caribeennes, 1989. 23

XI. Emancipation in the broader Caribbean

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McGlynn, Frank, and Seymour Drescher, eds. The Meaning of Freedom: Economics, Politics, and Culture After Slavery. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1992. McGlynn, Frank, and Seymour Drescher, eds. The Meaning of Freedom: Economics, Politics, and Culture After Slavery. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1992. Minchinton, Walter. "Abolition and Emancipation: Williams, Drescher, and the Continuing Debate." ln West Indies Accounts: Essays on the History of the British Caribbean and the Atlantic Economy in Honour of Richard Sheridan, edited by Roderick A McDonald, 253-73. Barbados, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago: The Press, University of the West Indies, 1996. Mintz, Sidney W. "The Origins of the Jamaican Market System." In Caribbean Transformations. 1974, 180-213. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984. Mintz, Sidney W. "Economic Role and Cultural Tradition." In The Black Woman Cross-Culturally, edited by Filomina Chioma Steady. 1981 , 515-34. Rochester, Vermont: Schenkrnan Books, Inc., 1985. Moreno Garcia, Julia. "Espana y los origenes de Ia abolici6n de Ia esclavitud: finales del siglo XVIII­ cornienzos del siglo XIX." Revista de Indias 46, no. 177 (enero/junio 1986): 199-226. Myers, Robert A "Post-Emancipation Migrations and Population Change in Dominica, 1834-1950." Revista/Reviewinteramericana 11, no. 1 (Spring 1981): 87-109. HAPI 1981 330-331. Naro, Nancy Priscilla Smith. "Revision and Persistence: Recent Historiography on the Transition from Slave to Free Labour in Rural Brazil." Slavery & Abolition 13, no. 2 (August 1992): 68-85. Oiwig, Karen Fog, ed. Small Islands, Large Questions: Society, Culturer, and Resistance in the Post­ Emancipation Caribbean. London: F. Cass, 1995. Oiwig, Karen Fog. Global Culture, Island Identity: Continuity and Change in the Afro-Caribbean Community of Nevis. Studies in Anthropology and History, vol. 8. Chur, Switzerland: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1993. Perotin-Dumon, Anne. La ville aux fies, Ia ville dans /'fie. Basse-Terre et Pointe-a- Pitre, Guadeloupe, 1650-1820. Paris: Editions Karthala, 2000. Perotin-Dumon, Anne. La ville aux fies, Ia ville dans /'fie. Basse-Terre et Pointe-a- Pitre, Guadeloupe, 1650-1820. Paris: Editions Karthala, 2000. Phillips, Glenn 0. "The Stirrings of the Mercantile Community in the British West Indies After Emancipation." Journal of Caribbean History 23 , no. 1 (1989): 62-95. Ragatz, Lowell Joseph, comp. A Guide for the Study of British Caribbean History, 1763-1834, Including · the Abolition and Emancipation Movements. Washington: United States Printing Office, 1932. Ramesar, Marianne D. Soares. Survivors of Another Crossing: A History of East Indians in Trinidad, 1880-1946. St. Augustine: University of the West Indies, 1994. Rodney, Walter. A History of the Guyanese Working People, 1881-1905. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982. Rooke, Patricia T. "Evangelical Missionaries, Apprentices, and Freedmen: The Psychosociological Shifts of Racial Attitudes in the British West Indies." Caribbean Quarterly 25, no. 1-2 (1979): 1-14. Scarano, Francisco A " Slavery and Emancipation in Caribbean History." ln UNESCO General History of the Caribbean, vol. VI, Historiography. Kingston: UNESCO, 1999. Schmidt-Nowara, Christopher Ebert. The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Capital: Abolitionism, Liberalism, and Counter-Hegemony in Spain, Cuba, and Puerto Rico, 1833-1886. Ph.D. dissertation, University ofMichigan, 1995 . Scott, Rebecca J. Slave Emancipation in Cuba: The Transition to Free Labor, 1860-1899. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985. Scott, Rebecca J. "Defining the Boundaries of Freedom in the World of Cane: Cuba, Brazil, and Louisiana After Emancipation." American Historical Review 99, no. 1 (February 1994): 70-102. Shepherd, Verene. "Alternative Husbandry: Slaves and Free Labourers on Livestock Farms in Jamaica in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries." Slavery & Abolition 14, no. 1 (April 1993): 41-66. 27

Shepherd, Verene, and Hilary Beckles, eds. Caribbean Freedom: Society and Economy from Emancipation to the Present. Kingston, Jamaica: Randle; London: Currey, 1993. Sheridan, Richard. "From Chattel to Wage Slavery in Jamaica, 1740-1860." Slavery & Abolition 14, no. 1 (April1993): 13-40. Slavery in the West Indies. 1823. New York: Negro Universities Press, 1969. Soler Martinez, Rafael R. "Los trabajadores del oriente cubano en la Revoluci6n del 95." Exegesis 8, no. 22 (1995): 39-43. Tomich, Dale. "Contested Terrains: Houses, Provision Grounds & the Reconstitution of Labour in Post­ Emancipation Martinique." In From Chattel Slaves to Wage Slaves: The Dynamics of Labour Bargaining in the Americas, edited by Mary Turner, 241-57. Kingston; Bloomington; London: Ian Randle; Indiana University Press; James Currey, 1995. Trouillot, Michel-Rolph. "Beyond and Below the Merivale Paradigm. Dominica: The First 100 Days of Freedom." Paper presented at the conference on the Lesser Antilles in the Age of European Expansion. Hamilton College, 1992, 8-11 October. Turner, Mary, ed. From Chattel Slaves to Wage Slaves: The Dynamics of Labour Bargaining in the Americas. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1995. Turner, Mary. "Planter Profits and Slave Rewards: Amelioration Reconsidered." In West Indies Accounts: Essays on the History of the British Caribbean and the Atlantic Economy in Honour of Richard Sheridan, edited by Roderick A. McDonald, 232-52. Barbados, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago: The Press, University of the West Indies, 1996. Van Winter, Johanna Maria. "Public Opinion in the Netherlands on the Abolition of Slavery." In Dutch Authors on West Indian History: A Historiographical Selection, edited by M.A.P. Meilink­ Roelofsz, 100-28. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1982. Ward, John R. "The Profitability of Sugar Planting in the British West Indies, 1650-1834." Economic History Review XXXI (1978): 197-213. Whitney, Robert. "The Political Economy of Abolition: The Hispano-Cuban Elite and Cuban Slavery, 1868-1873." Slavery & Abolition 13, no. 2 (August 1992): 20-36. Williams, Eric. Capitalism and Slavery. 1944. New York: Capricorn Books, 1966.

XII. Contract and other Immigrant Labor

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Engerman, Stanley L. "Economic Change and Contract Labor in the British Caribbean: The End of Slavery and the Adjustment to Emancipation." Explorations in Economic History 21 , no. 2 (1984): 133- 50. Estrade, Paul. "Los colonos yucatecos como sustitutos de los esclavos negros." In Cuba Ia per/a de las Anti/las, edited by Consuelo Naranjo Orovio and Tomas Mallo Gutierrez. Aetas de las I Jornadas Sobre "Cuba y su Historia", 93-107. Madrid: Ateneo de Madrid; CSIC, 1994. Hu-Dehart, Evelyn. "Chinese Coolie Labour in Cuba in the Nineteenth Century: Free Labour or Nee­ Slavery?" Slavery & Abolition 14, no. 1 (Aprill993): 67-86. Lai, Walton Look. Indentured Labor, Caribbean Sugar: Chinese and Indian Migrants to the British West Indies, 1838-1918. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993. Laurence, K.O. A Question of Labour: Indentured Immigration Into Trinidad and British Guiana, 1875- 191 7. Kingston and London: Ian Randle Publishers and James Curry Publishers, 1994. Laurence, K.O. A Question of Labour: Indentured Immigration Into Trinidad and British Guiana, 1875- 1917. Kingston and London: Ian Randle Publishers and James Curry Publishers, 1994. Mintz, Sidney W. "Labor and Ethnicity : The Caribbean Conjuncture." In Crises in the Caribbean, edited by Richard Tardanico. Political Economy of the World-System Annuals, vol. 9, 47-57. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1987. Munro, Doug. "Patterns of Resistance and Accommodation." In Plantation Workers: Resistance and Accommodation, edited by Brij . V. Lal, Doug Munro, and Edward D. Beechert, 1-43 . Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1993 . Northrup, David. Indentured Labor in the Age of Imperialism, 1834-1922. Cambridge Studies in Comparative World History. New Yorik: Cambridge University Press, 1995. Ramesar, Marianne D. Soares. Survivors of Another Crossing: A History of East Indians in Trinidad, 1880-1946. St. Augustine: University of the West Indies, 1994. Shepherd, Verene A. Maharani's Misery: Narratives of a Passage from India to the Caribbean. Mona, Jamaica: University of the West Indies Press, 2002. Tornero, Pablo. "Emigraci6n, poblaci6n y esclavitud en Cuba (1765-1817)." Anuario de £studios Americanos 44 (1987): 229-80.