Anatomia Comparada Dos Boinae (Serpentes, Boidae) Sul- Americanos: Uma Abordagem Osteológica Para Fins Aplicativos Na Paleontologia De Vertebrados”

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Anatomia Comparada Dos Boinae (Serpentes, Boidae) Sul- Americanos: Uma Abordagem Osteológica Para Fins Aplicativos Na Paleontologia De Vertebrados” UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, CIÊNCIAS E LETRAS DE RIBEIRÃO PRETO DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGIA “Anatomia comparada dos Boinae (Serpentes, Boidae) sul- americanos: uma abordagem osteológica para fins aplicativos na paleontologia de vertebrados”. Gabriel José Teixeira Monografia apresentada ao Departamento de Biologia da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo, como parte das exigências para a obtenção do título de Bacharel em Ciências Biológicas. RIBEIRÃO PRETO – SP 2013 UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, CIÊNCIAS E LETRAS DE RIBEIRÃO PRETO DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGIA “Anatomia comparada dos Boinae (Serpentes, Boidae) sul- americanos: uma abordagem osteológica para fins aplicativos na paleontologia de vertebrados”. Gabriel José Teixeira Monografia apresentada ao Departamento de Biologia da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo, como parte das exigências para a obtenção do título de Bacharel em Ciências Biológicas. Orientadora: Annie Schmaltz Hsiou RIBEIRÃO PRETO – SP 2013 AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço, primeiramente, ao meu namorado Paulo Mangano, por todo o apoio e ajuda, por ter ficado ao meu lado nos momentos mais críticos, e também pela sua ajuda com a estatística e com uma belíssima ilustração. À Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP), pelo apoio financeiro ao meu projeto de iniciação científica, que culminou nesta monografia. À minha orientadora Annie Schmaltz Hsiou, por todo apoio e paciência, e por não ter desistido de mim em todo esse tempo. Aos meus pais, por acreditarem em mim, e por todo apoio em todos esses anos. A todos os meus amigos, pelos bons momentos. i RESUMO Os Boinae são serpentes que se distribuem pelas Américas (Boa, Epicrates, Eunectes e Corallus), Madagascar (Acrantophis e Sanzinia) e algumas nas ilhas do Pacífico ocidental (Candoia), e têm uma história evolutiva que data do final da Era Mesozóica, no Cretáceo Superior. A grande maioria do registro fóssil de serpentes, bem como de boídeos, são vértebras isoladas, e sua comparação com as formas recentes torna- se importante na medida em que novos registros fósseis surgem. O presente trabalho apresenta resultados do estudo da morfologia vertebral comparativa de dois gêneros de Boinae sul-americanos: Epicrates e Corallus, com o intuito de averiguar a variação intracolunar, intraespecífica e interespecífica, bem como a comparação com os outros dois gêneros atuais, Boa e Eunectes. Quanto à variação intracolunar, foi observado que as vértebras dorsais anteriores de todos os gêneros analisados mantêm um certo padrão, caracterizado pela presença de hipapófise, pré-zigapófises orientadas anteriormente e tamanho comparativamente menor do que nas vértebras dorsais médias. Há uma redução no tamanho das hipapófises nas vértebras dorsais médias, sucessivamente as mesmas tornam-se quilhas hemais, e as pré-zigapófises convergem para uma orientação preferencialmente ântero-lateral. Foi possível reconhecer alguns caracteres variáveis entre os táxons, que podem conter potenciais informações filogenéticas e que permitam uma análise paleontológica mais apropriada de alguns fósseis previamente estudados e/ou daqueles que ainda não foram descritos. Dentre os caracteres analisados, foi observada variação na forma da borda do zigósfeno entre os gêneros analisados, variação na presença de forâmens em regiões específicas, além de variação da proporção entre as partes da vértebra, como altura do espinho neural (alto em Epicrates e baixo em Corallus). ii SUMÁRIO AGRADECIMENTOS..........................................................................................................i RESUMO.............................................................................................................................ii SUMÁRIO...........................................................................................................................iii LISTA DE FIGURAS...........................................................................................................v 1. INTRODUÇÃO...............................................................................................................1 OBJETIVOS...................................................................................................................8 MATERIAL e MÉTODOS..............................................................................................9 3.1. Material....................................................................................................................9 3.1.1. Listagem do material......................................................................................9 3.1.1.1. Material estudado................................................................................9 3.1.1.2. Material examinado para comparação.............................................10 3.1.2. Abreviaturas institucionais.........................................................................10 3.2. Métodos..................................................................................................................11 3.2.1. Estudo do material........................................................................................11 3.2.1.1. Listagem dos caracteres qualitativos................................................12 3.2.1.2. Listagem dos caracteres quantitativos..............................................14 3.2.1.3. Índices/Proporções.............................................................................15 3.2.2. Técnica de maceração em água para preparação dos espécimes a seco.......16 3.2.3. Análise estatística........................................................................................16 3.2.4. Abreviações anatômicas...............................................................................17 4. RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO...................................................................................18 4.1. Descrição vertebral de Corallus e Epicrates..........................................................18 4.1.1. Corallus hortulanus......................................................................................18 4.1.2. Corallus batesii.............................................................................................23 4.1.3. Epicrates cenchria........................................................................................29 iii 4.1.4. Epicrates crassus..........................................................................................35 4.2. Breve descrição vertebral de Eunectes murinus e Boa constrictor.......................42 4.2.1. Eunectes murinus.........................................................................................42 4.2.2. Boa constrictor..............................................................................................44 4.3. Variação Intracolunar em Epicrates e Corallus....................................................46 4.4. Comparações vertebrais........................................................................................47 4.4.1. Comparação entre Corallus hortulanus e C. batesii....................................47 4.4.2. Comparação entre Epicrates cenchria e E. crassus.....................................50 4.4.3. Comparação entre os gêneros Epicrates e Corallus.....................................52 4.4.4. Comparação do material de Corallus e Epicrates com Eunectes e Boa.....53 5. CONCLUSÕES............................................................................................................57 6. REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS........................................................................60 Anexos: Tabelas e Gráficos................................................................................................67 iv LISTA DE FIGURAS Fig. 1: Duas hipóteses filogenéticas para Serpentes 2 Fig. 2. Exemplos de Boidae. 4 Fig. 3. Relações filogenéticas entre os gêneros de boídeos, segundo Kluge (1991). 5 Fig. 4. Relações filogenéticas entre os gêneros de boídeos, segundo Noonan & Chippindale (2006). 6 Fig. 5. Metodologia empregada para descrição de vértebras de serpentes. 15 Fig. 6. Vértebras de UFMT-R 02389 Corallus hortulanus. 19 Fig. 7. Vértebras de UFMT-R 05362 Corallus batesii. 24 Fig. 8. Vértebras de MCN-PV DR 0002 Epicrates cenchria. 30 Fig. 9. Vértebras de MCN-PV DR 0003 Epicrates crassus. 36 Fig. 10. Esquema geral de vértebras de Epicrates cenchria, E. crassus, e Corallus hortulanus. 40 Fig. 11. 100ª vértebra de UFMT-R 05362 Corallus batesii em vista dorsal e posterior 41 Fig. 12. 100ª vértebra em vista anterior de Corallus batesii e Epicrates crassus. 42 Fig. 13. Vértebras de MCN.D.316 Eunectes murinus. 43 Fig. 14. Vértebras de MCN.D.335 Boa constrictor. 45 v 1. INTRODUÇÃO A maioria dos trabalhos cladísticos aloca serpentes dentro dos Mosasauria (escamados extintos aquáticos), embora ainda persistam grandes discussões acerca da ancestralidade de serpentes dentro de algum subgrupo de lagartos (Rieppel, 1988a, b; Caldwell & Lee, 1997; Lee, 1997, 1998; Lee & Caldwell, 1998, 2000; Caldwell, 1999a, b; Lee et al., 1999; Rage & Escuillié, 2000; Coates & Ruta, 2000; Rieppel & Zaher, 2000a, b; Tchernov et al., 2000). Entretanto, para Estes et al. (1988), tanto as Serpentes, quanto os Dibamidae e Amphisbaenia são considerados táxons de posição filogenética incerta dentro de Scleroglossa, e segundo alguns autores, as inter-relações destes três grupos dentro de Squamata ainda não foram resolvidas de forma satisfatória (Rieppel
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