Contents

Preface Xl Acknowledgments Xlll

Part I The Status of 1 Introduction 3 "Of the Influencing Motives of the Will" and "Moral Distinctions Not Derived from Reason" 8

2 A Critique of 18 A. ]. Ayer 3 The Subjectivity of Values 25 J. L. Mackie

4 Ethics and Observation 36 Gilbert Harman

5 Defended 41 Gilbert Harman

6 The Subject-Matter of Ethics 51 G. E. Moore

7 Trying Out One's New Sword 58 Mary Midgley 8 Ethics as Philosophy: A Defense of Ethical Nonnaturalism 62 Russ Shafer-Landau

9 Realism 72 Michael Smith Vi CONTENTS

Part II Moral Knowledge 77 Introduction 79 10 Thinking About Cases 82

11 But I Could Be Wrong 94 George Sher 12 Proof 103 Renford Brambrough

13 Moral Knowledge and Ethical Pluralism III 14 Coherentism and the Justification of Moral Beliefs 123 Geoffrey Sayre-McCord

Part III Why Be Moral? 141 Introduction 143 15 The Immoralist's Challenge 146 16 Morality as a System of Hypothetical Imperatives 153 17 The Reconciliation Project 160 Gregory S. Kavka 18 174 Russ Shafer-Landau 19 Psychological Egoism 183 Joel Feinberg 20 Flourishing Egoism 196 Lester Hunt 21 Ethical Egoism 213 James Rachels 22 Moral Saints 221 Susan Wolf

Part IV Ethics and Religion 235 Introduction 237 23 Euthyphro 240 Plato 24 A New 242 25 God and Objective Morality: A Debate 248 and Walter Sinnott-Armstrong 26 God and as Postulates of Pure Practical Reason 253 CONTENTS vii

27 God and the Moral Order 258 C. Stephen Layman 28 God and Morality 267 Erik Wielenberg

Part V 279 Introduction 281 29 Hedonism 285 30 The Experience Machine 292 Robert Nozick 31 The Life: A Defense of Attitudinal Hedonism 294 Fred Feldman 32 The Informed Desire Account 306 James Griffin 33 Desire and the Human Good 315 Richard Kraut 34 What Things are Good? 324 W D. Ross 35 What Makes Someone's Life Go Best 329

Part VI 335 Introduction 337 36 Determinism and the Theory of Agency 340 Richard Taylor 37 The Impossibility of Moral Responsibility 344 Galen Strawson 38 Freedom and Necessity 349 A. ]. Ayer 39 Moral Luck 355 40 Sanity and the of Responsibility 363 Susan Wolf 41 Freedom and Resentment 374 Peter Strawson

Part VII Moral Standing 389 Introduction 391 42 We Have No Duties to Animals 395 Immanuel Kant 43 All Animals are Equal 397 Vlll CONTENTS

44 The of Animals and Unborn Generations 409 Joel Feinberg 45 On Being Morally Considerable 418 Kenneth Goodpaster 46 Abortion and Infanticide 428 Michael Tooley 47 An Argument that Abortion is Wrong 439 Don Marquis

Part VIII 451 Introduction 453 48 457 John Stuart Mill 49 The Consequentialist Perspective 463 William Shaw 50 Extreme and Restricted Utilitarianism 475 1. 1. C. Smart 51 Rule-Consequentialism 482 Brad Hooker 52 What is Wrong with Slavery 496 R. M. Hare 53 Famine, Affluence and Morality 505 Peter Singer 54 The Survival Lottery 513 John Harris

Part IX Deontology 519 Introduction 521 55 Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals 525 Immanuel Kant 56 Kant's Formula of Universal Law 540 57 Kantian Approaches to Some Famine Problems 553 Onora O'Neill 58 The Rationality of Side Constraints 565 Robert Nozick 59 The Golden Rule Rationalized 569 Alan Gewirth 60 The Problem of Abortion and the Doctrine of the Double Effect 582 Philippa Foot 61 Killing, Letting Die, and the 590 Judith Jarvis Thomson CONTENTS ix

Part X Contractarianism 601 Introduction 603 62 Leviathan 606 Thomas Hobbes

63 Why Contractarianism? 620 David Gauthier

64 A Theory of 631

65 and Utilitarianism 644 T. M. Scanlon

Part XI Ethics 661 Introduction 663 66 The Nature of Virtue 667

67 Non-Relative : An Aristotelian Approach 684

68 701 Rosalind Hursthouse

69 Agent-Based Virtue Ethics 710 Michael Slote

70 A Virtue Ethical Account of Right Action 722 Christine Swanton

71 Being Virtuous and Doing the Right Thing 735 Julia Annas

Part XII Prima Facie Duties and Particularism 747 Introduction 749 72 What Makes Right Acts Right? 753 W D. Ross

73 An Unconnected Heap of Duties? 761 David McNaughton

74 An Unprincipled Morality 771 Jonathan Dancy

75 On Knowing the "Why": Particularism and Moral Theory 775 Margaret Olivia Little

76 Unprincipled Ethics 785 Gerald Dworkin