Contents
Preface Xl Acknowledgments Xlll
Part I The Status of Morality 1 Introduction 3 "Of the Influencing Motives of the Will" and "Moral Distinctions Not Derived from Reason" 8 David Hume
2 A Critique of Ethics 18 A. ]. Ayer 3 The Subjectivity of Values 25 J. L. Mackie
4 Ethics and Observation 36 Gilbert Harman
5 Moral Relativism Defended 41 Gilbert Harman
6 The Subject-Matter of Ethics 51 G. E. Moore
7 Trying Out One's New Sword 58 Mary Midgley 8 Ethics as Philosophy: A Defense of Ethical Nonnaturalism 62 Russ Shafer-Landau
9 Realism 72 Michael Smith Vi CONTENTS
Part II Moral Knowledge 77 Introduction 79 10 Thinking About Cases 82 Shelly Kagan
11 But I Could Be Wrong 94 George Sher 12 Proof 103 Renford Brambrough
13 Moral Knowledge and Ethical Pluralism III Robert Audi 14 Coherentism and the Justification of Moral Beliefs 123 Geoffrey Sayre-McCord
Part III Why Be Moral? 141 Introduction 143 15 The Immoralist's Challenge 146 Plato 16 Morality as a System of Hypothetical Imperatives 153 Philippa Foot 17 The Reconciliation Project 160 Gregory S. Kavka 18 Moral Rationalism 174 Russ Shafer-Landau 19 Psychological Egoism 183 Joel Feinberg 20 Flourishing Egoism 196 Lester Hunt 21 Ethical Egoism 213 James Rachels 22 Moral Saints 221 Susan Wolf
Part IV Ethics and Religion 235 Introduction 237 23 Euthyphro 240 Plato 24 A New Divine Command Theory 242 Robert Merrihew Adams 25 God and Objective Morality: A Debate 248 William Lane Craig and Walter Sinnott-Armstrong 26 God and Immortality as Postulates of Pure Practical Reason 253 Immanuel Kant CONTENTS vii
27 God and the Moral Order 258 C. Stephen Layman 28 God and Morality 267 Erik Wielenberg
Part V Value 279 Introduction 281 29 Hedonism 285 John Stuart Mill 30 The Experience Machine 292 Robert Nozick 31 The Good Life: A Defense of Attitudinal Hedonism 294 Fred Feldman 32 The Informed Desire Account 306 James Griffin 33 Desire and the Human Good 315 Richard Kraut 34 What Things are Good? 324 W D. Ross 35 What Makes Someone's Life Go Best 329 Derek Parfit
Part VI Moral Responsibility 335 Introduction 337 36 Determinism and the Theory of Agency 340 Richard Taylor 37 The Impossibility of Moral Responsibility 344 Galen Strawson 38 Freedom and Necessity 349 A. ]. Ayer 39 Moral Luck 355 Thomas Nagel 40 Sanity and the Metaphysics of Responsibility 363 Susan Wolf 41 Freedom and Resentment 374 Peter Strawson
Part VII Moral Standing 389 Introduction 391 42 We Have No Duties to Animals 395 Immanuel Kant 43 All Animals are Equal 397 Peter Singer Vlll CONTENTS
44 The Rights of Animals and Unborn Generations 409 Joel Feinberg 45 On Being Morally Considerable 418 Kenneth Goodpaster 46 Abortion and Infanticide 428 Michael Tooley 47 An Argument that Abortion is Wrong 439 Don Marquis
Part VIII Consequentialism 451 Introduction 453 48 Utilitarianism 457 John Stuart Mill 49 The Consequentialist Perspective 463 William Shaw 50 Extreme and Restricted Utilitarianism 475 1. 1. C. Smart 51 Rule-Consequentialism 482 Brad Hooker 52 What is Wrong with Slavery 496 R. M. Hare 53 Famine, Affluence and Morality 505 Peter Singer 54 The Survival Lottery 513 John Harris
Part IX Deontology 519 Introduction 521 55 Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals 525 Immanuel Kant 56 Kant's Formula of Universal Law 540 Christine Korsgaard 57 Kantian Approaches to Some Famine Problems 553 Onora O'Neill 58 The Rationality of Side Constraints 565 Robert Nozick 59 The Golden Rule Rationalized 569 Alan Gewirth 60 The Problem of Abortion and the Doctrine of the Double Effect 582 Philippa Foot 61 Killing, Letting Die, and the Trolley Problem 590 Judith Jarvis Thomson CONTENTS ix
Part X Contractarianism 601 Introduction 603 62 Leviathan 606 Thomas Hobbes
63 Why Contractarianism? 620 David Gauthier
64 A Theory of Justice 631 John Rawls
65 Contractualism and Utilitarianism 644 T. M. Scanlon
Part XI Virtue Ethics 661 Introduction 663 66 The Nature of Virtue 667 Aristotle
67 Non-Relative Virtues: An Aristotelian Approach 684 Martha Nussbaum
68 Normative Virtue Ethics 701 Rosalind Hursthouse
69 Agent-Based Virtue Ethics 710 Michael Slote
70 A Virtue Ethical Account of Right Action 722 Christine Swanton
71 Being Virtuous and Doing the Right Thing 735 Julia Annas
Part XII Prima Facie Duties and Particularism 747 Introduction 749 72 What Makes Right Acts Right? 753 W D. Ross
73 An Unconnected Heap of Duties? 761 David McNaughton
74 An Unprincipled Morality 771 Jonathan Dancy
75 On Knowing the "Why": Particularism and Moral Theory 775 Margaret Olivia Little
76 Unprincipled Ethics 785 Gerald Dworkin