NeBIO An international journal of environment and biodiversity Vol. 8, No. 1, March 2017, 45 - 56 ISSN 2278-2281(Online Version) ☼ www.nebio.info I www.neceer.org.in

RESEARCH PAPER

Database on medicinal of Tamze Medicinal Plants Conservation Area (MPCA) of Himalaya,

Sabita Dahal1, Tika Prasad Sharma1 and S.K.Borthakur2 1Himalayan Science Society, Gangtok-737101, Sikkim 2Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Guwahati-781014, Assam

ABSTRACT

Floristic study conducted at Tamze MPCA in the Alpine meadow of east district of Sikkim at above 3900m covering an area of 100ha records the occurrence of 114 species and of which, herbs represented the highest number of species (96 species) followed by /shrublets (18 species). Of the 114 species, 88 species were recorded as medicinal plants including 12 shrubs / shrublets and 76 herbs. 26 species (6 shrubs and 20 herbs) were recorded without any medicinal usage. Enumeration includes scientific names along with common name(s), local name(s), family, part (s) used and system(s) medicine where they are used. 54 species were found to be used in Tibetan System of Medicine; 38 species in Traditional Nepali Medicine and 9 species in Lepcha Traditional Medicine. Family wise analysis revealed that, Asteraceae was found to be the dominant family in the area with 17 species, followed by Ericaceae, , Gentinaceae, Rosaceae, Scrophularaceae, Saxifragaceae, Ranunculaceae, Primulaceae, Orchidaceae, Juncaceae, Apiaceae, Liliaceae etc. Some of the rare and threatened high value medicinal herbs documented from the area include Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora, Soroseris hookeriana, nobile, Nardostachys jatamansii, Lilium nanum, Halenia elliptica, Gymnadenia orchidis, Acomastylis elata, Fritillaria cirrhosa, Codonopsis foetens, Allium wallichii, A. prattii, Aletris pauciflora, Juniperus coxii, Gaultheria trichophylla, Cassiope sp. Valeriana hardwikii, V. jatamansii, Meconopsis paniculata and M horridula. A highly potential medicinal herb, Aconitum laciniatum, has re-discovered from the area after 1979. Veratrilla baillonii, and Rhododendron hypenanthum discovered for the first time from the Sikkim Himalaya. Sassurea gossipiphora and S.obvallata which are the threatened medicinal herbs of the were also recorded from the area. Gentiana elwesii a rare medicinal herb recorded in 1885 was also re-discovered from the area during the present study.

KEYWORDS: MPCA, medicinal plants, discovery, re-discovery, Traditional Medicine Systems.

Received 13 January 2017, Accepted 25 February 2017 I *Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Introduction treatment of various ailments of their live stocks such as bone Sikkim, a tiny state, located in North Eastern part of India fracture, poisonous bites, retention of placenta, fever of cattle, between 27°5‛ - 28° 10‛ N latitudes and 88°4‛-88°55‛ E dog bites of cattle, diarrhea, etc. (Sharma et al. 2012). The native longitudes with a total geographical area of 7096 sq.km. The state system of healing is practiced by the Amchi, Lama and Pow in the has a forest cover of 82.31 percent of its total geographical area Bhutia community. Amchi, a Tibetan herbal practitioner and Lama, harboring over 44500 species of flowering plants (Singh.P. & a Buddhist priest, practices ritual therapies which are highly Sanjappa, M. 2011). The topography of this Himalayan state is followed by the Bhutia community. Baidhay are the Nepali varied with most of the area interlaced with steep ridges running traditional herbal practitioners. In the western part of Sikkim in more or less north-south direction. On the basis of variability in majority of the people believes in Magico-ritual therapies altitudes, Sikkim is divided into three major vegetation zones viz., practiced by Dhami or Jhakri, a traditional folk healers of Nepali tropical, temperate and alpine with their remarkable floristic community. The Lepcha traditional practitioners are known as composition. The population of Sikkim comprise mainly of Lepcha, Bungthing. The Lepchas are animistic and are mainly settled in Bhutia and Nepali communities. The Nepalese are the numerically the Dzongu valley in North Sikkim. (about 60%) major community and comprises of a number of groups and tribes such as Chettri, Bahun, Rai, Manger, Limboo, The indigenous knowledge of using medicinal herbs for curing Tamang etc. Bhutias are the next numerically larger community in various ailments is disappearing very fast due to lack of written Sikkim which are people of Tibetan origin and mainly settled in records, acculturation and apathy of younger generation towards the northern region. The people of Sikkim have great faith in the the traditional knowledge. The person who possess the art of traditional system of medicine. A large section of the population healing usually reluctant to reveal his knowledge to others, in rural areas are still rely on ethno-veterinary medicine for the resulting in loss of the valuable knowledge with the death of the

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RESEARCH PAPER Dahal et al. » Database on medicinal plants of Tamze Medicinal Plants Conservation Area (MPCA) of Sikkim Himalaya, India » NeBIO 8(1): 45-56 ------person concerned. In the recent times, the commercialization of have medicinal values (Ayensu 1996). Sikkim being an integral some high valued species has increased their demand rapidly in part of eastern Himalaya known as one of the mega hot spot the global market due to growing recognition of natural products. zones of country and has more than 490 species of medicinal and Consequently, over-exploitation resulted in fast dwindling of aromatic plants (Sharma and Sharma, 2010). Despite being the natural resources of the state. The international trade in medicinal store house of medicinal and aromatic plants and the related plants is estimated at US$ 70 billion and is growing at a rate of traditional knowledge, their documentation especially of the seven percent annually. According to WHO (1978) Traditional Alpine region is still lacking in the state. Hence, present work was medicine and indigenous treatment is the main source of primary initiated as the first attempt for documentation of species, health care system of 80% population of the world. especially the medicinal plants of Tamze MPCA with their uses in different traditional systems of medicine in Sikkim. India is known for rich repository of wealth having more than 17,500 wild plant species and of these over 4,000 species

Figure 1. Location map of Tamze MPCA, East Sikkim. 46 NeBIO I ISSN 2278-2281(Online Version) I www.nebio.info

RESEARCH PAPER Dahal et al. » Database on medicinal plants of Tamze Medicinal Plants Conservation Area (MPCA) of Sikkim Himalaya, India » NeBIO 8(1): 45-56 ------

Figure 2. a) Tamze MPCA, East Sikkim, b) Broad View of Tamze valley during Monsoon.

Study area etc.). The checklist of the species (both medicinal and otherwise) State Medicinal Plants Board (SMPB), Forest, Environment & was prepared and was taken to the field to confirm their presence Wildlife Management Department (FEWMD), Government of in the study area. During the field work, all the species occurring Sikkim has demarcated four Medicinal Plants Conservation Areas in the area (both medicinal and otherwise) were recorded to have (MPCAs), one in each district which has potential in diversity and fair knowledge on the vegetation of the area. Important medicinal usages of medicinal plants in the context of different ethnic plants were collected and made into herbarium specimens cultures and traditions. MPCAs have been established with the following standard herbarium techniques (Jain and Rao, 1977) and aim to maintain the gene banks of the medicinal plants in their were deposited in the herbaria at Botanical Survey of India, natural habitats as well as to conserve the traditional knowledge Sikkim Circle (BSHC) for further references. Identification of plants associated with these plants. Altogether, there are four MPCAs was done with the help of literature (Polunin,O. & Stainton, A. demarcated in Sikkim, one in each district, covering the total area 1984; Stainton, A. 1988; Hooker, J.D. 1871-1897; Sharma & of 800ha (West: 50ha, East: 100ha, South: 250ha and North: Sharma. 2010 etc. and by consulting herbarium specimens 400ha). MPCAs in East and North districts have been established deposited in BSHC and web references. Information on traditional in Alpine zone while in West and South districts in sub-tropical usage, parts used, local names, etc. were recorded with the help zones. MPCA in West district is located at Sipsu, at an altitudinal of the local herbal practitioners in the field, which were further range from 430m to 993m and is located at Jhum Reserve Forest authenticated through cross verifications. bordering the villages namely Budang, Singrep, Chumbung, Khuttidara and Nayabazar. MPCA in South district is located in Result and Discussion Mamring, at Mamring Reserve Forest at Melli Range bordering An enumeration of 114 floral species occurring in the area is Kapre river, Tista river, Kanam river and the villages namely provided here with their scientific names along with common Manghring, Kharsanay, Bhalukhop and Namthang. names, local names, families, altitudinal range, part(s) use and uses (Table 2.).Herbs represent the highest number of species (96 The present study was confined to Alpine region of Sikkim at species) followed by shrubs/shrublets (18 species).Out of the total Tamze valley at East District, at above 3900m, at the foot hill of 114 species, 88 medicinal plant species were recorded from the Chola Pass near to Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary and notified 100 area which include 12 shrubs / shrublets and 76 herbs. 26 species hectare of land as a Medicinal Plants Conservation Area (MPCA) (6 shrubs and 20 herbs) were recorded without any medicinal (Fig. 1). Area being located in the remote part of Sikkim, it has usage. Family wise analysis revealed that, in the study area, received least attention in terms of floristic exploration. The forest Asteraceae is the dominant family with 17 species, followed by being an alpine type, trees were completely absent and the herbs Ericaceae with 11 species, Polygonaceae with 10 species, are predominant in the area where the ground is covered by Gentinaceae with 7 species and Rosaceae with 5 species (Fig.3). alpine herbs and shrubs including highly potential medicinal plants (Fig. 2a and 2b). During the present study, the valley has been found to be a rich repository of valuable shrubs and herbs which include species of Materials and methods Rhododendrons, Potentila, Rheum, Sassurea, Juncus, Juniperus, Field works were undertaken at Tamze MPCA during 2015-2016 Tanacetum, Bergenia, Gentiana, Geranium, Impatiens , etc. There with the aim to develop a database on the floral elements are a number of rare and high value medicinal herbs available in especially on the medicinal plants of the area along with their the area. In the present study Aconitum laciniatum, a potential traditional medicinal uses. Prior to field work, literatures were medicinal herb discovered for the first time from Tamzey valley studied to have a general idea about the vegetation of the area and surrounding areas of East district of Sikkim. Except Subalpine (Polunin,O. & Stainton, A. 1984; Stainton, A. 1988; Hooker, J.D. and Alpine Himalayas of Sikkim and adjoining this species 1871-1897; Sharma & Sharma. 2010 etc.) including web has not been reported earlier from Sikkim (Stape,1979). references such as www.efloras.org; www.flowersofindia.net 47 NeBIO I ISSN 2278-2281(Online Version) I www.nebio.info

RESEARCH PAPER Dahal et al. » Database on medicinal plants of Tamze Medicinal Plants Conservation Area (MPCA) of Sikkim Himalaya, India » NeBIO 8(1): 45-56 ------

Figure 3: Family wise distribution of the species in Tamze MPCA.

Sassurea gossipiphora and S. obvallata, both threatened As far as the uses of the recorded medicinal plants is concerned, medicinal herbs of the Himalayas, are also occurring quite 54 species were found to be used in Tibetan System of Medicine; abundantly along the banks of rivers and streams of the area. 38 species in Traditional Nepali Medicine; 9 species in Lepcha Occurrences of other species of Sassurea viz., Sassurea Traditional Medicine and 26 species were recorded with no nepalensis and S. simpsoniana have also been recorded from the medicinal uses, which are presented by Table 1. Most of the area. Species of Gentians viz., Gentiana algida, G. elwesii, G. listed species (Table 2) have use in Ayurvedic system of medicine. prolata, G. stylophora, Veratrilla baillonii, Halenia elliptica and Swertia hookeri were recorded from the area and of which, Gentiana elwesii has been recorded for the first time from the valley during the study. Since its record of occurrence in Lachung to Yumthang in North Sikkim in 1885 there is no record of its occurrence in the other areas of Sikkim (Hooker 1885). Another threatened species Veratrilla baillonii, a high value medicinal herb has been recorded for the first time during the present study from the area, as well as from the Sikkim Himalaya. Swertia hookeri, an important as well threatened medicinal herb has been Figure 4. Number of species used in different medicinal system in collected from the area during the present study. Rhododendron Sikkim. hypenanthum, a Tibetan Medicinal has also been recorded from the area for the first time from the Sikkim Himalaya, resulting in addition to the previous list of 38 species of Sikkim Table 1. Habit diversity of species recorded in Tamze MPCA, East Himalayan Rhododendrons (Dahal, S. 2015-16). Other rare and Sikkim. threatened medicinal herbs of the alpine meadows viz., Habit Species Family Medicinal Non-medicinal Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora, Soroseris hookeriana, Satyrium plants plants nepalense, Rheum nobile, Nardostachys jatamansii, Lilium nanum, Trees 0 0 0 0 Shrubs / 18 5 12 6 Halenia elliptica, Gymnadenia orchidis, Acomastylis elata, Shrublets Fritillaria cirrhosa, Codonopsis foetens, Allium wallichii, A.prattii, Herbs 96 33 76 20 Aletris pauciflora, Juniperus coxii, Gaultheria trichophylla, Total 114 38 88 26 Cassiope fastigiata, Cassiope selaginoides, Valeriana hardwikii, V.jatamansii, angulosa, Maharanga emodi, Meconopsis Conclusion paniculata, M. horridula, Saxifraga spp. and many more are Over 20% of the resources of the Himalayas are threatened due to recorded in the area. Primula, a common taxa in the valley, of a number of anthropogenic activates. Since the present study which 3 species viz., Primula primulina, P. sikkimensis, P. area is away from the human habitations, the anthropogenic reticulata were recorded with a quite good number of populations. pressure is still not marked and hence biodiversity of the area still Rhododendron lepidotum are occurring in the area with two remain intact to some extent. Species like Bergenia purpurescens, variants having pink and yellow . Rheum nobile, a Bistorta amplexicaulii, Rheum acuminatum, Nardostachys threatened Tibetan Medicinal herb inhabit the area towering all jatamansi, Sassurea nepalensis, Juncus spp., Rhododendron the shrubs and herbs and visible from miles away across the hypenanthum, R. campanulatum subsp. Aeruginosum spp., R. valley. Rheum acuminatum is the common available in anthopogon, R. lepidotum, etc. are flourishing well in the area the region. Lagotis crassifolia found growing abundantly in with good number of populations. However, some high valued and association with Sassurea obvallata. 48 NeBIO I ISSN 2278-2281(Online Version) I www.nebio.info

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Sassurea gossipiphora Gentiana elwesii Sassurea obvallata

Neopicrorhiza scrophularia Veratrilla bailonii Rheum nobile

Allium prattii Swertia hookeri Aconotum laciniatum Figure 5. Important and threatened alpine medicinal plants taken at Tamze MPCA, East Sikkim.

rare medicinal herbs viz., Neopicrorhiza scrophularia, Gymnadenia Aletris pauciflora, Gentiana elwesii, G. algida, G. prolata, G. orchidis, Fritillaria cirrhosa, Sassurea gossipiphora, S. obvallata, stylophora, Acomastylis elata, Meconopsis horridula, Rheum nobile, Aconitum laciniatum, Allium prattii, Polygonatum cirrhifolium, P. verticellatum, etc. observed to be Sinopodophyllum hexandrum, Swertia hookeri, Lilium nanum, very rare in the area, hence proper management is needed to 49 NeBIO I ISSN 2278-2281(Online Version) I www.nebio.info

RESEARCH PAPER Dahal et al. » Database on medicinal plants of Tamze Medicinal Plants Conservation Area (MPCA) of Sikkim Himalaya, India » NeBIO 8(1): 45-56 ------maintain the gene bank of these species in their natural habitat. Dahal S. 2015-16. Sikkim Himalayan Rhododendrons. Panda. 8(4) Natural disturbances on the habitat including the effect of climate 15-27. change needs to be studied well. Singh.P. & Sanjappa, M. 2011. Flowering Plants of Sikkim: Biodiversity of Sikkim. Information and public Relations Department, Government of Sikkim. Gangtok. Polunin,O. & Stainton, A. 1984. of the Himalaya. Oxford University Press. Delhi. Stainton, A. 1988. Flowers of the Himalaya-A Suppliment. Oxford University Press, New Delhi. Hooker, J.D. 1871-1897. Flora of British India. London. Reprinted in 1982 by Bishen SinghnMahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun, Vol.I-VII. Ayensu, E.S. 1996. World Medicinal Plant Resources. In Conservation for Productive Agriculture. ICAR, New Delhi, India. 11-42. Phurba Wangchuk et al. 2016. Medicinal Plants of Dagala region

Figure 6. Collecting samples for herbariumpreparation. in : their diversity, distribution, uses and economic potential. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 12:28. Ihsan UI-Haq et al. 2012. Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities and Phytochemical Analysis of Euphorbia wallichii Extract and its Fractions. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 11.1: 241-249. Aggarwal et al. 2004. Role of Reveratrol in prevention and therapy of cancer: preclinical and clinical studies. Anticancer Res. 24: 2783-2840. H Khan et al. 2013. Studies on tracheorelaxant and anti- inflammatory activities of rhizomes of Polygonatum verticillatum. The official Journal of the International Society for Complementary Medicine Research (ISCMR). 13-197. Wangchuk, Phurpa Samten and Ugyen. 2009. High Altitude Medicinal Plants of Bhutan. Pharmaceutical and Research Unit, Institute of Traditional medicine services, Ministry of Figure 7. Interaction with the herbal practitioner. Health, Thimphu, Bhutan. Negi and Subramani. 2015. Wild Edible Plant Genetic Resources Acknowledgement for Sustainable Food Security and Livelihood of Kinnaur We are thankful to State Medicinal Plants Board (SMPB), Forest, District, Himachal Pradesh. International Journal of Environment & Wildlife Management Department, Government of Conservation Science. Vol 6, Issue 4, October 2015: 657-668. Sikkim for providing financial support for conducting survey of the Huang et al. 2016. Gentiopicroside and sweroside from Veratrilla MPCAs of Sikkim. We are grateful to Dr.Thomas Chandy, Principal baillonii Franch induce phosphorylation of AKT and suppress Secretary cum PCCF, Forest, Environment & Wildlife Management PCK1 expression in hepatoma cells. Biochemistry and Cell Department, Government of Sikkim for his support with constant Biology. 94(3):270-278. encouragement. Officers and Staffs of SMPB are highly Ge YB et al. 2015. Antitoxic effect of Veratrilla baillonii on the acknowledged for their support and help especially during the acute toxicity in mice induced field work. Big thanks to Dr. Shiva Kumar Sharma, Scientist B, by Aconitum brachypodum, one of the genus Aconitum. Journal of IBSD for the technical help. Thanks are also due to Ms. Hemlata Ethnopharmacology. Rai, GIS Engineer, SBFP, FEWMD for preparing a location map of PMID 26719282 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.12.030. the study area. Otto Stape (1979). Aconites of India, A Monograph. Royal Botanical Garden, Kew. References Hooker J. D. 1885. Flora of British India. 7 vols. Bishen Singh Sharma T.P, Dahal Sabita and Borthakur S.K. 2012. Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun India. Documentation of Ethno-veterinary practices in Sikkim, India. Pleione 6 (2): 353-358. Sharma T.P. and Sharma Sabita. 2010. Medicinal Plants of Sikkim. Bermiok, West Sikkim.

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Table 2. Species Recorded in Tamze MPCA at Tamze valley and surrounding areas, East Sikkim. S.no Botanical name Common / Local Family System of names Medicine Part(s) used Medicinal uses/ Other uses Shrubs / Shrublets Large Flowered TMS, Root, Berberis angulosa Wall. Barberry / Karay NTM flower fruit antibacterial, used for cough, cold, fever chutro (N); Kyer Pa and dysentery. Cures conjunctivitis accompanied Nag Po (Ti). by pain and redness of the eyes. Treats irritation 1. of urinary tract, heals sores and skin infection. Cassiope fastigiata Himalayan Heather Ericaceae NTM Leaves Leaf paste is applied to cuts and itch. Flowers (Wallich) D.Don / Sunthangni (N); Flowers paste is applied to skin allergies. It is a herb 2. Pelawa (B). having potent anti-herpes viral activity. C.selaginoides Hook. & Himalayan Heather Ericaceae NTM Leaves Leaf past is applied to cuts and itch. Flowers Thoms. / Sunthangni (N); paste is applied to skin allergies. It is a herb 3. Pelawa (B). having potent anti-herpes viral activity. Gaultheria Coinwort Snowberry Ericaceae NTM Leaves Fruits are edible. Leaf juice is taken against nummularioides4. D.Don / Kaaligedi (N) painful urination. G.trichophylla Royle. Himalayan Ericaceae NTM Fruit Presence of important phyto-constituents such Snowberry / as gallic acid, and has been Kaaligedi (N) reported, which has strong antioxidant properties and use in foods and medicines to replace synthetic antioxidants. Ripe fruit are edible. Traditionally, the leaves and fruits are 5. used in wounds, cough and cold. Juniperus coxii Dhoop (N) Cupressaceae TMS, AU, Leaves, In Tibetan Medicine System, Junipers are used A.B.Jackson NTM, LTM twigs, to prevent and treat cancer. Throughout the berries and Himalayan region, Juniper is considered to be a Woods sacred tree. In Nepali and Tibetan culture the woods, leaves and twigs are used as incense because of the beliefs that it can recharge with 6. energies both indoor and outdoor of households. Rhododendron Dwarf Rhododendron Ericaceae TMS, NTM Whole plant Infusion of young leaf is taken against cough, anthopogon D.Don / Sunpati (N), Palu except roots cold and fever. The woods, leaves and twigs are 7. (B). used as incense. R.campanulatum D.Don Aeruginose Ericaceae Poisonous Whole All parts of this plant contain poison called subsp. aeruginosum Rhododendron / Nilo plant plant grayanotoxin, eating this plant leads to severe (Hook.f.)8. Patey Chimal (N) stomachache, liver damage and pneumonia. R.fulgens J.D.Hooker Brilliant Ericaceae No medicinal uses recorded Rhododendron / - 9. Chimal (N). R.hypenanthum Balf.f. Yellow Dwarf Ericaceae TMS Stems and Antitussive, digestive, febrifuge, diaphoretic and Rhododendron leaves tonic and are used as appetizer and to treat cough and cold, pulmonary disorders and various skin diseases. The dried leaves are used as 10. incense. R.lanatum11. Hook.f. Bhutle Guras (N). Ericaceae - No medicinal uses recorded. R.lepidotum Wall.ex Scaly Ericaceae Folk, AU, Ariel parts Used locally as an incense usually by the G.Don Rhododendron / TMS Buddhist in monasteries. It is one of the major Bhaley Sunpati (N) ingredients of an Ayurvedic herbal oil “Pinda Thailam, a cooling massage oil” which is 12. particularly useful for rheumatoid arthritis. R.setosum D.Don Bristly Ericaceae TNM Whole plant Useful in inflammation of throat and muscle Rhododendron / except roots tissues, also heals sexually transmitted Jhusey Sunpati (N), infections (Wangchuk et al. 2016). Tender leaf Tsalluo (B) paste is applied to wounds. The woods, leaves 13. and twigs are used as incense. Ribes griffithii - Grossulariaceae - - No medicinal uses recorded. J.D.Hooker14. & Thomson R. himalense Royle ex Himalayan Grossulariaceae - - No medicinal uses recorded. Decaisne15. Gooseberry Rosa sericea Lindley Silky Rose Rosaceae Folk, TMS, Root and Root paste is applied to wounds. Decoction of AU Flowers petals is used to wash the eyes in ophthalmia. It is also an aphrodisiac. It slows down ageing, increases smoothness, reduces wrinkles on the 16. face and keeps complexion glowing.

Sorbus17 microphylla. Small Leaf Rowan Rosaceae - - No meditional uses recorded 51 NeBIO I ISSN 2278-2281(Online Version) I www.nebio.info

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(Wallich ex J.D.Hooker) Wenzig.

Spiraea18 .arcuata Hook.f. Arching Spirea Rosaceae - - No medicinal uses recorded

Herbs Efficacious remedy in many fabric diseases, particularly fever of children result from Aconitum laciniatum inflammation, such as tonsillitis, laryngitis, (Bruhl) Stapf. AU, T pharyngitis, quinsy etc. In Ayurveda, Aconitum is Syn: A.ferox MS, Tuberous used to increase pitta (fire, bile) dosha and to var.laciniata1. Bruhl Kalo Bikhma (N) Ranunculaceae NMS root enhance penetration in small doses. Used in lung and liver disorders, respiratory Aletris pauciflora Few Flowered diseases, pneumonia, bronchitis, cuts and (Klotzsch)2. Hand. - Mazz. Colic Root Nartheciaceae TMS Aerial parts wounds. Jangali piaz (N); Warmed leaf juice is used as body massage to Gok Pa, Ruk Pa get relieve from body ache. It is also used as a Allium3 .prattii C.H.Wright (Ti). Amaryllidaceae NTM Leaves flavoring agent. Himalaya Onion A.wallichii4. Kunth / Banlasun (N) Amaryllidaceae NTM Leaves Infusion of leaves is used against vomiting. Eared Leaf Root paste is applied to boil. Plant paste is Pearly taken with honey to cure cough. Essential oil Anaphalis contorta Everlasting / TMS, Whole extracted is used as medicinally in various D.Don5 . Buki phul (N) Asteraceae NTM plant ailments. Woolly Pearly Treats epidemics, illnesses caused by A.triplinervis (Sims) Everlasting / TMS, Whole compounded poison, anemia and relieves C.B.Clarke6. Ta.god (Ti) Asteraceae NTM plant swelling. Sanp ko makai Arisaema7. sp. (N) Araceae TMS Corm Corms are used in bone diseases. It has an antibacterial property. The decoction of rhizome is used against body and stomach pain. Fresh rhizome is chewed to cure cough and toothache. Leaf juice is taken orally to dissolve Bergenia purpurascens Purple Bergenia kidney stone. In Tibetan system, the plant is (Hook. & Thomson) / Lekhko AU, TMS, Rhizomes used for the treatment of neuropsychiatric Engler8 . Pakhanbed (N) Saxifragaceae NMS and leaves disorders. It is a source of drug Bergenin.

The Himalayan Bistort / Cures hoarseness of voice and pulmonary and Bistorta affinis (D.Don) La.gang Men. intestinal diseases .Alsoused in emaciation, Greene9. Pa(Ti). Polygonaceae AU, TMS Roots senility and pulmonary affections. B.amplexicaulii (D.Don) AU, TMS, Cures hoarseness of voice and pulmonary and Greene10 . Red Bistort Polygonaceae LMS intestinal diseases

Cerastium11. sp . Asteraceae ------No any uses recorded Stinging Bunnet Codonopsis foetens Bellflower / TMS, Whole The decoction of whole plant is used against Hook.12 &. Thoms. Luptic (B). Campanulaceae TCM plant constipation and gastritis. Corydalis elegans Wallich13 .ex Hooker Papaveraceae ------No any uses recorded Cynanthus inflatus Hook.f.&14. Thoms. Campanulaceae ------No any uses recorded Cynoglossum Ceylon Forget zeylanicum (Vahl) Thunb. Me Not / TMS, ex Lehm15. Kanike Kuro (N) Boraginaceae NTM, AU Leaves Leaf paste is applied to cuts and wounds. Dracocephalum Essential oil extracted from the plant posses heterophyllum White various pharmacological properties such as anti- Edgeworth16. ex Bentham Dragonhead Lamiaceae TMS, AU hepatitis, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, etc. Dubyaea hispida Candolle17. Bristly Dubyaea Asteraceae ------No any uses recorded Epilobium wallichianum Haussknecht18. ------Onagraceae ------No any uses recorded

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RESEARCH PAPER Dahal et al. » Database on medicinal plants of Tamze Medicinal Plants Conservation Area (MPCA) of Sikkim Himalaya, India » NeBIO 8(1): 45-56 ------

Effective in treating skin diseases. Euphorbias are known to possess considerable anti-cancer Euphorbia wallichii TMS, and anti-oxidant potential (Ihsan UI-Haq et al. Hook.f.19 . Wallich Spurge Euphorbiaceae Folk. Roots 2012.) Himalayan Leaves, Unripe fruit is chewed to treat blemishes on the Fragaria nubicola Strawberry / flowers tongue. Leaves juices are used to treat profuse Lindley20 ex. Lacaita Bhui Aiselu (N) Rosaceae TMS, AU fruit menstruation. The dried bulb or decoction of bulb is taken to prevent and cure asthma and bronchitis. Leaves are eaten to cure stomach pain. The plant is Yellow used as a substitute of Lilium polyphyllum, one Himalayan from the Astavarga group in preparation of an Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Fritillary / Kakoli Ayurvedic formulations such as Astavarga Don 21. (N). Liliaceae AU Bulb leaves churna, Chyavanprash rasayana etc. Galinsoga parviflora Gallant Soldier/ Leaf juice or paste is applied to burn injuries and Cavanilles22. Udasay (N) Asteraceae AU, TMS Leaves to wound and cuts. Whole Galium23 sp.. Rubiaceae NT M plant Treats painful urination. Leaf paste is applied to cuts and wounds. It is Gentiana24. algida Pallas Whitish Gentian Gentianaceae AU, TM Leaves also used in stomach complaints. Leaf decoction is taken as tea to reduce high altitude sickness. As such medicinal uses of this G.elwesii25. C.B.Clarke Gentianaceae NTM species have not been recorded so far. Leaf decoction is taken as tea to reduce high altitude sickness. As such medicinal uses of this G. prolata26. I.B .Balfour Gentinaceae NTM species have not been recorded so far. Yellow Gentian Root paste is applied as a poultice to cure G.stylophora27. C.B.Clarke Lily Gentinaceae NT M wounds and swellings. Wallich Whole The plant has astringent properties. Decoction G.wallichianum Don ex. Geranium / AU,TMS, plant of whole plant is taken against back and joints Sw 28. Rakla Mool (N) Geraniaceae NTM except root pain. Used as an astringent in diarrhea and dysentery. Acomastylis elata var. High Avens / In Ayurveda, used as an ingredient of an Anti- elata 29Wall.. ex G.Don Belocha (N) Rosaceae AU, TMS Cancer Herbal Formulations. Himalayan Astringent, demulcent and highly nutritious. Fragrant Orchid Eaten with honey as an aphrodisiac and tonic. It Gymnadenia orchidis / Panch amlay is also useful in gastric, liver and urinary Lindl. 30. (N) Orchidaceae AU, TMS Tubers disorder. Reported to be of anti-oxidant, anti-amoebic and anti-inflammatory. Useful in the treatment of Spurred Gentian liver inflammations, stomach complaints and Halenia31 .elliptica D.Don / Tikta (N) Gentianaceae AU, TMS fever due to contagious diseases. Fermented extract of flower is reported to possess marked antibiotic activity against some pathogenic fungi and bacteria. It is an Impatiens urticifolia Garden Balsam Whole astringent, expectorant and diuretic and used in Wallich32 . / Tiuree (N) Balsaminaceae AU, TMS plant urinary disorders, diarrhea etc. Bibenzyl derivatives (methoxy-hydroxy- dihydrostilbenes including alfoliol, gigantol), which is a compound obtained synthetically Iris clarkei Baker ex from it used against cancer (Aggarwal et al. Hook.f.33 . Clark’s Iris Iridaceae AU 2004.) European Juncus34 .inflexus L. Meadow Rush Juncaceae ------No medicinal uses recorded.

J. himalensis35. Klotzsch Himalayan Rush Juncaceae ------No medicinal uses recorded

J. thomsonii36. Buchenau Thomson’s Rush Juncaceae ------No medicinal uses recorded The plant is used as incense. The roots are stimulant and given in fever after childbirth. Bruised roots are applied to skin eruptions. Jurinea dolomiaeia Jhari – Dhoop Folk, AU, Aromatic oil extracted from the root is useful in Boiss 37 . (N) Asteraceae TMS Roots arthritic pain.

Lagotis38 crassifolia. Prain Plantaginaceae ------No medicinal uses recorded Ligularia amplexicaulis Stem Clasping Shoots, Astringent, digestive, emetic and cooling DC. 39. Ligularia / Ri. Asteraceae AU, TMS leaves and property, used in the treatment of vomiting due

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RESEARCH PAPER Dahal et al. » Database on medicinal plants of Tamze Medicinal Plants Conservation Area (MPCA) of Sikkim Himalaya, India » NeBIO 8(1): 45-56 ------

Sho (Ti). roots to indigestion.

Lilium nanum Klotzsch & Tiny Lily, Dwarf Whole Antidote against poisonous bites, also heals Garcke40 . Lily Liliaceae AU, NTM plant bone fracture and injuries.

Lobelia41 sp.. Campanulaceae ------Cooling, laxative and anthelmintic. Useful in eye Maharanga emodi AU, TMS, Roots, diseases, ear problems, crushed oil is applied as (Wallich)42. A de Candolle Boraginaceae NTM Flowers hair tonic. Panicled Yellow Flower, Meconopsis paniculata Poppy / Gyashur NTM, leaves, Used for the treatment of swelling, diarrhea, (D.Don)43 .Prain (N) Papaveraceae TMS roots fever and cough. M.simplicifolia (D.Don) Common Blue Walpers44. Poppy Papaveraceae ------Leaf paste is applied to wounds. Infusion of flower is taken in fever, cough and cold. Plants M.horridula Hook.f.& Prickly Blue TMS, are used as antidote against poisonous bites Thomson45. Poppy Papaveraceae NTM and also to treat lungs and skin diseases. Rose False Myricaria rosea Tamarisk / Leaves and Used to treat fever, headache, stomachache, W.W.Smith46. Jillethi (N) Tamaricaceae TMS flowers uterinary bleeding and food poisoning. . Root eaten as tonic. Root oil is well known hair Spikenard tonic and also applied over the paralysis and Nardostachys jatamansii Jatamansi (N.); AU,TMS, Roots and swelling. Rhizome paste is applied to treat piles. (D.Don)47 .Candolle Pong-phe (B). Valerianaceae NTM rhizomes Plant is also used as incense. Figwort Neopicrorhiza Picrorhiza / AU,NTM, Rhizome useful in dropsy, fever, anemia and scrophulariiflora Kutki (N); Lhaie- TMS,LT jaundice. Decoction of rhizome is taken as an Pennell48 . tikta (B). Scrophulariaceae M Rhizome antipyretic. Leaves, Mountain Sorrel flowers Oxyria49 digyna. (L.) Hill / Lug. Sho (Ti). Polygonaceae T MS and stems Useful in fever, sore throat and treats smallpox.

Parnessia50. sp. Parnassiaceae ------Pedicularis longiflora Rudolph51. Lousewort Scrophulariaceae ------Stems, Heals water retention, constipation and Oeders leaves, breathlessness. Good for malnutrition, heals Lousewort / flowers sores and relives severe pain due to serous P. oederi52. Vahl. Dhuk-zer (Ti). Scrophulariaceae TMS and seeds fluids.

P.siphonantha53. D.Don Tube Lousewort Scrophulariaceae ------No medicinal uses recorded Hairy Tongue P.trichoglossa54. Hook. Lousewort Scrophulariaceae ------No medicinal uses recorded Persicaria wallichii Himalayan Greuter55 .& Burdet Knotweed Polygonaceae No medicinal uses recorded Antidote against poisonous bites, anti- Pleurospermum hookeri inflammatory, and cures heart disorders (Phurba C.B.Clarke56. Apiaceae TMS Wangchuk et al. 2016).

Himalayan May Roots, Rhizomes and roots are considered purgative, Sinopodophyllum Apple / AU, rhizomes, stimulant, hepatic and blood purifier. Leaf juice hexandrum (Royle) Panchpatey (N), NTM,TM leaves and is taken to expel intestinal worms. Ripe fruit is T.S.Ying57. Yomha-si-se (B). Lardizabalaceae S,LTM fruits eaten as laxative. Polygonatum Coiling Leaf Rhizome tonic, carminative. Used against loss of cirrhifolium (Wallich) Solomon’s Seal vigor, pain in the kidneys and hips, accumulation Royle58 . / Meda (N). Asparagaceae AU, NTM Rhizome of fluids in bone joints. Whorled The plant has Tracheorelaxant and anti- Solomon’s Seal AU, NT inflammatory activities (H.Khan et al. 2013). P. verticellatum59. (L.) All. / Meda (N). Asparagaceae M Roots Root paste is given to dogs as a health tonic. Rose Carpet Knotweed / Polygonum vaccinifolium Pulunge Jhar Whole Wall. 60ex. Meisner (N). Polygonaceae NT M plant Useful in dysentery and fever Ponerorchis chusua D.Don61 . Chusua Orchis Orchidaceae ------No medicinal uses recorded

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RESEARCH PAPER Dahal et al. » Database on medicinal plants of Tamze Medicinal Plants Conservation Area (MPCA) of Sikkim Himalaya, India » NeBIO 8(1): 45-56 ------

Potentila arbuscula D.Don62 . Conquefoil Rosaceae TMS Ariel parts Useful in, fever, cough and cold P.cuneata Wallich ex Five Finger Lehm.63 . Cinquefoil Rosaceae TM S Ariel parts Useful in fever, cough and cold. East Himalayan P.peduncularis64. D.Don Cinquefoil Rosaceae T MS Ariel parts Useful in fever, cough and caugh Primula primulina Hairy Throated (Spreng.)H.Hara65. Primrose Primulaceae ------No medicinal uses recorded

P. reticulata66. Wallich Primulaceae ------No medicinal uses recorded Sikkim Primrose Treats vascular diseases and controls fever. It is / Shang. Dril particularly effective against fever and diarrhea P.sikkimensis67. Hook.f. Ser. Po (Ti) Primulaceae TMS, AU Flowers in children. Rheum acuminatum Ornamental Hook.f.& Thoms.ex Rhubarb / TMS,LTM, Hook.68 . Padamchal (N) Polygonaceae NTM Rhizome Used against diarrhea and dysentery. Sikkim Rhubarb /Padamchal(N), Flower, Decoction of rhizome is taken against gastritis, R.nobile Hook.f. & Tchuka (L), Rhizome piles and dysentery. Leaf juice is applied to cuts Thoms.69 . Tsu.pa.ka (B). Polygonaceae TMS, LTM and leaves and wounds. Rhodiola cretinii Cretin’s Raymond70. -Hamet Rhodiola Crassulaceae TMS Used in the treatment of lungs diseases R. himalensis (D. Don) S. Himalayan H. Fu 71. Rhodiola Crassulaceae TMS Used in the treatment of lungs diseases Useful in fever, constipation, relieves swelling Rumex72 sp.. Sho.mang (Ti) Polygonaceae TMS Roots and diphtheria. Decoction taken against body ache, sexual Sassurea gossipiphora Snowball Plant AU, NTM, Inflorescen problems and stomach disorders. It is useful in D.Don73 . / Kasturi Kamal Asteraceae TMS, LTM ce cuts and wounds.

S.nepalensis74. Sprengel Saw-wort Asteraceae ------No medicinal uses recorded AU, NTM, Flower, Used in arthritis, intestinal ailments, as Brahma Kamal TMS, rhizome, antiseptic, in cough and cold, urinary tract S.obvallata75. (DC.) Edgew. (N) Asteraceae LTM leaves problems, cardiac affections, etc. Satyrium nepalense Used as an energizing tonic D.Don76 . Nepal Satyrium Orchidaceae AU, NTM Tubers (www.flowersofindia.net) Saussurea simpsoniana (Field 77& .Gard.) Lipschitz Fen Kamal Asteraceae ------No Medicinal uses recorded Saxifraga brachypoda Spiny Leaf D.Don78 . Saxifraga Saxifragaceae ------No medicinal uses recorded S. engleriana Harry Engler’s Smith79 . Saxifrage Saxifragaceae ------No medicinal uses recorded Ladakh Whole S. stenophyll80. a Royle Saxifrage Saxifragaceae TMS plant Used to purify blood

Sedum81 sp.. Crassulaceae ------Selenium wallichianum Milk Parsley / (DC.) Raizada & Bhut Kesh(N); Whole Decoction of roots is taken against cough and H.O.Saxena82. Soreep (L). Apiaceae NTM, AU plant fever. Leaves are carminative. Graceful Senecio83. graciliflorus DC. senecio Asteraceae ------No medicinal uses recorded. S.raphanifolius Wall.ex Radish leaved DC. 84. Senecio Asteraceae ------No medicinal uses recorded. Diuretic, febrifuge, ophthalmic. Used in the treatment of epidemic influenza, malaria boils S. scandens Buch.Ham. Climbing TMS, Whole and abscesses. It contains an toxic alkaloids ex D. 85Don. senecio Asteraceae NTM plant neoplatyphylline. Used in deafness, nasal blockage and Silene86 nigrescens. L. Caryophyllaceae TMS Roots constipation. Soroseris hookeriana Hooker’s Whole Relieves fever due to poisoning, also used in (C.B. Clarke)87. Stebbins Soroseris Asteraceae TMS plant bone fracture (Phurba Wangchuk et all, 2009.

Stellaria88. sp. Caryophyllaceae ------No medicinal uses recorded. Indian Gentian / Sedative, nervine tonic, febrifuge. Roots used Swertia hookeri Lekh Chiraito AU,NTM, for treating bone fracture. Decoction of roots C.B.Clarke89. (N). Gentianaceae TMS Roots taken against fever and body ache.

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RESEARCH PAPER Dahal et al. » Database on medicinal plants of Tamze Medicinal Plants Conservation Area (MPCA) of Sikkim Himalaya, India » NeBIO 8(1): 45-56 ------

Tanacetum90. sp . Asteraceae ------No medicinal uses recorded. Common Taraxacum officinale Dandelion / Roots and Roots juice taken against jaundice. Leaf juice Weber91 . Tukiphool (N). Asteraceae TMS leaves useful in gastritis. Knife Like Thalictrum cultratum Meadow Rue / Treats infectious diseases, diphtheria and fever. Wallic La. Wa Sad Ma AU, TMS, Whole Heals sores, dries serous fluids and is effective 92. (Ti). Ranunculaceae Folk plant against intestinal fever. Root paste taken to expel intestinal worms. Leafy Meadow AU,TMS, Roots, Useful in treating eye diseases, indigestion, T.foliolosum93. DC. Rue Ranunculaceae Folk leaves tootache. Indian Valerian Decoction of roots is taken to cure mental Valeriana hardwickii / Nakali AU,NTM, Roots and disorder and also used as a hair tonic. Leaf Wallich94 . Jatamasi (N). Caprifoliaceae LTM leaves paste is applied on boils. Rhizome paste applied to treat gout and also Valerian / taken against hysteria, epilepsy and nervous Jatamasi (N) AU,NTM, disorders. Used locally as incense in religious V.jatamansii95. Jones Pong-phe (B). Caprifoliaceae LTM Rhizomes rites. An ethanol extract has been reported to reduce blood glucose in animals (Huang et al. 2016.). In Chinese Medicine System, it is used for treating liver-related disorders. Its antitoxic effect on Veratrilla baillonii mice induced by Aconitum brachyopodum Diels Franchet96. Gentianaceae TCM has also been reported (Ge YB et al. 2015). TMS: Tibetan Medicinal System, NTM: Nepali Traditional Medicine, LTM: Lepcha Traditional Medicine, AU: Ayurveda, TCM: Traditional Chinese Medicine

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