Estudo Da Microbiota Láctica Em Leites Fermentados Artesanalmente Consumidos No Sul De Angola

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Estudo Da Microbiota Láctica Em Leites Fermentados Artesanalmente Consumidos No Sul De Angola UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária ESTUDO DA MICROBIOTA LÁCTICA EM LEITES FERMENTADOS ARTESANALMENTE CONSUMIDOS NO SUL DE ANGOLA DEOLINDA PAULINO CAMARADA EMBALÓ TESE DE DOUTORAMENTO EM CIÊNCIAS VETERINÁRIAS ESPECIALIDADE SEGURANÇA ALIMENTAR CONSTITUIÇÃO DO JÚRI PRESIDENTE ORIENTADORA Reitor da Universidade de Lisboa Doutora Maria Gabriela Lopes Veloso VOGAIS COORIENTADOR Doutor Buenaventura Guamis López Doutor Buenaventura Guamis López Doutor António Salvador Ferreira COORIENTADOR Henriques Barreto Doutor Joaquim Morais Doutor Luís Avelino da Silva Coutinho Patarata Doutora Maria Eduarda Madeira Potes Doutora Maria Gabriela Lopes Veloso Doutora Marília Catarina Leal Fazeres Ferreira 2014 LISBOA À memória de meus Pais i Agradecimentos Antes de mais a DEUS, pelo dom da vida, pela protecção e por me dar forças em todos os momentos difíceis ao longo da realização deste trabalho. À Professora Doutora Maria Gabriela Veloso, minha orientadora científica, por me ter aceite como sua orientanda, pela disponibilidade, prontidão em me ajudar e apoiar nas diferentes tarefas, pelos seus ensinamentos, por toda a ajuda na escrita da tese, pela paciência e amizade demonstradas. Ao Professor Doutor Buenaventura Guamis Lopes, meu co-orientador científico, pela orien- tação, incentivo, amizade e pelo apoio material e financeiro sem o qual não seria possível a realização desta tese. Ao Professor Doutor Joaquim Morais, meu co-orientador por todo o contributo e dedicação prestados na realização desta tese. À Professora Doutora Monserrat Llagostara, pela simpatia e pela ajuda na realização das aná- lises de biologia molecular. À Professora Doutora Maria Pillar Cortes Garmendia, pela ajuda na realização das análises de biologia molecular. Ao Professor Doutor Jesus Piedrafita pela ajuda no tratamento estatístico dos resultados, por todas as sugestões no que tange a apresentação dos mesmos. À Drª Marta Castel-Branco pela ajuda na interpretação da análise estatística. À equipa de investigação do CERPTA, em particular à Natália e à Sónia pela ajuda prestada aquando da produção dos leites fermentados e na realização da análise sensorial. Ao Dr. Simão Esperança, pela disponibilidade em atender o meu pedido de socorro sempre que necessário. À empresa Águas da Chela no Lubango pela disponibilização do laboratório de Bacteriologia para a realização de algumas análises. À Direcção Nacional do Instituto de Investigação Veterinária (IIV) pelo acolhimento e dis- ponibilização do Laboratório de Tecnologia de Alimentos no Lubango para a realização das análises. À Direcção Provincial da Agricultura do Lubango pelo apoio prestado aquando das desloca- ções às áreas de colheita. Aos colegas do Laboratório Regional do IIV do Lubango pela amizade e por todo o apoio prestado. À Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian e ao Instituto Nacional de Gestão de Bolsas de Estudo de Angola (INGBEA), pelas bolsas de Doutoramento concedidas. ii À Direcção da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Angola pela ajuda prestada durante as deslocações à província da Huíla para a realização dos trabalhos. À minha família em especial ao meu filho Erivaldo pelo apoio e incentivo demonstrados ao longo deste percurso. A todos quanto de algum modo contribuiram para a realização deste trabalho. O meu muito obrigado! iii Resumo Estudo da microbiota láctica em leites fermentados artesanalmente consumidos no sul de Angola O omavele é um leite fermentado artesanalmente produzido pelas populações pastoris do sul e sudoeste de Angola. Os leites fermentados artesanalmente constituem uma parte importante da dieta das populações africanas e, para além de fornecerem nutrientes, têm a vantagem de se conservarem por longos períodos de tempo devido ao baixo pH e à presença de compostos que inibem o desenvolvimento tanto de microrganismos patogénicos como dos de decompo- sição. O processo de fabrico do omavele consiste em colocar o leite de vaca, imediatamente depois da ordenha, numa cabaça contendo ou não raízes ou cascas de plantas para acelerar a sua coagulação e a formação do “ngundi”. A fermentação decorre em cerca de 9 horas à temperatura ambiente. O objetivo do nosso estudo foi caracterizar a microbiota láctica presente no omavele de pro- dução artesanal, para se poderem produzir fermentos que serão utilizados na produção indus- trial do omavele. Analisou-se a composição química e a qualidade higio-sanitária do omavele tradicional. Nas 57 amostras de omavele colhidas em diferentes localidades da província da Huíla os teores médios microbianos foram: Lactobacilos (6,8 log10 ufc/mL), Lactococos (6,24 log10 ufc/mL), Leveduras (5,82 log10 ufc/mL), Enterococos (4,48 log10 ufc/mL), Micrococos (3,74 log10 ufc/ mL), Enterobactérias (3,26 log10 ufc/mL) e Aeróbios totais a 30ºC (6,31 log10 ufc/mL). A identificação genética de 141 isolados, por técnicas de biologia molecular, revelou que as espécies mais identificadas foram Lb. plantarum/Lb. pentosus (31,20%), Lb. casei/Lb. pa- racasei (7,09%), Lb. plantarum (4,34%), Kazachstania unispora (9,92%), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (8,51%) e Issatchenkia orientalis (8,51%). Foram selecionadas estirpes para se constituírem três fermentos (FO1, FO2 e FO3) que foram usados para a produção industrial de três leites fermentados (O1, O2 e O3), cuja avaliação microbiológica 30 dias pós-produção revelou teores de microrganismos viáveis ≥ 7 log10 ufc/mL, demonstrando uma boa capacidade de sobrevivência ao processamento industrial. Após avaliação sensorial o omavele O1 foi o eleito entre os 3 leites produzidos. Palavras-Chave: omavele, leite fermentado, Angola, PCR, produção industrial e avaliação sen- sorial. iv Abstract Study of lactic microbiota in fermented milk consumed in the south of Angola The omavele is a fermented milk produced by artisan shepherd populations of the south and southwest Angola. The handmade fermented milks are an important part of the diet of African populations. In addition to providing nutrients they have the advantage of long shelf life due to the low pH and the presence of compounds that inhibit the growth of both pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms. The manufacturing process of omavele involves placing the cow’s milk, immediately after milking, in a gourd containing or not roots or bark of a plant to ac- celerate the coagulation and the formation of “ngundi”. Fermentation takes place in about 9 hours at room temperature. The aim of our study was to characterize the lactic microbiota present in handmade omavele, to be able to produce yeasts that will be used in the industrial production of omavele. We analy- zed the chemical composition and the hygienic quality of traditional handmade omavele. In 57 omavele samples collected in different localities of Huíla province the microbial ave- rage counts were: Lactobacillus (6,8 log10 cfu/mL), Lactococci (6,24 log10 cfu/mL), Yeast (5,82 log10 cfu/mL), Enterococci (4,48 log10 cfu/mL) Micrococci (3,74 log10 cfu/mL), Entero- bacteriaceae (3,26 log10 cfu /mL) and Total Aerobes at 30 ° C (6,31 log10 cfu/mL). The genetic identification of 141 isolates by techniques of molecular biology has shown that most species were Lb. plantarum / Lb. pentosus (31,20%), Lb. casei / Lb. paracasei (7,09%), Lb. plantarum (4,34%), Kazachstania unispora (9,92%), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (8,51%) and Issatchenkia orientalis (8,51%). Strains were selected to constitute three yeasts (FO1, FO2 and FO3) that were used for the industrial production of three fermented milks (O1, O2 and O3), whose microbiological evaluation 30 days after production revealed levels of viable microorganisms ≥ 7 log10 cfu/mL, demonstrating a good ability for industrial processing. After the sensory evaluation omavele O1 has been selected among the 3 milks produced. Key words: omavele, fermented milk, Angola, PCR, industrial production and sensory evalua- tion. v Índice Agradecimentos ..........................................................ii Resumo .................................................................iv Abstract .................................................................v Lista de Figuras ..........................................................ix Lista de Tabelas ..........................................................x Lista de Abreviaturas e Siglas ...............................................xi 1. Introdução. 1 2. Revisão Bibliográfica ....................................................6 2.1. Leites fermentados ..................................................6 2.1.1. Definições e generalidades ........................................6 2.1.2. Tipos de leites fermentados ........................................7 2.1.3. Leites artesanalmente fermentados .................................13 2.2. Produção de leites artesanalmente fermentados em África. .20 2.2.1. Modo de produção ..............................................20 2.2.2. Recipientes ....................................................21 2.3. Microbiologia dos leites fermentados ..................................22 2.3.1. Características gerais das bactérias produtoras de ácido láctico ..........24 2.3.1.1. Taxonomia e morfologia ...................................24 2.3.1.2. Lactobacillus ...........................................25 2.3.1.3. Lactococcus ............................................26 2.3.1.4. Leuconostoc ............................................27 2.3.1.5. Enterococcus ............................................27 2.3.1.6. Pediococcus ............................................28 2.3.2. Leveduras .....................................................29
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