Study in Studying in the Heart of Europe Bavaria

Universities Hof A Student Guide to Coburg Universities of Applied Sciences Higher Education in Bavaria Schweinfurt Technical University Aschaffenburg Bayreuth Würzburg Bamberg Universities of Arts

Weiden Erlangen Amberg Nuremberg Ansbach Regensburg

Eichstätt Deggendorf Passau Ingolstadt Landshut Neu-Ulm Weihen- stephan Augsburg Munich

Rosenheim Kempten

Information, Dates, Addresses 2009/2010

Bavarian State Ministry of Sciences, Research and the Arts 80327 Munich Germany www.stmwfk.bayern.de

www.stmwfk.bayern.de Contents

Life in Bavaria Beautiful nature, rich culture and vibrant cities...... 4

Science and Research Bavaria – a leading high-tech location in the heart of Europe ...... 6

Higher Education in Bavaria Attractive for students from all over the world ...... 8

University Types Universities, Universities of Applied Sciences, Universities of Arts ...... 10

Degree Programmes Degree diplomas, special programmes and tuition fees...... 12

Contacts and Advice Where to obtain important information...... 16

Requirements Necessary certificates and qualifications ...... 18

Dates and Deadlines Lecture dates, application and registration ...... 21

List of Universities in Bavaria State Universities ...... 24 Other Universities ...... 25 State Universities of Applied Sciences...... 26 Other Universities of Applied Sciences ...... 28 State Universities of Arts ...... 29 Other Universities of Arts...... 30

3 Regensburg Life in Bavaria

Bavarian universities offer both students and staff high educational standards and a wide range of academic choices. Bavaria is regarded as one of the scientific and technological centres of Europe, boasting first-class research institutes, universities and colleges. In addition, it offers a high quality of life. Studying in Bavaria is a good choice!

Wichtig: Beautiful nature, rich culture and vibrant cities

Situated in the South of Germany, the Free State Schaezler-Palais in Augsburg of Bavaria is well-known for its scenic beauty, its rich culture and its hospitality. Nature provides a great variety of sport and leisure activities such as skiing and cycling (e.g. in the Alps), hiking and mountaineering, or swimming and sailing in the numerous lakes.

The cultural attractions include castles and cathe- drals, historical festivals and events as well as renowned museums and theatres: among them the world-famous castle Schloss Neuschwan stein in Füssen, the gallery of modern art and design Pinakothek der Moderne in Munich, the muse um of science and technology Deutsches Museum in Munich, the museum of cultural history Ger- manisches Nationalmuseum in Nuremberg, the Baroque prince-bishop’s residence in Würzburg and the medieval city centre of Regensburg with its Italian flair. The latter two attractions are among the five UNESCO world heritage sites within the boundaries of Bavaria. Pinakothek der Moderne in Munich

4 5 Science and Research

Bavaria – a leading high-tech location in the heart of Europe

Over the last decades, Bavaria has developed to a first-rate international location for science and research. Its fertile research landscape is based on a sophisticated network of research facilities including nine state universities, seventeen state universities of applied sciences, twelve Max-Planck Institutes (for basic research), six institutes of the Fraunhofer Society (for applied research) and other renowned research facilities. Today, the Free State of Bavaria is among the leading research locations in Europe in numerous future- oriented fields, e.g. information technology, bio- technology and genetic engineering, energy and environmental technology.

Since 1994 the Bavarian State Government has continuously strengthened innovative fields of technology with investment programmes total- ling some 4.2 billion Euros. These programmes are now accompanied by the so-called cluster campaign. This campaign aims at interlinking business and scientific potential in nineteen highly innova tive industry and competence networks. It is not surprising that Bill Gates has called Bavaria the ‘High Tech Mecca’, situated in the heart of Europe.

6 7 Higher Education in Bavaria

Attractive for students from all over the world

Bavaria’s universities have been and will continue to be a major source of innovation and progress. They enjoy an excellent reputation. In fact, Bava rian universities are regularly at the top of nationwide rankings.

Much has changed at the Bavarian universities themselves, particularly in the last few years. They are in a dynamic process of modernisation and internationalisation. Their international ap proach makes Bavarian universities attractive for students from abroad. They have established almost 3,600 partnerships and co-operations with foreign universities and colleges in 123 countries. The proportion of students from abroad studying in higher education now stands at approx. 11%. The international offic es dealing with matters con - cerning foreign students, the so-called Aka de- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich mische Auslandsämter, work closely with the authorities responsible for the registration of foreign nationals so that questions relating to Please note! immigration and residence permits are clarified The following English Internet sites may help quickly and in good time. you to find the course programme which is most suitable for you: It is of particular benefit to many international 3 www.ba-ma.bayern.de students that Bavaria’s universities are increas- (a database with all Bachelor’s and Master’s ing ly offering both Bachelor’s and degree programmes in Bavaria) Master’s degree programmes and lec- tures and seminars in English. A leaflet 3 www.stmwfk.bayern.de/en/international/ published by the state ministry lists all study_international.html English programmes at Bavarian uni- (joint-degree courses and degree programmes versities (also available via Internet at in English at Bavarian universities) www.stmwfk.bayern.de/ downloads/ 3 www.hochschulkompass.de int_international_degree_courses.pdf) (a nationwide database for Germany)

8 9 University Types

Universities, Universities of Applied Sciences, Universities of Arts

The Bavarian university landscape is diverse and sophisticated, consisting of:

3 nine state universities (Universitäten), 3 seventeen state universities of applied sciences (Fachhochschulen), 3 six state universities of arts (Kunsthoch- They qualify specifically for occupations in the schulen) fields of commerce, technology, media and social 3 and other institutions of higher education work. Their programmes cover engineering, busi- run by municipal, church and private bodies. ness administration, social work, computer sci- ence, information science for business and a The Universitäten, as the traditional form of range of degree programmes in innovative sectors uni ver sity, focus on academic training and on re- such as new technologies, life sciences, media search. They provide the complete range of and design. All these degree programmes include subjects and courses for today’s job market, inclu - a work-placement semester. Universities of ding humanities, economic and social studies, applied sciences also play a major role in conti- natural sciences, new technologies, engineering, nuing vocational training, offering postgraduate computer sciences, life sciences, medicine – and degree courses and advanced training courses. many more. Bavarian universities are equipped For a list of links to the universities of applied with modern laboratories and libraries which sciences see: www.stmwfk.bayern.de/en/ ensure excellent study and research conditions. universities/studying_fh.html. What makes a university education so attractive is that, in addition to providing a first-rate academic The Kunsthochschulen (universities of arts) offer qualification, it will teach students to think flexibly, an excellent artistic education and prepare their thus enabling them to understand new challenges students for a profession in the field of arts: fine quickly and to meet new de mands successfully. arts, music, theatre, architecture, graphics, design, For a list of links to the universities see: film, television, radio or art aducation. There are www.stmwfk.bayern.de/en/universities/ two state universities of fine arts, three state uni- studying_uni.html. versities of music and one state university of tele- vision and film. In addition, there are two music The Hochschulen für angewandte Wissenschaften universities run by church bodies. For a list of (universities of applied sciences) provide a more links to the universities of arts see: practice-oriented course in contrast to the more www.stmwfk.bayern.de/en/universities/ science-oriented approach of the universities. studying_arts.html.

10 11 Degree Programmes

Degree diplomas, special programmes and tuition fees

The kind of degree diploma you will be awarded depends on the programme studied.

3 Most programmes end with the international degrees Bachelor (approx. 6-8 semesters) or Master (approx. 2- 4 semesters after a Bachelor’s degree). 3 Some programmes still end with the tradi- tional German degrees Diplom (approx. 8-10 semesters) or Magister (approx. 8 -10 semesters). 3 Courses in Medicine, Pharmacy, Food Chemistry, Law and all courses leading to a teaching qualification usually end in a State Exami nation. 3 Theological subjects may end in an ecclesias- tical examination. Over the last few years, Bavarian universities have im ple mented more and more courses lea- ding to Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees. These degrees are attuned to international standards and will eventually replace the German degrees Diplom and Magister. The new courses are shor- ter and their content is modular, consisting of clearly de fined and transferable units; the examinations are held at regular intervals during the degree programme. The credits awarded com- bine to form the final qualification. This credit point system improves the recognition of degrees and acade mic qualifications, thus enhancing and facilitating stu dent and teacher mobility. For more information on Bachelor and Master degree courses in Ba varia see our homepage Catholic University Eichstätt-Ingolstadt www.ba-ma.bayern.de (also in English).

12 13 After your Master’s, Diplom, Magister or State eleven International Doctorate Programmes and Examination, you can study for a Doctorate. An a research programme for graduate and post- exceptionally qualified Bachelor’s degree may graduate students. For more information see also – in certain cases – entitle students to pur- our homepage www.elitenetzwerk.bayern.de sue a doctor’s degree. (also in English).

Bavaria, as the only state in Germany, has The tuition fees for all degree programmes at launched a special programme for gifted Bavarian state universities range from 100 to stu dents: the Elite Network of Bavaria. It is 500 Euros per semester – for both national and aimed at providing excellent education and international students. For further information research opportunities for exceptionally talen- on tuition fees and on the Bavarian student ted students and postgraduates. The Elite loan system, contact the university of your Network consists of four elements: a support choice or see our homepage programme for the highly gifted (Max-Weber www.stmwfk.bayern.de/studienbeitraege.html Programme), 21 Elite Graduate Programmes, (in German).

14 15 Contacts and Advice

Where to obtain important information

Make use of all possible sources of advice! The Another important source of information for first and most important contact for prospective international students, before and after they arrive, students from abroad is the International Office is the German Academic Exchange Service , (Akademisches Auslandsamt) of the university Deutscher Akademischer Austausch dienst concerned (for addresses and telephone numbers (DAAD), Kennedy-Allee 50, 53175 Bonn, email: see the list at the end of this leaflet or our home- [email protected], Internet: www.daad.de. page: www.stmwfk.bayern.de/en/international/ The DAAD offers useful tips and important facts – offices.html). This office, which is specifically re - e.g. concerning financial support and the availa- spon sible for matters relating to foreign students, bility of scholarships and grants. will advise you with regard to entrance require - ments, the various programmes and degree Special information for international students in qualifications available, your own course planning, Bavaria can be found on the homepage of the and all your social and personal affairs. And do Bavarian State Ministry of Sciences, Research not forget to ask about the many sponsorship and the Arts under www.stmwfk.bayern.de/en/ programmes, grants and scholarships that you international/studies.html (in English). can apply for. Please note!

3 Contact the International Office (Akademi- sches Auslandsamt) of the university of your choice well in advance – at least six months before your course commences – and clarify any problems or doubts you may have. 3 Ask the International Office about special orientation programmes for foreign students and about tutorial systems! Events such as these make it easier for you to commence your studies. In addition, there are many stu- dent initiatives available specifically for your benefit: fairs for new students, conversation and work groups, choirs, orchestras, theatre groups and many other activities. Make use of these opportunities to settle in and make friends.

16 17 Requirements

Necessary certificates and qualifications

Check well in advance as to whether you fulfil the most important conditions for enrolling at a Bavarian university:

3 You will need an advanced-level or upper secondary certificate (US: high school diploma) equivalent to the German school- leaving certificate. For studying at a Bavari an university, you can apply to the university directly with your certificate. For studying at a Bavarian university of applied sciences, you should first contact the institute which is responsible for evaluating certificates obtained outside of Germany: Technical University of Munich Zeugnis anerkennungsstelle, P.O. Box 402040, 80720 Munich (house address: Pündterplatz 5, 3 Check whether you have proof of adequate 80803 Munich; phone: +49(0)89/383849-0) or competence in the German language. You via Internet at www.stmuk.bayern.de/zast. should acquire sufficient proficiency in Ger- man to cope with your social life and study programme in Bavaria before you leave your home country. Courses in German are offered by many universities in your country as well as by German cultural institutes and the Goethe Institut abroad. When still in your home country, you can take the test Deutsch als Fremdsprache, abbreviated Test DaF (‘German as a foreign language’) – a stan- dard test which is held all over the world and is recognised by all Bavarian universities. Most higher education institutions require a German language proficiency test, the Test DaF or the Deutsche Sprachprüfung für den Hochschulzugang (DSH), before admitting applicants to a full degree course.

18 19 Dates and Deadlines

Lecture dates, application and registration

3 For degree programmes involving artistic, Official enrolment is necessary for all degree athletic or foreign-language skills, applicants programmes. The universities will let you know may have to provide proof of such special the enrolment dates. Normally, you must appear abilities in an aptitude test. in person to enrol.

Please note!

To find out which programmes are subject to restrictions, contact the International Office of the university concerned. You can find addresses and telephone numbers in this leaflet or at www.stmwfk.bayern.de/en/ international/offices.html

Your application for admission must be sent to the university at which you wish to com- mence your studies! For certain degree pro- grammes (Biology, Psychology, Medicine, Pharmacy, Veterinary Science and Dentistry), prospective students from member-states of the EU and non-German nationals with a German university-entrance qualification must apply for admission via the central clearing Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg system, the Zentralstelle für die Vergabe von Studienplätzen (ZVS) in Dort mund. Detailed information on the ZVS clearing system can Please note! be found at www.zvs.de. The address to send your application: ZVS, 44128 Dortmund, It is an absolute must that you take note of the Germany. various deadlines (for aptitude tests, admission and enrolment) and of required qualifications. Please contact the International Office of the university of your choice or the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD, see above).

20 21 The academic year is divided into two semes - ters: winter and summer semester. The vacations are used for writing seminar papers, for tests and practical training, or simply to relax.

At Bavarian Universitäten (universities), classes will be held: 3 from 20th April to 25th July 2009 in the summer semester of 2009, 3 from 19th October 2009 to 13th February 2010 in the winter semester 2009/2010, 3 from 19th April to 24th July 2010 in the summer semester of 2010.

At Bavarian Hochschulen für angewandte Wissen- schaften (universities of applied sciences), classes will be held: 3 from 16th March to 10th July 2009 in the summer semester of 2009, 3 from 1st October 2009 to 22nd January 2010 in the winter semester 2009/2010, 3 from 15th March to 9th July 2010 in the sum- mer semester of 2010.

The Bavarian Kunsthochschulen (universities of arts) vary in their academic calendar. To find out about the exact dates, please contact the univer- sity of arts directly.

22 23 List of Universities in Bavaria

State Universities

University of Augsburg Ludwig-Maximilians- Julius Maximilians Hochschule für Philosophie Universitätsstraße 2 Universität (LMU) Munich University of Würzburg Munich 86159 Augsburg Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1 Sanderring 2 (Philosophische Fakultät SJ) www.uni-augsburg.de 80539 München 97070 Würzburg Kaulbachstraße 31 International Office www.lmu.de www.uni-wuerzburg.de 80539 München tel +49 (0)821 598-5148, -5135 International Office International Office tel +49 (0)89 2386-2300 [email protected] Ludwigstraße 27 (visitors: Stephanstraße 1) www.hfph.mwn.de 80539 München tel +49 (0)931 31-82805 University of Bamberg tel +49 (0)89 2180-2823 international@ Philosophisch-Theologische Kapuzinerstraße 16 [email protected] uni-wuerzburg.de Hochschule der Salesianer 96045 Bamberg Don Boscos (Benediktbeuern) - www.uni-bamberg.de Technische Universität München Other Theologische Fakultät International Office Arcisstraße 21 Don-Bosco-Straße 1 Markusstraße 6 80333 München Universities 83671 Benediktbeuern 96045 Bamberg www.tum.de tel. +49 (0)8857 88-201 tel +49 (0)951 863-1049 Student Service Center Catholic University www.pth-bb.de [email protected] tel +49 (0)89 289-22737 Eichstätt-Ingolstadt [email protected] Ostenstraße 26 Augustana-Hochschule University of Bayreuth 85072 Eichstätt (Neuendettelsau) Universitätsstraße 30 University of Passau www.ku-eichstaett.de Theologische Hochschule der 95447 Bayreuth Innstraße 43 International Office Evangelisch-Lutherischen www.uni-bayreuth.de 94032 Passau tel +49 (0)8421 93-1211 Kirche in Bayern International Office www.uni-passau.de [email protected] Waldstraße 11 tel +49 (0)921 55-5240 International Office 91564 Neuendettelsau [email protected] tel +49 (0)851 509-1164, -1162 Universität der Bundeswehr tel. +40 (0)9874 509-0, -244 [email protected] Friedrich-Alexander Univer- München www.augustana.de Munich University of the sity Erlangen-Nuremberg University of Regensburg Armed Forces * Schlossplatz 4 Universitätsstraße 31 * Courses are only open to officers Werner-Heisenberg-Weg 39 91054 Erlangen 93053 Regensburg and officer cadets of the armed www.uni-erlangen.de 85579 Neubiberg forces of their own country provi- www.uni-regensburg.de ded that a training agreement www.unibw.de Information and Advice International Office exists between their Ministry of Centre Central Student Advisory Defence and the German Ministry tel +49 (0)941 943-2371, of Defence. Service Schlossplatz 3 -2382, -2373 tel +49 (0)89 6004-4683, -4682 91054 Erlangen auslandsamt@ [email protected] tel +49 (0)9131 85-24444, uni-regensburg.de -23333 [email protected] Please note!

The Akademisches Auslandsamt is the Inter - national Office responsible for matters relating to students from abroad.

24 25 State Universities of Applied Sciences

University of Applied Sciences University of Applied Sciences University of Applied Sciences International Office Amberg-Weiden Coburg Landshut tel +49 (0)941 943-1067, -1068 Amberg branch: Friedrich-Streib-Straße 2 Am Lurzenhof 1 auslandsamt@ Kaiser-Wilhelm-Ring 23 96450 Coburg 84036 Landshut fh-regensburg.de 92224 Amberg www.hs-coburg.de www.fh-landshut.de Weiden branch: International Office International Office University of Applied Sciences Hetzenrichter Weg 15 tel +49 (0)9561 317-319 tel +49 (0)871 506-117, -113 Rosenheim 92637 Weiden [email protected] [email protected] Hochschulstraße 1 www.haw-aw.de 83024 Rosenheim International Office University of Applied Sciences University of Applied Sciences www.fh-rosenheim.de tel +49 (0)9621 482-197 Deggendorf München International Office [email protected] Edlmairstraße 6 + 8 Lothstraße 34 tel +49 (0)8031 805-118 94469 Deggendorf 80335 Munich international@ University of Applied Sciences www.fh-deggendorf.de www.hm.edu fh-rosen heim.de Ansbach International Office International Office Residenzstraße 8 tel +49 (0)991 3615-202 tel +49 (0)89 1265-2039 University of Applied Sciences 91522 Ansbach [email protected] [email protected] Weihenstephan www.fh-ansbach.de Weihenstephan branch: International Office University of Applied Sciences University of Applied Sciences Weihenstephaner Berg 5 tel +49 (0)981 4877-145 Hof Neu-Ulm 85354 Freising heidemarie.rammler@ Alfons-Goppel-Platz 1 Steubenstraße 17 Triesdorf branch: fh-ansbach.de 95028 Hof 89231 Neu-Ulm Steingruber Straße 2 www.fh-hof.de www.hs-neu-ulm.de 91746 Triesdorf University of Applied Sciences International Office International Office www.fh-weihenstephan.de Aschaffenburg tel +49 (0)9281 409-307 tel +49 (0)731 9762-2102 International Office Würzburger Straße 45 [email protected] [email protected] tel +49 (0)8161 71-5778, -5289, 63743 Aschaffenburg -5092 www.fh-aschaffenburg.de University of Applied Sciences Georg Simon Ohm University auslandsamt@ International Office Ingolstadt of Applied Sciences Nuremberg fh-weihen stephan.de tel +49 (0)6021 314-604 Esplanade 10 Keßlerplatz 12 bettina.huhn@ 85049 Ingolstadt 90489 Nuremberg University of Applied Sciences fh-aschaffenburg.de www.fh-ingolstadt.de www.ohm-hochschule.de Würzburg-Schweinfurt International Office International Office Würzburg branch: University of Applied Sciences tel +49 (0)841 9348-121 tel +49 (0)911 5880-4136 Münzstraße 12 Augsburg [email protected] International.Office@ 97070 Würzburg An der Fachhochschule 1 ohm-hochschule.de Schweinfurt branch: 86161 Augsburg University of Applied Sciences Ignaz-Schön-Straße 11 www.hs-augsburg.de Kempten University of Applied Sciences 97421 Schweinfurt International Office Bahnhofstraße 61 Regensburg www.fh-wuerzburg.de tel +49 (0)821 5586-3207 87435 Kempten Prüfeninger Straße 58 International Office [email protected] www.fh-kempten.de 93049 Regensburg tel +49 (0)931 3511-172, -173 International Office www.fh-regensburg.de [email protected] tel +49 (0)831 2523-117, -329 [email protected]

26 27 Other Universities of State Universities Applied Sciences of Arts

Fachhochschule für ange- Evangelische Fachhochschule Hochschule für Musik und Akademie der Bildenden wandtes Management Nürnberg Theater München Künste München (University of Am Bahnhof 2 Bärenschanzstraße 4 (University of Music and Fine Arts Munich) 85435 Erding 90429 Nuremberg Performing Arts Munich) Akademiestraße 2 www.my-fham.de www.evfh-nuernberg.de Arcisstraße 12 80799 München General Counselling International Office 80333 München www.adbk.mhn.de tel +49 (0)8122 9559480 tel +49 (0)911 272 53-834 www.musikhochschule- Central Student Advisory Service [email protected] dorothea.geuthner@ muenchen.mhn.de tel +49 (0)89 3852-102 evfh-nuernberg.de International Office [email protected] Macromedia Fachhochschule tel +49 (0)89 289-27459 der Medien Katholische Stiftungsfach- verwaltung@musikhochschule- Akademie der Bildenden Gollierstraße 4 hochschule München muenchen.de Künste Nürnberg 80339 München Munich branch: (University of Fine Arts www.macromedia- Preysingstraße 83 Hochschule für Musik Nuremberg) fachhochschule.de 81667 Munich Würzburg (University of Bingstraße 60 General Counselling Benediktbeuern branch: Music Wuerzburg) 90480 Nürnberg tel +49 (0)89 544 151-53 Don-Bosco-Straße 1 Hofstallstraße 6 – 8 www.adbk-nuernberg.de [email protected] 83671 Benediktbeuern 97070 Würzburg Central Student Advisory Service www.ksfh.de www.hfm-wuerzburg.de tel +49 (0)911 9404-0 Munich Business School International Office International Office [email protected] Elsenheimer-Straße 61 tel +49 (0)89 480 92-1305 tel +49 (0)931 32187-2315 80687 Munich (Munich) dirk.braeuer@ Hochschule für Fernsehen und www.munich-business- tel +49 (0)8857 88-510 hfm-wuerzburg.de Film München school.de (Benediktbeuern) (University of Television and International Office [email protected] Hochschule für Musik Film Munich) tel +49 (0)89 547678-0 Nürnberg (University of Frankenthaler Straße 23 [email protected] Hochschule für angewandte Music Nuremberg) 81539 München Sprachen / Fachhochschule Veilhofstraße 34 www.hff-muc.de Fachhochschule Schloss des Sprachen & Dolmetscher 90489 Nürnberg Central Student Advisory Service Hohenfels - Staatlich aner- Instituts München www.hfm-n.de tel +49 (0)89 68957-0 kannte private Hochschule Amalienstraße 73 Central Student Advisory [email protected] für Fachtherapien im 80799 München Service Gesundheitswesen tel +49 (0)89 288102-0 tel +49 (0)911 231-3971 Schloss Hohenfels www.sdi-muenchen.de hfm-rektorat@ 96450 Coburg [email protected] stadt.nuernberg.de tel +49 (0)9561 427080 www.fh-schloss-hohenfels.de [email protected]

28 29 Other Universities of Arts

Hochschule für Katholische Kirchenmusik und Musik- pädagogik Andreasstraße 9 93059 Regensburg tel +49 (0)941 83009-0 www.hfkm-regensburg.de [email protected]

Hochschule für Evangelische Kirchenmusik Wilhelminenstraße 9 95444 Bayreuth tel +49 (0)921 7593-40 www.hfk-bayreuth.de verwaltung@ hfk-bayreuth.de

Editor:

Bavarian State Ministry of Sciences, Research and the Arts 80327 Munich Germany www.stmwfk.bayern.de

Editorial Staff: Dr. Christoph Pleiner (responsible), Birgit Ruckdäschel

Graphics and Layout: FIRST AD Werbeagentur GmbH, Starnberg

Photos: Bavarian State Ministry of Sciences, Research and the Arts. Some photos were kindly supplied by the universities and by the Bavarian Administration of State Palaces.

Printed on recycling paper free from chlorine.

Munich University of Fine Arts © January 2009

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