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F Transportation 200 NE 21St Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73105-3204 Oklahoma Department of Transportation 200 NE 21st Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73105-3204 FINAL REPORT ~ FHWA-OK-14-08 BLACK ICE DETECTION AND ROAD CLOSURE CONTROL SYSTEM FOR OKLAHOMA Tieming Liu, Ph.D. School of Industrial Engineering and Management Ning Wang, P.E. Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology Hongbo Yu, Ph.D. Department of Geography College of Arts and Sciences Oklahoma State University Jeffrey Basara, Ph.D. Oklahoma Climatological Survey Yang (Eric) Hong, Ph.D. School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science College of Engineering The University of Oklahoma Satish Bukkapatnam, Ph.D. Industrial and Systems Engineering Dwight Look College of Engineering Texas A&M University Implementation of Research [email protected] Materials and Research Division for Transportation Excellence Research & Implementation The contents of this report reflect the views of the author(s) who is (are) responsible for the facts and the accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the views of the Oklahoma Department of Transportation or the Federal Highway Administration. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. Trade names used in this report are only incidental and not intended as an endorsement of any machine, contractor, process, or product. i BLACK ICE DETECTION AND ROAD CLOSURE CONTROL SYSTEM FOR OKLAHOMA FINAL REPORT ~ FHWA-OK-14-08 ODOT SP&R ITEM NUMBER 2249 Submitted to: John R. Bowman, P.E. Director of Capital Programs Oklahoma Department of Transportation Submitted by: Tieming Liu, Ning Wang, Hongbo Yu Oklahoma State University Jeffrey Basara, Yang (Eric) Hong University of Oklahoma Satish Bukkapatnam Texas A&M University October 2014 ii TECHNICAL REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE 1. REPORT NO. 2. GOVERNMENT ACCESSION NO. 3. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NO. FHWA-OK-14-08 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. REPORT DATE BLACK ICE DETECTION AND ROAD CLOSURE CONTROL October 31, 2014 SYSTEM FOR OKLAHOMA 6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE 7. AUTHOR(S) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT Tieming Liu, Ning Wang, Hongbo Yu, Jeffrey Basara, Yang (Eric) Hong, Satish Bukkapatnam 9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. WORK UNIT NO. Oklahoma State University School of Industrial Engineering and Management 11. CONTRACT OR GRANT NO. 322 Engineering North ODOT SP&R Item Number 2249 Stillwater, OK 74078 12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS 13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED Oklahoma Department of Transportation Final Report Materials and Research Division 10/01/2012 – 09/30/2014 200 N.E. 21st Street, Room 3A7 14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE Oklahoma City, OK 73105 15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 16 . ABSTRACT Black ice is a thin coating of glazed ice on roadways or other transportation surfaces. Black ice has identical appearance with black pavement and wet road, and it often forms during calm weather. It is highly transparent and thus difficult to see. Black ice usually forms at night or early morning, first on bridges and overpasses (due to their elevated nature and being exposed on all sides), then on the roads as temperatures continue to drop. In this project, we develop a prototype decision support system (DSS) to predict and detect black ice formation and pin point dangerous road sections. To reduce accidents caused by back ice, a wireless controlled module control would activate ice-warning and lane-closure signals and lights remotely. The DSS will help Oklahoma Department of Transportation (ODOT) and Oklahoma Department of Emergency Management (OEM) make prompt and effective decisions to reduce the number of traffic accidents caused by ice. 17. KEY WORDS 18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT decision support system, emergency No restrictions. This publication is available from the management, black ice, geographic Materials and Research Div., Oklahoma DOT. information system, road closure, weather prediction. 19. SECURITY CLASSIF. (OF THIS REPORT) 20. SECURITY CLASSIF. (OF THIS PAGE) 21. NO. OF PAGES 22. PRICE Unclassified Unclassified 74 N/A iii SI* (MODERN METRIC) CONVERSION FACTORS APPROXIMATE CONVERSIONS TO SI UNITS SYMBOL WHEN YOU KNOW MULTIPLY BY TO FIND SYMBOL LENGTH in inches 25.4 millimeters mm ft feet 0.305 meters m yd yards 0.914 meters m mi miles 1.61 kilometers km AREA in2 square inches 645.2 square millimeters mm2 ft2 square feet 0.093 square meters m2 yd2 square yard 0.836 square meters m2 ac acres 0.405 hectares ha mi2 square miles 2.59 square kilometers km2 VOLUME fl oz fluid ounces 29.57 milliliters mL gal gallons 3.785 liters L ft3 cubic feet 0.028 cubic meters m3 yd3 cubic yards 0.765 cubic meters m3 NOTE: volumes greater than 1000 L shall be shown in m3 MASS oz ounces 28.35 grams g lb pounds 0.454 kilograms kg T short tons (2000 lb) 0.907 megagrams (or Mg (or "metric ton") "t") TEMPERATURE (exact degrees) oF Fahrenheit 5 (F-32)/9 Celsius oC or (F-32)/1.8 ILLUMINATION fc foot-candles 10.76 lux lx fl foot-Lamberts 3.426 candela/m2 cd/m2 FORCE and PRESSURE or STRESS lbf poundforce 4.45 newtons N lbf/in2 poundforce per square 6.89 kilopascals kPa inch iv APPROXIMATE CONVERSIONS FROM SI UNITS SYMBOL WHEN YOU KNOW MULTIPLY BY TO FIND SYMBOL LENGTH mm millimeters 0.039 inches in m meters 3.28 feet ft m meters 1.09 yards yd km kilometers 0.621 miles mi AREA mm2 square millimeters 0.0016 square inches in2 m2 square meters 10.764 square feet ft2 m2 square meters 1.195 square yards yd2 ha hectares 2.47 acres ac km2 square kilometers 0.386 square miles mi2 VOLUME mL milliliters 0.034 fluid ounces fl oz L liters 0.264 gallons gal m3 cubic meters 35.314 cubic feet ft3 m3 cubic meters 1.307 cubic yards yd3 MASS g grams 0.035 ounces oz kg kilograms 2.202 pounds lb Mg (or megagrams (or "metric 1.103 short tons (2000 T "t") ton") lb) TEMPERATURE (exact degrees) oC Celsius 1.8C+32 Fahrenheit oF ILLUMINATION lx lux 0.0929 foot-candles fc cd/m2 candela/m2 0.2919 foot-Lamberts fl FORCE and PRESSURE or STRESS N newtons 0.225 poundforce lbf kPa kilopascals 0.145 poundforce per lbf/in2 square inch *SI is the symbol for the International System of Units. Appropriate rounding should be made to comply with Section 4 of ASTM E380. (Revised March 2003) v Table of Contents 1. Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................... 1 2. Development of a Black Ice Prediction Model ...................................................................................... 2 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 2 2.2 Literature Review ................................................................................................................................ 2 2.3 Current Model Methodology .............................................................................................................. 4 2.4 Meteorological Parameterization ....................................................................................................... 7 2.4.1 Prognostic Methodology and Parameterization .......................................................................... 7 2.4.2 Hoar Frost..................................................................................................................................... 7 2.4.3 Frozen Precipitation ................................................................................................................... 12 2.4.4 Freezing Fog ............................................................................................................................... 13 2.4.5 Diagnostic Methodologies ......................................................................................................... 16 2.5 Summary ........................................................................................................................................... 18 3. Development of GIS Database and GIS-based Interface for Ice Emergencies .................................... 21 3.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 21 3.2 Acquisition of Data Sets Related to Road Closure Decisions under Black Ice Emergencies ............. 21 3.3 Management of Acquired Data Sets in a GIS Database .................................................................... 23 3.4 Visual Analysis Add-in Tool ............................................................................................................... 26 3.5 Interpolation and Animation Add-in Tool ......................................................................................... 28 3.6 Decision Support (Spatial Analysis) Add-in Tool ............................................................................... 31 3.7 Sensor Feedback Add-in Tool ............................................................................................................ 33 4 Development of Conductivity-Based Ice Sensors ................................................................................ 35 4.1 Sensor Selections .............................................................................................................................. 35 4.2 Preliminary Tests on the Selected Black Ice Sensor .......................................................................... 36 4.3 Performance Tests on the Integrated Black Ice Formation Sensing and Warning System ............... 42 vi 5. Development
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