Small-Signal Device and Circuit Simulation

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Small-Signal Device and Circuit Simulation Die approbierte Originalversion dieser Dissertation ist an der Hauptbibliothek der Technischen Universität Wien aufgestellt (http://www.ub.tuwien.ac.at). The approved original version of this thesis is available at the main library of the Vienna University of Technology (http://www.ub.tuwien.ac.at/englweb/). DISSERTATION Small-Signal Device and Circuit Simulation ausgeführt zum Zwecke der Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der technischen Wissenschaften eingereicht an der Technischen Universität Wien Fakultät für Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik von STEPHAN WAGNER Gauermanngasse 3 A-3003 Gablitz, Österreich Matr. Nr. 9525168 I geboren am 15. Oktober 1976 in Wien Wien, im April 2005 Kurzfassung Die Entwicklung der letzten Jahrzehnte hat gezeigt, dass die numerische Bauelementsimulation einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Charakterisierung von Halbleiterstrukturen leistet. Der wirtschaftliche Vorteil des Einsatzes von modernen Simulationsprogrammen ist enorm, da Resultate von aufwendigen und teuren Ex- perimenten durch numerische Berechnungen vorausgesagt werden können. Darüberhinaus können diese Resultate für die Optimierung der Strukturen herangezogen werden, wodurch nur die vielversprechend- sten Varianten hinsichtlich zuvor bestimmter Kenngrößen tatsächlich hergestellt werden brauchen. Neben diesen Vorteilen führte auch die breite Verfügbarkeit und großzügigere Speicherausstattung eines durch- schnittlichen Computers heutzutage zu einer stark vermehrten Anwendung dieser Simulationsprogramme. Um die Voraussetzungen für die Simulation von modernen Halbleiterbauelementen zu erfüllen, müssen die Simulationsprogramme stets erweitert werden, um alle notwendigen physikalischen Effekte berück- sichtigen zu können. Neben immer genaueren und aufwendigeren Modellen werden auch neue Simula- tionsmodi benötigt, um die Menge an berechenbaren Kenngrößen zu erweitern. Im Zuge dieser Arbeit wurden die Anforderungen an eine numerische Kleinsignalanalyse definiert und die zugrundeliegenden Konzepte in den allgemeinen Bauelement- und Schaltungssimulator MINIMOS-NT implementiert. Nach einer kurzen Einleitung über die Motivation dieser Arbeit und einen Überblick über die derzeitige Marktsituation die Bauelemente und Simulatoren betreffend, wird das analytische Problem der Simulatio- nen hergeleitet. Für stark miniaturisierte Feldeffekt-Bauelemente verliert das wegen seiner numerischen Robustheit nachwievor sehr stark eingesetzte Drift-Diffusionsmodell für den Ladungsträgertransport an Genauigkeit, weshalb erweiterte Transportmodelle, die mehr als zwei Momente berücksichtigen, herange- zogen werden sollten. Die betreffenden Systeme nichtlinearer partieller Differentialgleichungen werden zusammen mit den Systemen für die Kleinsignalanalyse hergeleitet. Danach werden die implementierten neuen Fähigkeiten des Simulators erklärt und anhand von typischen Simulationsaufgaben vorgestellt. Alle Fähigkeiten werden in einem eigenen Kapitel mit Beispielen eingesetzt, um moderne Bauelemente zu charakterisieren, zum Beispiel InGaP/GaAs und SiGe Heterostrukturbipolartransistoren, einen SiC MES- FET sowie Doppelgate-Feldeffekttransistoren. Alle Fähigkeiten zur Simulation von Schaltungen werden anhand eines Colpitts-Oszillatorbeispiels gezeigt. Da der gewählte Kleinsignalansatz direkt im Frequenzbereich arbeitet, muss pro Frequenzschritt ein kom- plexwertiges Gleichungssystem gelöst werden. Da zuvor nur reellwertige Module zur Assemblierung und Lösung von Gleichungssystemen zur Verfügung standen, wurde beschlossen, diese durch neue Module zu ersetzen, welche sowohl reell-, als auch komplexwertige Systeme behandeln können. Darüberhinaus bieten die neuen Module auch eine neue simulatorunabhängige Programmierungsschnittstelle, die es er- laubt, einfach und benutzerfreundlich beliebige Gleichungssysteme tu assemblieren und lösen. Um von der fortschreitenden Entwicklung von linearen Gleichungslösern zu profitieren, wurde das Löser- modul um eine Schnittstelle zu externen Modulen erweitert. Mehrere Module mit Vorteilen für bestimmte Simulationen wurden bereits angebunden. Zur Analyse dieser Vorteile wurden alle intemen und externen Löser einer Beurteilung anhand von zahlreichen Simulationsbeispielen unterzogen, deren Ergebnisse es erlaubten, automatische Hierarchien aus mehreren Gleichungslösern in den Simulatoren zu entwickeln. Abstract During the last decades numerical device simulation has proven to be invaluable for characterizing semi- conductor devices. The economic impact is enormous because results of expensive experiments can be predicted by employing one or more simulation tools. Furthermore, the results can be used to optimize the investigated device ~tructures and to single out unpromising variations in advance. The application of simulation tools has been significantly intensified because of the computational power and the available memory in today's average computers. To meet the requirements for the simulation of advanced devices, ongoing effort is put into extension of these tools by implementations of state-of-the-art descriptions of all relevant physical effects. Besides of that modeling the simulators have also to be extended by new simulation modes. In course of this work, the requirements for small-signal simulations have been identified and new features have been added to the general-purpose device and circuit simulator MINIMOS-NT. After a short introduction including a motivation and overview of the current market situation, the ana- lytical problem of the respectivesimulations is derived. As advanced device structures cannot be correctly simulated by the drift-diffusion transport model any more, higher-order transport models such as four- and six moments models are also taken into consideration. In addition, the small-signal systems are derived which are based on the sinusoidal steady-state approach. Afterwards, the various new capabilities of the simulator are presented and applied for typical simulation tasks. All features have been used to characterize advanced devices, such as InGaP/GaAs and SiGe HBTS, a wide-bandgap SiC MESFET, and double gate MOSFETS. The latter require higher-order transport models in order to accurately extract the steady~state and small-signal device quantities. Furthermore, the mixed~ mode small-signal features have been used to simulate a Colpitts oscillator. Since the small-signal simulation mode is directly based in the frequency domain, the solution of one complex-valued equation system per frequency step is required. For that reason, the numerical core mod- ules have been extended to handle both real-valued and coinplex-valued quantities. The application pro- gramming interface of the new modules allows an efficient and user-friendlyassembling and solving of linear equation systems. In order to profit from new developments of mathematical code, the solver module has been extended by an interface to external solvers. Several promising linear solvers which have particular strengths for different kinds of simulations have been coupled to the solver module. In the course of a subsequent performance evaluation, these strengths have been identified and efficient solver hierarchies have been constructed. Il Danksagung Für die Betreuung und die Zusammenarbeit während der Erstellung dieser Arbeit sowie für die Organisa- tion der finanziellen Unterstützung in dieser Zeit möchte ich mich bei Herrn Prof. Dr. Siegfried Selberherr und Herrn Prof. Dr. Tibor Grasser bedanken. Mein Dank vor allem finanzieller Hinsicht gilt der Christian Doppler Gesellschaft sowie unseren Industriepartnern austriamicrosystems AG in Unterpremstätten und Infineon Technologies AG in Villach. Herrn Prof. Dr. Emmerich Bertagnolli bin ich zu Dank verpflichtet, der sich relativ kurzfristig bereit- erklärte, als Zweitprüfer zur Verfügung zu stehen. Stellvertretend für die ausgezeichnete Administration bedanke ich mich bei unserem Institutsvorstand Herrn Prof. Dr. Erasmus Langer. Für die Aufnahme und Unterstützung während meines interessanten Aufenthalts bei Texas Instruments, Inc. in Dallas, Texas, bin ich darüberhinaus Herrn Dr. Christoph Wasshuber zu Dank verpflichtet. Für die anfàngliche, sehr intensive Zusammenarbeit möchte ich mich bei Herrn Dr. Vassil Palankovski bedanken. Mein besonderer Dank gilt natürlich auch Herrn Dipl.-Ing. Wilfried Wessner für die Zusam- menarbeit bei verschiedensten Projekten. Andie steten Diskussionen mit meinen zahlreichen Zimmerkol- legen über alltägliche Probleme, die die wichtige Wahl des Restaurants für das Mittagessen einschloss, werde ich mich immer gerne erinnern. Anstatt mit einer langen Liste von Kollegen fortzusetzen, mit denen ich in den vergangenen Jahren zusam- menarbeiten und das eine oder andere Problem besprechen durfte, möchte ich allgemein feststellen, dass die Zeit am Institut für mich gerade wegen dieser interessanten Gruppe eine sehr fruchtvolle gewesen ist. Natürlich trägt dazu auch ein persönlicher Freiraum bei, den ich sehr zu schätzen gewusst habe, doch ein gutes Arbeitsklima mit ins Private reichenden Freundschaften ist ungeachtet dessen ein wichtiger Be- standteil erfolgreicher Arbeit. In diesem Sinne bedanke ich mich für die zahlreichen Nachbereitungen nach anstrengenden Arbeitstagen, die durchaus auch den Charakter eines privaten Treffens erreicht haben könnten. Auf diesem Wege möchte ich aber auch nicht unterlassen, meiner langjährigen Freundin Sandra, meinen Eltern und Großeltern, meiner Schwester sowie meinem Schwager für so manche Anregung und mora- lische Unterstützung
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